CHAPTER V.

MEN'S NAMES IN PLACE-NAMES.

We have seen in a preceding chapter that the earliest Saxon place-names in England are derived from a personal name, and that the idea contained is that of a modified form of common right. We shall find that a very large proportion of the later Anglo-Saxon place-names are also derived from the name of a man, but that the idea contained is now that of individual ownership or occupation. The extent to which English place-names are derived from ancient names of men is, in my judgment, very much greater than is generally supposed. And indeed, when we come to consider it, what can be so naturally associated with a _ham_ as the name of the man who lived in that home, of a _weorth_ as that of the man to whom that property belonged, of a Saxon _tun_ or a Danish _by_ or _thorp_ as that of the man to whom the place owed its existence? If we turn to Kemble's list of Anglo-Saxon names of places as derived from ancient charters, in the days when the individual owner had succeeded to the community, we cannot fail to remark to how large an extent this obtains, and how many of these names are in the possessive case. Now, it must be observed that there are in Anglo-Saxon two forms of the possessive, and that when a man's name had the vowel ending in _a_, as noted at p. 24, it formed its possessive in _an_, while otherwise it formed its possessive in _es_. Thus we have Baddan byrig, "Badda's borough," Bennan beorh, "Benna's barrow" or grave, and in the other form we have Abbodes byrig, "Abbod's borough," Bluntes ham, "Blunt's home," and Sylces wyrth, "Silk's worth" or property. And as compound names did not take a vowel ending, such names invariably form their possessive in _es_, as in Haywardes ham, "Hayward's home," Cynewardes gemæro, "Cyneward's boundary," &c. I am not at all sure that _ing_ also has not, in certain cases, the force of a possessive, and that Ælfredincgtun, for instance, may not mean simply "Alfred's town" and not Alfreding's town. But I do not think that this is at any rate the general rule, and it seems scarcely possible to draw the line. From the possessive in _an_ I take to be most probably our present place-names Puttenham, Tottenham, and Sydenham, (respecting the last of which there has been a good deal of discussion of late in _Notes and Queries_), containing the Anglo-Saxon names _Putta_, _Totta_, and _Sida_. With regard to the last I have not fallen in with the name _Sida_ itself. But I deduce such a name from Sydanham, C.D. 379, apparently a place in Wilts, also perhaps from Sidebirig, now Sidbury, in Devon; and there is, moreover, a corresponding O.G. _Sido_, the origin being probably A.S. _sidu_, manners, morals. Further traces of such a stem are found in _Sidel_ deduced from Sidelesham, now Sidlesham, in Sussex, and also from the name _Sydemann_ in a charter of Edgar, these names implying a pre-existing stem _sid_ upon which they have been formed.

As well as with the _ham_ or the _byrig_ in which he resided, a man's name is often found among the Anglo-Saxons, connected with the boundary--whatever that might be--of his property, as in Abbudes mearc, Abbud's mark or boundary, and Baldrices gemæro, Baldrick's boundary. Sometimes that boundary might be a hedge, as in Leoferes haga and Danehardes hegeræw, "Leofer's hedge," and "Danehard's hedge-row." Sometimes it might be a stone, as in Sweordes stân, sometimes a ridge, as in Eppan hrycg, "Eppa's ridge," sometimes a ditch or dyke, as in Tilgares dic and Colomores sîc (North. Eng. syke, wet ditch). A tree was naturally a common boundary mark, as in Potteles treôw, Alebeardes âc (oak), Bulemæres thorn, Huttes æsc (ash), Tatmonnes apoldre (apple-tree). Sometimes, again, a man's name is found associated with the road or way that led to his abode, as in Wealdenes weg (way), Sigbrihtes anstige (stig, a footpath), Dunnes stigele (stile). Another word which seems to have something of the meaning of "stile" is _hlip_, found in Freobearnes hlyp and in Herewines hlipgat. In Anglo-Saxon, _hlypa_ signified a stirrup, and a "hlipgat" must, I imagine, have been a gate furnished with some contrivance for mounting over it. Of a similar nature might be Alcherdes ford, and Brochardes ford, and also Geahes ofer, Byrhtes ora, and Æscmann's yre (_ofer_, contr. _ore_, shore or landing-place). Something more of the rights of water may be contained in Fealamares brôc (brook), Hykemeres strêm (stream), and Brihtwoldes wêre (weir); the two latter probably referring to water-power for a mill. The sense of property only seems to be that which is found in Cybles weorthig, Æscmere's weorth (land or property), Tilluces leah (lea), Rumboldes den (_dene_ or valley), Bogeles pearruc (paddock), Ticnes feld (field). Also in Grottes grâf (grove), Sweors holt (grove), Pippenes pen (pen or fold), Willeardes hyrst (grove), Leofsiges geat (gate), Ealdermannes hæc (hatch), and Winagares stapol (stall, market, perhaps a place for the sale or interchange of produce). The site of a deserted dwelling served sometimes for a mark, as in Sceolles eald cotan (Sceolles old cot), and Dearmodes ald tun (Deormoda's old town, or inclosure, dwelling and appurtenances?).

