PART III

Amatunding married Gayang, the sister of Qudrat, and begot Anta, Nagu, and Umbun and the daughters Pindaw, Dawa-dawa, Bayu, Sayib, and Umang. Umang was the grandmother of the sultan of Ramitan. Nagu was the grandfather of the sultan of Tubuk. Anta was the grandfather of the Sultan Sarip Ulu of Dissan. Umbun was the grandfather of Makakuyung, the sultan of Tapurug. Umbun begot Burwa. Burwa begot Mama and Nanak. Nanak begot Bnul, who married Baya Wata of Kabuntalan. Bnul left Baya Wata and went to Unayan with an understanding that unless he returned in forty days their marriage would be null. Bnul did not return, so Baya Wata married Timbang Sulug, and soon after gave birth to Damda, whom she conceived by Bnul.

Mana, the brother of Nanak, married the daughter of the sister of the sultan of Sulug and begot Datu Milbahar, Bantilan, and Datu Adana.

MANUSCRIPT NO. VI

THE HISTORY AND GENEALOGY OF MAGINDANAO PROPER

INTRODUCTION

This manuscript is a copy of the original which is in the possession of Datu Mastura, the best-informed datu of Magindanao, and the son of Sultan Qudrat Jamalu-l-A'lam Untung, the greatest of the late sultans of Magindanao. Datu Mastura has the best collection of Magindanao books and records and owns the most reliable of the royal documents that have been preserved. This copy is one of the best specimens of Magindanao literature extant. It is principally genealogy and speaks briefly of the early history of Magindanao and the rise of its sultanate, its main purpose being to preserve the record of descent and determine the right of succession to the sultanate.

The first page describes the birth of Putri Tunina and her relation to Tabunaway, the ruler of Magindanao. The second page describes the coming of Sharif Kabungsuwan to Magindanao, his conversion of Mindanao to Islam, and his marriage to Putri Tunina. The third page gives an account of Kabungsuwan's marriage to a princess from Malabang and his descendants from her. The rest of the manuscript is a detailed account of births and descendants down to the birth of the great grandfather of the present sultan, which must have occurred shortly before the beginning of the nineteenth century. It is the most complete and the most nearly correct copy that exists. It is written at a later period than that of No. V, and covers two later generations. The history and genealogy of the nineteenth century were obtained by personal investigation and inquiry from the oldest and most reliable datus and other persons living. Diagrams Nos. 3 and 4 show the descent of the rulers of Magindanao from Kabungsuwan to the present time.

The full names and titles of the sultans in the order of their succession are as follows:

1. Sharif Kabungsuwan 2. Sharif Maka-alang 3. Datu Bangkaya 4. Datu Dimasangkay 5. Datu Gugu Sarikula 6. Datu Kapitan Lawut Bwisan 7. Sultan Dipatwan Qudrat (Corralat) 8. Sultan Dundang Tidulay 9. Sultan Barahaman 10. Sultan Kaharu-d-Din Jamalu-l-Alam Kuda 11. Sultan Mohammed Japar Sadik Manamir, generally known as Sahid Mupat or Wapat 12. Sultan Dipatwan Anwar, also known as Wapat Batwa 13. Sultan Mohammed Tahiru-d-Din Malinug 14. Sultan Pakir Mawlana Mohammed Kayru-d-Din Kamza, generally known as Pakir Mawlana or Pakih Mawlana 15. Sultan Pakaru-d-Din 16. Sultan Mohammed Amiru-l-Umara Alimu-d-Din Kibad Sahriyal 17. Sultan Kawasa Anwaru-d-Din 18. Sultan Qudrata-l-Lah Jamalu-l-A'lam Untung 19. Sultan Mohammed Makakwa 20. Sultan Mohammed Jalalu-d-Din Pablu, sometimes called Sultan Wata 21. Sultan Mangigin

LITERAL TRANSLATION OF MANUSCRIPT NO. VI

IN THE NAME OF GOD THE COMPASSIONATE AND MERCIFUL. PRAISE BE TO GOD THE LORD OF THE UNIVERSE. I HAVE FULL SATISFACTION THAT GOD IS MY WITNESS

This book speaks of the origin of the rulers of Magindanao. The first known rulers were Tabunaway and his brother Mamalu. One day they were cutting bamboo to build a fish corral. Mamalu cut down all the trees except one small stalk that was left standing alone. Tabunaway then called to Mamalu, "Finish it up, because it omens ill to our fish corral." Mamalu therefore cut it and found in it a girl whose little finger was slightly cut by a slip of the bolo. He carried the girl to Tabunaway, but Tabunaway told him to keep her and adopt her as his child. This girl was named by Tabunaway Putri Tunina.

On the other hand, there came out from Mecca Sharif Ali Zayna-l-Abidin, who proceeded to Bawangin (Malaysia) and settled at Juhur. Here he married the daughter of Sultan Iskandar Thul-Qarnayn of Juhur, whose name was Jusul Asiqin, and begot Sharif Kabungsuwan. Sharif Kabungsuwan came to Magindanao to the mouth of the Tinundan. There he met Tabunaway and accompanied him to the town of Magindanao. This is Sharif Kabungsuwan, who converted to Islam all the people of Magindanao, Slangan, Matampay, Lusud, Katittwan, and Simway, and who was followed by all those who accepted Islam in the land of Magindanao.

And it came to pass that Tabunaway married Sharif Kabungsuwan to the girl that was found inside the bamboo stalk, whose name was Putri Tunina. To them were born three daughters--Putri Mamur, who married Malang-sa-Ingud, an older brother of Pulwa; Putri Milagandi, who married Pulwa, the datu of Bwayan; and Putri Bay Batula, who had no children.

Later Sharif Kabungsuwan married Angintabu, the daughter of Maka-apun, a coast datu of Malabang, and begot Sharif Maka-alang.

Sharif Maka-alang married Buli, a Bilan woman who was found by Parasab in a crow's egg. There were born to them a boy called Bangkaya and a girl called Maginut.

Bangkaya married a woman of Magindanao and begot Dimasangkay. He also married a woman of Matampay and begot Gugu Sarikula. Later he married Umbun of Slangan and begot Kapitan Lawut Bwisan and Tagsan and Pinwis.

Dimasangkay married a Simway woman and begot Butu-na Samal, who had no offspring, and Uman, a woman. He married also Umpas, the sister of Sandab, and begot Umburung, who was not well known.

Gugu Sarikula married Raja Putri, a Sulug lady, who gave birth to Putri Mampay. He also married the sister of Dasumalung of Linilwan and begot Gawu.

Kapitan Lawut Bwisan married Ambang, the daughter of Dalamba of Slangan, whose son was Sultan Dipatwan Qudrat and whose daughter was Gayang.

Sultan Dipatwan Qudrat married Putri and begot Dundang Tidulay and Arawaldi.

Dundang Tidulay married Paramata Asiya, a Bitalan lady, and begot Putri Gunung Lidang, who was the first Bayalabi of Magindanao and who had no offspring. His children from a concubine were Ila and Ija; from Angki, the daughter of Katib Syam and Puntyabak of Sawakungan, Sultan Mohammed Barahaman and Sultan Mohammed Kaharu-d-Din Kuda.

Ila married Tawbalay and begot Gantar and Lumampaw and a daughter Sarabanun.

Ija was married to Binulukan and begot Maraja Layla Dangkaya and the following daughters: Tumam, Pudtad, Darisay, Nurun, Layin, Imbu, Lilang, Abu, and Ampay, who had no offspring.

Sultan Barahaman begot from Panubawun Raja Muda Bulagas and Sultan Dipatwan Anwar, and Gugu Jarnik and Datu Ma-as Sumannap, and a daughter Anig, and Gawu, and Datu Sakaludan Jamalu-d-Din, and Manjani and Awu and Tundug, and Ngwa and Lugung. From Lady Basing, the daughter of Makalindi, and Timbang Saribu, a lady of Sangil, he begot Sultan Japar Sadik Manamir and Umarmaya Tubu-tubu, and the following daughters: Maginut, Fatima, and Atik.

Sultan Kaharu-d-Din Kuda married Lady Sinal, the daughter of Datu Tambinag, and begot Balingkul, Hajji Sayk Abdu-r-Rakman Banswil, and Putri Kalani Kuning. By a concubine he begot Maraja Layla Bahar, Paki Abdu-l-Kahar Ampan, and Hajji Sayk Abdu-r-Rakim, Dinda, Dangsabu, Ila, Talama.

Raja Muda Bulagas married Tumbayu, a lady of Bwayan, and begot Baratamay and the daughters Nanun, Mayay, Antanu, and Putri. By a concubine he begot Parasab, Gugu Ampwan, and the daughters Musturi, Bayu, and Dabu.

