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INDEX OF TITLES
PAGE
Abbey Mill, The, 22
Advent Sermons, 8
America in the East, 5
Animal Fancy-land, 30
Animal Gambols, 30
Animal Happyland, 30
Animal Playtime, 30
Animal Picture-Land, 30
Animals in Fun-Land, 30
Apocalyptical Writers, The Messages of the, 13
Apostles, The Messages of the, 13
Appeal of Jesus, The 15
Around the Guns, 26
Aspects of the Spiritual, 14
Asquith, The Right Hon. H. H., M.P., 10
Astronomy Simplified, 16
Atonement and Progress, 20
Atonement in Modern Thought, The, 11
Augustinian Revolution in Theology, 18
Aunt Agatha Ann, 29
Authority and the Light Within, 20
Beads of Tasmer, The 15, 22
Beatitudes and the Contrasts, The 18
Between Two Loves, 22
Birthday of Hope, The, 30
Black Familiars, The, 21
Border Shepherdess, A, 15
Bow of Orange Ribbon, The, 31
Britain’s Hope, 25
Brudenelle of Brude, The 22
Burning Questions, 25
Canonbury Holt, 22
Challenge, The, 19
Chats with Women on Everyday Subjects, 24
Children’s Paul, The, 21
Chosen Twelve, The, 15
Christ and War 23, 26
Christ in Everyday Life, 18
Christ of the Children, The, 21
Christ or Chaos?, 9
Christ that is To Be, The 12
Christ, The Private Relationships of, 6
Christ’s Pathway to the Cross, 23
Christ’s Vision of the Kingdom of Heaven, 4
Christian Certitude, 10
Christian of To-day, The, 10
Christian Union in Social Service, 16
Christian World Album of Sacred Songs, The, 25
Christian World Album of Sacred and Standard Compositions for the Pianoforte, 25
Christian World Pulpit, The, 7
Christianity in Common Speech, 29
Chronicle of the Archbishops of Canterbury, A, 4
Chrystabel, 22
Church and Modern Life, The, 11
Church and the Kingdom, The, 25
Church and the Next Generation, The, 20
Common Life, The, 14
Concerning Conscience, 9
Conquered World, The, 25, 28, 30
Conquering Prayer, 18
Constructive Christianity, 17
Constructive Natural Theology, 8
Crucible of Experience, The 28
Dante for the People, 7
Darwin, Charles, and other English Thinkers, 6
Daughter of Fife, A, 31
Days of Old, 9
Debt of the Damerals, The, 22
Divine Satisfaction, The, 28
Dutch in the Medway, The, 12
Earlier Prophets, The Messages of the, 13
Ecce Vir, 27
Effectual Words, 8
Emilia’s Inheritance, 22
England’s Danger, 30
Esther Wynne, 22
Eternal Religion, The, 14
Eucken and Bergson, 17
Evangelical Heterodoxy, 10
Everychild, 27
Evolution, Life and Religion, 6
Evolution of Old Testamen Religion, The, 11
Exposition, The Art of, 9
Ezekiel, The Book of, 3
Facets of Faith, 23
Faith and Form, 24
Faith and Verification, 6
Faith of a Wayfarer, The, 24
Faith’s Certainties, 14
Family Prayers for Morning Use, 12
Father Fabian, 22
Fifty Years’ Reminiscences of a Free Church Musician, 17
Fighters and Martyrs for the Freedom of Faith, 9
First Christians, The, 11
First Things of Jesus, 11
Flowers from the Master’s Garden, 27
For Childhood and Youth, 23
Fortune’s Favourite, 22
Fortunes of Cyril Denham, The, 22
“Freedom of Faith” Series, The, 23
Friend Olivia, 5
Gamble with Life, A, 15
Garrisoned Soul, The, 27
Getting Together, 6
Glorious Company of the Apostles, The, 21
God, Humanity and the War, 26
Good New Times, The, 20
Gospel of Grace, The, 10
Great Embassy, The, 26
Great Unfolding, The, 7
Grey and Gold, 22
