Part 32

Scientific discovery and logical proof, 235-89.

Scot, Reginald, _Discovery of Witchcraft_, 214, 223.

Scribonius, W. A., Professor of Philosophy at Marburg, on testing witchcraft by water, 207.

Secker, Archbishop, 230.

Seidel, Ernst, _Drei weitere anatomische Fünfbilderserien aus Abendland und Morgenland_, 44 _n._ 4, 87 _n._ 1.

Seneca, 32.

Serarius, Nicolaus, 8.

Sermoneta, duca di: _see_ Caetani, Michelangelo.

Seville, Isidore of: _see_ Isidore Hispalensis.

Seymour, Edward, Earl of Hertford: _see_ Hertford.

Shakespeare’s use of the word ‘cramp’, 181.

Shaw, Elinor, executed for witchcraft, 195.

Sidgwick, Alfred, cited, 247 _n._, 259.

Sighinolfi, Lino, _L’Architettura Bentivolesca in Bologna e il Palazzo del Podestà_, 104 _n._

Signorelli, Luca, anatomical studies of, 86.

Sillib, Professor, 55 _n._

Simpson, Sparrow, 178.

Singer, Charles: A Study in Early Renaissance Anatomy, with a new text: the _Anothomia_ of Hieronymo Manfredi (1490), 79-164. ---- The Scientific Views and Visions of Saint Hildegard, 1-55. ---- _Allegorical Representation of the Synagogue, in a Twelfth- century Illuminated MS. of Hildegard_, 20 _n._ 2; _Thirteenth-century Miniature illustrating Medical Practice_, 81 _n._ 1; _The Figures of the Bristol Guy de Chauliac MS._, 84 _n._ 1.

_Sitzungsberichte der kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften_, 12 _n._ 2.

Smith, R., titular bishop of Chalcedon, 175.

Socrates, 259.

Soldan, W. G., _Geschichte der Hexenprocesse_, 191 _n._ 1, 192 _n._ 2, 193 _n._, 203 _n._ 3, 206 _nn._ 1, 2, 208 _n._ 4.

Solomon, Wisdom of, 21, 24, 28.

Sorbelli, Albano, _I Primordi della Stampa in Bologna_, 99 _n._ 4; _La Signoria di Giovanni Visconti a Bologna_, 97 _n._ 1; _Le Croniche Bolognesi del Secolo XIV_, 97 _n._ 1.

Sorcerers, 192-8, 200, 202, 204-6, 215. _See also_ Witchcraft.

Soul, nature of the, biological definition of, 59-61; Hildegard’s views on, 1, 50, 51. _See also_ Vitalism.

Spee, Father, _Cautio Criminalis_, on trials for witchcraft, 204 and _n._ 2, 207 _n._ 2, 221 _n._ 2.

Spielmann, M. H., 55 _n._

Sponheim, 2, 3.

Sporley, Richard, monk of Westminster, 166.

Sprenger, J., _Malleus Maleficarum_, 194 and _n._, 201-3.

Stahl, George Ernest, 61.

Starling, Professor E. H., 70.

Steele, R. R., 55 _n._

Steinschneider, M., _Catalogus Librorum Hebraeorum in Bibliotheca Bodleiana_, 226 _n._ 10, 231 _n._ 2; _Die hebräischen Uebersetzungen des Mittelalters und die Juden als Dolmetscher_, 226 _nn._ 3, 10; _Gifte und ihre Heilung, eine Abhandlung des Moses Maimonides_, 226 _n._ 1.

Strabus, Walafrid, 13.

Strassburg, witch-burning at, 205.

Straub, A., edition of Herrade de Landsberg’s _Hortus deliciarum_, 21 _n._ 4, 40 fig. 5, 48 fig. 9.

_Studi e Memorie per la Storia dell’ Università di Bologna_, 92 _n._ 4, 103 _n._ 2.

Stumpff, F. G. A., _Historia nervorum cerebralium ab antiquissimis temporibus usque ad Willisium nec non Vieussensium_, 118 _n._ 1.