But it is with a man's last resting-place that his name will be found in Anglo-Saxon times to be most especially associated. The principal words used to denote a grave are _beorh_ (barrow), _byrgels_, and _hloew_ (low), in all of which the idea seems to be that of a mound raised over the spot. We have Weardes beorh, "Weard's barrow," also Lulles, Cartes, Hornes, Lidgeardes, and many others. We have Scottan byrgels, "Scotta's barrow," also Hôces, Wures, and Strenges. And we have Lortan hlæw, "Lorta's low," also Ceorles, Wintres, Hwittuces, and others. There is another word _hô_, which seems to be the same as the O.N. _haugr_, North. Eng, _how_, a grave-mound. It is found in Healdenes hô, Piccedes hô, Scotehô Tilmundes hô, Cægeshô, and Fingringahô. It would hardly seem, from the location of four of them, Worcester, Essex, Beds, Sussex, that they can be of Scandinavian origin. Can the two words, _haugr_ and _hlau_ (_how_, and _hlow_), be from the same origin, the one assuming, or the other dropping an _l_?

I take the names of persons thus to be deduced from Anglo-Saxon place-names, and which are in general correspondence with the earlier names in the preceding chapter, though containing some new forms and a greater number of compound names, to give as faithful a representation as we can have of the every-day names of Anglo-Saxons. And as I have before compared the names of those primitive settlers with our existing surnames, so now I propose to extend the comparison to the names of more settled Anglo-Saxon times.

Anglo-Saxon Men's Names. Place-Names. English Surnames.

Abbod Abbodesbyrig } _Abbott_ Abbud Abbudesmearc } Æcemann Æcemannes ceaster _Ackman, Aikman_ Acen Acenes feld _Aikin_ Ægelweard Ægelweardes mearc _Aylward_ Alberht Alcherdes ford _Allcard_ Alder Aldrestub _Alder_ Ælfgar Ælfgares gemæro _Algar_ Ælfred Ælfredes beorh _Alfred_, _Allfrey_ Ælfher, or } Ælfheri } Ælfheres stapol _Alvary_ Æscmer Æscmeres weorth _Ashmore_ Æscmann Æscmannes yre _Ashman_ Alebeard Alebeardes âc _Halbard_ Amber Ambresbyrig _Amber_ Æthelstan Æthelstanes tûn _Ethelston_

Babel Babeles beorh _Bable_ Badherd Badherdes sled _Beddard_ Baldher Baldheresberg _Balder_ Baldric Baldrices gemæro _Baldridge_ Baldwin Baldwines heath _Baldwin_ Beored, or Beoret Beoredes treôw _Berrette_ Beornheard Beornheardes lond _Bernard_ Beornwold Beornwoldes sætan _Bernold_ Blunt Bluntesham _Blunt_ Bogel Bogeles pearruc _Bogle_ Bohmer Bohmeres stigele _Bowmer_ Bregen Bregnesford _Brain_ Brochard Brochardes ford _Brocard_ Buga Buganstôc } _Bugg_ Bugga Bugganbrôc } Bulemær Bulemæres thorn _Bulmer_ Buntel Bunteles pyt _Bundle_ Bunting Buntingedîc _Bunting_ Burhgeard Burhgeardeswerthig _Burchard_

