mill. I asked him to draw a map of the lower part of Chippewa River,

with all its branches, showing the exact lines as fixed by the treaty at Prairie du Chien, and as understood by them. I requested him to state the facts respecting the murder of the Menomonie, and the causes that led to it; and whether he, or any of his band, received any message from the agent or commanding officer at Prairie du Chien, demanding the surrender of the murderer? To the latter inquiry he answered promptly, No. He gave in his actual population at 142; but it is evident that a very considerable additional population, particularly men, resort there for the purpose of hunting a part of the year.

The day after my arrival, I prepared for and summoned the Indians to a council, with the usual formalities. I opened it by announcing the objects of my visit. Neenaba and his followers listened to the terms of the message, the means I had adopted to enforce it, and, finally, to the request of co-operation on the part of himself and band, with strict attention. He confined his reply to an expression of thanks, allusions to the peculiarity of his situation on an exposed frontier, and general, sentiments of friendship. He appeared to be mentally embarrassed by my request to drop the war-club, on the successful use of which he had relied for his popularity, and whatever of real power he possessed. He often referred to his young men, over whom he claimed no superiority, and who appeared to be ardently attached to him. I urged the principal topic upon his attention, presenting it in several lights. I finally conferred on him, personally, a medal and flag, and directed the presents intended for his band to be laid, in gross, before him.

After a pause, Neenaba got up, and spoke to the question, connecting it with obvious considerations, of which mutual rights, personal safety, and the obligation to protect the women and children, formed the basis. The latter duty was not a slight one. Last year, the Sioux had killed a chief on the opposite shore of the lake, and, at the same time, decoyed two children, who were in a canoe, among the rice, and killed and beheaded them. He said, in allusion to the medal and flag, that these marks of honor were not necessary to secure his attention to any requests made by the American government. And after resuming his seat awhile (during which he overheard some remarks not pleasing to him, from an Indian on the opposite side of the ring), he finally got up and declined receiving them until they were eventually pressed upon him by the young warriors. Everything appeared to proceed with great harmony, and the presents were quickly distributed by one of his men. It was not, however, until the next day, when my canoes were already put in the water, that he came with his entire party, to make his final reply, and to present the peace-pipe. He had thrown the flag over one arm, and held the war-club perpendicularly in the other hand. He said that, although he accepted the one, he did not drop the other; he held fast to both. When he looked at the one, he should revert to the counsels with which it had been given, and he should aim to act upon those counsels; but he also deemed it necessary to hold fast the war-club; it was, however, with a determination to use it in defence, and not in attack. He had reflected upon the advice sent to the Chippewas by the President, and particularly that part of it which counselled them to sit still upon their lands; but while they sat still, they also wished to be certain that their enemies would sit still. And the pipe he was now about to offer, he offered with a request that it might be sent to the President, asking him to use his power to prevent the Sioux from crossing the lines. The pipe was then lit, handed round, the ashes knocked out, and a formal presentation of it made. This ceremony being ended, I shook hands with them, and immediately embarked.

On the second day afterward, I reached the saw-mill, the subject of such frequent allusion, and landed there at 7 o'clock in the morning. I found a Mr. Wallace in charge, who was employed, with ten men, in building a new dam on a brook of the Red Cedar, the freshet of last spring having carried away the former one. I inquired of him where the line between the Sioux and Chippewas crossed. He replied that the line crossed above the mill, he did not precisely know the place; adding, however, in the course of conversation, that he believed the land in this vicinity originally belonged to the Chippewas. He said it was seven years since any Sioux had visited the mill; and that the latter was owned by persons at Prairie du Chien.

The rapids of the Red Cedar River extend (according to the estimates contained in my notes) about twenty-four miles. They commence a few miles below the junction of Meadow River, and terminate about two miles below the mills. This extension of falling water, referred to in the treaty as a fixed point, has led to the existing uncertainty. The country itself is of a highly valuable character for its soil, its game, its wild rice, and its wood. We found the butternut among those species which are locally included under the name of _Bois franc_, by the traders. The land can, hereafter, be easily brought into cultivation, as it is interspersed with prairie; and its fine mill privileges will add to its value. Indeed, one mile square is intrinsically worth one hundred miles square of Chippewa country, in some other places.

The present saw-mills (there are two), are situated 65 miles from the banks of the Mississippi. They are owned exclusively by private citizens, and employed for their sole benefit. The boards are formed into rafts; and these rafts are afterward attached together, and floated down the Mississippi to St. Louis, where they command a good price. The business is understood to be a profitable one. For the privilege, no equivalent has been paid either to the Indians or to the United States. The first mill was built several years ago, and before the conclusion of the treaty of Prairie du Chien, fixing boundaries to the lands. A permit was given for building, either verbal or written, as I have been informed, by a former commanding officer at Prairie du Chien. I make these statements in reference to a letter I have received from the Department since my return, but which is dated June 27th, containing a complaint of one of the owners of the mill, that the Chippewas had threatened to burn it, and requesting me to take the necessary precautionary measures. I heard nothing of such a threat, but believe that the respect which the Chippewas have professed, through me, for the American government, and the influence of my visit among them, will prevent a resort to any measures of violence; and that they will wait the peaceable adjustment of the line on the rapids. I will add that, _wherever_ that line may be determined, in a reasonable probability, to fall, the mill itself cannot be supplied with logs for any length of time, if _it is now so supplied_, without cutting them on Chippewa lands, and rafting them down the Red Cedar. Many of the logs heretofore sawed at this mill, have been rafted _up stream_, to the mill. And I understood from the person in charge of it, that he was now anxious to ascertain new sites for chopping; that his expectations were directed up the stream, but that his actual knowledge of the country, in that direction, did not embrace a circumference of more than five miles.

The line between the Chippewa and Sioux, as drawn on the MS. map of Neenaba, strikes the rapids on Red Cedar River at a brook and bluff a short distance below the mill. It proceeds thence, across the point of land between that branch of the main Chippewa, to an island in the latter; and thence, up stream, to the mouth of Clearwater River, as called for by the treaty, and from this point to the bluffs of the Mississippi Valley (where it corners on Winnebago land), on Black River, and not to the "_mouth_" of Black River, as erroneously inserted in the 5th article of the treaty; the Chippewas never having advanced any claims to the lands at the mouth of Black River. This map, being drawn by a Chippewa of sense, influence, and respectability, an exact copy of it is herewith forwarded for the use of the Department, as embracing the opinions of the Chippewas on this point. The lines and geographical marks were drawn on paper by Neenaba himself, and the names translated and written down by Mr. Johnston.

It is obvious that the adjustment of this line must precede a permanent peace on this part of the frontiers. The number of Chippewas particularly interested in it is, from my notes, 2,102; to which, 911 may be added for certain bands on Lake Superior. It embraces 27 villages, and the most influential civil and war chiefs of the region. The population is enterprising and warlike. They have the means of subsistence in _comparative_ abundance. They are increasing in numbers. They command a ready access to the Mississippi by water, and a ready return from it by land. Habits of association have taught them to look upon this stream as the theatre of war. Their young men are carried into it as the natural and almost only means of distinction. And it is in coincidence with all observation to say that they are now, as they were in the days of Captain Carver, the terror of the east bank of this river, between the St. Croix and Chippewa Rivers. No other tribe has now, or has had, within the memory of man, a village or permanent possession on this part of the shore. It is landed on in fear. It is often passed by other nations by stealth, and at night. Such is not an exaggerated picture. And with a knowledge of their geographical advantages, and numbers, and distribution, on the tributary streams, slight causes, it may be imagined, will often excite the young and thoughtless portion of them to raise the war-club, to chant the war-song, and follow the war-path.

To remove these causes, to teach them the folly of such a contest, to remind them of the treaty stipulations and promises solemnly made to the Government, and to the Sioux, and to induce them to renew those promises, and to act on fixed principles of political faith, were the primary objects committed to me; and they were certainly objects of exalted attainment, according as well with the character of the Government as with the spirit and moral and intellectual tone of the age. To these objects I have faithfully, as I believe, devoted the means at my command. And the Chippewas cannot, hereafter, err on the subject of their hostilities with the Sioux, without knowing that the error is disapproved by the American government, and that a continuance in it will be visited upon them in measures of severity.

Without indulging the expectation that my influence on the tour will have the effect to put an end to the spirit of predatory warfare, it may be asserted that this spirit has been checked and allayed; and that a state of feeling and reflection has been produced by it, which cannot fail to be beneficial to our relations with them, and to their relations with each other. The messages sent to the Sioux chiefs, may be anticipated to have resulted in restoring a perfect peace during the present fall and ensuing winter, and will thus leave to each party the undisturbed chase of their lands. The meditated blow of Steenaba was turned aside, and his war-party arrested and dispersed at the moment it was ready to proceed. Every argument was used to show them the folly and the insecurity of a continuance of the war. And the whole tenor and effect of my visit has been to inform and reform these remote bands. It has destroyed the charm of their seclusion. It has taught them that their conduct is under the super-vision of the American government; that they depend on its care and protection; that no other government has power to regulate trade and send traders among them; finally, that an adherence to foreign counsels, and to anti-pacific maxims, can be visited upon them in measures of coercion. That their country, hitherto deemed nearly inaccessible, can be penetrated and traversed by men and troops, with baggage and provisions, even in midsummer, when the waters are lowest; and that, in proportion as they comply with political maxims, as benevolent as they are just, will they live at peace with their enemies, and have the means of subsistence for an increased population among themselves. The conduct of the traders in this quarter, and the influence they have exerted, both moral and political, cannot here be entered upon, and must be left to some other occasion, together with statistical details and other branches of information not arising from particular instructions.

It may be said that the Indians upon the St. Croix and Chippewa Rivers, and their numerous branches, have been drawn into a close intercourse with Government. But it will be obvious that a perseverance in the system of official advice and restraints, is essential to give permanence to the effects already produced, and to secure a firm and lasting peace between them and the Sioux. To this end, the settlement of the line upon the Red Cedar Fork is an object which claims the attention of the Department; and would justify, in my opinion, the calling together the parties interested, at some convenient spot near the junction of the Red Cedar River with the Chippewa. Indeed, the handsome elevation, and the commanding geographical advantages of this spot, render it one which, I think, might be advantageously occupied as a military post. Such an occupancy would have the effect to keep the parties at peace; and the point of land, on which the work is proposed to be erected, might be purchased from the Sioux, together with such part of the disputed lands near the mills as might be deemed necessary to quiet the title of the Chippewas. By acquiring this portion of country for the purposes of military occupancy, the United States would be justified in punishing any murders committed upon it; and I am fully convinced that no measure which could, at this time, be adopted, would so certainly conduce to a permanent peace between the tribes. I therefore beg leave, through you, to submit these subjects to the consideration of the honorable the Secretary of War, with every distrust in my own powers of observation, and with a very full confidence in his.

I have the honor to be, sir, Very respectfully, your obedient servant, H. R. SCHOOLCRAFT.

TO ELBERT HERRING, ESQ., _Com. Ind. Affairs._

2. _Brief Notes of a Tour in 1831, from Galena, in Illinois, to Fort Winnebago, on the source of Fox River, Wisconsin._ By HENRY R. SCHOOLCRAFT.

Time admonishes me of my promise to furnish you some account of my journey from Galena to Fort Winnebago. But I confess, that time has taken away none of those features which make me regard it as a task. Other objects have occupied so much of my thoughts, that the subject has lost some of its vividness, and I shall be obliged to confine myself more exclusively to my notes than I had intended. This will be particularly true in speaking of geological facts. Geographical features impress themselves strongly on the mind. The shape of a mountain is not easily forgotten, and its relation to contiguous waters and woods is recollected after the lapse of many years. The succession of plains, streams, and settlements is likewise retained in the memory, while the peculiar plains, the soils overlaying them, and all the variety of their mineral and organic contents, require to be perpetuated by specimens and by notes, which impose neither a slight nor a momentary labor.

Limited sketches of this kind are, furthermore, liable to be misconceived. Prominent external objects can only be brought to mind, and these often reveal but an imperfect notion of the pervading character of strata, and still less knowledge of their mineral contents. Haste takes away many opportunities of observation; and scanty or inconvenient means of transporting hand specimens, often deprive us of the requisite data. Indeed, I should be loath to describe the few facts I am about to communicate, had you not personally visited and examined the great carboniferous and sandstone formation on the Mississippi and Wisconsin, and thus got the knowledge of their features. The parallelism which is apparent in these rocks, by the pinnacles which have been left standing on high--the wasting effects of time in scooping out valleys and filling up declivities--and the dark and castle-looking character of the cherty limestone bluffs, as viewed from the water, while the shadows of evening are deepening around, are suited to make vivid impressions. And these broken and denuded cliffs offer the most favorable points for making geological observations. There are no places inland where the streams have cut so deep. On gaining the height of land, the strata are found to be covered with so heavy a deposit of soil, that it is difficult to glean much that can be relied on respecting the interior structure.