Grey House at Endlestone, The 22
Growing Revelation, The, 7
Hampstead, Its historic houses; its literary and artistic associations, 4
Happy Warrior, 26
Health and Home Nursing, 28
Health in the Home Life, 19
Heaven and the Sea, 9
Heavenly Visions, 9
Heirs of Errington, The, 22
Helga Lloyd, 5
Helps to Health and Beauty, 29
His Next of Kin, 22
History of France, 1180-1314, 20
History of the United States, A, 4
Holidays in Animal Land, 30
Holy Christian Empire, 31
Homes and Careers in Canada, 16
Horne, C. Silvester, 30
House of Bondage, The, 22
House of the Secret, The, 5
How to Cook, 27
How to Read the Bible, 28
“Humanism of the Bible” Series, 12
Husbands and Wives, 22
Ideals for Girls, 21
Ideals in Sunday School Teaching, 24
Illustrations from Art for Pulpit and Platform, 8
Immanence of Christ in Modern Life, The, 19
Imperishable Word, The, 17
Impregnable Faith, An, 17
Individuality of S. Paul, The. 12
Inspiration in Common Life. 23
Interludes in a Time of Change, 10
In the Father’s House, 7
Invisible Companion, The, 24
Israel’s Law Givers, The Messages of, 13
Jan Vedder’s Wife, 31
“J.B.” J. Brierley, his Life and Work, 7
Jesus and His Teaching, 11
Jesus and Human Life, 13
Jesus or Christ?, 25
Jesus: Seven Questions, 11
Jesus, The Messages of, According to the Gospel of John, 13
Jesus, The Messages of, According to the Synoptists, 13
Joan Carisbrooke, 22
Joshua, The Book of, 4
Jowett, J. H., M.A., D.D., 24
Joy Bringer, The, 26
Judges of Jesus, The, 20
Judges, The Book of, 4
Kaiser or Christ, 26
Kingdom of th., 21
King George and Queen Mary, 18
Kit Kennedy: Country Boy 5, 21
Lady Clarissa, 22
Last of the MacAllisters, The 15
Later Prophets, The Messages of the, 13
Leaves for Quiet Hours, 19
Led by a Child, 16
Letters of Christ, The, 23
Letters to a Ministerial Son, 18
Liberty and Religion, 19
Life and Teaching of Jesus, Notes on the, 24
Life and the Ideal, 14
Life in His Name, 10
Life of the Soul, 14
Life’s Beginnings, 18, 24
Life’s Little Lessons, 23
Lifted Veil, A, 17
Looking Inwards, 17
Lynch, Rev. T. T.: A Memoir, 5
Lyrics of the Soul, 18
Making of a Minister, The, 15
Making of Heaven and Hell, The, 24
Man on The Road, The, 23
Margaret Torrington, 22
Marprelate Tracts, The 3
Meaning and Value of Mysticism, 5
Merry Animal Picture Book, The, 30
Merry Times in Animal Land, 30
Messages of Hope, 17
Messages of the Bible, The, 13
Millicent Kendrick, 22
Miss Devereux, Spinster, 22
Model Prayer, The, 21
Modern Minor Prophets, 17
Modern Theories of Sin, 10
More Tasty Dishes, 29
Morning Mist, A, 22
Morning, Noon, and Night, 29
Mr. Montmorency’s Money, 22
My Belief, 11
My Daily Meditation for the Circling Year, 8
Nature and Message of the Bible, The, 15
New Evangel, The, 20
New Mrs. Lascelles, The, 22
New Testament in Modern Speech, The, 19, 22
Nobly Born, 22
Old Testament Stories in Modern Light, 24
Oliver Cromwell, 28
Oliver Westwood, 22
Our City of God, 14
Our Life Beyond, 27
Our Protestant Faith, 16
Ourselves and the Universe, 14, 31
Outline Text Lessons for Junior Classes, 28
Overdale, 22
Passion for Souls, The, 23
Paton, J. B., M.A., D.D, 7
Paul, The Messages of, 13
Person of Christ in Modern Thought, The, 5
Personality of Jesus, The, 15
Pessimism and Love in Ecclesiastes and Song of Songs, 12