Carda Cardan hlæw _Card_, _Cart_ Ceapa Ceapan hlæw _Cheape_ Ceawa Ceawan hlæw _Chew_ Cerda Cerdan hlæw _Chard_ Cissa Cissan anstige _Cheese_ Chetol (Danish) Chetoles beorh _Kettle_ Creoda Creodan âc } _Creed_ Cridd Criddes hô } Cumen Cumenes ora _Cummin_ Ceatewe Ceatewesleah _Chattoway_ Ceada Ceadanford _Chad_ Catt Cattes stoke _Cat_, _Catty_ Cæstæl Cæstælesham _Castle_ Cludd Cludesleah _Cloud_ Coten Cotenesfeld _Cotton_ Cruda Crudan sceat _Crowd_ Colomor Colomores sîc _Colmer_ Cydd Cyddesige _Kidd_ Cyble Cybles weorthig _Keble_ Celc Celces ora _Kelk_ Cylman Cylmanstun _Killman_ Cynlaf Cynlafes stan _Cunliffe_ Cynric Cynrices gemæro _Kenrick_ Cyneward Cynewardes gemæro _Kenward_ Cyppa Cyppanham _Chipp_

Dægel, or Dæglesford } _Dale_ Deil Deilsford } Dearnagel Dearnagles ford _Darnell_ Dæneheard Dæneheardes hegerawe _Denhard_ Deorlaf Deorlafestun _Dearlove_ Deormod[35] Deormodes ald tun _Dermott_ Dodd Doddesthorp } _Dodd_ Dodda Doddan hlæw } Dolemann Dolemannes beorh _Dollman_ Duceman Ducemannestun _Duckman_ Ducling Duclingtun _Duckling_ Dunn Dunnes stigele _Dunn_ Dogod Dogodeswel _Doggett_, _Dugood_ Dydimer Dydimertun _Tidemore_

Ealder Ealderscumb _Alder_ Ealdmann Ealdmannes wyrth _Altman_ Ealdermann[36] Ealdermannes hæc _Alderman_ Ealmund Ealmundes treow _Almond_ Eanulf Eanulfestun _Enough_ Earn Earnesbeorh _Earney_

Eastmond Eastmondestun _Esmond_ Ecgell Ecgeles stiel _Edgell_, _Eagle_

Fealamar Fealamares brôc { _Fillmore_ { _Phillimore_ Flegg Flegges garan _Flew_ Focga Focgancrundel _Fogg_, _Foggo_ Freobearn Freobearnes hlyp _Freeborn_ Frigedæg Frigedæges treôw _Friday_ Fuhgel Fuhgeles beorh _Fuggle_, _Fowl_

Gandar Gandrandun _Gander_ Gæcg Gæcges stapol { _Gay_ Geah Geahes ofer { Gatehlinc Gatehlinces heafod _Gatling_ Geleca Gelecancamp _Jellicoe_ Geyn Geynes thorn _Gain_ Giselher Gislhereswurth _Giller_ Godincg Godincges gemæro _Godding_ Godmund Godmundesleah _Godmund_ Godwin Godwines gemæro _Godwin_ Grobb Grobbes den _Grove_, _Grubb_ Grott Grottes grâf _Grote_ Gund Gundestige _Gunn_, _Gundey_

Hærred Hærredesleah _Herod_ Heafoc Heafoceshamme _Hawk_ Hassuc Hassuces môr _Haskey_ Hering Heringesleah _Herring_ Hnibba Hnibbanleah _Knibb_, _Knipe_ Hayward Haywardes ham _Hayward_ Healda Healdan grâf _Hald_ Healden Healdenes hô _Haldan_ Helm Helmes treow _Helme_ Helfær Helfæres gemæro _Helper_ Help Helpestonne _Helps_ Herebritt Herebrittes comb _Herbert_ Herewin Herewines hlipgat _Irwine_ Hiccemann Hiccemannes stân _Hickman_ Humbald Humbalding grâf _Humble_ Hycemer, or } Higemar } Hycemeres strêm _Highmore_ Hnæf Hnæfes scylf _Knapp_ Hocg Hocgestun _Hogg_, _Hodge_ Horn Hornes beorh _Horne_ Hringwold Hringwoldes beorh _Ringold_ Hwittuc Hwittuces leah _Whittock_ Hutt Huttes æsc _Hutt_ Hygelac[37] Hygelaces git _Hillock_