The angle formed by the junction of the Wisconsin with the Mississippi, is a sombre line of weather-beaten rocks. Gliding along the current, at the base of these rocks, the idea of a "hill country," of no very productive character, is naturally impressed upon the observer. And this impression came down, probably, from the days of Marquette, who was the first European, that we read of, who descended the Wisconsin, and thus became the true discoverer of the Mississippi. The fact that it yielded lead ore, bits of which were occasionally brought in by the natives, was in accordance with this opinion; and aided, it may be supposed, in keeping out of view the real character of the country. I know not how else to account for the light which has suddenly burst upon us from this bank of the Mississippi, and which has at once proved it to be as valuable for the purposes of agriculture as for those of mining, and as sylvan in its appearance as if it were not fringed, as it were, with rocks, and lying at a great elevation above the water. This elevation is so considerable as to permit a lively descent in the streams, forming numerous mill-seats. The surface of the country is not, however, broken, but may be compared to the heavy and lazy-rolling waves of the sea after a tempest. These wave-like plains are often destitute of trees, except a few scattering ones, but present to the eye an almost boundless field of native herbage. Groves of oak sometimes diversify those native meadows, or cover the ridges which bound them. Very rarely does any rock appear above the surface. The highest elevations, the Platte Mounds, and the Blue Mound, are covered with soil and with trees. Numerous brooks of limpid water traverse the plains, and find their way into either the Wisconsin, Rock River, or the Mississippi. The common deer is still in possession of its favorite haunts; and the traveller is very often startled by flocks of the prairie-hen rising up in his path. The surface soil is a rich black alluvion; it yields abundant crops of corn, and, so far as they have been tried, all the cereal gramina. I have never, either in the West or out of the West, seen a richer soil, or more stately fields of corn and oats, than upon one of the plateaux of the Blue Mound.

Such is the country which appears to be richer in ores of lead than any other mineral district in the world--which yielded forty millions of pounds in seven years--produced a single lump of ore of two thousand cubic feet--and appears adequate to supply almost any amount of this article that the demands of commerce require.

The River of Galena rises in the mineral plains of Iowa county, in that part of the Northwestern Territory which is attached, for the purposes of temporary government, to Michigan. It is made up of clear and permanent springs, and has a descent which affords a very valuable water-power. This has been particularly remarked at the curve called Mill-seat Bend. No change in its general course, which is southwest, is, I believe, apparent after it enters the northwest angle of the State of Illinois. The town of Galena, the capital of the mining country, occupies a somewhat precipitous semicircular bend, on the right (or north) bank of the river, six or seven miles from its entrance into the Mississippi. Backwater, from the latter, gives the stream itself the appearance, as it bears the name, of a "river," and admits steamboat navigation thus far. It is a rapid brook immediately above the town, and of no further value for the purpose of navigation. Lead is brought in from the smelting furnaces, on heavy ox-teams, capable of carrying several tons at a load. I do not know that water _has been_, or that it _cannot_ be made subservient in the transportation of this article from the mines. The streams themselves are numerous and permanent, although they are small, and it would require the aid of so many of these, on any projected route, that it is to be feared the supply of water would be inadequate. To remedy this deficiency, the Wisconsin itself might be relied on. Could the waters of this river be conducted in a canal along its valley from the portage to the bend at Arena, they might, from this point, be deflected in a direct line to Galena. This route would cut the mine district centrally, and afford the upper tributaries of the Pekatolika and Fever Rivers as feeders. Such a communication would open the way to a northern market, and merchandise might be supplied by the way of Green Bay, when the low state of water in the Mississippi prevents the ascent of boats. It would, at all times, obviate the tedious voyage, which goods ordered from the Atlantic cities have to perform through the straits of Florida and Gulf of Mexico. A railroad could be laid upon this route with equal, perhaps superior advantages. These things may seem too much like making arrangements for the next generation. But we cannot fix bounds to the efforts of our spreading population, and spirit of enterprise. Nor, after what we have seen in the way of internal improvement, in our own day and generation, should we deem anything too hard to be accomplished.

I set out from Galena in a light wagon, drawn by two horses, about ten o'clock in the morning (August 17th), accompanied by Mr. B. It had rained the night and morning of the day previous, which rendered the streets and roads quite muddy. A marly soil, easily penetrated by rain, was, however, as susceptible to the influence of the sun, and, in a much shorter period than would be imagined, the surface became dry. Although a heavy and continued shower had thoroughly drenched the ground, and covered it with superfluous water, but very little effects of it were to be seen at this time. We ascended into the open plain country, which appears in every direction around the town, and directed our course to Gratiot's Grove. In this distance, which, on our programme of the route, was put down, at fifteen miles, a lively idea of the formation and character of the country is given. The eye is feasted with the boundlessness of its range. Grass and flowers spread before and beside the traveller, and, on looking back, they fill up the vista behind him. He soon finds himself in the midst of a sylvan scene. Groves fringe the tops of the most distant elevations, and clusters of trees--more rarely, open forests--are occasionally presented. The trees appear to be almost exclusively of the species of white oak and rough-bark hickory. Among the flowers, the plant called rosin-weed attracts attention by its gigantic stature, and it is accompanied, as certainly as substance by shadow, by the wild indigo, two plants which were afterwards detected, of less luxuriant growth, on Fox River. The roads are in their natural condition; they are excellent, except for a few yards where streams are crossed. At such places there is a plunge into soft, black muck, and it requires all the powers of a horse harnessed to a wagon to emerge from the stream.

On reaching Gratiot's Grove, I handed letters of introduction to Mr. H. and B. Gratiot. These gentlemen appear to be extensively engaged in smelting. They conducted me to see the ore prepared for smelting in the log furnace; and also the preparation of such parts of it for the ash furnace as do not undergo complete fusion in the first process. The ash furnace is a very simple kind of air furnace, with a grate so arranged as to throw a reverberating flame upon the hearth where the prepared ore is laid. It is built against a declivity, and charged, by throwing the materials to be operated upon, down the flue. A silicious flux is used; and the scoria is tapped and suffered to flow out, from the side of the furnace, before drawing off the melted lead. The latter is received in an excavation made in the earth, from which it is ladled out into iron moulds. The whole process is conducted in the open air, with sometimes a slight shed. The lead ore is piled in cribs of logs, which are roofed. Hammers, ladles, a kind of tongs, and some other iron tools are required. The simplicity of the process, the absence of external show in buildings, and the direct and ready application of the means to the end, are remarkable, as pleasing characteristics about the smelting establishment.

The ore used is the common sulphuret, with a foliated, glittering and cubical fracture. It occurs with scarcely any adhering gangue. Cubical masses of it are found, at some of the diggings, which are studded over with minute crystals of calcareous spar. These crystals, when examined, have the form of the dog-tooth spar. This broad, square-shaped, and square-broken mineral, is taken from _east and west leads_, is most easy to smelt, and yields the greatest per centum of lead. It is estimated to produce fifty per cent. from the log furnace, and about sixteen more when treated with a flux in the ash furnace.

Miners classify their ore from its position in the mine. Ore from _east and west leads_, is raised from clay diggings, although these diggings may be pursued under the first stratum of rock. Ore from _north and south leads_, is termed "sheet minerals," and is usually taken from rock diggings. The vein or sheet stands perpendicularly in the fissure, and is usually struck in sinking from six to ten feet. The sheet varies in thickness from six or eight inches, in the broadest part, to not more than one. The great mass found at "Irish diggings" was of this kind.

I observed, among the piles of ore at Gratiot's, the combination of zinc with lead ore, which is denominated _dry bone_. It is cast by as unproductive. Mr. B. Gratiot also showed me pieces of the common ore which had undergone desulphuration in the log furnace. Its natural splendor is increased by this process, so as to have the appearance of highly burnished steel. He also presented me some uniform masses of lead, recrystallized from a metallic state, under the hearth of the ash furnace. The tendency to rectangular structure in these delicate and fragile masses is very remarkable. Crystallization appears to have taken place under circumstances which opposed the production of a complete and perfect cube or parallelogram, although there are innumerable rectangles of each geometric form.

In the drive from Gratiot's to Willow Springs, we saw a succession of the same objects that had formed the prominent features of the landscape from Galena. The platte mounds, which had appeared on our left all the morning, continued visible until we entered the grove that embraces the site of the springs. Little mounds of red earth frequently appeared above the grass, to testify to the labors of miners along this part of the route. In taking a hasty survey of some of the numerous excavations of Irish diggings, I observed among the rubbish small flat masses of a yellowish white amorphous mineral substance of great weight. I have not had time to submit it to any tests. It appears too heavy and compact for the earthy yellow oxide of lead. I should not be disappointed to find it an oxide of zinc. No rock stratum protrudes from the ground in this part of the country. The consolidated masses, thrown up from the diggings, appear to be silicated limestone, often friable, and not crystalline. Galena is found in open fissures in this rock.

We reached the springs in the dusk of the evening, and found good accommodations at Ray's. Distance from Galena thirty miles.

The rain fell copiously during the night, and on the morning (18th) gave no signs of a speedy cessation. Those who travel ought often, however, to call to mind the remark of Xenophon, that "pleasure is the result of toil," and not permit slight impediments to arrest them, particularly when they have definite points to make. We set forward in a moderate rain, but in less than an hour had the pleasure to perceive signs of its mitigating, and before nine o'clock it was quite clear. We stopped a short time at Bracken's furnace. Mr. Bracken gave me specimens of organic remains, in the condition of earthy calcareous carbonates, procured on a neighboring ridge. He described the locality as being plentiful in casts and impressions such as he exhibited, which appeared to have been removed from the surface of a shelly limestone. At Rock-Branch diggings, I found masses of calcareous spar thrown from the pits. The surface appears to have been much explored for lead in this vicinity. I stopped to examine Vanmater's lead. It had been a productive one, and affords a fair example of what are called east and west leads. I observed a compass standing on the line of the lead, and asked Mr. V. whether much reliance was to be placed upon the certainty of striking the lead by the aid of this instrument. He said that it was much relied on. That the course of the leads was definite. The present one varied from a due east and west line but nine minutes, and the lead had been followed without much difficulty. The position of the ore was about forty feet below the surface. Of this depth about thirty-six feet consisted of the surface rock and its earthy covering. A vein of marly clay, enveloping the ore, was then penetrated. A series of pits had been sunk on the course of it, and the earth and ore in the interstices removed, and drawn to the surface by a windlass and bucket. Besides the ore, masses of iron pyrites had been thrown out, connected with galena. In stooping to detach some pieces from one of these masses, I placed my feet on the verge of an abandoned pit, around which weeds and bushes had grown. My face was, however, averted from the danger; but, on beholding it, I was made sensible that the least deviation from a proper balance would have pitched me into it. It was forty feet deep. The danger I had just escaped fell to the lot of Mr. B.'s dog, who, probably deceived by the growth of bushes, fell in. Whether killed or not, it was impossible to tell, and we were obliged to leave the poor animal, under a promise of Mr. V., that he would cause a windlass to be removed to the pit, to ascertain his fate.

At eleven o'clock we reached Mineral Point, the seat of justice of Iowa county. I delivered an introductory letter to Mr. Ansley, who had made a discovery of copper ore in the vicinity, and through his politeness, visited the locality. The discovery was made in sinking pits in search of lead ore. Small pieces of green carbonate of copper were found on striking the rock, which is apparently silico-calcareous, and of a very friable structure. From one of the excavations, detached masses of the sulphuret, blue and green mingled, were raised. These masses are enveloped with ochery clay.

In riding out on horseback to see this locality, I passed over the ridge of land which first received the appellation of "Mineral Point." No digging was observed in process, but the heaps of red marly clay, the vigorous growth of shrubbery around them, and the number of open or partially filled pits, remain to attest the labor which was formerly devoted in the search for lead. And this search is said to have been amply rewarded. The track of discovery is conspicuously marked by these excavations, which often extend, in a direct line, on the cardinal points, as far as the eye can reach. Everywhere the marly clay formation appears to have been relied on for the ore, and much of it certainly appears to be _in sitû_ in it. It bears no traces of attrition; and its occurrence in regular leads forbids the supposition of its being an oceanic arrangement of mineral detritus. At Vanmater's, the metalliferous clay marl is overlaid by a grayish sedimentary limestone. Different is the geological situation of what is denominated _gravel ore_, of which I noticed piles, on the route from Gratiot's. This bears evident marks of attrition, and appears to have been uniformly taken from diluvial earth.

On returning to the village from this excursion, I found Mr. B. ready to proceed, and we lost no time in making the next point in our proposed route. A drive of five miles brought us to the residence of Colonel Dodge, whose zeal and enterprise in opening this portion of our western country for settlement, give him claims to be looked up to as a public benefactor. I here met the superintendent of the mines (Captain Legate), and after spending some time in conversation on the resources and prospects of the country, and partaking of the hospitalities politely offered by Colonel D. and his intelligent family, we pursued our way. The village of Dodgeville lies at the distance of four miles. Soon after passing through it some part of our tackle gave way, in crossing a gully, and I improved the opportunity of the delay to visit the adjacent diggings, which are extensive. The ore is found as at other mines, in regular leads, and not scattered about promiscuously in the red marl. Masses of brown oxide of iron were more common here than I had noticed them elsewhere. Among the rubbish of the diggings, fragments of hornstone occur. They appear to be, most commonly, portions of nodules, which exhibit, on being fractured, various discolorings.

Night overtook us before we entered Porter's Grove, which is also the seat of mining and smelting operations. We are indebted to the hospitality of Mr. M., of whom my companion was an acquaintance, for opening his door to us, at an advanced hour of the evening. Distance from Willow Springs, twenty-five miles.