Peter in the Firelight, 17
Phyllistrata and Other Poems, 16
Pilot, The, 19
Poems. By Mme. Guyon, 15
Poets, The Messages of the, 13
Polychrome Bible, The, 3, 4
Popular History of the Free Churches, The, 23
Portrait Preaching, 7
Prayer, 23
Preaching to the Times, 12
Price of Priestcraft, The, 27
Pride of the Family, The, 22
Problem of Paris, The, 13
Problems and Perplexities, 17
Problems of Immanence, 17
Problems of Living, 14
Prophetical and Priestly Historians, The Messages of, 13
Psalms, The, In Modern Speech and Rhythmical Form, 7
Psalmists, The Messages of the 13
Pulpit Manual, A, 16
Purpose of the Cross, The, 20
Quaint Rhymes for the Battlefield, 26
Quickening of Caliban, The, 12
Reasonable View of Life, A, 23
Reasonableness of Jesus, The, 24
Reasons Why for Congregationalists, 25
Reasons Why for Free Churchmen, 27
Recollections of Newton House, 30
Reconstruction, A Help to Doubters, 7
Reform in Sunday School Teaching, 25
Religion and Experience, 14
Religion and Miracle, 10
Religion in Song, 13
Religion and To-day, 14
Religion: The Quest of the Ideal, 18
Religion that will Wear, A, 28
Resultant Greek Testament, The, 20
Robert Wreford’s Daughter, 22
Romance of Preaching, 6
Rome from the Inside, 28
Rosebud Annual, The, 7, 15
School Hymns, 15, 31
Scourge of God, The, 22
Sculptors of Life, 17
Secret of Living, The, 14
Seed of the Kingdom, The, 26
Selections from Brierley, 7
Self-Realisation, 16
Seriousness of Life, The, 16
Sermon Illustration, The Art of, 10
Sermons on God, Christ and Man, 8
Sharing His Sufferings, 24
She Loved a Sailor, 22
Shepherd, Ambrose, D.D., 15
Ship’s Engines, The, 30
Short Talks to Boys and Girls, 28
Sidelights on Religion, 14
Simon Peter’s Ordination Day, 15
Simple Cookery, 21
Simple Things of the Christian Life, The, 23
Singlehurst Manor, 22
Sir Galahad, 26
Sissie, 22
Small Books on Great Subjects 25, 30
Smith, John, the Se-Baptist, Thomas Helwys, and the First Baptist Church in England, 6
Social Salvation, 7
Song of the Well, The, 8
Spoken Words of Prayer and Praise, 9
Squire of Sandal Side, The, 15, 22
St. Beetha’s, 22
St. Paul and His Cities, 8
St. Paul’s Fight for Galatia, 8
Storehouse for Preachers and Teachers, 25
Stories of Old, 21
Story of Clarice, The, 5
Story of Congregationalism in Surrey, The, 11
Story of Joseph the Dreamer, The, 20
Story of Penelope, The, 22
Story of the English Baptists, The, 11
Story of the Twelve, 16
Studies in Christian Mysticism, 16
Studies in Life from Jewish Proverbs, 13
Studies of the Soul, 14, 31
Sunday Afternoon Song Book 27, 31
Sunny Memories of Australasia, 25
Sweet Peas and Antirrhinums, 26
Tale of a Telephone, A, 29
Talks to Little Folks, 29
Tasty Dishes, 29
Theology and Truth, 6
They that Wait, 30
Things Most Surely Believed, 18
Things that Matter Most, 8
Thornycroft Hall, 22
Thoughts for Life’s Journey, 18
Through a Padre’s Spectacles, 15
Through Eyes of Youth, 16
Through many Windows, 23
Through Science to Faith, 5
Town Romance, A, 22
Transfigured Church, The, 9
Translation of Faith, The, 16
True Christ, The, 18
Unfettered Word, The, 9
Ungilded Gold, 19, 25
Universal Over-Presence, The, 18
Until the Day Dawn, 8
Unveiled Glory, The; or, Sidelights on the Higher Evolution, 17
Uplifting of Life, The, 16
Value of the Apocrypha, The, 23