Kyld Kyldesby _Kilt_

Leofer Leoferes haga _Lover_ Laferca Lafercanbeorh _Laverick_ Leofmann Leofmannes gemæro _Loveman_ Leommann Leommannes grâf _Lemon_ Leofsig Leofsiges geat _Lovesy_ Leofric Leofrices gemæro _Loveridge_ Lidgeard Lidgeardes beorh _Ledgard_ Lipperd Lipperdes gemæro _Leopard_ Lower Lowereslege _Lower_ Locer Loceresweg _Locker_ Lorta Lortanberwe _Lord_ Lorting Lortinges bourne _Lording_ Luder Luderston _Luther_ Ludmann Ludmannes put _Lutman_ Lull Lulles beorh _Lull_, _Lully_

Myceld Myceldefer _Muckelt_ Mûl Muleshlæw _Moule_

Negle Neglesleah _Nagle_ Næl Nælesbrôc _Nail_ Nybba Nybban beorh _Nibbs_

Oslac Oslaces lea _Hasluck_ Ogged Oggedestun _Hodgett_, _Howitt_ Oswald Oswaldes mere _Oswald_ Orlaf Orlafestun _Orlop_ Owun Owunes hild _Owen_

Pehtun Pehtuns treow _Peyton_ Pender Penderes clif _Pender_ Picced Piccedes hô _Pickett_ Pinnel Pinnelesfeld _Pennell_ Pippen Pippenes fen _Pippin_ Pyttel Pittelesford _Piddel_ Pitterich Piterichesham _Betteridge_ Pottel Potteles treow _Pottle_ Potten Pottenestreow _Potten_ Punt Puntes stân _Punt_ Puntel Punteles treow _Bundle_ Prentsa Prentsan hlaw _Prentiss_

Redwin Redwines thorn _Readwin_ Rahulf Rahulfes furlong _Ralph_ Rugebeorg Rugebeorges gemæro _Rubery_ Rumbold Rumboldes den _Rumbold_

Sceaft Sceaftesbirig _Shaft_, _Shafto_ Sceoll Sceolles ealdcotan _Sholl_ Scytta Scyttandun _Skeat_, _Shute_ Scyter[38] Scyteres flôd _Shuter_ Scealc Scealces hom _Shawkey_, _Chalk?_ Scyld Scyldes treow _Shield_ Simær Simæres ford _Seymour_ Secmær Secmæres ora _Sycamore_ Sigbriht Sigbrihtes anstige _Sibert_ Sibriht Sibrihtesweald _Seabright_[39] Siger Sigeres âc _Segar_ Snell Snellesham _Snell_ Snod Snodes hyl _Snoad_ Streng Strenges hô _Strong_ Stut Stutes hyl _Stout_, _Stott_ Stutard Stutardes cumb _Stothard_, _Studeard_ Sucga Sucgangrâf _Sugg_ Sumer Sumeresham _Summer_ Sumerled (Danish) Sumerledetun _Sommerlat_ Sunemann Sunemannes wyrthig _Sunman_ Sweor Sweores holt _Swire_, _Swears_ Sweord Sweordes stân _Sword_

Tæcel Tæcelesbrôc _Tackle_ Tatmonn Tatmonnes apoldre _Tadman_ Tatel Tatlestrop _Tattle_ Thuner Thunresfeld _Thunder_ Thurgar (Danish) Thurgartun _Thurgur_ Thrista Thristan den _Trist_ Theodher Theoderpoth _Theodore_ Thurold (Danish) Thuroldes gemæro _Thorold_ Toma Tomanworthig _Tomey_ Ticcen Ticnesfeld _Dickin_ Tilgar Tilgares dîc _Dilger_ Tilluc Tilluces leah _Tillick_, _Dilke_ Tilmann Tilmannes den _Tilman_ Titferth Titferthes geat _Titford_