Sultan Dipatwan Anwar married a lady of Agakan Munawal and begot Raja Bwayan Manuk. By a Bwayan lady he begot Tambayu and Kandug; by Lady Payak, Sultan Mohammed Tahiru-d-Din Malinug and Datu Sakaludan Gantar; by a concubine, Datu Lukus Ganwi and Maraja Layla Yusup and Talinganup, and the daughters Daging, Dayang, Dawung, and Dang.

Gugu Jarnik begot Nanu and Kunan.

Datu Ma-as Sumannap begot Midtud-sa-Ingud Bani and Asan.

Nway begot Anday.

Awu married Aradi and begot Talila and Andu.

Lugung married Lubas and begot Uranjib and Pinaw.

Datu Sakaludan Jamalu-d-Din married Layma, the daughter of Sultan Kuda, and begot Mawlana Kudanding Sabiru-l-Lah and Datu Sakaludan Lagat.

Tundug married Ajipati and begot Rannik and Ami. By Palug he begot Dingan.

Umarmaya Tubu-tubu married Babak and begot Sharif Kunyaw and Sultan Digra Alam and Pataw. He also married Andaw-mada, a Tawlan lady and begot Bagumba, Sarabanun, and Bay. By a concubine he begot Jukulanu adiwa, Bal, Buli, and a daughter, Sajar.

Fatima married Datu Gulay of Sulug and begot Raja Baginda Timbang.

Sultan Mohammed Japar Sadik Manamir married Putri Kalani Kuning, the daughter of Sultan Kuda, and begot Sultan Pakir Mawlana Mohammed Kayru-d-Din Kamza, Sultan Mohammed Pakaru-d-Din Bulagas Armansa, and Samal, and the daughters Bayalabi Sari and Gindulungan. By a concubine he begot Dipatwan Palti, Jalalu-d-Din Tambi, Maraja Layla Abdu-l-Lah, Maraja Dinda Jamburang, Rastam, Kahar, Mamalum´pung, and the daughters Amina, Inam, Panubawun, Atshar, Bitun, Angki, and Labyah.

Hajji Sayk Abdu-r-Rakman Banswil married Manjani, the daughter of Sultan Barahaman, and begot Datu Sakaludan, a Lingkung Tidulay, and Putri Kintay, Kaludan, the son of a concubine, Japar, Undung, Kapitan Lawut Mohammed, and Ibrahim, and the following daughters: Duni, Pindaw, and Dasumbay.

Maraja Layla Bahar begot Badaru-d-Din and Sakandar, and the daughters Dina and Bidury.

Paki Hajji Abdu-l-Kahar Ampan begot Ismayil and Milug.

Hajji Sayk Abdu-r-Rakim begot Namli, Amina-l-Lah, Yasin Kamim, Mohammed, Mawug, Akmad, and the daughters Latipa, Badalya, Bulawan Dagayug, Dindyaw, Sitti.

Dinda married Abdul Patah, a Sulug datu, and begot Pangyan Ampay.

Papani married Sumuku and begot Mahraja Layla Mindug and a daughter, Sinal.

Ungki married Simping and begot Iday.

Ila married Datu Wata Maputi and begot Milug and Mayug.

The children of Talama by Dumlinaw are Jiwana Jaya, Nasari, Palawan, and a daughter, Kurays.

The children of Maharaja Layla Parasab by Pangyan Bata, the daughter of Gugu, are Mayug and Tahir.

The children of Gugu Ampwan are Makalapun, Kanday, Tawug, and Udin, the last two being daughters.

The children of Sultan Dipatwan Malinug are Watamama, Gulay, Tawpan, Uku, Bay Mayung, Dingan, and Musturi.

Datu Sakaludan a Kantar, begot by Nanaw, Anni and Mangki. Maraja Layla Yusup begot Iday, Ndawmada, Munay, Bayu, Dayang, Zaman, Muning, Tamama, Undung, Ga-as, and Palti.

The children of Datu Lukus Ganwi are Munay from Bayu, and Manun and Jamalya by a concubine.

The children of Talinganup are Dindu, Bungayu, Ampay, Nanaw, and Kunan.

Dayang begot by Tuwyla Answay.

Dang begot by Sumapa Jamalu-d-Din and Sabdulla.

Panubawun begot by Bagwa Datu Tabunaway, Tamama, Ulu, Timbang, Gindu, and Ampay.

The children of Atshar from Sultan Yusup are Isra-il, Watababay Payak, Musturi, Dadaw, Lyaw, and Kunan.

Bitun married Mawlana Taray and begot Agas and Kuntay.

Angki married Raja Muda Kaludan and begot Jamalu-d-Din, Milug, Ismayil, Ayung, Ayu, and Fatima.

Rastam married Pinaw and begot Dingan and Kiram; he also begot Indim by a concubine.

Maraja Dinda Jamburang married Pinaw and begot Danding, Isra-il, Ani, Bantilan, Ayung, Ija, and Nanun.

Jalalu-d-Din Tambi begot Angkaya, Panji, Gulay, Manalantang, Lugung, Mangki, Anday, Gayung, Latipa, Ami, Buli, Bahar, Darisay, and Pataw; the last eight being females.

Dipatwan Palti married Buli and begot Sarabanun. He also begot Sahabu-d-Din, Ampan, Ija, Kuntay, and Ayung by a concubine; the last three are females.

Pakir Mawlana Mohammed Amiru-d-Din Kamza begot the following: By Dang, Raja Muda Amiru-l-Umara Mohammed Alimu-d-Din Kibad Sahriyal; by Dawung the daughter of Dipatwan Anwar, Lidang and Paywa; by Dawa-dawa, Kuda, and Lalanu; by Bay Linaw, Burhanu-d-Din; by Sapar, Basing and Hajar; by Kanul, Paku; by Sinayan, Mohammed Sahru-d-Din, Asim, and Tawung; by Dalikayin, Jamalu-d-Din, Gindu, Amina, and Ampay; by Talangami, Jamalya, Ami, Zamzam, and Ismayil; by Muna, Sara, Yasin, Malinug, and Abdu-l-Lah; by Mida, Idu, and Sad; by Untay, Isra-il, Angkaya, and Tambi; by Palambi, Ndaw; by Jalya, Dudawa; by Anggun, Payak; by Kalima, Badaru-d-Din; by Janim, Maryam; by Limbay, Isa; by Linuyaman, Sinal; by Milagandi, Bilangkul.

Sultan Mohammed Pakaru-d-Din Bulagas Armansa married Badwi and begot Kartaw, Atik, Anday, and Pindaw, the last three being females. He also married a concubine and begot Zaman, Sumannap, Bayna, and Nanaw, the last two being females.

Datu Sakaludan Lingkung Tidulay begot Kaka-it.

Datu Sakaludan Lagat begot Parasab, Ampan, Manunggul, Dading Umar, Dubwa, Ta-ib, Nanun, Mayay, and Gayang.

Nanun married Datu-a-Wata Maputi and bore Tamayug, Dawa-dawa, and Idayu.

Mayay married Raja Bwayan Manuk and bore Maman, Tapudi, Kudaw, and Ampay.

Putri married Datu Maytum Bwisan and bore Dubwa.

Tamaying married Bungu and begot Gangga. He also married Mangilay and begot Answay and Anig. He again married a concubine and begot Parasab and Tuli.

Baya-Labi Sari married Mawlana Kudanding Purang Sabilu-l-Lah and bore Maman, Abu Bakar, Kuntay, Mindarakma, and Mimya.

Kibad Sahriyal married Ninig, the daughter of Datu Sakaludan Gantar, and begot Yusup and Fatima; by Watababay Apayak he begot Anwar and Sul-Karnayn; by Angki, Palti; by Kindaw, Badaru-d-Din and Mayug; by Jami, Nasaru-d-Din; by Lina, Imran; by Julya, Dingan and Ibrahim; by Istipanya, Abidin.

Babay Basing married Watamama Sahabu-d-Din and bore Barahaman, Kuda, Manamir, Fatima Zuhra, Sari, and Mindarakma.

Púyuwa married Raja Bwayan Malang and bore Sajar.

Burhan married Kudi and begot Jamalu-d-Din and Ila.

Mohammed Sahru-d-Din married Mulak and begot Dumalúndung.

Paku married Sultan Ajipat and bore Kuning.

Sinal married Mundug and bore Daru-d-Din.

Jamalya married Sayduna and bore Mohammed Idris and Tuli.

To Gantar, the son of Jiwana Kunik, she bore Samal and Ninig.

Jamalu-d-Din married Gayang, the daughter Datu Sakaludan Lagat, and begot Amina and Dawung.