There is no repose for a traveller. We retired to rest at a late hour, and rose at an early one. The morning (19th) was hazy, and we set forward while the dew was heavy on the grass. Our route still lay through a prairie country. The growth of native grass, bent down with dew, nearly covered the road, so that our horses' legs were continually bathed. The rising sun was a very cheerful sight, but as our road lay up a long ascent, we soon felt its wilting effects. Nine miles of such driving, with not a single grove to shelter us, brought us to Mr. Brigham's, at the foot of the Blue Mound, being the last house in the direction to Fort Winnebago. The distance from Galena is sixty-four miles, and this area embraces the present field of mining operations. In rapidly passing over it, mines, furnaces, dwelling-houses, mining villages, inclosed fields, upland prairies (an almost continued prairie), groves, springs, and brooks, have formed the prominent features of the landscape. The impulse to the settlement of the country was first given by its mineral wealth; and it brought here, as it were by magic, an enterprising and active population. It is evident that a far greater amount of labor was a few years ago engaged in mining operations; but the intrinsic value of the lands has operated to detain the present population, which may be considered as permanent. The lands are beautifully disposed, well watered, well drained by natural streams, and easily brought into cultivation. Crops have everywhere repaid the labors of the farmer; and, thus far, the agricultural produce of the country has borne a fair price. The country appears to afford every facility for raising cattle, horses, and hogs. Mining, the cardinal interest heretofore, has not ceased in the degree that might be inferred from the depression of the lead market; and it will be pursued, with increased activity, whenever the purposes of commerce call for it. In the present situation of the country, there appear to be two objects essential to the lasting welfare of the settlements: first, a title to their lands from Congress; second, a northern market for the products of their mines and farms. To these, a _third_ requisite may be considered auxiliary, namely, the establishment of the seat of territorial government at some point west of Lake Michigan, where its powers may be more readily exercised, and the reciprocal obligations of governor and people more vividly felt.

Mr. Brigham, in whom I was happy to recognize an esteemed friend, conducted us over his valuable plantation. He gave me a mass of a white, heavy metallic substance, taken as an accompanying mineral, from a lead of Galena, which he has recently discovered in a cave. Without instituting any examination of it but such as its external characters disclose, it may be deemed a native carbonate of lead. The mass from which it was broken weighed ninety or one hundred pounds. And its occurrence, at the lead, was not alone.

From the Blue Mound to Fort Winnebago is an estimated distance of fifty-six miles. The country is, however, entirely in a state of nature. The trace is rather obscure; but, with a knowledge of the general geography and face of the country, there is no difficulty in proceeding with a light wagon, or even a loaded team, as the Indian practice of firing the prairies every fall has relieved the surface from underbrush and fallen timber. After driving a few miles, we encountered two Winnebagoes on horseback, the forward rider having a white man in ties behind him. The latter informed us that his name was H., that he had come out to Twelve-mile Creek, for the purpose of locating himself there, and was in pursuit of a hired man, who had gone off, with some articles of his property, the night previous. With this relation, and a _boshu_[274] for the natives, with whom we had no means of conversing, we continued our way, without further incident, to Duck Creek, a distance of ten miles. We here struck the path, which is one of the boundary lines, in the recent purchase from the Winnebagoes. It is a deeply marked horse path, cutting quite through the prairie sod, and so much used by the natives as to prevent grass from growing on it; in this respect, it is as well-defined a landmark as "blazed tree," or "saddle." The surveyor appointed to run out the lines, had placed mile-posts on the route, but the Winnebagoes, with a prejudice against the practice which is natural, pulled up many, and defaced others. When we had gone ten miles further, we began to see the glittering of water through the trees, and we soon found ourselves on the margin of a clear lake. I heard no name for this handsome sheet of water. It is one of the four lakes, which are connected with each other by a stream, and have their outlet into Rock River, through a tributary called the Guskihaw. We drove through the margin of it, where the shores were sandy, and innumerable small unio shells were driven up. Most of these small pieces appeared to be helices. Standing tent-poles, and other remains of Indian encampments, appeared at this place. A rock stratum, dark and weather-beaten, apparently sandstone, jutted out into the lake. A little further, we passed to the left of an abandoned village. By casting our eyes across the lake, we observed the new position which had been selected and occupied by the Winnebagoes. We often assign wrong motives, when we undertake to reason for the Indian race; but in the present instance, we may presume that their removal was influenced by too near a position to the boundary path.

[274] This term is in use by the Algic or Algonquin tribes, particularly by the Chippewas. The Winnebagoes, who have no equivalent for it, are generally acquainted with it, although I am not aware that they have, to any extent, adopted it. It has been supposed to be derived from the French _bon jour_.

We drove to the second brook, beyond the lake, and encamped.

Comfort in an encampment depends very much upon getting a good fire. In this we totally failed last night, owing to our having but a small piece of spunk, which ignited and burned out without inflaming our kindling materials. The atmosphere was damp, but not sufficiently cooled to quiet the ever-busy mosquito. Mr. B. deemed it a hardship that he could not boil the kettle, so as to have the addition of tea to our cold repast. I reminded him that there was a bright moon, and that it did not rain; and that, for myself, I had fared so decidedly worse, on former occasions, that I was quite contented with the light of the moon and a dry blanket. By raising up and putting a fork under the wagon-tongue, and spreading our tent-cloth over it, I found the means of insulating ourselves from the insect hordes, but it was not until I had pitched my mosquito net within it that we found repose.

On awaking in the morning (20th), we found H., who had passed us the day before in company with the Winnebagoes, lying under the wagon. He had returned from pursuing the fugitive, and had overtaken us, after twelve o'clock at night. He complained of being cold. We admitted him into the wagon, and drove on to reach his camp at Twelve-mile Creek. In crossing what he denominated Seven-mile Prairie, I observed on our right a prominent wall of rock, surmounted with image-stones. The rock itself consisted of sandstone. Elongated water-worn masses of stone had been set up, so as to resemble, at a distance, the figures of men. The illusion had been strengthened by some rude paints. This had been the serious or the sportive work of Indians. It is not to be inferred, hence, that the Winnebagoes are idolaters. But there is a strong tendency to idolatry in the minds of the North American Indians. They do not bow before a carved image, shaped like Dagon or Juggernaut; but they rely upon their guardian spirits, or personal manitos, for aid in exigencies, and impute to the skins of animals, which are preserved with religious care, the power of gods. Their medicine institution is also a gross and bold system of semi-deification connected with magic, witchcraft, and necromancy. Their jossakeeds are impostors and jugglers of the grossest stamp. Their wabenos address Satan directly for power; and their metais, who appear to be least idolatrous, rely more upon the invisible agency of spirits and magic influence, than upon the physical properties of the medicines they exhibit.

On reaching Twelve-mile Creek, we found a yoke of steers of H., in a pen, which had been tied there two days and nights without water. He evinced, however, an obliging disposition, and, after refreshing ourselves and our horses, we left him to complete the labors of a "local habitation." The intermediate route to Fort Winnebago afforded few objects of either physical or mental interest. The upland soil, which had become decidedly thinner and more arenaceous, after reaching the Lake, appears to increase in sterility on approaching the Wisconsin. And the occurrence of _lost rocks_ (primitive boulders), as Mr. B. happily termed them, which are first observed after passing the Blue Mound, becomes more frequent in this portion of the country, denoting our approach to the borders of the northwestern primitive formation. This formation, we have now reason to conclude, extends in an angle, so far south as to embrace a part of Fox River, above Apukwa Lake.

Anticipated difficulties always appear magnified. This we verified in crossing Duck Creek, near its entrance into the Wisconsin. We found the adjoining bog nearly dry, and drove through the stream without the water entering into the body of the wagon. It here commenced raining. Having but four miles to make, and that a level prairie, we pushed on. But the rain increased, and poured down steadily and incessantly till near sunset. In the midst of this rain-storm we reached the fort, about one o'clock, and crossed over to the elevated ground occupied by the Indian Department, where my sojourn, while awaiting the expedition, was rendered as comfortable as the cordial greeting and kind attention of Mr. Kinzie, the agent, and his intelligent family, could make it.

A recapitulation of the distances from Galena makes the route as follows, viz: Gratiot's Grove, fifteen miles; Willow Springs, fifteen; Mineral Point, seven; Dodgeville, nine; Porter's Grove, nine; Blue Mound, nine; Duck Creek, ten; Lake, ten; Twelve-mile Creek, twenty-four; Crossing of Duck Creek, eight; and Fort Winnebago, four; total, one hundred and twenty miles.

H. R. S.

To GEORGE P. MORRIS, ESQ., New York.

3. _Official Report of the Exploratory Expedition to the Actual Source of the Mississippi River in 1832._

OFFICE OF THE INDIAN AGENCY OF SAULT STE. MARIE, Sept. 1, 1832.

SIR: I had the honor to inform you, on the 15th ultimo, of my return from the sources of the Mississippi, and that I should communicate the details of my observations to you as soon as they could be prepared.

On reaching the remotest point visited heretofore by official authority, I found that the waters on that summit were favorable to my tracing this river to its utmost sources. This point having been left undetermined by prior expeditions, I determined to avail myself of the occasion to take Indian guides, with light canoes, and, after encamping my heavy force, to make the ascent. It was represented to be practicable in five days. I accomplished it, by great diligence, in three. The distance is 158 miles above Cass Lake. There are many sharp rapids, which made the trial severe. The river expands into numerous lakes.

After passing about forty miles north of Red Cedar Lake, during which we ascended a summit, I entered a fine large lake, which, to avoid repetitions in our geographical names, I called Queen Anne's Lake. From this point the ascent of the Mississippi was due south; and it was finally found to have its origin in a handsome lake, of some seven miles in extent, on the height of land to which I gave the name of Itasca.

This lake lies in latitude 47° 13' 25". It lies at an altitude of 1,575 feet, by the barometer, above the Gulf of Mexico. It affords me satisfaction to say, that, by this discovery, the geographical point of the origin of this river is definitely fixed. Materials for maps and plans of the entire route have been carefully collected by Lieut. James Allen, of the U. S. Army, who accompanied me, with a small detachment of infantry, as high as Cass Lake; and, having encamped them at that point, with my extra men, he proceeded with me to Itasca Lake. The distance which is thus added to the Mississippi, agreeably to him, is 164 miles, making its entire length, by the most authentic estimates, to be 3,200 miles. In this distance there are numerous and arduous rapids, in which the total amount of ascent to be overcome is 173 feet.

Councils were held with the Indians at Fond du Lac, at Sandy Lake, Cass Lake, at the mouth of the Great De Corbeau River, &c.

In returning, I visited the military bands at Leech Lake; passing from thence to its source, and descending the whole length of the Crow-wing River, and thence to St. Anthony's Falls, I assembled the Sioux at the agency of St. Peter's, and at the Little Crow's village. The Chippewas of the St. Croix and Broule Rivers were particularly visited. Many thousands of the Chippewa and Sioux nations were seen and counselled with, including their most distinguished chiefs and warriors. Everywhere they disclaimed a connection with Black Hawk and his schemes. I left the Mississippi, about forty miles above the point where, in a few days, the Sauk chief was finally captured and his forces overthrown; and, reaching the waters of Lake Superior, at the mouth of the Brule, returned from that point to the agency at Sault de Ste. Marie.

The flag of the Union has secured respect from the tribes at every point; and I feel confident in declaring the Chippewas and Sioux, as tribes, unconnected with the Black Hawk movement.

I am, sir, very respectfully, Your obedient servant, HENRY R. SCHOOLCRAFT, _U. S. Ind. Agent._

C. HERRING, ESQ., _Commissioner of Indian Affairs_

IV.

VACCINATION OF THE INDIANS.

4. _Report of the number and position of the Indians vaccinated on the Exploratory Expedition to the Sources of the Mississippi, conducted by Mr. Schoolcraft, in 1832._ By Dr. DOUGLASS HOUGHTON.

SAULT STE. MARIE, Sept. 21, 1832.

SIR: In conformity with your instructions, I take the earliest opportunity to lay before you such facts as I have collected, touching the vaccination of the Chippewa Indians, during the progress of the late expedition into their country: and also "of the prevalence, from time to time, of the smallpox" among them.

The accompanying table will serve to illustrate the "ages, sex, tribe, and local situation" of those Indians who have been vaccinated by me. With the view of illustrating more fully their local situation, I have arranged those bands residing upon the shores of Lake Superior; those residing in the Folle Avoine country (or that section of country lying between the highlands southwest from Lake Superior, and the Mississippi River); and those residing near the sources of the Mississippi River, separately.

Nearly all the Indians noticed in this table were vaccinated at their respective villages; yet I did not fail to vaccinate those whom we chanced to meet in their hunting or other excursions.

I have embraced, with the Indians of the frontier bands, those half-breeds, who, in consequence of having adopted more or less the habits of the Indian, may be identified with him.

But little difficulty has occurred in convincing the Indians of the efficacy of vaccination; and the universal dread in which they hold the appearance of the smallpox among them, rendered it an easy task to overcome their prejudices, whatever they chanced to be. The efficacy of the vaccine disease is well appreciated, even by the most interior of the Chippewa Indians; and so universal is this information, that only one instance occurred where the Indian had never heard of the disease.