Sudhoff, Karl, cited, 38 _nn._ 2, 5, 45 _n._ 1, 87 _n._ 4, 121 _n._ 1, 127 _n._ 5; _Abermals eine neue Handschrift der anatomischen Fünfbilderserie_, 44 _n._ 4; _Augendurchschnittsbilder aus Abendland und Morgenland_, 122 _n._ 1; _Die kurze ‘Vita’ und das Verzeichnis der Arbeiten Gerhards von Cremona, von seinen Schülern und Studiengenossen kurz nach dem Tode des Meisters (1187) zu Toledo verabfasst_, 17 _n._ 2; _Drei weitere anatomische Fünfbilderserien aus Abendland und Morgenland_, 44 _n._ 4, 87 _n._ 1; _Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der Anatomie im Mittelalter_, 44 _n._ 4, 87 _n._ 2, 105 _n._; _Eine Pariser ‘Ketham’ Handschrift aus der Zeit König Karls VI_, 89 _n._ 4; _Illustrationen medizinischer Handschriften und Frühdrucke_, 122 _n._ 1; _Neue Beiträge zur Vorgeschichte des Ketham_, 89 _n._ 4; _Tradition und Naturbeobachtung_, 44 _n._ 4, 90 _n._ 4; _Weibliche Situsbilder von ca. 1400-1543_, 90 _n._ 4; _Weitere Beiträge zur Geschichte der Anatomie im Mittelalter_, 44 _n._ 5.

Sudhoff, Walther, _Die Lehre von den Hirnventrikeln_, 114 _n._ 3.

Suffolk charm against rheumatism, 182.

_Summi in omni philosophia viri Constantini africani medici operum reliqua_, 44 _n._ 3.

Syllogism, the, as a form of proof, 238, 240-50, 253, 288.

Sylvestris, Bernard, of Tours, 37 _n._ 1; _De mundi universitate sive megacosmus et microcosmus_, 17, 19, 20, 30, 32, 36, 38.

_Symbolum Apostolicorum_, 39 _n._ 1, plate XVII.

Taylor, H. Osborn, _The Mediaeval Mind_, 23 _nn._ 3, 5.

Techlenburg, Countess Anna of, 221.

Teleology, 64, 66, 71-3, 75-7, 94, 105.

Templars, the, charges against, 193, 199.

Tertullian, 216.

Theodoric, the monk, life of St. Hildegard by, 4, 5, 7, 13, 14, 15 _n._, 51.

Theophilus, psychological writings of, 114.

Thun, in Alsace, witch-burning at, 208.

Töply, Robert Ritter von, 92 _n._ 4; _Anatomia Richardi Anglici_, 121 _n._ 1.

Torre, Marcantonio della, projected anatomical treatise of, 89.

Tralles: _see_ Alexander of Tralles.

_Transactions of the Seventeenth International Congress of Medicine_ (Sect. XXIII, History of Medicine), 27 _n._ 2, 38 _n._ 3, 84 _n._ 1.

_Tredici Foglie della Royal Library di Windsor_, 86 _n._ 1.

Trèves, witch-burning in the bishopric of, 194, 197, 198.

Treviranus, 62, 64.

Triaire, P., _Les leçons d’anatomie et les peintres hollandais aux XVI^e et XVII^e siècles_, 89 _n._ 1.

Trinity, Hildegard’s vision of the, 54, plate XXIII.

Trithemius, Johannes, abbot of Sponheim, 8, 42; _Chronicon insigne Monasterii Hirsaugensis, Ordinis St. Benedicti_, 15, 16 _n._ 1.

Trotula, medical writings of, 13.

Tübingen, public anatomies at, in the fifteenth century, 79, 81 _n._

Tudela: _see_ Benjamin of Tudela.

Universe, material structure of the, mediaeval views on, 22-30, plates IV, XI.

Uri, John, Catalogue of Oriental MSS. in the Bodleian Library, 227, 230, 231 and _n._ 2.

Vangesten, O. C. L., cited, 86 _n._ 1, 130 _n._ 1.