Zamzam married Dindyaw, the child of Sayka Datu, and bore Paramata.

Buli married Mupalal, the son of Namli, and bore Harmansa.

Badaru-d-Din married Putri, the daughter of Namli, and begot Jalalu-d-Din.

Sari married Amil and bore Ibrahim and Sitti.

Nasaru-d-Din married Ayu and begot Kamid.

Kartaw married Paramata, the daughter of Watamama Gulay, and begot Putri Lidang, Ani, Jumjuma, and Gindulungan; by Jayba he begot Jaya; by Jamila, Ndaw and Nangka; by Uyam, Dadawa and Naw; by Alima, Nunay.

Pindaw married Lintang and begot Milug.

Ndima married Hajji Kari Abdu-r-Rakman and bore Mohammed, Taha, Banun, and Panubawun.

Completed on the day Thursday of the month Shaban. God's knowledge is superior.

MANUSCRIPT NO. VII

THE GENEALOGY OF BAGUMBAYAN

INTRODUCTION

The sultanate of Bagumbayan occupies the middle ground between the Saylud or lower Rio Grande Valley and the Saraya or upper Rio Grande Valley. It is located at the head of the delta, and really comprises the upper part of the Saylud, and lies mainly along the banks of the southern branch of the Rio Grande. It extends as far down the banks of the southern Rio Grande as the upper borders of Tamontaka, and as far down as Libungan, along the banks of the northern branch of the Rio Grande. Its upper limit is Maysawa, a little above the Kakar or canal.

The present sultan, Abu-Bakar, lives at Bagumbayan proper, which is located on the right bank of the southern Rio Grande about 3 miles below Tambao or the fork. He is still addressed, at times, as the sultan of Talakuku, which was the proper address of his father, named after the older name of the capital. The word Bagumbayan means "newly built," and has lately been applied to the sultanate on account of the late change of the residence of the sultan. Talakuku is the word that appears in all Spanish records and histories. Kabuntalan is still older and is more used by the Moros themselves. The old site of Kabuntalan was on the left bank of the main river just above the fork. It has been completely abandoned.

Nagtangan is the oldest name and the one which appears first in this manuscript.

This manuscript is copied from the original, which is in the possession of the sultan himself. It was obtained through the favor of Datu Balabadan, who is a relative of the sultan and who belongs to the same family or an allied branch of the same.

The original is a very old copy and many of the leaves and margins are torn and have fallen into pieces. The handwriting is fair and plain, but the composition and grammar are very poor. The orthographical errors committed in writing Moro names in Arabic characters are very numerous and greatly change the expression of the words. It is evident that the original author was a poor writer, and did not have the usual practical knowledge in writing in Arabic characters that other Moro authors had.

The dialect is strictly that of Magindanao. The titles of the datus are similar to those used in Magindanao. Two new titles, Jukulanu and Jiwana, appear often, and in all probability are applied to subdatus of the same rank as Gugu, Umar Maya, Maraja Layla, etc.

LITERAL TRANSLATION OF MANUSCRIPT NO. VII

GENEALOGY OF KABUNTALAN

IN THE NAME OF GOD THE COMPASSIONATE AND MERCIFUL

This book speaks of the ancestors of the datus of Nagtangan. Daman asked for a datu from Bwayan and got Dikaya. Dikaya married a Nagtangan wife and begot Duka. Duka married Lantyan, a Malitigaw woman, and begot Myadung. He also married a woman called Ambun and begot Babak and Naw and Suman.

Babak married Umar Maya, Tubu-tubu, and bore Saripada Kunyaw, Sultan Digra Alam, and Pataw. Umar Maya married also Andawmada, a Tawlan lady, and begot Bagamba, Sarabanun, and Bay. By a concubine he begot Jukulanu Diwa and Bal, and the daughters Buli and Gaw and Bahar.

Saripada Kunyaw married Anik and begot Sultan Mohammed Alimu-d-Din, who had no offspring, Mawlana Mundug, and Datu Sakaludan Dudin. He also married Andawmada, an Ipuktn lady, and begot Baya-Wata. By a concubine he begot Jiwana Jambang, and the following daughters: Kumkuma, Ayag, Payak, Talilah, and Minding.

Sultan Digra Alam married Nya, a Magindanao woman, and begot Raja Muda Mangindra and Mohammed; by Bay he begot Baya-Labi; by a Talayan woman he begot Baya-Wata Lilang.

Bagamba married Raja Bwayan and bore Sultan Darimbang.

Sarabanun begot Kamad, Ubuk, and Dumpiras. Jukulanu Diwa begot Marajal, Baya Nayug, Jukulanu Kunuk, Jukulanu Badal, and Undung, and the daughters Atik, Ilug, Nawila.

Bal begot Ginda, Abas, Duwi, and Dangkay, and a daughter, Buli. Buli married Mupat Salam and bore Banun. She also married Aspa and bore Jiwana Kunik.

Mawlana Mundug begot Wata-mama Kamad and Ngyan. By a concubine he begot Dula, Dastara, Jaynal, and Alam, and the daughters Dadaw and Sambasing. By Lamidas he begot Kadija; by a concubine, Daldal; by Saban, Aminu-l-Lah.

Datu Sakaludan Dudin married Amina, the daughter of Jukulanu Diwa, and begot Danding, Madaga, Kudanding, Patima, Gindulungan, and Anat. By a concubine he begot Ganwi and Kunan.

Baya-Wata married Timbang Sulug and begot Wata-mama Damda.

Jiwana Jimbang begot Asab and Pata.

Raja Muda Mangindra married Mayung, a Binilwan lady, and begot Anig, Umun, Daywa, and Dawada; and the sons, Sultan Mohammed-sa-Barahaman, Kunday, Pataw, Janipan, and Dindyaw. By a concubine he begot Lubaba; by Baya-labi, Ingkung.

Baya-Wata married Aman and begot Inuk, Uku, and Anti, and the daughter Wata-Babay Didu.

Gugu Kiram begot Anti, Nanun, Lintang, Didu, Ngulu, and Banun.

Maraja Layla Dikaya begot Maraja Layla Kandug, Kunan, Maraja Layla Amad, and Papung.

Sultan Mohammed Darimbang begot Raja Bwayan Paki, Damda, and Pidtaylan. By a concubine he begot Kakayt.

Kamad married Anig and begot Bulawan, Inuk, and Dagayug. By a concubine he begot Mama-sa-Ilud, and Kuntay.

Ubuk begot Daga, Mama-Santi, Bulug, and Tawp.

Dupiras begot Lyaw and Dabu by a concubine.

Jukulanu Kunuk married Dawada, the daughter of Raja Muda Mangindra, and begot Tamay and Diyug.

Jukulanu Badal married Mayakay and begot Panggu. He also married Ginu, the daughter of Wata-mama Kamad, and begot Ungji, Ulanulan, Indalan, Udamag, Kadidung, Aslan, Aminalla, Duwag, Nyugaw, and Tiban.

Udung married Ninaw and begot Mamag, Tuli, Lilang, Lastam, Aning, and Alungan. By Baybay he begot Namar; by Lumba, Indig and Dandung.

Nawila married Lugung, the son of Jalaludin Tambi, and bore Putri and Kirig.

Ginda begot Malaga.

Abas married Ngyan, the daughter of Mawlana Mundug, and begot Atshar and Pinayu; and Nanaw by a concubine.

Wata-Mama Kamad begot Ginu.

Dulay begot Bandun, Jawala, Buli, and Dyaw. By Payaka he begot Kubung and Paygwan.

Dastara's children lived in Kuran.

Alam married Gindulungan and begot Malatunul. Gindulungan married Mawg, the son of the sultan of Tuba, and bore Qudrat.

Ngyan married Abas and begot Atshar and Pinayu.

Dadaw married Badang and begot Jambrang, a twan (sir) of Lawgan.

Kadija married Atun, Datu of Burungan; her children lived at Burungan.

Daldal married Kayag and begot Saripa and Nyaw.

Talilah begot Sabu-Din. Sabu-Din begot Abu Bakar, Mindung, Kawan, Itug, and Pimbar.

Nanaw married Tamama and begot Kalumpunit.

Datu Sakaludan married Lady Tidung and begot Tima and Randu. He also married Yungayu and begot Andam and Basing.

Barayim married Anu, the daughter of Maraga, and begot Rapruk.

Raja Bwayan Mohammed Alimu-Din married Ani, a lady of Magindanao, the grandmother of Mupat Idayat, and begot Kabayan. By Mayay, a lady of Kabalukan, he begot the sultan of Magindanao; by a concubine, Gugu Jamburang; by Salaya, Gugu Panasang; by Dadayu, Nugal and Gansing; by Pandarágan, Gaga; by Sitti, Itug; by Kasimna, Atung and Panunggu; by Takdung, Basing; by Inam, Atabwan; by Inding, Apun; by Amil, Nangalung.