Upicen Upicenes hlyw _Hopkin_

Wahgen Wahgenes gemæro _Wain_ Wealden Wealdenes weg _Walden_

Wealder Wealderes weg _Walter_ Westan Westanes treow _Weston_ Wigheard Wigheardes stapol _Wyard_ Wighelm Wighelmes land _Whigam_ Wihtlac Wihtlaces ford _Whitelock_ Wihtric Wihtricesham _Whitridge_ Wilmund Wilmundes leah _Williment_ Willher Willheres triow _Willer_ Wicg Wicgestan _Wigg_ Uuigga Wuiggangeat Winagar Winagares stapul _Winegar_ Wileard Wileardes hyrste _Willard_ Wistan for } Wistanes gemæro _Whiston_ Wigstan? } Wulfsig Wulfsiges croft _Wolsey_ Wulfgar Wulfgares gemæro _Woolgar_ Wulfmer Wulfmeres myln _Woolmer_ Wulfric Wulfrices gemæro _Woolrych_ Wyner Wyneres stig _Winer_ Waring Wæring wîc _Waring_ Wifel Wifelesham _Whipple_ Woden[40] Wodnesbeorg _Woodin?_ Wydda Wyddanbeorh _Widow_

The above names are deduced entirely from the names of places found by Mr. Kemble in ancient charters. The list is not by any means an exhaustive one, as I have not included a number of names taken into account in Chap. IV., and as also the same personal name enters frequently into several place-names. With very few exceptions these names may be gathered to the roll of Teutonic name-stems, notwithstanding a little disguise in some of their forms, and a great, sometimes a rather confusing, diversity of spelling. I take names such as the above to be the representatives of the every-day names of men in Anglo-Saxon times, rather than the names which come before us in history and in historical documents. For it seems to me that a kind of fashion prevailed, and that while a set of names of a longer and more dignified character were in favour among the great, the mass of the people still, to a great extent, adhered to the shorter and more simple names which their fathers had borne before them. Thus, when we find an Æthelwold who was also called Mol, an Æthelmer who was also called Dodda, and a Queen Hrothwaru who was also called Bucge, I am disposed to take the simple names, which are such as the earlier settlers brought over with them, to have been the original names, and superseded by names more in accordance with the prevailing fashion. Valuable then as is the _Liber Vitæ_ of Durham, as a continuous record of English names for many centuries, yet I am inclined to think that inasmuch as that the persons who come before us as benefactors to the shrine of St. Cuthbert may be taken to be as a general rule of the upper ranks of life, they do not afford so faithful a representation of the every-day names of Anglo-Saxons as do the little freeholders who lived and died in their country homes. And, moreover, these are, as it will be seen, more especially the kind of names which have been handed down from Anglo-Saxon times to the present day.

In connection with this subject, it may be of interest to present a list of existing names of places formed from an Anglo-Saxon personal name, as derived from the same ancient charters dealt with in the previous list. And in so doing I confine myself exclusively to the places of which the present names have been positively identified by Mr. Kemble. And in the first place I will take the place-names which consist simply of the name of a tribe or family unqualified by any local term whatever.

Name in Anglo-Saxon Charters. Present Name.

Æfeningas Avening Gloucestershire Angemeringum Angmering Sussex Ascengas Eashing Surrey Banesingas Bensington Oxfordshire Bærlingas Barling Kent Beadingum Beden Gloucestershire Berecingas Barking Essex Brahcingum Braughin Herts. Byrhtlingas Brightling Sussex Cerringes Charing Kent Ciwingum Chewing Herts. Culingas Cooling Kent Cytringas Kettering Northampton Diccelingas Ditchling Sussex Geddingas Yeading Middlesex Godelmingum Godalming Surrey Hallingas Halling Kent Herlinge Harling Norfolk Horningga Horning Norfolk Meallingas Malling Kent Pæccingas Patching Sussex Puningas Poynings Surrey Readingan Reading Berkshire Rodinges Roothing Essex Stæningas Steyning Sussex Swyrdhlincas } Swarling Kent (Swyrdlingas) } Terringes Tarring Sussex Terlinges Terling Essex Totingas Tooting Surrey Wellingum Wellwyn Herts. Werhornas Warehorne Kent Wihttringas Wittering Surrey Uoccingas Woking Surrey Wyrtingas Worting Hants.