Value of the Old Testament, 20
Violet Vaughan, 22
Voice from China, 11
Voices of To-day: Studies of Representative Modern Preachers, 9
Waiting Life, The; By the Riverof Waters, 16
War and Immortality, 15
Warleigh’s Trust, 22
Way and the Work, The, 23
Wayfarer at the Cross Roads, The, 24
Way of Prayer, The, 24
Way of Remembrance, The, 26
Wayside Angels, 28
Week with the Fleet, A, 26
Well by Bethlehem’s Gate, The, 23
Westminster Sermons, 10
What is the Bible?, 9
Who was Jesus, 16
Who Wrote the Bible?, 25
Why We Believe, 19
Winning of Immortality, The, 10
Wisdom of God and the Word of God, The, 9
Woman’s Patience, A, 22
Women and their Saviour, 27
Women and Their Work, 25
Words by the Wayside, 25
Working Woman’s Life, A, 10
Woven of Love and Glory, 15
Young Man’s Ideal, A, 17
Young Man’s Religion, A, 20
INDEX OF AUTHORS
PAGE
Abbott, Lyman, 11
Adeney. W. F., 11, 28
Allin, T., 18
Angus, A. H., 24
Antram, C. E. P., 27
Barr, Amelia E., 5, 15, 22, 31
Barrows, C. H., 15
Begbie, H., 27
Bennett, Rev. W. H., 4
Betts, C. H., 16, 18, 23
Birch, E. A., 23
Black, J., 26
Blake, J. M., 23, 24
Blomfield, Elsie, 30
Blue, A. W., 23
Bosworth, E. I., 18
Bradford, Amory H., 6
Brierley, J., 7, 14, 31
Brown, C., 9, 23
Bulcock, H., 16
Burford, W. K., 16
Burgess, W. H., 6
Burns, David, 8
Burns, Rev. J., 8, 16, 26
Burns, J. Golder, 15
Cadman, S. P., 6, 26
Cairncross, T., S. 15
Campbell, R. J., 11
Carlile, J. C., 11, 16, 28, 29
Cave, Dr., 11
Caws, Rev. L. W., 17
Chaplin, Gauntlett, 6
Cleal, E. E., 11
Clifford, John, 26
Collins, B. G., 20
Compton-Rickett, Sir J., 12, 29
Cowper, W., 15
Crockett, S. R. 5, 21
Cuff, W., 25
Cuthbertson, W., 26
Davidson, Gladys, 28
Dodd, A. F., 20
Dods, Marcus, 11
Dyson, W. H., 16
Elias, F., 9, 10
Ellis, J., 25
Elmslie, W. A. L., 13
Evans, H., 27
Farningham, Marianne, 10, 18, 25, 27
Farrar, Dean 11
Finlayson, T. Campbell, 30
Fiske, J., 4
Forsyth, P. T., 11, 31
Foston, H., 16, 18
Fremantle, Dean, 11
Furness, H. H., 3
Gibberd, Vernon, 23
Gibbon, J. Morgan, 10
Giberne, Agnes, 22
Gladden, Washington, 7, 11, 25
Godet, Professor, 11
Gordon, George A., 10
Griffis, W. E., 5
Griffith-Jones, E. 6, 26
Grubb, E., 20, 24
Gunn, E. H. M., 15, 31
Guyon, Madame, 15
Hall, T. C., 13
Hampden-Cook, E., 19
Harnack, Professor, 11
Harris, Rendel 23, 26
Hartill, I., 30
Harvey-Jellie, W. 9
Haupt, P., 3
Haweis, H. R., 21
Heddle, Ethel F., 22
Henderson, Alex. C., 16
Henson, Dean H. Hensley, 10, 12
Hermann, E. 5, 17
Hill, F. A. 4
Hocking, S. K. 15
Hodgson, J. M. 18
Holborn, Alfred 16
Horne, C. Silvester 6, 11, 23
Horton, R. F. 7, 11, 25, 28, 29, 30, 31
Humphrey, F. 23
Hunter, John 11
Hutton, J. A. 26
“J. B.” of _The Christian World_, 28
J. M. G., 12
Jeffs, H., 7, 9, 10, 16, 17, 20
John, Griffith, 11
Jones, J. D., 9, 10, 18, 21, 23, 25, 27, 30
Jones, J. P., 8
Jordan, W. G., 13
Jowett, J. H., 8, 9, 23, 24, 30
Jude, J. H., 25
Kennedy, H. A., 27, 31
Kent, C. F., 13
Kenyon, Edith C., 24
Kirk, E. B., 6
Knight, W. A., 17, 23
La Touche, E. D. 5, 10
Lee, E., 5
Leggatt, F. Y., 24
Lewis, E. W., 24
London, Bishop of, 26
McEvoy, Cuthbert, 26
Macfadyen, D., 15
McFadyen, J. E., 7, 12, 13, 24
McFayden, J. F., 13
Macfarlane, Charles, 12
M‘Intyre, D. M., 10
McKilliam, A. E., 4
Maconachie, D. H., 16
Manners, Mary E., 29