Alimu-Din, the grandson of Baya-labi Sari, married Maraga, the daughter of Ginda, and begot Tuka and Dubwang.

Kudanding married Kindang and begot Ayung. By Tima, a lady of Tidung, he begot Putri; by Ija, Limulang and Sina; by Nayung, Gandang and Kutay; by Nawg, Babayasi.

Datu Tamay and Diyug were cousins. Kibad was their second cousin. Tagi was a brother, the son of Maryam. Qudrat was another cousin. Anatan, datu of Kabuntalan, was their uncle.

Madaga married Sultan Mohammed-sa-Barahaman and bore Mayug and Sultan Iskandar Manamir, which makes three datus of Kabuntalan. Anatan, datu of Kabuntalan, married Jawya and begot Didu, Untung, and Padidu. By Malali, he begot Pawag and Kirig and Dyaw and Parug; by Sitti, Umbag; by Madidu, Anaw and Baralaga.

Wata-Mama Balindung Adamunda married Ani and begot Asim, Iday, Kalug, Kuntay, Nanun, and Tayting. By a woman of Kadingilan he begot Bantilan.

Asab begot Putri.

Pata married Jiwana Aryung and begot Kibad, Kanapya, Sarapudin, and Ilm.

Daywa married Datu Palug of Binirwan and bore Kunik, Banun, and Iyaw. Dindyaw married Maraja Layla Kandug and bore Talawung and Dastara.

Mawlana Mawg married Iday, the daughter of Balindung, and begot Maning, Ampal, Lilang, Anti, Bagwa Datu, and Tapudi.

Kawan married Timbay and begot Paydu, Dandayung, and Iday.

Panggu married Talung, the daughter of Maraja Layla Kandug, and begot Ulanan, Tubu-tubu, and a daughter, Tya. He also married Kubra and begot Ula.

Tamay married Antam and begot Limulang and Makabwat.

Diyug married Tuli, the daughter of Undung, and begot Paki, Dada, Tingaw Pulwa, Myayu, Malug, and Tinabun.

Mamag married Didung and begot Babay, Mama, Diruyudun, and Manángka.

Anti, the son of Gugu Kiram, begot Muyuka, Pinagunay, Kunaw, Pindaw, and Bungayu.

Nglu married Tababay and begot Nawila and Amil.

Lintang begot Bantugun.

Brayim married Anu and begot ----.

Raja married Dabu and begot Kirig and Pakamaman.

Ingkung married Dubung and begot Arimaw, Kalug, Saribu, Padaw, Dukin, and a daughter, Mayla. By a concubine he begot Pinu, Bilalang, and Talawd.

Maraja Layla Akad married Miyayu and begot Inal, Idu, and Atshar.

Sultan Mohammed Iskandar Manamir married Sarip, the daughter of the sultan of Magindanao, and begot Iskandar Sulkarnayn and Sahabu-d-Din. By Gayang he begot Idris; by Kati, Mamunu-r-Rashid, Kindang, and Puyuwa; by Apsa, Kadija.

The grandfather of Baya-labi Sarip, by her father, was Raja Bwayan. Her grandfather, by her mother, was Sultan Diruyudun of Bagu Ingud.

Tagi married Manjanay and begot Lintang and Paramata. By Putri, the daughter of Kudanding, he begot Pindaw; by Apsa, an Ilanun, Dubuwa, Tuku, Pakir, and Pandita; by Bayid, Mama-sa-Ingud; by Dabu, Bwisan; also Kúmkuma.

Idris married Minda, the grandmother of Umar-Maya Anti, and begot Sindad. By another woman he begot Kunik.

Sultan Mohammed-sa-Barahaman begot also Kamsa. Kamsa begot Itaw, Jimbah, Antil, Limpul, and Mandi.

Dipatwan Minug married Madaga and begot Tandwal, Pipikan, Pamupun, Diluyudun, and Talambungan.

Kunik married Pinduk and begot Ninig, Marajal, and Kumipang. By Kumala he begot Bunti and Muyuk; by Paydu, Atik.

Namal married Tima and begot Tantung, Sawad, and Mohammed.

Bulawan married Rajalam and begot Bula, Anggris, and Pindug.

Raja Muda Asim begot Pintay and Ubab.

Kalug begot Talulad and Mayay, and Katampara and Talama, the last two from Kurma.

Kintay married Balug and begot Dalmatan, Muntya, Talib, and Alungan.

Ganwi married Itug and begot Gayug. He also married Basing and begot Anday, Atshar, Luping, and Utung.

Qudrat married Idayu, the daughter of the Sultan of Balilah, and begot Bwisan, Dundang, and Nuni. By Lilang he begot Asibi; by Tapaya Migayad; and by Agak, Mohammed.

Rastam married Dawag and begot Tawp, Ampan, Igay, and Payluyan. He also married Uman and begot Saligan, Gambil, and Timbaw.

Kibad married Ninig and begot Pinduma and Dulan.

Bantugan married Lagay and begot Ayug and Gambis. He married also Tubu and begot Dawa, Dulan, and Balalagay. By Abu, he begot Bwanda.

Andam married Pudin and Bangkas, Mayung, Mama-sa-Ingud, Gandi, and Gimbang.

Aminula married Basing and begot Raginut, Angjum, and Anu.

Pawag married Tapudi and begot Talila, Maytum, Mantya, and Sandag.

Kirig married Baliwan and begot Nanwi.

Sapula begot Mindal, Awa, Ijang, Ruging, and Nyaw.

Datu sa-Dalikan married Dagayug and begot Payak, who lived in the care of a Manobo of Dalikan--not the one who was intrusted to the care of Sultan Mohammed Iskandar Manamir of Kabuntalan by a Tiruray of Dalikan. This latter woman was the daughter of the former and was not an inheritance for the Nagtanganun because the datu did not furnish her with a dowry. Angki married Puwi and begot Dangus and Tapudi, the cousin of the sultan's mother.

Sultan Diluyudun of Bagu Ingud married Jumjuma, the daughter of Dipatwan Marajanun, and begot Danding and Mayung. By Kabayan, a lady of Kabalukan, he begot Apan, Bwat, and Timbukung; by Adung, Panalaw; by Paku, Gasing and Dgaw; by Raja, Muntya; by Ampas, Kambang; by Angkung, Salamat and Gindu; by Bitu, Kapya, Timu, and Naypitan and Pinamili; by Idag, Uyag, Makalay, Singag; by Kalimah, Umbul; by Ibad, Amad; by Batata, Dalding, the daughter of Gandum, Maguman; by Anuk, Kulaga; by Ingi, Paytakay, Bungalus Pimpingan, and Idag.

The sultan of Magindanao married Mayung, the daughter of the sultan of Bagu Ingud, Sarip, and begot Bangun, the sultan Raja Muda Bayaw, Bagu, and Gidu. By Atik, a lady of Makatudugan, he begot Laga and Tandu; by Wayda, Talumpa and Taganuk; by Matundun, Malatunul, Sarabanun, and Bisinti; by Awig, Gubal; by Kudaw, Isad; by Myayug, Atik, Blaw, Ngyan; by Malayu, Makaw; by Kumbay, Byalung.

IN THE NAME OF GOD THE COMPASSIONATE AND MERCIFUL.

The first datu of Bwayan was Budtul, who married a woman from Magindanao and begot Malang-sa-Ingud and Pulwa. Putri Mamur was married first to Malang-sa-Ingud, but after his death she married Pulwa. Pulwa married also Budang of Tijaman, and begot Dikaya.

THE HISTORY OF BAGUMBAYAN.

The two greatest powers that figured prominently in the Rio Grande Valley are the sultan of Magindanao and the raja of Bwayan. These rulers have at all times been considered as greater in power and higher in rank than any other ruler in the valley. In the latter part of the eighteenth century and during the main part of the nineteenth century the sultan of Kabuntalan also figured prominently and held a very intimate relation and a close position to both of the other sultans, which position he still holds at the present time.

It appears that the first ruler of Kabuntalan was Dikaya, the son of a raja Bwayan, who simply held the honorary title of datu. His successor had no male heir, and one of his daughters, Babak, married Umar Maya Tubu-tubu of Magindanao, who became ruler of Kabuntalan and whose son was the first mentioned sultan there. This makes the line of descent of Kabuntalan related by Babak to the line of Bwayan and by Umar Maya to that of Magindanao. This relation to both Magindanao and Bwayan and the intermediate position Kabuntalan holds to both Saylud and Saraya have been very prominent factors in the history-making events of the valley, and have successively been taken advantage of by both Spanish and American authorities managing the affairs of the country.