I will now take the places which in a later and more settled time have been derived from the name of a single man, as representing his dwelling, his domain, or in not a few cases his grave.

Anglo-Saxon Man's Name. Place-Name. Present Name.

Abba Abbandun Abingdon Berks. { Ægelesbyrig Aylesbury Bucks. Ægel { Æglesford Aylesford Kent { Ægeleswurth Aylesworth Nthmptn. Agmod Agmodesham Agmondesham Bucks. Æsc Æscesbyrig Ashbury Berks. Æscmer Æscmeres weorth Ashmansworth Hants. Amber { Ambresbyrig Amesbury Wilts. { Ambresleah Ombersley Worc. Ælfreding Ælfredincgtun Alfreton Derby.

Badda Baddanby Badby Nthmptn. Badhelming Badimyncgtun Badminton Glouc. Baldher Baldheresberg Baltonsborough Somerset. Becca Beccanleah Beckley Sussex. Beda Bedanford Bedford Beds. Benna Bennanham Beenham Berks. Benning Benningwurth Bengworth Worc. Bledda Bleddanhlæw Bledlow Bucks. Blunt Bluntesham Bluntisham Hunts. Bodeca Bodecanleah Butleigh Somerset. Bodek Bodekesham Bottisham Camb. Bocga Bocganora Bognor Sussex. Bordel Bordelestun Burleston Dorset. Brand Brandesburh Bransbury Hants. Bregen Bregnesford Bransford Worc.

Cada Cadandun Chadlington Oxford. Cæg Cægeshô Keysoe Beds. Calmund Calmundes den Calmsden Glouc. Ceadela Ceadelanwurth Chaddleworth Berks. Ceadel Ceadeleshunt Chadshunt Warw. Ceader Ceadresleah Chaseley Worc. Cendel Cendeles funta Chalfont Bucks. Celta Celtenhom Cheltenham Glouc. Ceol Ceolesig Cholsey Berks. Cippa Cippenham Chippenham Wilts. Ceolbalding Ceolbaldinctun Chilbolton Hants. Ceort Ceortesege Chertsey Surrey Cinhild (woman) Cinildewyrth Kenilworth Warw. Cissa Cissanceaster Chichester Sussex. Coda Codanford Codford Wilts. Codda Coddanhrycg Cotheridge Worc. Coling Colingham Collingham Notts. Crym Crymesham Crimsham Sussex. Croppa Croppanthorn Cropthorn Worc. Cumen Cumenora Cumnor Berks. Cungar Cungaresbyrig Congressbury Somerset. Cwichelm Cwichelmes hlæw Cuckamslow hill Berks. Cyneburging[41] Cyneburgincton Kemerton Glouc. Cynlaf Kynleveden Kelvedon Essex. Ketel (Danish) Kitlebig Kettleby Linc.

Dæcca, or } Daccanhaam Dagenham Essex. Dægga } Dægel Dæglesford Daylesford Worc. Deôrlaf Deorlafestun Darlaston Staffs. Dodda Doddanford Dodford Nthmptn. Dodd Doddesthorp Dogsthorp Nthmptn. Dogod Dogodeswel Dowdswell Glouc. Domec Domecesige Dauntsey Wilts. Duceling Duceling dun Ducklington Oxford. Dunning Dunnincland Donyland Essex. Dideling Didelingtun Didlington Dorset.

Eadric Eadricestun Edstone Warw. Eccing Eccingtun Eckington Worc. Eccle, or Egil Eccleshale Exhall Warw. Effing Effingeham Effingham Surrey. Erping Erpingham Erpingham Norfolk. Eof, or Eofa Eofesham Evesham Worc.

Fecca Feccanhom Feckenham Worc. Flæda Flædanburg Fladbury Worc. Folc Folcesstan Folkstone Kent.