Man of the World, A, 18
Marchant, Bessie, 22
Marchant, J., 6
Mark, Thistelton, 23
Marshall, J. S., 27
Marshall, N. H., 6, 20
Mason, E. A., 29
Mather, Lessels, 28
Matheson, George, 17, 18, 19, 25
Maxwell, A., 4
Meade, L. T., 22
Metcalfe, R. D., 27
Michael, C. D., 21
Minshall, E., 17
Moore, G. F., 4
Morgan, G. Campbell, 23, 26
Morison, F., 24
Morrow, H. W., 15
Morten, Honnor, 19
Munger, T. T., 11
Neilson, H. B., 30
Orchard, W. E., 8, 10, 11, 17
Palmer, Frederic, 10
Peake, A. S., 25
Pharmaceutical Chemist, A., 29
Pierce, W., 3
Piggott, W. C., 17
Porter, F. C., 13
Pounder, R. W., 8
Pringle, A., 24
Reid, Rev. J., 8, 11, 16
Ridgway, Emily, 26
Riggs, J. S., 13
Roberts, E. Cecil, 16, 26
Roberts, R., 20
Roose, Rev. J. S., 16
Russell, F. A., 23
Rutherford, J. S., 16
Sabatier, A., 11
Sanders, F. K., 13
Schmidt, N., 13
Schrenck, E. von, 11
Scott, D. R., 14
Scottish Presbyterian, A, 28
Selbie, W. B., 15
Shepherd, E., 15
Shepherd, J. A., 30
Shillito, Edward, 17
Sinclair, H., 9
Smyth, Newman, 5, 8
Snell, Bernard J., 11, 20, 23
Someren, J. Van, 7
Souper, W., 17
Stevens, G. B., 13
Stevenson, J. G., 17, 19, 20, 21
Stewart, D. M., 17, 27
Stirling, James, 4
Storrow, A. H., 16
Strachan, R. H., 12
Street, J., 27
Studd, C. D., 26
Sutter, Julie, 25
Swan, F. R., 19
Swetenham, L., 18
Tarbolton, A. C., 20
Tipple, S. A., 9
Toy, Rev. C. H., 3
Tymms, T. V., 6
Tynan, Katharine, 5
Tytler, S., 22
Varley, H., 24
Veitch, R., 10, 11
Wain, Louis, 29, 30
Walford, L. B., 21
Walker, W. L., 18
Walmsley, L. S., 9
Warschauer, J., 9, 11, 17, 20, 25
Warwick, H., 18
Waters, N. McG., 20
Watkins, C. H., 8, 26
Watkinson, W. L., 23
Watson, E. S.. 9
Watson, W. 17, 23
Weymouth, R. F., 19, 20, 22
White, W., 5
Whiton, J. M., 6, 10, 12, 28
Williams, T. R., 24
Wilson, P. W., 19
Wilson, W. E., 23, 26
Wimms, J. W., 23
Winter, A. E., 27
Wood, T., 26
Worboise, Emma J., 22
Yates, T., 17
Headley Brothers, Printers, Ashford, Kent; and Bishopsgate, E.C.
FOOTNOTES:
[1] _The Spectator_, Sept. 11, 1915.
[1a] See the discussion in Abelson, _The Immanence of God in Rabbinical Literature_, pp. 199ff.
[2] Le Fabre, _Life of the Spider_, Ch. ix. (Eng. trans. by Teixeira de Mattos, 1912).
[2a] Cp. G. A. Smith, _Modern Criticism and the Preaching of the Old Testament_, p. 288.
[3] R. J. Moulton, _Modern Reader’s Bible_, p. 1456.
[4] Cf. such sayings as “Coals to Newcastle”--a proverb that has a parallel in many countries, for example, the Greek phrase, “Owls to Athens.”
[5] Trench, _Proverbs and their Lessons_, first published in 1857: a learned and brilliant little volume to which the present chapter is indebted for several suggestions.
[6] χαλεπὰ τὰ καλὰ.
[7] κοινὰ τὰ τῶν φίλων.
[8] A version, doubtless, of _Proverbs_ 10^{22}.
[9] John Morley, _Aphorisms: An Address to the Edinburgh Philosophical Institution_ (1887) p. 7.
[10] As a text-book it was at least memorable. A distinguished man of letters tells me that one of its injunctions, taught him in his first school, he might claim never to have forgotten: _Let thy foot be seldom in thy neighbour’s house, lest he be weary of thee and hate thee_ (Pr. 25^{17}). His friends bear regretful and emphatic witness that the facts completely justify his claim.
[11] Mark Rutherford, _The Revolution in Tanner’s Lane_, p. 238.