In nearly every instance the opportunity which was presented for vaccination, was embraced with cheerfulness and apparent gratitude; at the same time manifesting great anxiety that, for the safety of the whole, each one of the band should undergo the operation. When objections were made to vaccination, they were not usually made because the Indian doubted the protective power of the disease, but because he supposed (never having seen its progress), that the remedy must nearly equal the disease which it was intended to counteract.

Our situation, while travelling, did not allow me sufficient time to test the result of the vaccination in most instances; but an occasional return to bands where the operation had been performed, enabled me, in those bands, either to note the progress of the disease, or to judge from the cicatrices marking the original situation of the pustules, the cases in which the disease had proved successful.

------------------+-----------------------+----------------------- CHIPPEWA INDIANS. | MALES. | FEMALES. ------------------+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+--- | U | 1 | 2 | 4 | 6 | | U | 1 | 2 | 4 | 6 | | n | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | O | n | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | O | d | | | | | v | d | | | | | v | e | t | t | t | t | e | e | t | t | t | t | e BANDS. | r | o | o | o | o | r | r | o | o | o | o | r | | | | | | | | | | | | | 1 | 2 | 4 | 6 | 8 | 8 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 6 | 8 | 8 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . ------------------+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+--- LAKE SUPERIOR | | | | | | | | | | | | {Sault Ste. Marie| 93| 22| 19| 8| 2| 1| 75| 28| 21| 10| 3| 1 {Grand Island | 17| 9| 7| 2|...|...| 12| 5| 7|...|...|... {Keweena Bay | 23| 11| 10| 6| 1|...| 20| 12| 17| 5| 2| 1 {Ontonagon River | 7| 8| 10| 3|...|...| 13| 5| 12| 6| 1|... {La Pointe | 37| 32| 40| 6| 2| 1| 38| 25| 28| 12| 2|... {Fond du Lac | 50| 21| 45| 10| 2|...| 41| 18| 35| 13| 6| 2 FOLLE AVOINE | | | | | | | | | | | | COUNTRY | | | | | | | | | | | | {Lac du Flambeau | 6| 2| 6| 1| 1|...| 2| 3| 4| 2| 2|... {Ottowa Lake | 11| 4| 8| 1|...|...| 10| 7| 3| 2|...|... {Yellow River | 11| 2| 6| 1|...|...| 11| 3| 6| 2| 1|... {Nama Kowagun of | {St. Croix River| 4| 1| 2| 1|...|...| 4|...| 3| 2|...|... {Snake River | 14| 3| 7| 4| 1| 1| 25| 3| 12| 1| 1|... SOURCES OF THE | | | | | | | | | | | | MISSISSIPPI RIVER| | | | | | | | | | | | {Sandy Lake | 75| 21| 47| 10| 2|...| 86| 19| 48| 23| 6| 2 {Lake Winnipeg | 4| 4| 10| 3|...|...| 1| 1| 1| 2|...|... {Cass, or Upper | | | | | | | | | | | | {Red Cedar Lake | 18| 5| 11| 6|...| 1| 18| 3| 8| 5| 1| 1 {Leech Lake | 76| 43| 73| 16| 4| 1| 96| 41| 61| 25| 2| 1 +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+--- Lake Superior |227|103|131| 35| 7| 2|199| 93|120| 46| 14| 5 Folle Avoine | | | | | | | | | | | | Country | 46| 12| 29| 8| 2| 1| 52| 12| 32| 9| 4|... Sources of the | | | | | | | | | | | | Mississippi |173| 73|141| 35| 6| 2|201| 64|118| 55| 9| 4 +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+--- Total | | | | | | | | | | | | |446|188|301| 78| 15| 5|452|169|270|110| 27| 9 ------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------

------------------+----------- CHIPPEWA INDIANS. | ------------------+---+---+--- | | | | | F | | | e | | M | m | T BANDS. | a | a | o | l | l | t | e | e | a | s | s | l | . | . | . ------------------+---+---+--- LAKE SUPERIOR | | | {Sault Ste. Marie|145|138|283 {Grand Island | 35| 24| 59 {Keweena Bay | 57|108 {Ontonagon River | 28| 37| 65 {La Pointe |118|106|224 {Fond du Lac |128|115|243 FOLLE AVOINE | | | COUNTRY | | | {Lac du Flambeau | 16| 15| 29 {Ottowa Lake | 24| 22| 46 {Yellow River | 20| 23| 43 {Nama Kowagun of | {St. Croix River| 8| 9| 17 {Snake River | 30| 42| 72 SOURCES OF THE | | | MISSISSIPPI RIVER| | | {Sandy Lake |155|184|339 {Lake Winnipeg | 21| 5| 26 {Cass, or Upper | | | {Red Cedar Lake | 41| 36| 77 {Leech Lake |213|226|439 +---+---+--- Lake Superior |505|477|982 Folle Avoine | | | Country | 98|109|207 Sources of the | | | Mississippi |430|451|881 +---+---+--- Total | 1| 1| 2 |033|037|070 ------------------+-----------

About one-fourth of the whole number were vaccinated directly from the pustules of patients laboring under the disease; while the remaining three-fourths were vaccinated from crusts, or from virus which had been several days on hand. I did not pass by a single opportunity for securing the crusts and virus from the arms of healthy patients; and to avoid, as far as possible, the chance of giving rise to a disease of a spurious kind, I invariably made use of those crusts and that virus, for the purposes of vaccination, which had been most recently obtained. To secure, as far as possible, against the chances of escaping the vaccine disease, I invariably vaccinated in each arm.

Of the whole number of Indians vaccinated, I have either watched the progress of the disease, or examined the cicatrices of about seven hundred. An average of one in three of those vaccinated from crusts has failed, while of those vaccinated directly from the arm of a person laboring under the disease, not more than one in twenty has failed to take effect--when the disease did not make its appearance after vaccination, I have invariably, as the cases came under my examination, revaccinated until a favorable result has been obtained.

Of the different bands of Indians vaccinated, a large proportion of the following have, as an actual examination has shown, undergone thoroughly the effects of the disease; viz: Sault Ste. Marie, Keweena Bay, La Pointe, and Cass Lake, being seven hundred and fifty-one in number; while of the remaining thirteen hundred and seventy-eight, of other bands, I think it may safely be calculated that more than three-fourths have passed effectually under the influence of the vaccine disease: and as directions to revaccinate all those in whom the disease failed, together with instructions as to time and manner of vaccination, were given to the chiefs of the different bands, it is more than probable that, where the bands remained together a sufficient length of time, the operation of revaccination has been performed by themselves.

Upon our return to Lake Superior, I had reason to suspect, on examining several cicatrices, that two of the crusts furnished by the surgeon-general, in consequence of a partial decomposition, gave rise to a spurious disease, and these suspicions were confirmed when revaccinating with genuine vaccine matter, when the true disease was communicated. Nearly all those Indians vaccinated with those two crusts, have been vaccinated, and passed regularly though the vaccine disease.

The answers to my repeated inquiries respecting the introduction, progress, and fatality of the smallpox, would lead me to infer that the disease has made its appearance at least five times, among the bands of Chippewa Indians noticed in the accompanying table of vaccination.

The smallpox appears to have been wholly unknown to the Chippewas of Lake Superior until about 1750; when a war-party, of more than one hundred young men, from the bands resident near the head of the lake, having visited Montreal for the purpose of assisting the French in their then existing troubles with the English, became infected with the disease, and but few of the party survived to reach their homes. It does not appear, although they made a precipitate retreat to their own country, that the disease was at this time communicated to any others of the tribe.

About the year 1770, the disease appeared a second time among the Chippewas, but, unlike that which preceded it, it was communicated to the more northern bands.

The circumstances connected with its introduction are related nearly as follows:--

Some time in the fall of 1767 or 8, a trader who had ascended the Mississippi, and established himself near Leech Lake, was robbed of his goods by the Indians residing at that lake; and, in consequence of his exertions in defending his property, he died soon after.

These facts became known to the directors of the Fur Company, at Mackinac; and, each successive year after, requests were sent to the Leech Lake Indians, that they should visit Mackinac, and make reparation for the goods they had taken, by a payment of furs, at the same time threatening punishment in case of a refusal. In the spring of 1770, the Indians saw fit to comply with this request; and a deputation from the band visited Mackinac, with a quantity of furs, which they considered an equivalent for the goods which had been taken. The deputation was received with politeness by the directors of the Company, and the difficulties readily adjusted. When this was effected, a cask of liquor and a flag closely rolled were presented to the Indians as a token of friendship. They were at the same time strictly enjoined neither to break the seal of the cask nor to unroll the flag, until they had reached the heart of their own country. This they promised to observe; but while returning, and after having travelled many days, the chief of the deputation made a feast for the Indians of the band at Fond du Lac, Lake Superior, upon which occasion he unsealed the cask and unrolled the flag for the gratification of his guests. The Indians drank of the liquor, and remained in a state of inebriation during several days. The rioting was over, and they were fast recovering from its effects, when several of the party were seized with violent pain. This was attributed to the liquor they had drunk; but the pain increasing, they were induced to drink deeper of the poisonous drug, and in this inebriated state several of the party died, before the real cause was suspected. Other like cases occurred; and it was not long before one of the war-party who had visited Montreal in 1750, and who had narrowly escaped with his life, recognized the disease as the same which had attacked their party at that time. It proved to be so; and of those Indians then at Fond du Lac, about three hundred in number, nearly the whole were swept off by it. Nor did it stop here; for numbers of those at Fond du Lac, at the time the disease made its appearance, took refuge among the neighboring bands; and although it did not extend easterly on Lake Superior, it is believed that not a single band of Chippewas north or west from Fond du Lac escaped its ravages. Of a large band then resident at Cass Lake, near the source of the Mississippi River, only one person, a child, escaped. The others having been attacked by the disease, died before any opportunity for dispersing was offered. The Indians at this day are firmly of the opinion that the smallpox was at this time communicated through the articles presented to their brethren by the agent of the Fur Company at Mackinac; and that it was done for the purpose of punishing them more severely for their offences.

The most western bands of Chippewas relate a singular allegory of the introduction of the smallpox into their country by a war-party, returning from the plains of the Missouri, as nearly as information will enable me to judge, in the year 1784. It does not appear that, at this time, the disease extended to the bands east of Fond du Lac; but it is represented to have been extremely fatal to those bands north and west from there.

In 1802 or 3, the smallpox made its appearance among the Indians residing at the Sault Ste. Marie, but did not extend to the bands west from that place. The disease was introduced by a voyager, in the employ of the Northwest Fur Company, who had just returned from Montreal; and although all communication with him was prohibited, an Indian imprudently having made him a visit, was infected with and transmitted the disease to others of the band. When once communicated, it raged with great violence, and of a large band scarcely one of those then at the village survived, and the unburied bones still remain, marking the situation they occupied. From this band the infection was communicated to a band residing upon St. Joseph's Island, and many died of it; but the surgeon of the military post then there, succeeded, by judicious and early measures, in checking it before the infection became general.

In 1824, the smallpox again made its appearance among the Indians at the Sault Ste. Marie. It was communicated by a voyager to the Indians upon Drummond's Island, Lake Huron; and through them several families at Sault Ste. Marie became infected. Of those belonging to the latter place, more than twenty in number, only two escaped. The disease is represented to have been extremely fatal to the Indians at Drummond's Island.

Since 1824, the smallpox is not known to have appeared among the Indians at the Sault Ste. Marie, nor among the Chippewas north or west from that place. But the Indians of these bands still tremble at the bare name of a disease which (next to the compounds of alcohol) has been one of the greatest scourges that has ever overtaken them since their first communication with the whites. The disease, when once communicated to a band of Indians, rages with a violence wholly unknown to the civilized man. The Indian, guided by present feeling, adopts a course of treatment (if indeed it deserves that appellation) which not unfrequently arms the disease with new power. An attack is but a warning to the poor and helpless patient to prepare for death, which will almost assuredly soon follow. His situation under these circumstances is truly deplorable; for while in a state that even, with proper advice, he would of himself recover, he adds fresh fuel to the flame which is already consuming him, under the delusive hope of gaining relief. The intoxicating draught (when it is within his reach) is not among the last remedies to which he resorts, to produce a lethargy from which he is never to recover. Were the friends of the sick man, even under these circumstances, enabled to attend him, his sufferings might be, at least, somewhat mitigated; but they too are, perhaps, in a similar situation, and themselves without even a single person to minister to their wants. Death comes to the poor invalid, and, perhaps, even as a welcome guest, to rid him of his suffering.

By a comparison of the number of Indians vaccinated upon the borders of Lake Superior with the actual population, it will be seen that the proportion who have passed through the vaccine disease is so great as to secure them against any general prevalence of the smallpox; and perhaps it is sufficient to prevent the introduction of the disease to the bands beyond, through this channel. But in the Folle Avoine country it is not so. Of the large bands of Indians residing in that section of country, only a small fraction have been vaccinated; while of other bands, not a single person has passed through the disease.