Varignana, Gulielmo, professor of medicine at Bologna, 93 _n._ 1.

Venturi, A., _Storia dell’ arte italiana_, 10 _n._ 2.

Vergil, Polydore, 172, 180.

Verrocchio, Andrea del, anatomical studies of, 86 and _n._ 2.

Verworn, Max, 68.

Vesalius, Andreas, 61, 86, 89, 93, 105, 130; _De humani corporis fabrica_, 92 _n._ 2, 121 fig. 20, 122.

Vigevano, Guido de, anatomical drawings in works of, 87, plates XXXI, XXXII.

Villanova: _see_ Arnald of Villanova.

Villiers, J. A. J. de, _Famous Maps in the British Museum_, 99 _n._ 4.

Vincent, St., of Beauvais, his treatment of a witch, 191.

Vinci, Leonardo da, anatomical researches of, 86, 121, 122, 130; anatomical sketches, 89, plates XXXV, XXXVIII (_b_).

Virchow, Rudolf, cited, 13, 60, 226 _n._

Virmont, Countess Anna of, 218.

Vitalism, 59-78; animism, 61, 64, 65; biological definitions, 59-61; crystals, 60; differentiation, 62; embryo, 62, 63, 69, 70; ‘entelechy’, 64, 75; germ, 62, 63, 66, 69, 70, 74; heterogeneity, 77; homogeneity, 65, 77; larva, 62, 63, 69; mechanisms and mechanical theories, 64, 65, 67-70, 74-6; metabolism, 60, 65, 68, 70, 76; metaphysical theory, 66, 67, 76; mind separate and eternal, 60, 73; morphaesthetic, 64, 71; neo-vitalism, 68, 76; nutritive soul, the, 59, 60, 73, 74; organic autonomy, 65; organism, life of the, 59 ff.; perceptive soul, the, 60, 73, 74; philosophical objections, 68, 71-5; psychoid, 64, 65, 75; psychological theory, 67, 68, 76; rational soul, the, 60, 61, 67; scientific objections, 68-71; special vital force, theory of, 66.

Vivo, Catello de, _La Visione di Alberico, ristampata, tradotta e camparata con la Divina Commedia_, 21 _n._ 2.

Waldenses, persecution of, 192.

Waldsee, witch-burning at, 208.

Walsh, E. H. C., _Tibetan Anatomical System_, 44 _n._ 5.

Webb, C. C. J., 55 _n._

Welch, Antonius, 197.

Wendover, Richard of: _see_ Richardus Anglicus.

Wesselich, Philip, of Knechtenstein, case of witchcraft, 218.

Westland, A. Mildred, transcription of the _Anothomia_ of Hieronymo Manfredi, 130-64; translation of selected passages, 106-25.

Westminster Abbey, miraculous cures at the shrine of Edward the Confessor, 166.

Weyer, Dr. John, and the witch mania, 189-224; _De praestigiis daemonum et incantationibus ac veneficiis_, 215-22.

Wharton, duct of, 95.

Wiberg, J., _Anatomy of the Brain in the Works of Galen and ‘Ali ‘Abbas_, 113 _n._ 2.

Wicelius (Weitzel), Georgius, 8.

Wickersheimer, Ernest, _Figures médico-astrologiques des neuvième, dixième et onzième siècles_, 27 _n._ 2, 38 _n._ 3; _La médecine astrologique dans les almanachs populaires du XX^e siècle_, 39 _n._ 2; _L’Anatomie de Guido de Vigevano, médecin de la reine Jeanne de Bourgogne_, 87 _n._ 3.

Wiesbaden: _see_ Manuscripts.

Wille, Professor, 55 _n._

William of Saliceto, 92, 93, 105.

Wilson, Rev. H. A., 55 _n._

Winds, relation of, to the elements, 25-7, 34.

Winternitz, _Diätetisches Sendschreiben des Maimonides_, 226 _n._ 3.

Wiseman, Cardinal, 178.