Diagram No. 5 gives in a very explicit and clear manner the names of the rulers of Kabuntalan or Bagumbayan, the order of their descent and succession, and the relation they hold to each other. Their names in the order of precedence are as follows:

1. Datu Dikaya 2. Datu Duka 3. Datu Umar Maya 4. Sultan Digra Alam 5. Sultan Mohammed Alimu-d-Din 6. Sultan sa-Barahaman 7. Sultan Mohammed Iskandar Manamir 8. Sultan Iskandar Sul-Karnayn 9. Sultan Idris 10. Sultan Abu Bakar

The diagram shows also the principal relations of Bagumbayan to Bwayan and to Magindanao.

Very little is known about the early history of Kabuntalan. Datu Kali Ibrahim, who is the chief judge of Bagumbayan, told the following story:

Soon after the arrival of Dikaya in Kabuntalan the chief people of the village took their new datu in a boat on a little excursion. When they had gone some distance from the village they engaged in a sham fight and one party attacked the datu. This affair was prearranged and planned to test the courage and power of their datu. They made their attack with krises and bamboo lances. Dikaya was frightened and ran away. The people lost respect for him and expelled him from the village. Some time later he won their friendship by his good behavior and was reinstated as datu of Kabuntalan.

The statement on page 47 that Dikaya was the son of Pulwa was taken from the Bwayan tarsila and is added on account of the relation it bears to the subject. The part of the tarsila of Bwayan which bears on this subject states that Dikaya was the son of Pulwa by a concubine, and that Dikaya begot Duka, who married Rantyan, a Malitigaw lady whose mother was Agub. The children of Duka and Rantyan were Bulus, Manalidtu, Puwi, and Miyandung.

As Pulwa must have lived about the year 1550, and as Digra Alam must have ruled about the year 1770, the statement that Duka married Ambun and begot Babak, the mother of Digra Alam, can not be accepted as true. Some links in the list are evidently missing, but the fact is that the right to rule Kabuntalan belonged to the descendants of Duka, and was principally derived from Bwayan.

The first ruler of Kabuntalan addressed as sultan was Digra Alam, the son of Umar Maya and Babak. Diagram No. 5 shows plainly that Digra Alam must have ruled about the same time as Sultan Pakir Mawlana Kanza of Mindanao, or his brother, Pakaru-d-Din, that is about the year A. D. 1770.

In a treaty between the Spanish Government and the sultan of Kabuntalan in the year 1857 the sultan is addressed as sultan of Tambao. He must be either Sultan Iskandar Sul-Karnayn or Sultan Idris, probably the latter.

About midway between Tambao and Libungan on the left bank of the river is a small monument, possibly a tomb, erected in memory of those who died during the fight between the Spaniards and Sultan Idris. In 1861 Tambao and Taviran or Tapidan were occupied by the Spaniards. In 1884 Sultan Idris submitted unconditionally to the Spanish authorities and received their protection against Datu Utu. Datu Ayunan of Taviran, Datu Balabadan's brother, aided the Spanish authorities in the war against Datu Utu and was one of the most prominent datus of Talakuku and Magindanao.

MANUSCRIPT NO. VIII

THE ANCESTORS OF THE DATUS OF MINDANAO

INTRODUCTION

This manuscript is a copy of the original in the possession of Datu Mastura. It was written by the same original author as Manuscript No. II and belongs to the same class and style of composition. It consists of nineteen paragraphs that give the names of the first rulers or datus of nineteen datuships of Mindanao. A few Malay words are used at the beginning of each paragraph. Each paragraph begins as if it were written as a separate document or statement, distinct from all the rest, and in the same manner as their letters and books generally begin.

The Arabic words surat, riwayat, kissa, hadis, asal, meaning book, narrative, story, discourse, origin, respectively, are all used to signify book or history. The word tsharetra is Malay and means a story. Sarsila or salsila and tarsila mean genealogy or history and are used in the same sense.

LITERAL TRANSLATION OF MANUSCRIPT NO. VIII

IN THE NAME OF GOD THE COMPASSIONATE AND MERCIFUL

1. This book tells about the ruler of Bwayan. The first ruler of Bwayan was Pulwa, the first raja Bwayan. He begot Raja Sirungan, the second raja Bwayan. Pulwa married the daughter of Sarip Kabungsuwan.

2. This is a statement about the ruler of the country of Mandanawi, the Land of Peace. The first datu of Magindanao was Mangalang or Maka-alang, the son of Sarip Kabungsuwan, from Angintabu. Maka-alang was the second sarip; Sarip Kabungsuwan was the first.

3. This is the genealogy of the ruler of the country (or town) of Ilanun. The first datu of Malabang was Gantar, the father of Maka-apun and Angintabu.

4. This story tells about the ruler of Bakayawan. The first datus of Bakayawan were Mirugung and Dimalawang.

5. This is the history of the ruler of Bayabaw. The first datu of Bayabaw was Kalangit. His son was Pundama, who married Umpas. The end.

6. This is the history of the ruler of Balabagan. The first datu of Balabagan was Dungkulang. His son Rimba was sultan of Balabagan. The end.

7. This is the history of the ruler of Pidatan. The first datu of Pidatan was Dyam, sultan of Pidatan. He begot Punduma. Punduma begot Tawgung.

8. The first datu of Lumbayanági was Sultan Gulambay. He begot Ranu.

9. The first datu of Dupilas was Dindu, who was called Datu sa-Palaw. He begot Dimalawang.

10. The first datu of Sulug was Sarip Payang, who begot Raja Hasan, sultan of Sulug.

11. The first datu of Sangir was Makalindi. Makalindi married Timbang Saribu and begot Manamil, sultan of Sangir.

12. The first datu of Malalis was Ampwan, sultan of Malalis.

13. The first datu of Dulangan was Alip, the son of Abu, sultan of Dulamgan.

14. The first datu of Makadar was Sultan Limba, who also is a son of Abu.

15. The first datu of Didagun was Abad. Abad begot Dumalundung, who was sultan of Didagun.

16. The first datu of Barira was Dumak. Dumak begot Antagu, who was sultan of Barira.

17. The first datu of Sikun was Amat. Amat begot Salumbay, datu of Islnun.

18. The first datu of Kadingilan was Kapusan, the brother of Salumbay, son of Amat.

19. The first datu of Magulalngun was Balbal, who married Maradi, the daughter of the sultan of Tatarikun, and begot Burwa. Burwa became sultan of Tatarikun.

Here ends the genealogy of all the countries or towns.

THE HISTORY OF MAGINDANAO

Before the first mass was celebrated on the northern shore of Mindanao mosques had been built on the fertile banks of the Pulangi, and before Legaspi landed on Cebu Kabungsuwan had been declared and acknowledged datu of Magindanao.

The Mohammedan conqueror of Mindanao was neither an admiral of a fleet nor a leader of an army of regular troops. He had no nation back of him to reënforce his battalions nor a royal treasury to support his enterprise. His expedition was not prompted by mere chivalry or the gallant adventures of discovery. He was not looking for a new route to rich lands nor searching for spices and gold dust. The emigrant sought a new land to live in, and trusted his fortune and success to the valor of his crew and the influence of his witchcraft.

Having a fair admixture of Malay blood in him and sufficient Arabian energy and enthusiasm to push on, he came and conquered and soon found himself at home in Mindanao as well as at Juhur. There was no racial prejudice to contend against and the language of the new land was akin to his own. But true to his religion, as he was true to his ancestry, his faith suffered no defeat. No submission was accepted without conversion, and no friendship was cultivated with the unfaithful. He married in the land of his conquest, and the ties of faith were soon strengthened by the ties of blood and kinship; and as the first generation passed and the second generation followed, the conqueror and the conquered became one in blood and sympathy, one in faith, and one in purpose. A new dynasty which stood for Islam, for progress, and for civilization arose on the ruins of barbarism and heathenism. Savage and fierce as the Moros look, they are greatly superior to the surrounding pagans who inhabit the hills and the interior of Mindanao. Once their equals and kinsmen, they have vastly surpassed them now and are preëminently above them. With Mohammedanism came art and knowledge, and communication with the outside world was established.

For four centuries two different agencies of civilization have been at work in the Philippine Islands. One started in the north and worked its way south, continually progressing and constantly growing in power and improving in character. The other began in the south and extended north, but it soon reached a definite limit, and like a tree stunted in its growth it reverted to its wild nature and grew thorny and fruitless. The first graft of the tree of Magindanao was not aided by later irrigation. The first wave of immigration was not reënforced, and with an ebb tide it lost most of its size and force.