Their local situation undoubtedly renders it of the first importance that the benefits of vaccination should be extended to them. Their situation may be said to render them a connecting link between the southern and northwestern bands of Chippewas; and while on the south they are liable to receive the virus of the smallpox from the whites and Indians, the passage of the disease through them to their more northern brethren would only be prevented by their remaining, at that time, completely separated. Every motive of humanity towards the suffering Indian, would lead to extend to him this protection against a disease he holds in constant dread, and of which he knows, by sad experience, the fatal effects. The protection he will prize highly, and will give in return the only boon a destitute man is capable of giving; the deep-felt gratitude of an overflowing heart.

I have the honour to be, Very respectfully, sir, Your obedient servant, DOUGLASS HOUGHTON.

HENRY R. SCHOOLCRAFT, ESQ., _U. S. Ind. Agt., Sault de Ste. Marie._

4. TOPOGRAPHY AND GEOGRAPHY.

IX.

ASTRONOMICAL AND BAROMETRICAL OBSERVATIONS.

1. _A Table of Geographical Positions on the Mississippi River at Low Water, observed in 1836._[275] By J. N. NICOLLET.

[275] Com. Doc. No. 237.

-------------------------------------------+-------------------+--------- |ESTIMATED DISTANCES| | BY WATER. |Altitudes PLACES OF OBSERVATION. +---------+---------+above the |From | From the| Gulf of |place to | Gulf of | Mexico. |place. | Mexico. | [276] -------------------------------------------+---------+---------+--------- Mouths of the Mississippi-- | _Miles._| _Miles._| _Feet._ | | | { The old Balize of the | | | Northeast { French and pilot-house, | ... | ... | ... pass { Light-house at the entrance | ... | ... | ... | | | South pass--light-house at the entrance | ... | ... | ... | | | { The new Balize and pilot-house| | | Southwest { on the east bayou | ... | ... | ... pass { The new light-house, completed| | | { January, 1840 | ... | ... | ... | | | New Orleans Cathedral and level of its | | | front pavement | 104 | 104 | 10.5 | | | NOTE.--Level of the Mississippi above } | | | the Gulf of Mexico, 0.5 foot. } | | | Greatest depth of the Mississippi } | | | at low water, 113 feet. } | ... | ... | Range between high and low water, } | | | 13 feet. } | | | | | | Red River, north end of the island, | | | opposite the mouth | 236 | 340 | 76 | | | Natchez, light-house | 66 | 406 | 86 general level of the city | ... | ... | 264 | | | NOTE.--Range between high and low water, | | | in 1835, 52 feet | | | | | | Yazoo River, the mouth | 128 | 534 | ... | | | White River, Montgomery's Landing, one | | | mile above the mouth | 220 | 754 | 202 | | | New Madrid, Missouri | 361 | 1,115 | ... | | | Ohio River, north side of the mouth | 101 | 1,216 | 824 | | | Cape Girardeau | 41 | 1,257 | ... | | | St. Genevieve, Catholic church, and level | | | of its pavement | 73 | 1,330 | 372 | | | St. Louis, garden of the Cathedral | 60 | 1,390 | 382 | | | Illinois River, the mouth | 36 | 1,426 | ... | | | Moingonan River (Des Moines River), a | | | small island at the mouth | 168 | 1,594 | 444 | | | Montrose, or old Fort Des Moines, the | | | mouth of the creek | 15 | 1,609 | 470 | | | Flint River, the mouth, above Burlington | 30 | 1,639 | 486 | | | Maskudeng, the middle mouth of the slough | 39 | 1,678 | 505 | | | Rock Island, a quarter of a mile above | | | Davenport's residence | 44 | 1,722 | 528 | | | Head of the Upper Rapids, below Port Biron | | | and Parkhurst | 15 | 1,737 | 554 | | | Prairie du Chien (Kipi-saging), American | | | Fur Company's house | 195 | 1,932 | 642 | | | Summit of bluff on the eastern side of | | | Prairie du Chien | ... | ... | 1,010 | | | Cap-à-l'ail, the summit--height above the | | | Mississipi, 335 feet | 32 | 1,964 | 1,013 | | | Upper Iowa River, island at the mouth | 14 | 1,978 | ... | | | Hokah River (Root River), the mouth | 23 | 2,001 | ... | | | Praire à la Crosse River, the mouth | 3 | 2,004 | ... | | | Sappah River, or Black River opposite the | | | old mouth | 31 | 2,035 | 683 | | | Top of mountain on right bank, opposite | | | the old mouth | ... | ... | 1,214 | | | Dividing ridge between Sappah River and | | | Prairie à la Crosse River, 6 miles | | | east of Mississippi | ... | ... | 1,103

[276] The numbers in this column refer to the surface of the water in the Mississippi at the point mentioned, except when otherwise specially expressed.

-------------------------------------------+-----------+----------- | | WEST OF | | GREENWICH. PLACES OF OBSERVATION. |North | |latitudes. +----------- | |Longitudes | | in time. -------------------------------------------+-----------+----------- Mouths of the Mississippi-- | ° ´ ´´ | _h. m. s._ | | { The old Balize of the | | Northeast { French and pilot-house, | 29 7 15.3| 5 56 18.44 pass { Light-house at the entrance | 29 8 32.8| 5 56 5.52 | | South pass--light-house at the entrance | 28 59 42.3| 5 56 29.40 | | { The new Balize and pilot-house| | Southwest { on the east bayou | 28 59 49.5| 5 57 15.88 pass { The new light-house, completed| | { January, 1840 | 28 58 50 | 5 57 25.80 | | New Orleans Cathedral and level of its | | front pavement | 29 57 23 | 5 59 56 | | NOTE.--Level of the Mississippi above } | | the Gulf of Mexico, 0.5 foot. } | | Greatest depth of the Mississippi } | | at low water, 113 feet. } | .. | .. Range between high and low water, } | | 13 feet. } | | | | Red River, north end of the island, | | opposite the mouth | 31 2 25 | 6 6 45 | | Natchez, light-house | 31 33 37 | 6 5 53.5 general level of the city | | | | NOTE.--Range between high and low water, | | in 1835, 52 feet | | | | Yazoo River, the mouth | 32 28 00 | 6 3 58 | | White River, Montgomery's Landing, one | | mile above the mouth | 33 57 20| 6 1 47 | | New Madrid, Missouri | 36 34 30| 5 57 49 | | Ohio River, north side of the mouth | 37 00 25| 5 56 10 | | Cape Girardeau | 37 18 39| 5 57 8 | | St. Genevieve, Catholic church, and level | | of its pavement | 37 59 47| 6 0 44.7 | | St. Louis, garden of the Cathedral | 38 37 28| 6 1 2.6 | | Illinois River, the mouth | 38 58 12| ... | | Moingonan River (Des Moines River), a | | small island at the mouth | 40 21 43| 6 6 10 | | Montrose, or old Fort Des Moines, the | | mouth of the creek | 40 30 34| 6 6 4 | | Flint River, the mouth, above Burlington | 40 52 56| ... | | Maskudeng, the middle mouth of the slough | 41 14 47| 6 5 26 | | Rock Island, a quarter of a mile above | | Davenport's residence | 41 31 50| ... | | Head of the Upper Rapids, below Port Biron | | and Parkhurst | 41 36 8| 6 1 56 | | Prairie du Chien (Kipi-saging), American | | Fur Company's house | 43 3 6| 6 4 37.3 | | Summit of bluff on the eastern side of | | Prairie du Chien | | | | Cap-à-l'ail, the summit--height above the | | Mississipi, 335 feet | ... | ... | | Upper Iowa River, island at the mouth | 43 29 26| 6 4 40 | | Hokah River (Root River), the mouth | 43 47 00| 6 4 46 | | Praire à la Crosse River, the mouth | 43 49 00| 6 4 56 | | Sappah River, or Black River opposite the | | old mouth | 43 57 14| 6 5 36 | | Top of mountain on right bank, opposite | | the old mouth | ... | ... | | Dividing ridge between Sappah River and | | Prairie à la Crosse River, 6 miles | | east of Mississippi | ... | ...

-------------------------------------------+------------+------------ |WEST OF | |GREENWICH. | PLACES OF OBSERVATION. | |Authorities, +-----------+ &c. |Longitudes | | in arc. | -------------------------------------------+-----------+------------ Mouths of the Mississippi-- | ° ´ ´´ | | | { The old Balize of the | | Captain A. Northeast { French and pilot-house, | 89 4 36.6| Talcott. pass { Light-house at the entrance | 89 1 22.9| do. | | South pass--light-house at the entrance | 89 7 27.1| do. | | { The new Balize and pilot-house| | Southwest { on the east bayou | 89 18 58.2| do. pass { The new light-house, completed| | { January, 1840 | 89 21 27 | do. | | New Orleans Cathedral and level of its | | front pavement | 89 59 4 | | | NOTE.--Level of the Mississippi above } | | the Gulf of Mexico, 0.5 foot. } | | Greatest depth of the Mississippi } | | at low water, 113 feet. } | ... |Albert Stein, Range between high and low water, } | | C. E. 13 feet. } | | | | Red River, north end of the island, | | opposite the mouth | 91 41 15 | Nicollet. | | Natchez, light-house | 91 28 22.5| do. general level of the city | | | | NOTE.--Range between high and low water, | | in 1835, 52 feet | | | | Yazoo River, the mouth | 90 59 30 | Ferrer. | | White River, Montgomery's Landing, one | | mile above the mouth | 90 26 45 |Nicollet. | | New Madrid, Missouri | 89 27 15 |Ferrer. | | Ohio River, north side of the mouth | 89 2 30 |Ferrer's | | longitude. | | Cape Girardeau | 89 17 00 |Long's 1st | | expedition. | | St. Genevieve, Catholic church, and level | | of its pavement | 90 11 10 |Nicollet. | | St. Louis, garden of the Cathedral | 90 15 39 | do. | | Illinois River, the mouth | ... |Long's 1st | | expedition. | | Moingonan River (Des Moines River), a | | small island at the mouth | 91 32 30 |Nicollet. | | Montrose, or old Fort Des Moines, the | | mouth of the creek | 91 31 00 | do. | | Flint River, the mouth, above Burlington | ... | do. | | Maskudeng, the middle mouth of the slough | 91 21 30 | do. | | Rock Island, a quarter of a mile above | | Davenport's residence | ... | do. | | Head of the Upper Rapids, below Port Biron | | and Parkhurst | 90 29 00 | do. | | Prairie du Chien (Kipi-saging), American | | Fur Company's house | 91 9 19.5| do. | | Summit of bluff on the eastern side of | | Prairie du Chien | | | | Cap-à-l'ail, the summit--height above the | | Mississipi, 335 feet | ... | do. | | Upper Iowa River, island at the mouth | 91 10 00 | do. | | Hokah River (Root River), the mouth | 91 11 30 | do. | | Praire à la Crosse River, the mouth | 91 14 00 | do. | | Sappah River, or Black River opposite the | | old mouth | 91 24 00 | do. | | Top of mountain on right bank, opposite | | the old mouth | ... | do. | | Dividing ridge between Sappah River and | | Prairie à la Crosse River, 6 miles | | east of Mississippi | ... | do.

TABLE OF GEOGRAPHICAL POSITIONS--CONTINUED. MISSISSIPPI RIVER AT LOW WATER.

-------------------------------------------+-------------------+--------- |ESTIMATED DISTANCES| | BY WATER. |Altitudes PLACES OF OBSERVATION. +---------+---------+above the |From | From the| Gulf of |place to | Gulf of | Mexico. |place. | Mexico. | -------------------------------------------+---------+---------+--------- Mountain Island, or _Montagne qui trempe à_|_Miles._ |_Miles._ | _Feet._ _l'Eau_ of the French | 7 | 2,042 | ... Miniskah River, or White-water River | 27 | 2,069 | ... Wazi-oju River, or Pinewood River | | | (_Rivière aux Embarras_ of the French) | 1 | 2,070 | ... At Roque's, two and a half miles below | | | Chippeway River | 14 | 2,084 | ... Clear Water River, the mouth, northwest | | | corner of Lake Pepin | ... | ... | ... Reminicha (_Montagne la Grange_ of the | | | French), upper end of Lake Pepin | 31 | 2,115 | 714 Top of Reminicha | ... | ... | 1,036 La Hontan River, the mouth (Cannon River | | | of the Americans, Canoe River of the | | | French) | 3 | 2,118 | ... St. Croix River, the mouth | 32 | 2,150 | 729 Upland on the banks of the Mississippi | | | and Lake St. Croix | ... | ... | 866 St. Peter's, the mouth | 42 | 2,192 | 744 General level of the plateau on which Fort | | | Snelling and the Indian agency stand | ... | ... | 850 Pilot Knob, the top | ... | ... | 1,006 Falls of St. Anthony, United States Cottage| 8 | 2,200 | 856 Ishkode-wabo River, or Rum River, the mouth| 19 | 2,219 | ... Karishon River (Sioux), or Undeg River | | | (Chippewas), | | | Crow River of the Americans | 10 | 2,229 | ... St. Francis River, Wicha-niwa River of the | | | Sioux | 9 | 2,238 | ... Migadiwin Creek, or War Creek, the mouth | 18 | 2,256 | ... Kawakomik River, or Clear-Water River, the | | | mouth | 24 | 2,280 | ... Round Island, at the lower end of Osakis | | | Rapids | ... | ... | ... Osakis River, the mouth | 22 | 2,302 | ... Watab River, the mouth | 3 | 2,305 | ... Pekushino River, the mouth | 18 | 2,323 | ... Wabezi River, or Swan River, a half mile | | | above the mouth | 18 | 2,341 | 1,098 Omoshkos River, or Elk River, the mouth | 10 | 2,351 | ... Nokay's River, the mouth | 18 | 2,369 | ... Kagi-wigwan River, the mouth (_Aile de | | | Corbeau River_ of the French, Crow-Wing | | | River of the Americans) | 12 | 2,381 | 1,130 Nagadjika River, opposite the mouth | 18 | 2,399 | ... Pine River, the mouth | 30 | 2,429 | 1,176 Willow River, the mouth | 65 | 2,494 | ... Sandy Lake River, the mouth | 32 | 2,526 | 1,253 Swan River, the mouth | 38 | 2,564 | 1,290 Kabikons, or Little Falls, the head of the | | | falls | 63 | 2,627 | 1,840 Wanomon River, or Vermilion River, the | | | mouth | 21 | 2,648 | ... Eagle Nest savannah (_Marais aux Nids | | | d'Aigle_ of the French) | 16 | 2,664 | ... Leach Lake River, the mouth | 11 | 2,675 | 1,356 Lake Cass, the old trading-house on a | | | tongue of land near the entrance of the | | | Mississippi | 80 | 2,755 | 1,402 Pemidji Lake, or Lake Travers, the entrance| | | of the Mississippi | 45 | 2,800 | 1,456 Itasca Lake, Schoolcraft's Island | 90 | 2,890 | 1,575 Utmost sources of the Mississippi, at the | | | summit of the Hauteurs de Terre, or | | | dividing ridge, between the Mississippi | | | and Red River of the North | 6 | 2,896 | 1,680