Witchcraft and witch mania, 189-224; bewitchment of animals, 193, 197, 218, 220; burnings for witchcraft, 190, 194, 196, 197, 200, 202-8, 213, 221; children tortured and burnt, 200, 201, 208; confessions, 195, 197-200, 204, 205, 207, 209-13, 219, 220, 223; ‘delation’, 202; denunciations, 190, 192, 201, 202, 206, 209-13; executions, 190, 194, 195, 206, 208; informers, 202; inquisitions (or witch-trials), 192, 196, 197, 201-13; nature of the witch mania, 190, 191, 199, 205; number of victims, 208; opposition of Dr. John Weyer to persecution for witchcraft, 189, 200, 207, 214-24; popular beliefs concerning witchcraft and demonology, 190-3, 195-7, 199, 217; results of scientific investigations, 223; ‘sabbat’, the, 195-9; sexual orgies, 190, 193, 196, 198, 199, 209, 211, 216; torture of victims, 190, 192, 195, 200, 202-13; water test, 207, 219; witch-dances, 196, 197, 199, 210, 211, 216, 221; witch-hunters, 189, 192, 195-8, 200, 201, 205-8, 214, 219, 220; witch-ointments, 199, 216; witnesses, 202, 205, 209-12.

Withington, E. T.: Dr. John Weyer and the Witch Mania, 189-224.

Wolsey, Cardinal, 174.

Worde, Wynkyn de, printer, 85 fig. 4.

Wrobel, J., cited, 19 _n._ 2, 37 _n._ 1, 38 _n._ 1.

Würzburg, witch-burning in the bishopric of, 194, 195, 204, 208.

Wüstenfeld, H. F., _Geschichte d. arabischen Aerzte_, 227 and _n._ 1, 228 _nn._ 3, 5, 229.

Yorke, Sir Joseph, 230.

Ypres, John de, quotation from the account books of, 170.

_Zeitschrift der Morgenländischen Gesellschaft_, 226 _n._ 10.

_Zeitschrift für kirchliche Wissenschaft und kirchliches Leben_, 5 _n._ 3.

Zelus Dei, account and illumination of, 54, plate XXIV (_b_).

Zerbis, de: _see_ Gerbi, Gabriele de.

* * * * *

FOOTNOTES:

[1] _Vita Sanctae Hildegardis auctoribus Godefrido et Theodorico monachis_, lib. iii, cap. 1. The work has been frequently reprinted and is in Migne, _Patrologia Latina_, vol. 197, col. 91 ff. This volume will be quoted here simply as ‘Migne’.

[2] Migne, col. 119.

[3] The erroneous statement in some of her biographies that she journeyed to Paris is based on a misunderstanding.

[4] Cardinal J. B. Pitra, _Analecta sacra_, vol. viii, p. 350, Paris, 1882. This volume will here be quoted simply as ‘Pitra’.

[5] Pitra, p. 556.

[6] Wilhelm Grimm, ‘Wiesbader Glossen’, in Moriz Haupt’s _Zeitschrift für deutsches Alterthum_, Leipzig, 1848, vol. vi, p. 321. The script is reproduced in the ill-arranged and irritating work of J. P. Schmelzeis, _Das Leben und Wirken der heiligen Hildegardis_, Freiburg im Breisgau, 1879; and in Pitra, p. 497. The subject has been summarized by F. W. E. Roth in his _Lieder und unbekannte Sprache der h. Hildegardis_, Wiesbaden, 1880.

[7] A short sketch of her life of yet earlier date has survived. It is from the hand of the monk Guibert and was probably written in 1180: Pitra, p. 407. The best modern account of her is by F. W. E. Roth in the _Zeitschrift für kirchliche Wissenschaft und kirchliches Leben_, vol. ix, p. 453, Leipzig, 1888. Less critical but more readable is the essay by Albert Battandier, ‘Sainte Hildegarde, sa vie et ses œuvres’, in the _Revue des questions historiques_, vol. xxxiii, pp. 395-425, Paris, 1883.

[8] The ‘Acta inquisitionis de virtutibus et miraculis sanctae Hildegardis’ are reprinted in Migne, col. 131.