The Moros of Mindanao figured very prominently in the history of the Philippines. They were never united under one flag, but they formed different sultanates, some of which attained considerable power and fame. In the fullness of his glory, the sultan of Magindanao ruled over the whole southern coast of Mindanao from Point Tugubum, east of Mati, to Zamboanga, and beyond this latter point to the outskirts of Dapitan. All the pagan tribes living around the Gulf of Davao and in the Sarangani country, and all the Subanos west of Tukurun and Dapitan submitted to his power and paid him tribute. In the upper Rio Grande Valley the power of the rajas of Bwayan was felt and respected as far as the watershed of the Cagayan Valley on the north and the inaccessible slopes of Mount Apo on the east. The Ranao Moros controlled the whole country and the seacoast west of Cagayan de Misamis and north of the Illana Bay.

The large majority of the Moro sultanates are, however, small, and have never been fully numbered or described. They generally represent small divisions of territory and subdivisions of tribes, each under one chief who calls himself sultan or datu. Nevertheless, tribal relations and language group these petty divisions into two large distinct groups, the Magindanao and the Iranun. The Magindanao group includes the majority of the tribes. The Iranun group is restricted to the tribes living along the eastern coast of the Bay of Illana from the point of Polloc to the neighborhood of Tukurun, and the whole Ranao region lying between that line and the Bay of Iligan.

The Magindanao group is the greater of the two in number, in the extent of its territory, and in fame. Indeed, all the Moros of Mindanao, except the Iranun, were at one time under one influence and were brought under the sole control of the sultan of Magindanao.

The Samal Moros, who are variously classified by different writers and who are often mentioned as one of the main divisions of the Moros of Mindanao, are really foreign to Mindanao and belong to a distinct and separate group. Until recently they had never been independent, but had lived under the protection of various datus, and always served the datu for the protection he afforded them, or paid him tribute. They were sea rovers and had no claim on territory anywhere. Lately they have settled down on the Island of Basilan, the Sulu Archipelago, and around the Zamboanga peninsula. The Samals were the latest of the Malay people to arrive in the Philippine Islands. In fact, they are the only Malay people of whom we have positive historical statement of emigration from the Malay Peninsula to Sulu and Mindanao, and were in all probability Mohammedans prior to their arrival in the Philippine Islands. With the Magindanao and Iranun peoples it is different. They were in the land and belonged to the native element of the country long before their conversion to Islam.

Islam was successfully introduced and firmly established in Mindanao by one man. This same man founded the sultanate of Magindanao and reformed the whole system of government among his converts. His full name was Sharif Mohammed Kabungsuwan, generally known as Sharif Kabungsuwan.

Kabungsuwan was without doubt the greatest Mohammedan adventurer who trod the soil of the island. But both the traditions of Magindanao and its written records state that he was preceded by two pioneers, the first of whom was Sharif Awliya. Awliya was universally regarded as a relative and a predecessor of Kabungsuwan. His history is wrapped in myths. He is said to have come to Mindanao in the air to search for paradise, or that part of it which remained in Mindanao, and, while he was looking for it on the hill of Tantawan (Cotabato), to have found a houri who was sent to him from heaven. He married this houri and she bore a daughter called Paramisuli. Later the sharif returned to the west, but his wife and daughter remained in Magindanao.

The second arrival in Magindanao was Sharif Maraja, who married Paramisuli and was thought to have begotten Tabunaway and Mamalu, who were the chiefs of Magindanao when Kabungsuwan arrived in the land. Sharif Maraja is said to have had a brother called Sharif Hasan, who accompanied him as far as Basilan, but who stopped there and founded the sultanate of Sulu. Whether Bidayan, the son of Sharif Hasan, who is mentioned in the fourth tarsila, should be Bidin, the abbreviated form of Zainul-Abidin, who was the first sultan of Sulu, it is not easy to say. No copy of the Sulu genealogy has been obtained as yet, and no authoritative statement can be made. But it is universally believed that the first sultan of Sulu came from Basilan, and that the ancestors of the sultans of Bruney, Sulu, and Magindanao were brothers.

Sharif Kabungsuwan was the son of Sharif Ali Zainul Abidin, a descendant of the Prophet Mohammed who emigrated from Hadramut, southern Arabia, to Juhur, Malay Peninsula. The sultan of Juhur, was evidently a Mohammedan then, and was called Iskandar Thul-Karnayn, the Arabic appellation of Alexander the Great. The word "Sharif" is Arabic and means "noble." It is a title which is universally given to the descendants of the Prophet Mohammed. The full title is "Sayid Sharif," the "master and noble." The Arabians generally use the first word, Sayid, alone, but the Moros have adopted the second. Being highly respected on account of his ancestry, Zainul-Abidin was given the hand of the sultan's daughter in marriage. Her name was Jusul Asiqin, a corrupted form of the Arabic name "Jawzul-'Ashiqin." It is generally believed that she bore three children, the youngest of whom was called Kabungsuwan. The word "Kabungsuwan" is Malay and means "the youngest." The names of the two older brothers of Kabungsuwan were variously given. They were not mentioned in the tarsila and have been obtained from mere traditions. One authority gave them as Ahmad and Alawi, the other as Mohammed and Ahmad. Both authorities agreed on the fact that the oldest founded the sultanate of Bruney, and the second the sultanate of Sulu.

Kabungsuwan probably knew some Arabic, but he necessarily spoke and used the Malay language, his mother's tongue.

The incidents connected with his departure from Juhur are of considerable historical interest. No dates have been obtained relative to this departure. The early Moros never dated their events or documents. Their narratives were very brief and crude. When they dated their events or wars they used a cycle of eight years, and designated its years by the letters A, H, J, Z, D', B, W, D''. Whenever one cycle ended they began another without any relation or reference to the corresponding Mohammedan year. The earliest date that has been obtained which has immediate bearing on Mindanao history is that Bwisan, the father of the Corralat of Combés, was living in 1597; the next date was that of Corralat's defeat by General Corcuera in 1636. Bwisan had two older brothers, and he was probably preceded in the sultanate by both of them. His father, Bangkaya, was the son of Makaalang, the son of Kabungsuwan. It will therefore be within safe limits to say that Kabungsuwan's departure from Juhur or his arrival in Mindanao occurred about the end of the fifteenth or the beginning of the sixteenth century. Captain Forest, who visited Magindanao in 1775, placed that event roughly at A. D. 1475, which is near enough to assume as correct.

Tarsila No. II states that there departed with Sharif Kabungsuwan from Juhur many people who were dispersed by the storm and ultimately found their way to different ports. The places to which they went were Balimbang, Bangjar, Kuran, Tampasuk, Bruney, Sandakan, Sulu, Malabang, Tubuk, and Mindanao. There is no doubt that this statement refers to an emigration from Juhur east as far as Mindanao, and that with this emigration came Kabungsuwan. The Samal people generally believe that they came from Juhur and its neighborhood. The traditions of Magindanao distinctly state that the people who came with Kabungsuwan were Samals. The Samals or Bajaws are the sea nomads of the Malay Archipelago and their emigrations are frequent.

The Samals of the Sulu Archipelago are ruled by the Sulu datus and are generally very submissive. They are allowed to live on Sulu soil, but they have never made themselves independent anywhere. Indeed, all the evidence that can be obtained seems to point distinctly to the fact that they are of late arrival and do not belong to the older peoples of the Philippine Islands.

The early Magindanao records give the impression that the arrival of Kabungsuwan and the conversion of the people of Magindanao to Islam were accomplished peaceably. The word Samal is never mentioned and the Samals are always considered as aliens in every respect. The Samals seem never to have settled in Magindanao itself, but they did settle for some time on the Island of Bongo or Bungud, that lies opposite the mouth of the Pulangi, and at Batwan and Banago, near Malabang. From these places they moved later to Sibugay and Sarangani and the Gulf of Davao. Combés called the Samals Lutaw and said that they were in the employ of Corralat, and manned some of his boats, fighting and carrying on piracy side by side with the people of Magindanao and with the Iranun. Summing up the preceding evidence, we can unhesitatingly say that the Samals came to Magindanao with Kabungsuwan, but that they did not settle on the soil of Magindanao, nor did they intermarry sufficiently to assimilate with the Magindanao people.

The character of the conquest Kabungsuwan achieved and the bearing it has on the admixture of races in Mindanao is therefore of special interest. When Kabungsuwan arrived at the mouth of the Pulangi there were on the neighboring soil of Magindanao the following settlements: Slangan, Magindanao proper, Lusud, Matampay, Tagiman, and Katitwan. The first and the last were probably the greatest and the strongest of all, for they were the first to meet Kabungsuwan and interrupted his advance at Tinundan. After some fighting they were evidently defeated and retreated up the river. The people of Magindanao, under the leadership of the brothers Tabunaway and Mamalu, came next, but their attitude was not hostile. For some reason they secured an alliance or agreement with Kabungsuwan and invited him to Magindanao. They submitted to a form of Mohammedan baptism and to circumcision, and towed Kabungsuwan's boat from that place up to Magindanao. Hence the meaning of the word tinundan, the place of towing. The ceremony for circumcision occurred at Katuri, the little settlement on the river just opposite Cotabato; the baptism or washing occurred at Paygwan at the mouth of the river. The word katuri means circumcision.