-------------------------------------------+----------+----------- | | WEST OF PLACES OF OBSERVATION. |North | GREENWICH. |latitudes.+----------- | |Longitudes | | in time. -------------------------------------------+----------+----------- Mountain Island, or _Montagne qui trempe à_| ° ´ ´´ |_h. m. s._ _l'Eau_ of the French | 44 1 7 | 6 6 2 Miniskah River, or White-water River | 44 12 36 | 6 7 25 Wazi-oju River, or Pinewood River | | (_Rivière aux Embarras_ of the French) | 44 13 20 | 6 7 22 At Roque's, two and a half miles below | | Chippeway River | 44 23 24 | 6 8 00 Clear Water River, the mouth, northwest | | corner of Lake Pepin | 44 36 20 | 6 9 40 Reminicha (_Montagne la Grange_ of the | | French), upper end of Lake Pepin | 44 33 30 | 6 10 4 Top of Reminicha | ... | ... La Hontan River, the mouth (Cannon River | | of the Americans, Canoe River of the | | French) | 44 34 00 | 6 10 8 St. Croix River, the mouth | 44 45 30 | 6 11 00 Upland on the banks of the Mississippi | | and Lake St. Croix | ... | ... St. Peter's, the mouth | 44 52 46 | 6 12 19.6 General level of the plateau on which Fort | | Snelling and the Indian agency stand | ... | ... Pilot Knob, the top | ... | ... Falls of St. Anthony, United States Cottage| 44 58 40 | 6 12 42 Ishkode-wabo River, or Rum River, the mouth| 45 15 00 | ... Karishon River (Sioux), or Undeg River | | (Chippewas), | | Crow River of the Americans | 45 16 00 | ... St. Francis River, Wicha-niwa River of the | | Sioux | 45 20 30 | ... Migadiwin Creek, or War Creek, the mouth | 45 18 14 | 6 15 50 Kawakomik River, or Clear-Water River, the | | mouth | 45 24 25 | 6 16 30 Round Island, at the lower end of Osakis | | Rapids | 45 35 00 | 6 16 48 Osakis River, the mouth | 45 35 35 | 6 16 48 Watab River, the mouth | 45 37 00 | 6 16 58 Pekushino River, the mouth | 45 46 50 | 6 17 14 Wabezi River, or Swan River, a half mile | | above the mouth | 45 54 30 | 6 17 28 Omoshkos River, or Elk River, the mouth | 46 4 00 | 6 17 4 Nokay's River, the mouth | 46 10 30 | 6 17 15 Kagi-wigwan River, the mouth (_Aile de | | Corbeau River_ of the French, Crow-Wing | | River of the Americans) | 46 16 50 | 6 17 31 Nagadjika River, opposite the mouth | 46 26 00 | ... Pine River, the mouth | 46 35 00 | ... Willow River, the mouth | 46 40 30 | 6 13 30 Sandy Lake River, the mouth | 46 47 10 | 6 12 38 Swan River, the mouth | 47 00 43 | 6 12 36 Kabikons, or Little Falls, the head of the | | falls | 47 14 50 | 6 13 47 Wanomon River, or Vermilion River, the | | mouth | 47 11 4 | 6 14 10 Eagle Nest savannah (_Marais aux Nids | | d'Aigle_ of the French) | 47 18 10 | 6 14 36 Leach Lake River, the mouth | 47 14 00 | 6 14 52 Lake Cass, the old trading-house on a | | tongue of land near the entrance of the | | Mississippi | 47 25 23 | 6 18 16 Pemidji Lake, or Lake Travers, the entrance| | of the Mississippi | 47 28 46 | 6 19 22 Itasca Lake, Schoolcraft's Island | 47 13 35 | 6 20 8 Utmost sources of the Mississippi, at the | | summit of the Hauteurs de Terre, or | | dividing ridge, between the Mississippi | | and Red River of the North | |

-------------------------------------------+----------+------------ | WEST OF | PLACES OF OBSERVATION. |GREENWICH.|Authorities, +----------+ &c. |Longitudes| | in arc. | -------------------------------------------+----------+------------ Mountain Island, or _Montagne qui trempe à_| ° ´ ´´ | _l'Eau_ of the French | 91 30 30 | Nicollet. Miniskah River, or White-water River | 91 51 15 | do. Wazi-oju River, or Pinewood River | | (_Rivière aux Embarras_ of the French) | 91 50 30 | do. At Roque's, two and a half miles below | | Chippeway River | 92 00 00 | do. Clear Water River, the mouth, northwest | | corner of Lake Pepin | 92 25 00 | do. Reminicha (_Montagne la Grange_ of the | | French), upper end of Lake Pepin | 92 31 00 | do. Top of Reminicha | ... | do. La Hontan River, the mouth (Cannon River | | of the Americans, Canoe River of the | | French) | 92 32 00 | do. St. Croix River, the mouth | 92 45 00 | do. Upland on the banks of the Mississippi | | and Lake St. Croix | ... | do. St. Peter's, the mouth | 93 4 54 | do. General level of the plateau on which Fort | | Snelling and the Indian agency stand | ... | do. Pilot Knob, the top | ... | do. Falls of St. Anthony, United States Cottage| 93 10 30 | do. Ishkode-wabo River, or Rum River, the mouth| ... | do. Karishon River (Sioux), or Undeg River | | (Chippewas), | | Crow River of the Americans | ... | do. St. Francis River, Wicha-niwa River of the | | Sioux | ... | Nicollet. Migadiwin Creek, or War Creek, the mouth | 93 57 30 | do. Kawakomik River, or Clear-Water River, the | | mouth | 94 7 30 | do. Round Island, at the lower end of Osakis | | Rapids | 94 12 00 | do. Osakis River, the mouth | 94 12 00 | do. Watab River, the mouth | 94 14 30 | do. Pekushino River, the mouth | 94 18 30 | do. Wabezi River, or Swan River, a half mile | | above the mouth | 94 22 00 | do. Omoshkos River, or Elk River, the mouth | 94 16 00 | do. Nokay's River, the mouth | 94 18 45 | do. Kagi-wigwan River, the mouth (_Aile de | | Corbeau River_ of the French, Crow-Wing | | River of the Americans) | 94 22 45 | do. Nagadjika River, opposite the mouth | ... | do. Pine River, the mouth | ... | do. Willow River, the mouth | 93 22 30 | do. Sandy Lake River, the mouth | 93 9 30 | do. Swan River, the mouth | 93 9 00 | do. Kabikons, or Little Falls, the head of the | | falls | 93 26 45 | do. Wanomon River, or Vermilion River, the | | mouth | 93 32 30 | do. Eagle Nest savannah (_Marais aux Nids | | d'Aigle_ of the French) | 93 39 00 | do. Leach Lake River, the mouth | 93 43 00 | do. Lake Cass, the old trading-house on a | | tongue of land near the entrance of the | | Mississippi | 94 34 00 | do. Pemidji Lake, or Lake Travers, the entrance| | of the Mississippi | 94 50 30 | do. Itasca Lake, Schoolcraft's Island | 95 2 00 | do. Utmost sources of the Mississippi, at the | | summit of the Hauteurs de Terre, or | | dividing ridge, between the Mississippi | | and Red River of the North | |

TABLE OF GEOGRAPHICAL POSITIONS--CONTINUED. REGIONS OF THE SOURCES OF THE MISSISSIPPI.

-------------------------------+---------+----------+----------- | | | WEST OF |Altitudes| | GREENWICH. PLACES OF OBSERVATION. |above the|North | | Gulf of |latitudes.+----------- | Mexico. | |Longitudes | | | in time. -------------------------------+---------+----------+----------- Gayashk River, or Little Gull | _Feet._ | ° ´ ´´ |_h. m. s._ River, the mouth | 1,131 | 46 18 50 | 6 17 44 Gayashk Lake, or Little Gull | | | Lake, end of Long Point | 1,152 | 46 24 28 | 6 17 30 Kadicomeg Lake, or White-Fish | | | Lake, the entrance of Pine | | | River | 1,192 | 46 40 25 | 6 16 10 Lake Chanché, southwest end | ... | 46 46 35 | ... Lake Eccleston, northwest end | ... | 46 57 00 | ... Leech Lake, Otter-tail Point | 1,380 | 47 11 40 | 6 17 20 Leech Lake, the bay opposite | | | Otter-tail Point | ... | 47 7 22 | 6 17 28 Kabekonang River, the junction | | | of the upper fork, near the | | | next-mentioned portage | 1,406 | 47 16 00 | ... Portage from Kabekonang River | | | to La Place River, near the | | | west end | 1,540 | 47 15 00 | ... Assawa Lake, below the south | | | end | 1,532 | 47 12 10 | 6 19 40 Highest ridge on the portage | | | between Assawa Lake and | | | Itasca Lake | 1,695 | ... | ... Cleared pine camp, on Leech | | | Lake River | ... | 47 18 00 | 6 16 00

-------------------------------+----------+------------ |WEST OF | |GREENWICH.|Authorities, PLACES OF OBSERVATION. +----------+ &c. |Longitudes| | in arc. | -------------------------------+----------+------------ Gayashk River, or Little Gull | ° ´ ´´ | River, the mouth | 94 26 00 | Nicollet. Gayashk Lake, or Little Gull | | Lake, end of Long Point | 94 22 30 | do. Kadicomeg Lake, or White-Fish | | Lake, the entrance of Pine | | River | 94 2 30 | do. Lake Chanché, southwest end | ... | do. Lake Eccleston, northwest end | ... | do. Leech Lake, Otter-tail Point | 94 20 00 | do. Leech Lake, the bay opposite | | Otter-tail Point | 94 22 00 | do. Kabekonang River, the junction | | of the upper fork, near the | | next-mentioned portage | ... | do. Portage from Kabekonang River | | to La Place River, near the | | west end | ... | do. Assawa Lake, below the south | | end | 94 55 00 | do. Highest ridge on the portage | | between Assawa Lake and | | Itasca Lake | ... | do. Cleared pine camp, on Leech | | Lake River | 94 00 00 | do.

5. SCENERY.

X.

(a) _Scenery of Lake Superior._ By HENRY R. SCHOOLCRAFT.

Few portions of America can vie in scenic attractions with this interior sea. Its size alone gives it all the elements of grandeur; but these have been heightened by the mountain masses which nature has piled along its shores. In some places, these masses consist of vast walls, of coarse gray, or drab-colored sandstone, placed horizontally, until they have attained many hundred feet in height above the water. The action of such an immense liquid area, forced against these crumbling walls by tempests, has caused wide and deep arches to be worn into the solid structure, at their base, into which the billows roll, with a noise resembling low-pealing thunder. By this means, large areas of the impending mass are at length undermined and precipitated into the lake, leaving the split and rent parts, from which they have separated, standing like huge misshapen turrets and battlements. Such is the varied coast, called the Pictured Rocks.

At other points of the coast, volcanic forces have operated, lifting up these level strata into positions nearly vertical, and leaving them to stand, like the leaves of a vast open book. At the same time, the volcanic rocks sent up from below, have risen in high mountains, with ancient gaping craters. Such is the condition of the disturbed stratification at the Porcupine Mountains.

The basin and bed of this lake act like a vast geological mortar, in which the masses of broken and fallen stones are whirled about and ground down, till all the softer ones, such as the sandstones, are brought into the state of pure yellow sand. This sand is driven ashore by the waves, where it is shoved up in long wreaths, and dried by the sun. The winds now take it up, and spread it inland, or pile it immediately along the coast, where it presents itself in mountain masses. Such are the great sand dunes of the Grande Sables.