[9] This volume is supplemented by ‘Annotationes ad Nova S. Hildegardis Opera’ in _Analecta Bollandiana_, vol. i, p. 597, Brussels, 1882.

[10] This Wiesbaden MS. has been fully described by Antonius van der Linde, _Die Handschriften der Königlichen Landesbibliothek in Wiesbaden_, Wiesbaden, 1877.

[11] Louis Baillet, ‘Les Miniatures du Scivias de sainte Hildegarde’, in the _Monuments et Mémoires publiés par l’Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres_, Paris, 1912, especially pp. 139 and 145.

[12] We are inclined to place the preparation of this remarkable MS. at a slightly later date than that attributed to it by Baillet. As Wiesbaden is at present inaccessible we have reproduced the facsimiles in Plate II from Baillet’s monograph.

[13] For the history of these MSS. see A. van der Linde, loc. cit., pp. 30-6.

[14] Goethe, ‘Am Rhein, Main und Neckar’, _Cotta’s Jubiläums-Ausgabe_, vol. xxix, p. 258.

[15] Wilhelm Grimm in M. Haupt’s _Zeitschrift für deutsches Alterthum_, vi, p. 321, Leipzig, 1847.

[16] In Étienne Baluze, _Miscellanea novo ordine digesta et non paucis ineditis monumentis opportunisque animadversionibus aucta opera ac studio J. D. Mansi_, 4 vols., Lucca, 1761-6; see vol. ii, p. 377.

[17] Cf. J. A. Herbert, _Illuminated Manuscripts_, London, 1911, p. 160.

[18] A. Venturi, _Storia dell’ arte italiana_, Milan, _in progress_, vol. v, p. 16.

[19] We are unable to concur with Baillet, however, that there is enough evidence to suggest that the miniaturists of the Lucca MS. had consulted the Wiesbaden illuminations. Baillet, loc. cit., p. 147.

[20] _Hildegardis causae et curae edidit Paulus Kaiser_, Leipzig, B. G. Teubner, 1903. The MS. was brought to light by C. Jessen in the _Sitzungsberichte der kaiserl. Akademie der Wissenschaften, Mathematisch-naturwissenschaftliche Klasse_, Band xlv, Heft 1, p. 97, Vienna, 1862. See also the same author in _Botanik in kulturhistorischer Entwickelung_, pp. 124-6, Leipzig, 1862, and in the _Anzeiger für Kunde der deutschen Vorzeit_, 1875, p. 175. An imperfect edition appeared in 1882 in Pitra, p. 468, under the title _Liber compositae medicinae de aegritudinum causis signis atque curis_.

[21] Royal Library of Copenhagen, MS. Ny. Kgl. Saml., No. 90 b.

[22] _Experimentarius medicinae continens Trotulae curandarum Aegritudinum muliebrium ... item quatuor Hildegardis de elementorum, fluminum aliquot Germaniae, metallorum,... herbarum, piscium & animantium terrae, naturis et operationibus_. Edited by G. Kraut, Strasbourg, J. Schott, 1544. The work often ascribed to Trotula is somewhat similar to the spurious medical works of Hildegard. Like them, it was probably written early in the thirteenth century. Trotula herself lived in the eleventh century, a generation or two before Hildegard. On Trotula see Salvatore de Renzi, _Collectio Salernitana_, vol. i, p. 149, Naples, 1852.

[23] In the _Vita_, lib. ii, cap. 1; Migne, col. 101.

[24] Migne, col. 1125. See also F. A. Reuss, _De Libris physicis S. Hildegardis commentatio historico-medica_, Würzburg, 1835, and ‘Der heiligen Hildegard Subtilitatum diversarum naturarum creaturarum libri novem, die werthvollste Urkunde deutscher Natur- und Heilkunde aus dem Mittelalter’ in the _Annalen des Vereins für Nassauische Alterthumskunde und Geschichtsforschung_, Band vi, Heft 1, Wiesbaden, 1859.

[25] Rudolf Virchow, ‘Zur Geschichte des Aussatzes und der Spitäler, besonders in Deutschland’, in Virchow’s _Archiv für Pathologie_, vol. xviii, p. 285, &c., Berlin, 1860.