Gidding Giddincford Gidding Suffolk. Gyseling Gyselingham Gislingham Suffolk. Godmer Godmeresham Godmersham Kent. Grim Grimaston Grimstone Norfolk. Gun or Gund Gunthorpe Gunthorp Nthmptn. Gyp Gypeswich Ipswich Suffolk.

Hauek Hauekestun Hauxton Camb. Hæfar Hæfaresham Haversham Bucks. Hamela Hamelendûn Hambledon Hants. Hærigeard Hærigeardesham Harrietsham Kent. Haling Halington Hallington Linc. Hanekyn Hanekynton Hankerton Wilts. Hanning Hanningtun Hannington Hants. Hæda Hædanham Haddenham Camb. Helming Helmyngton Hemington Nthmptn. Help Helpestonne Helpstone Nthmptn. Hemming Hemmingford { Hemingford } Hunts. { Abbots } Hengest { Hengesteshricg Henstridge Somerset. { Hengestesige Hinksey Berks. Hild Hildesdûn Hillersdon Bucks. Heorulf Heorelfestun Harleston Staff. Heorting Heortingtun Hardington Somerset. Honekyn Honekynton Hankerton Wilts. Honing Honingtun Honington Linc. Horning { Horningeseie Horningsea Camb. { Horningges hæth Horningsheath Suffolk Hôd Hôdesâc Hodsoak Worc. Hunewald Hunewaldesham Windlesham Surrey Hunta Huntandun Huntingdon Hants. Hwiting Hwitingtun Whittington Worc.

Kyld Kyldesby Kilsby Nthmptn.

Laua Lauanham Lavenham Suffolk Lauing Lauingtun Barlavington Sussex Lamb (Danish?) Lambehith Lambeth Lott Lottisham Lottisham Somerset.

Mealdhelm Mealdumesburg Malmsbury Wilts. Myceld Myceldefer Mitcheldover Hants. Mûl { Mûleseige Moulsey Surrey { Mûlesham Moulsham Essex Munda Mundanham Mundham Sussex

Neteling Netelingtun Nettleton Wilts.

Offa Offanleah Offley Herts. Orlaf Orlafestun Orleston Derby. Orm (Danish) Ormisby Ormsby Norfolk Osgot Osgotbi Osgodby Linc. Oshelming Osmingtun Osmington Dorset Oswald Oswaldeshlaw Oswaldslow Worc.

Pading Padingtun Paddington Parting Partingtun Patrington Yorks. Peda Pedanhrycg Petridge Surrey Peada Peadanwurth Padworth Berks. Peatting Peattingtun Pattingham Salop Pecga Pecganham Pagham Sussex Peden Pednesham Pensham Worc. Piterich Piterichesham Petersham Worc. Port Portesham Portisham Dorset.

Raculf Raculfcestre Reculver Kent Remn[42] for Raven Remnesdun Ramsden Sussex Rydemær, or } Rydemæreleah Redmarley Worc. Redmer } Riking Rikinghal Rickinghall Suffolk Ring Ringestede Ringstead Norfolk Rodda Roddanbeorg Rodborough Glouc. Rolf, for Rolfestun Rolleston Staffs. Rodulf Rollesby Rollesby Norfolk

Sidel Sidelesham Sidlesham Sussex Sceaft Sceaftesbirig Shaftesbury Dorset. Secg Secgesbearue Sedgeberrow Worc. Snodd Snoddesbyrig Upton Snodsbury Worc. Snoding Snodingland Snodland Worc. Sumer Sumeresham Somersham Hunts. Sumerled (Danish) Sumerledetun Somerleyton Suffolk Sunna Sunnandun Sundon Beds. Swythbriht Swythbrihtesweald Sibbertswold Kent Swithreding Swithrædingden Surrenden Kent Sylc Sylceswyrth Silksworth Durham

Tadmær Tadmærtun Tadmarton Oxford.