There are yet other theatres of action for this sublime mass of inland waters, where the lake has manifested, perhaps, still more strongly, its abrasive powers. The whole force of its waters, under the impulse of a northwest tempest, is directed against prominent portions of the shore, which consist of black and hard volcanic rocks. Solid as these are, the waves have found an entrance in veins of spar, or minerals of softer texture, and have thus been led on their devastating course inland, tearing up large fields of amygdaloid, or other rock; or, left portions of them standing in rugged knobs, or promontories. Such are the east and west coasts of the great peninsula of Keweena, which have recently become the theatre of mining operations.

When the visitor to these remote and boundless waters comes to see this wide and varied scene of complicated geological disturbances and scenic magnificence, he is absorbed in wonder and astonishment. The eye, once introduced to this panorama of waters, is never done looking and admiring. Scene after scene, cliff after cliff, island after island, and vista after vista are presented. One day's scenes of the traveller are but the prelude to another; and when weeks, and even months, have been spent in picturesque rambles along its shores, he has only to ascend some of its streams, and go inland a few miles, to find falls, and cascades, and cataracts of the most beautiful or magnificent character. Go where he will, there is something to attract him. Beneath his feet are pebbles of agates; the water is of the most crystalline purity. The sky is filled, at sunset with the most gorgeous piles of clouds. The air itself is of the purest and most inspiring kind. To visit such a scene is to draw health from its purest sources, and while the eye revels in intellectual delights, the soul is filled with the liveliest symbols of God, and the most striking evidences of his creative power.

(b) _Letters of Mr. M. Woolsey._ _Southern Literary Messenger_, 1836. Oneöta, p. 322.

These spirited and graphic letters are unavoidably excluded. The evidence they bear to the purity of principle, justness of taste, and excellence of character of a young man, now no more, ought to preserve his name from oblivion. He accompanied me in 1831, as a volunteer, in a leisure moment, an admirer of nature, seeking health.

INDEX.

A

A bear trapped, 98 A box of minerals stolen, 40 A granitical formation on Lake Superior, 88 A long fast, 126 A new philological principle in languages, 455 A phenomenon, 103 A precinct of Indian orgies, 115 A sub-expedition to Sandy Lake, 112 A war-party surprised, 552 Account of sub-explorations of Green Bay, 210 Acipenser oxyrinchus, 95 Acipenser spatularia, 163 Advance of Lake Superior to the Rocky Mountains, 109 African and Indian marriages, 108 Agaric mineral, 60 Agate, 87 Agglutinative properties of the Indian pronoun, 502 Aggregate fall of the Mississippi below Sandy Lake, 150; commencement of the calcareous rocks, 150 Algoma, 107 Algonquin language justly applauded, 122 Algonac, 50 Allenoga River, 250 Allen's Lake, 263 Aluminous minerals, 354 American Indian policy, 546 American antiquities, 166 Amygdaloid, 90 An Indian breakfast, 253 An Indian grave with hieroglyphics, 88 An Indian nonplused in the woods, 97 An Indian salute, 120 Analysis of Lake Superior copper at Utrecht, 364 Anodonta corpulenta, 516 Announcement of return of expedition, of 1820, 279 Antique markings on the pinus resinosa, 552 Antique notices of the lake mineralogy, 295 Antiquities, 157; first notice of in 1766, 165 Apparent tide in the Baltic, 191 Appearance of dune sand at Point aux Barques, 54 Appendix No. 2, 449 Apricots in bloom on the 22d of April, 41 Arched rock, 61 Argillaceous stratum of Detroit, 307 Argillite, 111 Artesian borings for water, 51 Art of the wounded duck, 249 Arts and manufactures of the Chippewas and Ottowas, 70 Ascent of the Assowa River, 235 Asphaltum and naphtha, 196 Assassination of Owen Keveny, 69 Assowa Lake, 239 Atmospheric heat 28th June, 96 Aux Sables Indians, 55

B

Bark letter in pictographic characters, 433 Barometrical height of Cass Lake, 139 Barytic minerals, 357 Basin of Lake Michigan, 335 Basin of Lake Superior, 318 Bat in wood, 396 Beltrami, 227 Birch Lake, 263 Birds inhabiting the region of Pakagama Falls, 130 Birds of Lake Superior, 104 Birds of the Wisconsin Valley, 181 Bituminous minerals, 358 Bivalve shells, 415 Black River, 103 Boatswain to Com. Perry in 1813, 194 Botany, 408 Boulders on the shores of Lake St. Clair, 49 Boundary between Michigan and Wisconsin, 103 Breadth of the Mississippi at Sandy Lake, 124 Brigham's residence at Blue Mound, 568 Brulé summit, 273 Buckshot gravel, 62 Buffalo hunt, 146

C

Cabotian Mountains, 110 Calcareous minerals, 350 Canadian canoe-song, 189 Canoe-race, 48 Capt. Douglass, 210 Capt. Jouett, 269 Capture and massacre of the garrison of old Mackinac, 63 Carnage River, 248 Carnelian, 87 Carver's Cave, 159 Carver's travels, 21 Cass, his official report, 280 Cass Lake, 130 Cass Lake basin, 328 Cass on Indian hieroglyphics, 430 Cassville, Wisconsin, 169 Chagoimegon, 105 Chalcedony and calcareous spar, 54 Charles Stokes, Esq., his geological memoir, 315 Charlevoix's visit to America, 20 Character and value of Dubuque's lead mines, 172 Character of the bison, 147 Character of the Canadian voyageur, 124 Cheboigan, its etymology, 213 Chenos, a masked coast, 73 Chicago, etymology of name, population, and greatness, 198 Chief Guelle Plat, 255 Chippewa character of the Kekeewin, 154 Chippewa dance, 87 Chippewa term of salutation, 84 Chippewa village, 94 Cinnamon-colored radiated quartz, 163 Claimants to mine lands, 365 Clinton River, 49 Club fungus partially fossilized, 204 Coal in Western New York, 391 Coast of boulders, 215 Col. Croghan's attack at Fort Holmes in 1814, 64 Col. Pierce, 58 Coluber æstivus, 50 Combustibles, 536 Commercial value of copper, 372 Conchology, 178 Connection with Blackhawk's plans disclaimed, 272 Cooper's description of shells, 515 Copper-bearing trap-dykes, 89 Copper boulder, its size, 97 Copper-head snake, 238 Copper ores of Mineral Point, 567 Cormorant, 130 Corn ripens at St. Peter's Valley, 153 Cornu-ammonis; a fossiliferous coast, 56 Corregonus albus, 260 Cost of lake transportation, 376 Council at Cass Lake, 251 Council at Sandy Lake, 226 Council at St. Peter's agency, 269 Council at the ultimate point of the first expedition, 133 Council with Indians; their hostility, 78; they raise the British flag, 79 Crow-wing River, 145 Crystals of iron pyrites, 196 Cupreous formation, 324 Cup-shaped concavities, 61

D

Dacota, or Nadownsie Indians, 158 Danger escaped, 566 Date and circumstance of Pike's visit to Sandy Lake, 117 Date of Prairie du Chien, 167 Date of the battle of Badaxe, 269 Date of Wisconsin as a territorial name, 176 De Witt Clinton offers the use of his library, 23 Dead scaffolded, 122 Defect of postal facilities, at Mackinac, 65 Depth of the Detroit clay beds, 51 Derogative inflections of the Indian noun, 476 Descent of Itasca River, 246 Description of the Indian canoe, 47 Desiderata of discovery, 227 Detroit completely burnt down in 1805, 44 Detroit first founded in 1701, 45 Difficulty of studying the Indian tongues, 441 Difficulty of the descent of the Brulé, 273 Diluvial elevations, 385 Diminutive forms of the Odjibwa noun, 474 Discover native copper, 90 Discovery of Itasca Lake, 573 Distance from Lake Superior to Lake Pepin, 544 Distance from St. Peter's to the gulf, 153; elevation of the country, 153 Distances travelled in the expedition of 1831, 544 Dr. McDonnell's letter, 439 Dr. Mitchell's summary of discoveries, 416 Drift-stratum, 115, 322 Dubuque City, 170 Du Ponceau's prize essay, 453

E

Earliest date of Winnebago history, 194 Earthy compounds, 534 Elementary structure of the Algonquin language, 442 Elk Island, 216 Elk River, its latitude, 147 Elevation of Lake Superior, 107 Elevation of the cliff of La Grange, 162 Elevation of the country at the Savanna Portage, 120 Encampment at St. Mary's, 76 Ephemeral insects, 167 Epoch of the deposit of St. Mary's sandstone, 539 Epochs of geological action proved by fossils, 400 Era of Pontiac's hostile movements, 62 Era of the discovery of the St. Lawrence, 121 Erismatolite, 103 Erratic block stratum, 53 Erratic block and drift stratum, 61 Essay on the Odjibwa substantive, 453 Establishment of a military post at St. Peter's, 152 Etymology, 116 Etymology of Manitowakie, 195 Etymology of Minnesota, 156 Etymology of Namikong, 85 Etymology of Pawating, 81 Etymology of Rum River, 150 Etymology of the word Konamik, 186 Etymology of the word Michilimackinac, 70 Etymology of the word Mississippi, 140 Etymology of the word Wisconsin, 179 Etymology of Waganukizzie, 207 Evidences of ancient Indian cultivation, 59 Evidences of diluvial action, 318 Explorations recommended, 285 Extensive and fertile bow-shaped area, 135

F

Fallacious appearance of a tide in Green Bay, 191 Fallacious information of the Indians, respecting the lead mines, 180 Falls and precipices, 110 Falls of St. Croix, 270 Falls of the Montreal River, 103 Federation group of islands of Lake Superior, 105, 321 Feud between the Sioux and Chippewas, 545 Final embarkation at Grosse Point, 49 Final separation of the party at Fort Dearborn, 197 First lake vessel built by La Salle, 212 First steamboat visits Michilimackinac in 1819, 212 Flat Rock Point, organic remains, 55 Flock of pigeons drowned in storms, 195 Flora of Lake Michigan, 206 Fluor spar, 353 Fond du Lac, 184 Fondness of the Indians for melons, 170 Forest-trees, 143 Forest-trees buried by oceanic drift, 51 Fort Holmes, when dismantled, 64 Fort Howard, 190 Fort Niagara built, 62 Fossil fauna of the West, 199 Fossil wood, 386 Foundation of old Mackinac, 62 Fox chief Aquoqua, 171 Fox River Valley, 184 Fox Village, 169 Freshwater conchology, 188 Freshwater shells of the Fox and Wisconsin, 416 Friendship of Wawetum, 67 Friendly act of the daughter of Wabojeeg, 80 Frogs inclosed in stone, 386 Fringillia vespertina, or Schoolcraft's grosbec, 515 Further discussion of the Odjibwa substantive, 470

G

Galena, 174 Generalizations on the Mississippi River, 139 Geographical data of the portage from Lake Superior to the St. Croix and Chippewa Rivers, 540 Geological deductions, 300 Geological memoranda, 119 Geological monuments, 332 Geology of Mackinac, 66 Geological outlines of the Lake Superior coast, 109 Geological phenomena, 245 Geology, 261 Glacial action, 216 Globe of sandstone from a geological pocket-hole, 316 Grammatical structure of sentences in the Odjibwa, 495 Granite Point, 88 Granular gypsum in sandstone, 86 Graphic granite, 84 Gratiot's Grove, 564 Grauwackke, 111 Grauwackke of Iron River, 321 Grave of Dubuque, 174 Gray wolf, 149, 166 Great copper boulder on Lake Superior, 294 Great sand dunes, 85 Green Bay City, 191 Group of the Manatouline Islands, 74 Grosbec--new species, 515 Gypsum, 65, 313

H

Habits of the anas canadensis, 234 Helix, 515 Hennepin, 151 Henry Inman, 23 Herds of buffalo east of the Mississippi, 432 High value of the Lake Superior copper mines urged on Congress, 368 Highest platform mound on the Mississippi, 157 Highlands of Sauble, 310 Historical data respecting Dubuque's mines, 174 Historical data respecting the smallpox, 578 Historical facts, 150 History of Green Bay, 190 History of the Chippewas, 121 History of the Fox Indians, 175 Hochungara, or Winnebagoes, 181 Holcus fragrans, 157 Houghton's analysis of the lake copper, 527 Houghton's plants, 519 How possessives are formed in the Chippewa, 461 Human skull in the solid part of a living tree, 396 Huron coast line, 309 Huttonian theory, 405 Hystrix, 73

I

Ice formed on the 19th of July, 127 Illigan Lake, 264 Image stone, 231 Importance of vaccination to Indians, 581 Impression of a trilobite in quartz, 66 Indian altar, 55 Indian birch-bark letter, 433 Indian boundary, 149 Indian chief Red Thunder, 158 Indian chief Red Wing, 163 Indian corn-dance, 160 Indian council, 99 Indian council at the mouth of the Crow-wing, 267 Indian dwarf, 178 Indian language, 453 Indian myth of Itasca, stanzas on, 243 Indian oratory, 256 Indian queen, 254 Indian summer, 428 Indian superstition respecting mines, 374 Indian symbol for a man, 113 Indian term for geologist, 90 Indian trait, 151 Indian translation of an expression, 144 Indian tribes visited in 1831, 540 Indian women engage in mining, 173 Indian women gathering rice, 130 Indians turn mineralogists, 90 Inquiries respecting the history of the Indians, 438 Inter-European amalgamation, 77 Intrepid act of Gen. Cass, 80 Iron sand, 106 Irving's Lake, 230 Island of ancient Indian sepulchre, 194 Itasca Lake, 246