[26] Reuss, in Migne, cols. 1121 and 1122, states on Theodoric’s authority that Hildegard had written a _book_ on this subject: ‘Exstat inter libros virginis fatidicae superstites opus argumenti partim physici partim medici, “De natura hominis, elementorum diversarumque creaturarum” in quo, ut Theodoricus idem fusius exponit, secreta naturae prophetico spiritu manifestavit.’ But Theodoric does not in fact anywhere speak of a _special work_ with this title or of this character. What he does write is as follows (_Vita_, lib. ii, cap. i, Migne, col. 101): ‘Igitur beata virgo ... librum visionum ... consummavit et _quaedam_ de natura hominis et elementorum, diversarumque creaturarum, et quomodo homini ex his succurrendum sit, aliaque multa secreta prophetico spiritu manifestavit.’

[27] Migne, cols. 1212 and 1213.

[28] As detailed in the _Liber vitae meritorum_, Pitra, p. 228, and in many places in the _Liber divinorum operum_ and _Scivias_.

[29] An exception must be made for the _lingua ignota_, which is presumably hers. The absence of Germanisms in her other writings may be partly due to the work of an editor. See the _Vita_ by Theodoric, Migne, col. 101. Also the birth scene (see chapter ix below) is perhaps adapted from a German folk-tale.

[30] Johannes Trithemius, _Chronicon insigne Monasterii Hirsaugensis, Ordinis St. Benedicti_, Basel, 1559, p. 174.

[31] Migne, col. 384.

[32] It is not enough to suppose with some of her biographers that the visions were dictated by Hildegard and were latinized by a secretary. The visions imply a good deal of study and considerable book-learning. Among many reasons for believing that she had a very serviceable knowledge of Latin are the following:

(_a_) She was well acquainted with the Biblical writings and quotes them aptly and frequently.

(_b_) She was regarded by her contemporaries as an authority on scriptural interpretation and on Church discipline, and was frequently consulted by them on these subjects.

(_c_) She pleaded in person before clerical tribunals.

(_d_) One of the least remarkable and most credible of her ‘miracles’, the expounding of certain letters found upon an altar-cloth (Migne, col. 121), depends entirely on a knowledge of Latin.

(_e_) In the _Liber divinorum operum_ (Migne, col. 922) she writes ‘firmamentum _celum_ nominavit quoniam omnia _excellit_’, a derivation taken from Isidore and incomprehensible to one ignorant of Latin. There are many other passages in her works in which the sense depends on the Latin usage of a word.

(_f_) No mention of this ignorance is made by Guibert in the short sketch of her life that he wrote almost immediately after her death (1180; see Pitra, p. 407). On the contrary, he suggests that she had been an industrious student.

(_g_) The _Liber divinorum operum_ may especially be pointed out among her works as betraying a very considerable degree of learning. Notably her elaborate doctrine of the macrocosm and microcosm must have involved extensive reading.

The general question of Hildegard’s knowledge of Latin has also been discussed by Pitra and by Albert Battandier in the _Revue des questions historiques_, vol. xxxiii, p. 395, Paris, 1883.

[33] See chapter viii.

[34] It is, however, just possible that she had consulted the astrological work that had been translated from the Arabic by Hermann the Dalmatian for Bernard Sylvestris, and is represented in the Bodleian MSS. Digby 46 and Ashmole 304.

[35] See Baldassare Boncompagni, _Della vita e delle opere di Gherardo Cremonese, Traduttore del secolo duodecimo, e di Gherardo di Sabbionetta, Astronomo del secolo decimoterzo_, Rome, 1851; also K. Sudhoff, ‘Die kurze “Vita” und das Verzeichnis der Arbeiten Gerhards von Cremona, von seinen Schülern und Studiengenossen kurz nach dem Tode des Meisters (1187) zu Toledo verabfasst’, in _Archiv für Geschichte der Medizin_, Bd. viii, p. 73, November 1914.