The dumatus urge that Tabunaway and Mamalu had been Mohammedans previous to that incident and that they had some intimate relation to Kabungsuwan. This is possible, but it is very difficult to understand how such a submission could have been enforced or obtained had Kabungsuwan been a mere relative and guest whom they had never seen before. The people of Magindanao proper were, even in the best days of the sultanate, far outnumbered by the people of Slangan. Yet, soon after his arrival in Magindanao, Kabungsuwan went on conquering and converting to Islam all the surrounding tribes and chiefs, and succeeded. This seems impossible of achievement unless Kabungsuwan had some force with him which commanded the fear and respect of the natives, and which, with the aid of Magindanao, was able to carry his arms to victory over all the neighboring native chiefs and tribes of the land. This force was in all probability made up of the Samals who accompanied him from Juhur and who remained in his service and in the neighboring seas for a certain period of time. But having married in Mindanao, the succession to Kabungsuwan's sultanate naturally reverted to the native element, and the Samals were gradually alienated and their sympathy with their master grew steadily weaker. Not being agricultural in their habits and preferring the sea, they gradually withdrew from Magindanao. The natives proved superior to the Samals and, though converted to Islam, they preserved, to a great extent, their own identity and their language. Knowing how insignificant the former chiefs and their settlements had been, it is not difficult for us to conceive how Kabungsuwan, with a small foreign force but with superior talent and with superior arms, could so easily accomplish the conquest of Magindanao. It is commonly believed that the natives who fought Kabungsuwan had no swords and depended chiefly on their wooden arrows as implements of war, and that the Mohammedans who attacked the natives fought with swords and gained an easy victory. Possibly they used gunpowder, too.

The inhabitants of Slangan, Magindanao, Katitwan, and those of all the other settlements of the valley were pagans and were very similar to the present Tirurays in language and worship. Those who adopted the new religion remained in the rich lowlands of the valley, but those who refused fled to the mountains and have stayed away ever since. Those who wavered in accepting the new terms of submission and who were later suffered to stay in the neighboring hills were called Tiruray. Those who refused to submit, fled to more distant places, and kept up their enmity and opposition were called Manobos. The pagans who are thus spoken of as related to the Moros of Mindanao in origin, besides the above, are the Bilans, the Tagabilis, and the Subanos.

Every settlement of these former pagan tribes had its chief. The chief was called timway. Tabunaway was the last timway of Magindanao. Manumbali was the last timway of Slangan. The Tirurays and the Manobos still call their chief timway. The ruler of the Mohammedan dynasty assumed the title of datu. The noun datu means king or ruler; the verb datu means to rule. Kabungsuwan retained the title sharif. His son Maka-alang also is always referred to as sharif. Later the term datu prevailed, and the first datu who is mentioned in the tarsila as sultan was Sultan Qudrat, whom Combés called Corralat.

Soon after Kabungsuwan had established his power in Magindanao he received the submission of many chiefs, all of whom he converted to Islam. Later he advanced up the valley to Bwayan and along the coast to Malabang. Some believe that he went to the Ranao country, but it is difficult to support all the statements made. His descendants and his converts carried on the war and the conversion, so that before the Spaniards reached their country their conquest and conversion had reached the present limits.

The story of Putri Tunina and her marriage to Kabungsuwan is universally known to the Moros of Mindanao. The custom of burying the dead next to the house, as practiced by Tabunaway, is still common everywhere, and trees are often planted around the tomb.

By Sarabanun, the sister of Tabunaway, Kabungsuwan begot no children. By Putri Tunina he begot three daughters, one of whom, Putri Mamur, married the first Moslem datu of Bwayan, Malang-sa-Ingud. At Malabang Kabungsuwan married Angintabu, the daughter of the chief of that place, and begot Sharif Maka-alang, who succeeded him.

The people of Magindanao who aided Kabungsuwan in his wars secured from him certain privileges and favors over their neighbors. These privileges are still claimed by the dumatus, the present descendants of Tabunaway. They have not paid tribute to the datus and have often intermarried with the datu class. It was different with the people of Slangan. The descendants of Manumbali and his subjects all became subjects and servants to the datus. Their descendants are, however, still known and live in Lugaylugay, about 1 mile below Cotabato, and on the same side of the Pulangi.

Little is known about Sharif Maka-alang. He in all probability ruled in Magindanao, not in Malabang. His wife was a Bilan woman related to Parasab, a Bilan chief.

Bangkaya succeeded Maka-alang and married three wives, daughters of the principal chiefs of Slangan, Magindanao, and Matampay, by each one of whom he begot a son. His sons were Dimasangkay, Gugu Sarikula, and Kapitan Lawut Bwisan, all of whom become datus and succeeded to the rule of Magindanao in order. Sarikula married a Sulu princess called Raja Putri, who was supposed to be the noblest lady of her day in Magindanao and who probably was the daughter of the sultan of Sulu. The word Putri is equivalent to "princess," and Raja Putri means "royal princess." Kapitan means "holder" or "leader." Lawut is a Malay word meaning "sea." Bwis means "tax." Kapitan Lawut Bwisan distinguished himself more than his predecessors and was the most powerful enemy Spain encountered in the south in her first effort to reduce the Moro land. In 1597, in company with Silungan, the raja of Bwayan, he checked the invasion of Marquis Rodriguez and defeated him at Tampakan.

Bwisan was succeeded by his son, Sultan Dipatwan Qudrat, the Corralat of Combés. The word Dipatwan is Malay in origin and means "master" or "sir." The word qudrat is Arabic and means "power." The letters d and r and r and l are interchangeable in Moro, and the word qudrat is commonly pronounced kudlat or kurlat; hence the corrupted form "Corralat." Sultan Qudrat overshadowed his father, Bwisan, and ruled with a strong hand. He was probably the strongest and greatest Mindanao sultan that ever lived. He fought the Spaniards bitterly and held their sovereignty in check for many years. His pirates terrorized Luzon and the Visayas and controlled the southern seas for a long time.

In 1636 General Corcuera led an expedition against him and after considerable difficulty reduced his fort and defeated his forces. Qudrat appears to have had a large number of firearms, and his fort was very strongly fortified. The Spaniards captured 8 bronze cannons, 27 lantaka or culverins, and 100 muskets.

In 1645 his relations with Spain had undergone a distinct change. He had become more powerful, but he was desirous of peace and made a treaty with the Spanish Government. This treaty was in the nature of an alliance for mutual aid and protection. It secured better commercial facilities and gave the Jesuits the privilege of building a church in the sultan's capital. Thirteen years later hostilities were renewed and another campaign was directed against Simway. This time Qudrat succeeded in blocking the river at different places and successfully checked the invasion.

Qudrat was followed by his son, Dundang Tidulay, of whom very little is known. Sultan Dundang Tidulay begot Sultan Mohammed sa-Barahaman and Sultan Mohammed Kaharu-d-Din Kuda. Barahaman ruled peacefully and begot several children, two of whom, Japar Sadik Manamir and Dipatwan Anwar, became sultans.

After the death of Sultan Barahaman his son Manamir was declared sultan. As Manamir was very young, his succession was considered illegal and an act of enmity directed against his uncle, Kuda. Kuda therefore "usurped the government and went to Simway, carrying with him the effects of the deceased sultan."

Civil war ensued and the peace of the state was greatly disturbed. This war must have lasted more than thirty years, and its story is variously related by the Moros. The tarsila do not mention it at all. The best description was given by Captain Forest, who learned its details from the mouth of Pakir Mawlana, the chief person who conducted the campaign and terminated the struggle.

Kuda invited a party of Sulus living in Magindanao to Simway to support him against his nephew. The Sulus came, but finding him with only a small force, they treacherously murdered him and plundered his camp and possessed themselves of many pieces of heavy cannon, which Kuda had transported from Magindanao to Simway. "The Sulus returned home with their booty, and Manamir's party got the ascendency." But the Sulus, conscious of their iniquity and fearful of resentment when peace should be restored, fomented trouble between Manamir and his brother Anwar, and supported the latter. The state was again divided against itself, and the second struggle proved worse than the first. Skirmishes were kept up and nightly attacks and assassinations were continued until both sides were very much weakened. Their enmity grew bitter and Malinug, the son of Anwar, killed his uncle Manamir. Manamir was the rightful sultan, and on account of his assassination he has ever since been called Sahid Mupat, which means "died a martyr." Pakir Mawlana and Pakaru-d-Din, the sons of Sahid Mupat, were obliged to leave Magindanao, and retired to Tamontaka. "The country then suffered much. The great palace at the town was first plundered and then burned. In the conflagration many of the houses of Magindanao were destroyed, as was also a great part of the town of Slangan. The groves of cocoanut trees were also mostly destroyed, as being convenient and at hand to make palisades for temporary forts."