[12] In the final form of the Book thus gradually evolved it is sometimes very easy, sometimes difficult or impossible, to distinguish with exactitude the earlier from the later ‘sources’ out of which it has been composed; but the main stages of the compilation can generally be determined with a high degree of accuracy, just as in an old cathedral through the varying modes of architecture employed the general history of the building is clearly visible to the trained perception.
[13] Evidence for the statements here given is omitted, partly because they are matters of general agreement among modern students of the Bible, but still more because the full evidence has been repeatedly set forth in works accessible to any who may have inclination to consider the subject in detail. Reference may conveniently be made to C. H. Toy, _Proverbs_, or to the same writer’s article _Book of Proverbs_, in the _Encyclopædia Britannica_ (11th edition); or to G. F. Moore, _Literature of the Old Testament_, ch. xxii. (Home University Library).
[14] Cp. also 10^{1} _The proverbs of Solomon_; 22^{17} _Words of the Wise_; 24^{23}, _These are also words of the Wise_; 25^{1} _These are also proverbs of Solomon which the men of Hezekiah, king of Judah, copied out_; 30^{1}, _Sayings of Agur, son of Jakeh_; 31^{1}, _Sayings of Lemuel, king of Massa_. The last two of these titles rest on an uncertain Hebrew text. For the allusion to Solomon see pp. 71, 72.
[15] Perhaps almost all, in their present polished form. Thus Toy (_Proverbs_, p. xi.) declares that “none of the aphorisms are popular proverbs or folk-sayings. They are all reflective and academic in tone, and must be regarded as the productions of schools of moralists in a period of high moral culture.” This observation is generally true, and of great importance; but it is not to be understood as meaning that the Book, or even the several sections, sprang out of nothing. In and behind the finished product there may well be a great deal of earlier material.
[16] _i.e._, any subsequent changes were of a minor character, introduced occasionally by some scribe or copyist. The year 200 B.C. may reasonably be taken as the lower limit of date, partly because _Proverbs_ has features (notably its attitude to the Mosaic Law) which suggest that it was finished earlier than _Ecclesiasticus_, a work composed about 190 B.C. This argument, though strong, is not conclusive; but in any case the peaceful, comfortable, tone which pervades _Proverbs_ indicates that it is not later than the years of persecution preceding the Maccabean revolt in 167 B.C.
[17] See for _Ecclesiastes_ the volume _Pessimism and Love_ by D. Russell Scott; and for _Job_, _The Problem of Pain_, by J. E. McFadyen.
[18] _N.B._ =Hereafter the abbreviation “E,” will constantly be used for Ecclesiasticus, and “Pr.” for Proverbs.=
[19] The dots indicate words missing from the Hebrew text or of unknown meaning.
[20] Cp. also E. 25^{1, 2}; 26^{5}.
[21] lit. “the character of Sodom.”
[22] _i.e._, He thinks the world requires nothing more than the interchange of commodities. As to the way of putting it, be it remembered that in the Orient business transactions are, politely, “gifts”; cp. Gen. 23^{10-16}.
[23] A. R. Wallace, _Natural Selection_.
[24] G. A. Smith, _Early Poetry of Israel_, p. 33; and cp. Kinglake, _Eothen_, ch. 17.
[25] Cohen, _Ancient Jewish Proverbs_, 88.
[26] _op. cit._ 13.
[27] Fulleylove and Kelman, _The Holy Land_, pp. 103, 104. Note the “Scriptural” language. Such talk, when we find it in the Bible, is neither pedantic nor is it a “religious” dialect. To a Western it seems affected, but let us remember that to an Eastern our manner of speech, with its tortuous sentences, might savour of an unholy cunning.
[28] Appius Planius, 188 (McKail’s translation).
[29] e.g., _Hosea_ 5^{10}, _Isaiah_ 5^{8}, _Deut._ 27^{17}, _Job_ 24^{2}.
[30] Cp. _Joshua_ 7^{24, 25}. The earliest form of the narrative clearly implies that all, and not Achan alone, were destroyed by burning or stoning.
[31] Not but what the belief is at least as old as the Hebrew Law, _I the Lord thy God am a jealous God, visiting the iniquities of the fathers upon the children unto the third and fourth generation of them that hate Me, and shewing mercy unto the_ thousandth _generation of them that love Me and keep My commandments_.
[32] A _study_, not a half-hearted perusal of the text in the English Bible.