J

James Riley, 78 Jargon of the northwest, 234 John Johnston, Esq., 80 Journey from Albany to Geneva, 41 Journey in a sleigh across the Highlands, 40

K

Kabamappa accuses the Sioux of treachery, 548 Kaginogumaug, or Longwater Lake, 261 Kakabika Falls, 247 Kakala, its probable meaning, 187 Kalamazoo, 203 Kubba-Kunna, 234

L

La Hontan's apocryphal discovery on Long River, 19 Lac Plè, 263 Lac Traverse, 229 Lac Vieux Desert, 263 Lacustrine clay-flats of Lake St. Clair, 49 Lake action, 318 Lake Audrusia, 228 Lake Chetac, 543 Lake Douglass, 265 Lake drift, 323 Lake Pepin, 163, 332 Lake St. Clair, 216 Landscape of Michilimackinac, 71 Last year the bison is seen east of the Mississippi, 148 Latitude of Mackinac, 64 Lead mines at Dubuque, 168, 333 Leading events in the life of Gen. Macomb, 72 Leaf River of the Crow-wing, 266 Learn the state of the Sauc war, 269 Leech Lake, 259 Leech Lake River, 129; etymology, 129 Left Hand River, 108 Legal claim to the mine tract, 174 Length of the Mississippi, 245 Letter to Nathaniel H. Carter, Esq., 409 Level of Lake Erie above tide-water, 43 Limits of the cervus sylvestris, 515 Line of discovery above Cass Lake, 244 List of latitudes and longitudes, 289 List of quadrupeds and birds observed, 413 Little Crow chief, 157 Little Vermilion Lake, 262 Localities of minerals and rock strata, 211 Locality of freshwater shells, 167 Long Prairie River, 266 Longitudinal phenomena, 109 Lt. Col. Fowle, notice of, 168 Lupus Americanus, 56 Lyceum of Natural History, New York, extract from its annals, 532

M

M. Woolsey, 588 Mackinac limestone, 312 Magnesian minerals, 356 Magnitude of Lake Michigan, 202 Marquette's discovery of the Mississippi, 17 Mass of native copper, on the shores of Winnebago Lake, 185 Massachusetts Island, 105 Mean temperature at the sources of the Upper Mississippi River, 123; party for the ultimate discovery of this river, 123 Mean temperature of St. Peter's Valley, 154 Mean velocity of current of Mississippi River, 126 Metallic masses, 100 Metallic minerals, 340 Meteorological journal kept at Chicago, 424 Meteorology, 418 Metoswa rapids, 229 Metunna Rapids, 266 Micaceous oxide of iron, 111 Michigan--its population at various periods, 46 Michilimackinac, 57, 311 Michilimackinac first becomes a capital for the fur trade, 68; J. J. Astor occupies it in 1816, 68 Miera, or Walk-in-the-water, 212 Milwaukie, its etymology, population, and resources, 196 Mine of Peosta, 171 Mineral character of Lake Superior, 100 Mineralogy and geology, 292 Mineralogy of the Northwest, 534 Miners' mode of classifying ore, 564 Mississippi first crossed by primary rocks, 147 Mississippi from the influx of the Missouri, 138 Mistake respecting American antiquities, 157 Mode of converting a noun to a verb in the Odjibwa, 481 Mollusks, 127 Montruille an object of pity, 131 Mozojeed, a chief of energy, 550 Mr. Monroe's message of 7th December, 1822, 363 Mr. Schoolcraft's Report on the Copper Mines of Lake Superior, 292 Mukkundwa Indians, ethnological sketch, 258 Murder of Gov. Semple, 255 Muskego River, 104 My first portage; what is "a piece," 90 Mythologic notion, 99

N

Naiwa rapids, 236 Native salt and native copper, 155 Native silver, and its ores, 531 Natural history, 515 Nebeesh Island and Rapids, 75 Neenaba, a partisan chief, 554 New localities of copper, 375 New seat for Hygeia and the Muses, 60 New species in conchology, 417 Nicollet's table of geographical positions, 582 Noble reply of an Algonquin chief, 63 Noble view, 83 Number in the Chippewa, 457 Number, value, &c. of the copper mines of Lake Superior, 363

O

Objects of governmental policy, 558 Oblations to the dead, 123 Observe the buffalo, 146 Odjibwa animate and inanimate adjectives, 490 Odjibwa compound words, 483 Odjibwa numerals, 501 Odjibwamong, 82 Offering food to the dead, 123 Official report of Gen. Cass, 280 Okunzhewug, a chieftainess, murdered, 550 Old English Copper-mining Company, 296 Old Mackinac, its date, 208 Onzig River, 84 Ores and metals, 536 Organic impressions, 313 Organization of the expedition of 1832, 223 Origin of the Indian race, 439 Ornithology, 130 Ortho-cerite limestone, 74 Ottowa Lake, 542

P

Pakagama Falls, 127 Palæontological rocks, 330 Palaozoic sandstone, 539 Peace Rock, 149 Pelican, 177 Perch or Assawa Lake, 362 Period of the first military occupation of old Mackinac, 64 Petrified leaf, with a sketch, 206 Pewabik River, 102 Physical Character of the Crow-wing River, 267 Physical characters of the Mississippi, 133 Pictographic device, 148 Pictographic Indian inscription, 113 Pictographic mode of communicating ideas, 430 Pictured rocks, 86 Pike's Bay, 251 Pipe-stone, or opwagunite, 155 Planorbis, 515 Planorbis companulatus, 246 Plants collected by Dr. Houghton, 519 Plastic clay of St. Clair flats, 308 Plateau of lakes and marshes, 128 Polydon, 416 Polyganum, 124 Population and statistics of Mackinac in 1820, 64 Population of Detroit in 1820, 45 Population of Leech Lake, 260 Population of Ottowas, 203 Porcupine Mountains, 91, 323 Porphyry and conglomerate boulders, 317 Portage to the sources of Crow-wing River, 260 Positive and negative forms of speech, in the Odjibwa, 497 Potatoes vegetate in pure pebbles, 62 Pouched rat, 156 Practicability of working the Superior mines of copper and iron, 370; advantages of transportation, 371 Preliminary incidents at Washington, 39 Preliminary Report of Exploring Expedition of 1832, 573 Primary forks of the Mississippi, 232; country disposed in plateaux, 233 Principles of the Odjibwa noun-adjective, 489 Produce of the copper mines of the world, 379 Pseudomorphous forms, 314 Pseudostoma pinetorum, 156 Pusabika River, 102

Q

Quartz geodes, 334 Quartzite rock, 127 Queen Anne's Lake, 280 Question of prepositions, 471

R

Racine, 197 Rapid glances at the geology of Western New York, 381 Rapids of the Mississippi above Sandy Lake, 125 Rattlesnake of the Wisconsin Hills, 181 Reach Detroit, after a passage of 62 hours, 44 Reach Itasca Lake, its outline, 241 Reach Lake Superior, 274 Rebus nutkanus, 129 Reciprocal death in a combat, 201 Red Banks, 194 Red jasper in quantity, 58 Red oxide of iron, 155 Red sandstone, 91 Red sandstone of Lake Superior, 316 Register of temperature in the United States, 426 Reorganization of the first expedition at Chicago, 200 Report of Dr. Houghton on the copper of Lake Superior, 526 Report of Mr. Schoolcraft to the Senate on the mineral lands of Lake Superior, 362 Residents of Chicago in 1820, 197 Return of expedition of 1820 to Detroit, 217; summary notice of, 217 Return to Sandy Lake, 142 Returns of the Cornwall and Devon copper mines, 378 Rifle shooting, 83 Rise of waters in the lakes, 214 River St. Croix, 162 Robert de la Salle, 17 Rosa parviflora, 144 Ruins of Fort St. Joseph, built in 1795, 75 Rule of euphony in the Algonquin language, 444; active and passive voices, 446; philosophical mode of denoting number, 445

S

Sacred island of the Indians, 70 Saganaw Bay, 54, 310 Saliferous red clay, 389 Sandstone in a vertical position, 102 Sandstone rock found in place on the east coast of Lake Huron, 52 Sandy Lake, 327 Sarracenia purpurea, or owl's moccasin, 214 Saurian, 249 Savanna of Gatchi Betobeeg, 141 Savanna summit, 118 Saw-mills in the Indian territory, 555 Scenery of Lake Superior, 587 Schoolcraft's examination of the Indian vowels, 443 Schoolcraft's geological report, 304 Schoolcraft's Island, 243 Schoolcraft's official report in 1831, 540 Septaria, 203 Serpentine rock, 322 Sexual nouns, 479 Sheboigan, its etymology, 195 Shingabawossin reopens negotiations, 81 Sienitic and hornblende rock, 148 Silicious minerals, 345 Silurian limestone, 167 Silver, a boulder specimen, 532 Silver medal presented, 99 Sioux masses of colored clays, 155 Site of a massacre in 1812, 200 Site of an ancient dune, 308 Skeleton paradigm of the Indian verb, 507 Sketch of Sandy Lake, 116 Sketch of the banks of the Mississippi from St. Anthony, 137 Sketch of the river at the Copper Rock, 97 Sketches addressed to Gen. George P. Morris, 560 Skull Cave, on the island of Mackinac, 66, Alexander Henry's adventures in 1763, 66. Smallpox appears among the Chippewas in 1750, 578 Society on the island; its peculiar phases, 69 Soil and climate of Minnesota, 153 Soldiers poor canoemen, 269 Source of Assowa River, 240; portage over the height of land, 240 South coast line of Lake Superior, 320 Species of freshwater shells, 181 St. Anthony's Falls, its Indian name, 151 St. Mary's Canal, 82 St. Paul's, Minnesota, 159 State of geological knowledge in 1819, 381 Stationary distances on Lake Superior, 92 Statistics of maple sugar made by the Indians, 71 Statistics of the fur trade, 68 Staurotide; native silver, 53 Steamboat Walk-in-the-Water, 43 Straits of St. Mary, 315 Stratification, 81 Stratum of quartzite rock, 141 Sub-exploring party, 94 Sub-formative pronouns in the Algonquin language, 509; relative pronouns, 509; demonstrative pronouns, 513 Summit Lake, 263 Sun above the horizon at 12 P. M., 106 Superstition of the Indians, 571 Synopsis of Appendix No. 1, 277

T

Table of latitudes and longitudes in the Northwest, 582 Tabular view of minerals of the Northwest, 338 Temperature required by tropical plants, 426 Tenacity of life of the deer, 235 Tensal inflections in the Algonquin, 478 Testimonial to Capt. Douglass and Mr. Schoolcraft, 287 The glutton, 141 The Mississippi viewed in sections, 137 The trap-rock the true copper-bearing medium, 530 Thirteen-striped squirrel, 156 Time required in passing Lake Superior, 107 Topography and astronomy, 288 Tortoise, 113 Tortuous channel, 129 Totem, 123 Tour from Galena to Fort Winnebago, 560 Track of Indian migration, 122 Tramp through a swamp, 112 Treaty of June 16, 1820, 81 Trunk of a tree fossilized, 396 Turtle River, 131

U

Ultimate point reached by the first expedition, 132 Unio, 167, 517 Unio food for the wild duck, 234 Unio Schoolcraftensis, 181 Upper Red Cedar Lake, 130 Uva ursi, 88

V

Vaccination of Indians, 574 Valley of Taquimenon, 537 Valley of the St. Croix, 332 Valley of the St. Louis, 325 Vast caldron in grauwackke, 103 Verbs in the Algonquin, how changed to substantives, 482 Vermilion canoe, 254 Vesicular crumbling limestone, 60 Vestiges of a wreck on Lake Michigan, 202 View of Lake Huron, 51 Views of skeptics on the Mosaical chronology, 407 Virginia Island, 105 Visit Niagara, its etymology, 41, 42 Visit to Gen. Dodge at his residence, 567 Visit to the locality of the great mass of copper on Lake Superior, 299 Vitric boulders, 324 Volcanic upheavals, 305 Voyageurs hired not to drink spirits, and to keep the Sabbath, 268

W

War-party of Neenaba broken up, 553 Water-worn agates on the lacustrine summit, 112 Waughpekennota, 193 White crystalline sand rock, 331 White Rock, 52 White springs of Ontario, 385 Width of Sandy Lake River at its outlet, 226 Width of the Mississippi at the outlet of Cass Lake, 227 Winnebago idea of geology, 185 Winonao laita, 164 Wisconsin, 183, 333 Wisconsin lead mines; aspect of the country, 561 Wolverine, 141

Y

Year 1820 opens with severe weather, 40 Yellow River war-party, 549

Z

Zeolite, 87 Zinc found in the Wisconsin mines, 565 Zoned agate, 237 Zoological objects inclosed in rock, or the solid parts of trees, &c., 392 Zoology, 408

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