In the meantime Sultan Anwar died at Batwa and has ever since been referred to as Mupat Batwa, which means "died in Batwa." Malinug assumed the sultanate after his father's death and kept up the fight.

"After a tedious, desultory war, Malinug fled up the Pulangi to Bwayan. Pakir Mawlana then got possession of all the lands about Magindanao, and peace was made soon after. Malinug died a natural death, and some time later his two sons visited Pakir Mawlana."

Pakir Mawlana was a man of low stature, smiling countenance, and communicative disposition. He acquired a great reputation for wisdom and bravery during the civil war, which he brought to a happy conclusion. He spoke Malay and wrote the best tarsila of Magindanao. Magindanao flourished in his day and regained its former glory and prosperity. His pirates invaded the Celebes and had several encounters with Dutch and English vessels, often with success. His relations with Spain were friendly, but Spain had very little influence outside of the Zamboanga colony.

The greater part of Magindanao was in his days built on the point and the adjacent narrow strip of land which lies at the junction of the Matampay and the Pulangi and between them. A longitudinal raised street began at the point and extended for half a mile to a canal which was cut from river to river. More than 150 houses were situated on both sides of this street. The other part of the town of Magindanao did not exceed 20 houses. The town of Slangan was really continuous with Magindanao and extended for about half a mile down the river, forming one continuous street. Slangan was the larger town and had over 200 houses. Both towns had large numbers of mechanics, vessel builders, and merchants. Many Chinese carpenters, arrack distillers, and millers lived in both towns, but chiefly in Slangan. Gardens and rice fields surrounded the town. The chief datus at that time had forts and kept small bodies of troops as bodyguards and artillery corps to take care of the muskets and guns. Kibad Sahriyal, son of the sultan, had the best and strongest fort at that time. This fort was called Kuta Intang (diamond fort) and was located at the extreme point of the land and commanded the river and the town. The fort had five pieces of cannon, 6 and 9 pounders, and a large number of swivels and lantaka. The Magindanao warriors of those days wore armor coats and helmets and carried krises, spears, and shields. The natives made gunpowder and secured their saltpeter from a cave near Taviran. They built vessels of all dimensions and cruised as far as Java and the Celebes. Their vessels were always long for the breadth and very broad for their draft of water.

In 1774 Mawlana retired from office in favor of his brother, Pakaru-d-Din. Pakar was a weaker man than his brother and practically had very little control over affairs, and always acted in important state questions with the advice and consent of Kibad, his nephew. During his time the English tried to get Bongo Island and to establish a footing near the mouth of the Pulangi.

Sultan Pakaru-d-Din was succeeded by Kibad Sahriyal, who possessed many of the good qualities of his father and ruled with firmness and success. In the meantime the power of Spain in Mindanao had revived and her forces became active again. Kibad maintained friendly relations with Spain and signed a treaty with her in 1794, in which he promised not to enter into any treaty or agreement with another power.

Like his father he had many wives and concubines and begot many children, chief among whom are Sultan Kawasa and Alamansa Sul-Karnayn.

Kawasa succeeded his father and maintained the dignity of his office and the prosperity of his sultanate. He is often called Anwaru-d-Din (lights of religion) and Amiru-l-Umara (the prince of the princes). He had many children, chief of whom was Intirinu or Amirul.

Alamansa died at Dansalan. He had many children, two of whom were Raja Twa, and Datu Dakula, the prince of Sibugay. Raja Twa begot Untung and Perti. The nation looked to Raja Twa to succeed Sultan Kawasa, but he died before his uncle, and the sultanate fell to his young son, Untung. Intirinu was rejected for family reasons and Datu Dakula was set aside to give representation to the favorite house of Twa.

Untung was known as Sultan Sakandar Qudratu-l-Lah (Alexander, the power of God). He was also surnamed Jamalu-l-A'lam (A'zham), which means "greatest beauty." Qudrat the Second was the last sultan who observed all the customs and rites of the sultanate. He was young when he assumed power, and his reign marked the beginning of the downfall of the sultanate and the actual occupation by Spain of the Rio Grande Valley. In the treaty of 1837 he submitted to the sovereignty of Spain and accepted the subordinate title of Feudatory King of Tamontaka. Spain appointed his successor and prohibited his people from invading any territory west of Point Flechas. She regulated the licensing of boats sailing beyond Zamboanga and erected a trading house at Paygwan, at the mouth of the Rio Grande.

In 1843 Datu Dakula ceded to Spain the west coast of the Zamboanga peninsula, promised to aid in suppressing slavery, and acknowledged Spanish protection.

In 1845 Sultan Qudrat confirmed the treaty of 1837, with a more definite submission, and allowed the establishment of a Spanish trading house at Cotabato.

This aggression on the part of Spain was prompted by her increased strength and an additional naval revival. Steamboats and improved firearms ended Moro aggression and solved the Moro question. In 1851 Polloc was occupied and was made a naval station. In 1857 Spanish boats advanced as far up as Tambao and drew up a treaty with the sultan of Talakuku in which he acknowledged his surrender and his submission to the authority of Spain. In 1861 camps were established at Cotabato, Libungan, Tambao, Taviran, and Tamontaka.

Sultan Qudrat begot Mamaku, Ambuludtu, Mastura, Raja Putri, and others. Mamaku is the present Raja Muda of Magindanao and lives at Cran, Sarangani. Ambuludtu and Mastura are living at Nuling, about 1 mile above Cotabato. Raja Putri, generally known as the Princesa, was Datu Utu's wife.

Sultan Mohammed Makakwa, the son of Intirinu, succeeded Qudrat. He was the last sultan of Magindanao who lived in Cotabato. The Spaniards paid him a monthly salary of 70 pesos, but kept him under complete control. In his days modern Cotabato was built, and in 1871 it was made the capital of Mindanao. An earthquake destroyed the town that year, and in 1872 it was abandoned as capital in favor of Zamboanga.

Makakwa died about 1883, and his son, Pablu, became sultan. Pablu's full title was Sultan Mohammed Jalalu-d-Din Pablu. He lived at Banubu, opposite Cotabato, and was the last sultan who received a salary from the Spanish Government.

In 1884 the Spanish engaged the forces of Idris, the sultan of Talakuku, on the banks of the river at Tambao and completely defeated him. Idris then signed a treaty acknowledging unconditional surrender and submission.

During Pablu's life General Terrero conducted the campaign of 1886-87 against Datu Utu of Bwayan, and the Spanish gunboats destroyed every fort on the river.

Datu Utu resisted the Spanish invasion vigorously and repeatedly, but he was repeatedly defeated, and the Moros of the Rio Grande felt convinced that the arms of Spain were much superior to their own, and have submitted peacefully ever since. Pablu's sultanate was nominal and powerless. In 1888 Pablu died, and the seat of the sultanate remained vacant until about 1896. Pablu died without a male heir. Mamaku, the Raja Muda of Magindanao, did not meet the requirements of the sultanate, so the sultanate passed over to the house of Datu Dakula the First. The prince of Sibugay had three sons, Pagat, Puyu or Jamalu-l-Kiram, and Datu Dakula the Second. Pugat, the eldest, begot Mamuppun, the last prince of Sibugay, and Mangigin. Datu Dakula the Second begot Datu Dakula the Third, who lives at Kumaladan, at the head of Damanquilas Bay. Mamuppun was passed over by the council of the datus in favor of Mangigin, the present sultan.

Mangigin is a weak man. After his succession he went to Libungan and lived there during Spanish rule. After the Spanish evacuation and after the attack on Cotabato by Datus Ali, Jimbangan, and Piang, which occurred in 1899, he became fearful of the Saraya datus and returned to peaceful Sibugay, his birthplace and the land of his father.

In her conquest of Mindanao Spain directed her forces against the district of Sibugay first, and then against Mindanao. The district of Sibugay was in a state of complete submission before the Rio Grande Moros were controlled. The subjection of Sibugay advanced to such an extent that in 1896 the region was divided into three districts, to each one of which a datu was assigned by Spanish authority. The datus received orders and directions from the governor of Zamboanga direct, and an annual tax of one real was imposed upon every Subano and Moro male above the age of 18 years.