[33] Cp. _Numbers_ 21^{27}, _Wherefore they that speak in proverbs say_ “_Come ye to Heshbon_,”...
[34] For these titles see Chapter II., p. 37. That such a phrase as _The proverbs of Solomon, the son of David, king of Israel_ (Pr. I^{1}) at the head of a section does not necessarily imply or even claim authorship, may seem astonishing to those unacquainted with ancient literature, but it is easily understood by those who have made so much as a moderate study of the subject. The ancient title in modern parlance would be represented by some such heading as the following, “A collection of sayings representative of Hebrew wisdom dedicated to the memory and example of that royal lover of Wisdom, King Solomon.” To suppose that the propriety of the ancient procedure ought to be judged by modern canons of literary right and wrong would be both unjust and foolish. Similarly from the heading prefixed to Pr. 25-29, _These also are proverbs of Solomon which the men of Hezekiah, king of Judah, copied out_; it does not follow that the proverbs in those chapters were old in Hezekiah’s time. Probably Hezekiah, like Solomon, showed special interest in literary work, and it may be that a collection of proverbs formed in his reign is the nucleus of the present chapters 25-29 (So Volz, _Weisheit_, p. 95). On the other hand it is possible that nothing more should be inferred than that, there being a tradition of literary activity in Hezekiah’s reign, the compilers of the Book of Proverbs made use of the tradition in order to indicate (by this title) that in their opinion the proverbs of chaps. 25-29 were later than or secondary to the “Solomonic” proverbs which precede in chs. 1-24 (So Toy, _Proverbs_, § vi., and p. 457); and see also Driver, _Literature of the Old Testament_, p. 405.
[35] Detailed proof is impossible, and the question must be argued on general evidence, which any modern commentary on the Book of Proverbs will supply. Toy, _Proverbs_, § vi. is emphatic in his view that no authority whatever attaches to titles ascribing proverbs to Solomon. Volz (p. 95) is non-committal: “Whether small fragments of Solomon’s work have been transmitted to us cannot be determined.” Driver, _Literature of the Old Testament_, p. 406f, is of much the same opinion; but, remarking that the “proverbs in 10^{1{ff}} exhibit great uniformity of type,” he remarks that “perhaps this type was set by Solomon.”
[36] Compare the way in which the Greeks tended to associate all fables with the name of Æsop.
[37] _Ephesians_ 6^{12} (Weymouth’s translation).
[38] Cp. the similar but more poetic description in _Psalm_ 1.
[39] What follows is without reference to the ancient civilisation of the far East, India or China. The “world” we are here considering means the civilisation of the lands bordering the Mediterranean Sea. A few pages later, the terms “Eastern” and “Western” will be used with similar latitude: “Eastern” or (“Oriental”) denoting the peoples of Egypt, Arabia, Palestine, Syria, Mesopotamia; and “Western” the peoples of Greece, Macedonia, and the old Greek colonies of the Ægean islands and the coast of Asia Minor.
[40] _Amos_ 5^{21f}.
[41] Simonides (MacKail’s translation, _Greek Anthology_, pp. 149, 151.)
[42] Bevan, _Jerusalem under the High Priests_, p. 35.
[43] Bevan, _Stoics and Sceptics_, pp. 25, 26.
[44] Stoicism, whilst it offered the thinker immunity from the fears of life, was also adapted to the needs of the generality of men whom it sought to provide with principles for the stable and successful conduct of ordinary life. Bevan (op. cit.) points out that the system shows signs of hasty construction, reflecting the urgency of the problems it sought to meet. Its strongly practical character is seen in the tendency to find expression in brief, pointed, _formulæ_, catch-words, and maxims, evidently designed to make its doctrines easy for the average man to comprehend. The resemblance to Hebrew Wisdom-teaching is interesting and obvious.
[45] We have to use the term “worldly-wisdom” and not “wisdom,” because the Greeks also had their seekers after true wisdom at this period, as may be seen in the gnomic verses of Solon, Phocylides and Theognis, many of whose maxims, as well as the sayings of Stoic philosophers, might be quoted to show that Hellenism was not without the protest from within itself of noble souls. The contrast suggested above is therefore not one between Greek and Hebrew Wisdom-teaching, but between the Hebrew Wisdom and the _general_ “unwisdom” of ordinary Hellenic life.
[46] See G. A. Smith, _Jerusalem_, vol. i., ch. i., where a beautiful description of night and dawn in Jerusalem may be found.