Tæfing Tæfingstoc Tavistock Devon. Teotting Teottingtun Teddington Wor. Taling Talingtun Tallington Linc. Toda Todanhom Toddenham Glouc. Toma Tomanworthig Tamworth Warw. Theogen Theogendethorp Theddlethorp Linc. Thunar Thunresfeld Thundersfield Surrey Ticen Ticnesfeld Tichfield Hants. Tidhelming Tidelminctun Tidmington Worc. Tilling Tillingham Tillingham Essex Tocca Toccanham Tockenham Wilts. Toting Totingtun Tottington Norfolk Treding { Tredingtun Tredington Glouc. { Tredinctun Tredington Worc. Trosting Trostingtun Troston Suffolk Tuding Tudingtun Teddington Middlsx. Tunweald Tunwealdes stân Tunstone Glouc. Turca Turcanden Turkdean Glouc. Twica Tuicanham Twickenham Middlsx. Thurgar (Danish) Thurgartun Thurgarton Norfolk

Ufing Ufinctun Ovington Hants.

Wacen Uacenesfeld Watchfield Berks. Watling Uætlinctun Watlington Oxford. Wassing Wassingburg Washingborough Linc. Wald Waldeswel Woldswell Glouc. Weard Weardesbeorh Warborough Oxford. Wifel { Wifeles cumb Wiveliscomb Somerset. { Wifelesford Wilsford Wilts. Wilburg (Woman) { Wilburgeham Wilbraham Camb. { Wilburhtun Wilburton Camb. Willer Willerseia Willersey Glouc. Weogern Weogernacester Worcester Worc. Wine { Uines hlau Winslow Bucks. { Wines hyl Winshill Derby. Wrening Wreningham Wreningham Norfolk Werot Uurotaham Wrotham Kent Wulfwarding Wulfweardigleâ Wolverley Worc. Wendel, or Wendlesora, or Windsor Berks. Windel Windlesora

The last name, Windsor, is an amusing instance of the older attempts at local etymology. First it was supposed, as being an exposed spot, to have taken its name from the "wind is sore;" then it was presumed that it must have been a ferry, and that the name arose from the constant cry of "wind us o'er" from those waiting to be ferried across. It was a great step in advance when the next etymologist referred to the ancient name and found it to be Windelsora, from _ora_, shore, (a contraction of _ofer?_) Still, the etymon he deduced therefrom of "winding shore" is one that could not be adopted without doing great violence to the word; whereas, without the change of a letter, we have Windels ore, "Windel's shore," most probably in the sense of landing-place. The name Windel forms several other place-names; it was common in ancient times, and it has been taken to mean Vandal. I refer to this more especially to illustrate the importance of taking men's names into account in considering the origin of a place-name.

The above names are confined entirely, as I have before mentioned, to the places that have been positively identified by Mr. Kemble. And as these constitute but a small proportion of the whole number, the comparison will serve to give an idea of the very great extent to which place-names are formed from men's names.

FOOTNOTES:

[35] Cf. also Diormod, moneyer on Anglo-Saxon coins, minted at Canterbury. There is, however, an Irish Diarmaid which might in certain cases intermix, and whence we must take _McDermott_.

[36] I take Ealdermann to be, as elsewhere noted, a corruption of Ealdmann.

[37] Mr. Kemble, in default of finding Hygelac as a man's name in Anglo-Saxon times, has taken the above place-name to be from the legendary hero of that name. The fact is, however, that Hygelac occurs no fewer than four times as an early man's-name in the _Liber Vitæ_, so that there does not seem to be any reason whatever for looking upon it as anything else than the every-day name of an Anglo-Saxon.

[38] From a similar origin is probably Shooter's Hill, near London.

[39] There is also an A.S. Sæbriht, from _sæ_, sea, whence _Seabright_ might be derived.

[40] Upon the whole I am inclined to think that Woden is here an Anglo-Saxon man's name, though the traces of it in such use are but slight. There is a Richard Wodan in the _Lib. Vit._ about the 15th century. And Wotan occurs once as a man's name in the _Altdeutsches Namenbuch_.

[41] Or Cyneburg; see p. 71.

[42] It seems clear from the names collated by German writers that _ramn_, _remn_, and _ram_ in ancient names are contractions of raven. Compare the names of the ports, Soderhamn, Nyhamn, and Sandhamn, for, no doubt, Soderhaven, Nyhaven, and Sandhaven.