[36] Another translation of the _Almagest_ was made in Sicily in 1160, direct from the Greek. See C. H. Haskins and D. P. Lockwood, ‘The Sicilian Translators of the Twelfth Century and the First Latin Version of Ptolemy’s _Almagest_’, in _Harvard Studies in Classical Philology_, xi. 75, Cambridge, Mass., 1910. It is wholly improbable that Hildegard had access to this rendering, which is only known from a single MS. of the fourteenth century.

[37] De Renzi, _Collectio Salernitana_, vol. i, p. 485, and vol. v, p. 50.

[38] De Renzi, i. 486 and 495; v. 51 and 70.

[39] De Renzi, i. 446; v. 3.

[40] De Renzi, i. 485-6; v. 50-2.

[41] _Scivias_, Migne, col. 403, and _Liber Divinorum Operum_, Migne, col. 868 and elsewhere.

[42] _Scivias_, Migne, col. 404, and throughout the _Liber Divinorum Operum_.

[43] Pitra, pp. 8, 114-16, 156, and 216.

[44] The work of Bernard Sylvestris has been printed by C. S. Barach and J. Wrobel, Innsbruck, 1876. His identity, his sources, and his views are discussed by Charles Jourdain, _Dissertation sur l’état de la philosophie naturelle ... pendant la première moitié du XII^e siècle_; by A. Clerval, _Les Écoles de Chartres au Moyen Âge_, Paris, 1895, p. 259, &c.; by R. L. Poole, _Illustrations of the History of Mediaeval Thought_, London, 1884, p. 116, &c.; and by J. E. Sandys, _History of Classical Scholarship_, Cambridge, 1903, vol. i, p. 513, &c.

[45] The works of Hugh of St. Victor are published in Migne, _Patrologia Latina_, clxxv-clxxvii.

[46] The Kalonymos family furnished prominent examples.

[47] Charles Singer, ‘Allegorical Representation of the Synagogue, in a Twelfth-Century Illuminated MS. of Hildegard of Bingen’, _Jewish Quarterly Review_, new series, vol. v, p. 268, Philadelphia, 1915. For further evidence of Hildegard’s acquaintance with the Jews see Pitra, p. 216; and Migne, cols. 967 and 1020-36.

[48] Pitra, p. 51 et seq.

[49] Catello de Vivo, _La Visione di Alberico, ristampata, tradotta e comparata con la Divina Commedia_, Ariano, 1899. For a comparison of Dante’s visions and those of Hildegard see Albert Battandier in the _Revue des questions historiques_, vol. xxxiii, p. 422, Paris, 1883.

[50] Reprinted in Migne, vol. 195.

[51] Herrade de Landsberg, _Hortus Deliciarum_, by A. Straub and G. Keller, Strasbourg, 1901, with two supplements.

[52] For sphericity of earth see especially Migne, cols. 868 and 903.

[53] In her later _Liber Divinorum Simplicis Hominis_ this method of orientation is varied both in the text and also in the Lucca illustrations.

[54] Migne, col. 906.

[55] Migne, cols. 903-4.

[56] See H. Osborn Taylor, _The Mediaeval Mind_, vol. i, p. 472, London, 1911.

[57] Migne, cols. 904-6.

[58] H. Osborn Taylor, _The Mediaeval Mind_, i. 468, 471; ii. 569. See also A. Battandier, _Revue des questions historiques_, vol. xxxiii, p. 422, Paris, 1883.

[59] The _Meteorologica_ had been translated about 1150 by Aristippus, the minister of William the Bad of Sicily. The version of Aristippus passed quickly into circulation (Valentine Rose, ‘Die Lücke im Diogenes Laërtus und der alte Übersetzer’ in _Hermes_, i. 376, Berlin, 1866), but hardly soon enough for Hildegard’s _Scivias_, which was completed about 1150. It is, of course, possible that the references to the _ignis niger_ are later interpolations, but this is very unlikely in view of the way in which she speaks of this vision in the _Liber Divinorum Operum_.

[60] Migne, cols. 789-91.

[61] Migne, col. 389.