[47] Mishna, _Yoma_, 3.^{1}
[48] See p. 174 and 198. Of the _Book of Proverbs_ Toy remarks that “if for the name Jehovah we substitute ‘God,’ there is not a paragraph or a sentence which would not be as suitable for any other people as for Israel” (_Proverbs_, p. xxi.)
[49] The Jews seem to have had an unusual aptitude for confining themselves to particular points of view. Mark to what an extent the Prophets ignore the Priests, and the Priests the Prophets. This makes it less surprising to find that the Proverbialists should ignore both.
[50] Further reference may be made to Delitzsch, _Jewish Artisan Life in the time of Christ_, and also Büchler, _Der galilaische ‘Am-ha-’ Arets des zweiten Jahrhunderts_. Some of the trades then reckoned ignoble seem by no means so to us; for example, tanners, weavers, and hairdressers were particularly despised. One Rabbi quaintly remarks: “Ass-drivers are mostly wicked, camel-drivers mostly honest, sailors mostly pious, the best of physicians is destined for Gehenna, and the most honourable of butchers is a partner of Amalek.”
[51] It is good to feel that, whatever the Christian centuries have not yet achieved for the regeneration of society, the “poor man’s neighbour” has redeemed his reputation from this terrible charge.
[52] Cp. Matt. 6^{11}, _Give us this day our daily bread_.
[53] Lyman Abbott, _Life and Literature of the Ancient Hebrews_, p. 278.
[54] _i.e._, his slanders, which scorch his victims.
[55] Compare the unintentionally funny passage in E. 31^{12ff}. _If thou sittest at a great man’s table, be not greedy at it, nor say, “What a lot of things are on it!”... Stretch not your hand wheresoe’er your glance wanders, nor thrust yourself forward into the dish. Eat like a man_ [_i.e_., do not gnaw or gobble as an animal would do] _what is set before thee, and do not bolt your food, lest you be loathed. Be first to leave off for the sake of good manners, and be not insatiate lest you offend._ Cp. E. 8 which also treats of “How to behave.”
[56] The Hebrew text of the first two lines is uncertain.
[57] Theophrastus, _Characters_ (Jebb’s translation), pp. 82, 83.
[58] In Hebrew, _Pethāīm_.
[59] Hebrew, _Lētsīm_.
[60] Sometimes the whole point of a saying lies in the use of different terms. Thus Pr. 17^{21} seems merely redundant in the R.V., “He that begetteth a fool doeth it to his sorrow; and the father of a fool hath no joy.” But the “fool” of the first clause is in the Hebrew _Kesīl_, a coarse fool, and the “fool” of the second is _Nabal_; _i.e._, to have the first as a son will involve some regrets, but the second robs his father of all joy.
[61] Horton, _Proverbs_ (Expositor’s Bible), p. 347.
[62] See below, ch. X., p. 184f.
[63] Toy justly remarks, “The motive here assigned--fear of Jehovah’s displeasure--belongs to the ethical system of _Proverbs_. But this motive does not impair the dignity of the moral standard presented. Jehovah’s displeasure is the expression of the moral ideal: it is one’s duty, says the proverb, not to rejoice at the misfortunes of enemies. This duty is enforced by a reference to compensation, but it remains a duty.”
[64] “The antithesis is ethical, not merely intellectual. The meaning is not that the righteous speaks cautiously, the wicked inconsiderately; but that the good man takes care to speak what is true and kind, whilst the bad man, feeling no concern on this point, follows the bent of his mind and so speaks evil.” (Toy _ad. loc._).
[65] cp. _Romans_ 12^{10}, and also p. 268.
[66] _Wise Men of Israel_, p. 158.
[67] (Pr. 31^{10-29}). The poem is in the Hebrew an alphabetical acrostic, which accounts for certain repetitions and roughnesses in the movement of the thought.
[68] Cp. _Luke_ 16^{3} (see Oesterley in _The Expositor_ for April, 1903).
[69] Oesterley, _Ecclesiasticus_, p. xviii.
[70] E. 42, 43.
[71] See Skinner in the _Jewish Quarterly Review_, Jan., 1905, p. 258.
[72] A proverb which does _not_ come from the Bible, though many people have supposed it does.
[73] See further pp. 191f.
[74] _i.e._, such proverbs as “A burnt child dreads the fire,” or “He that is down need fear no fall.”
[75] Gordon, _Poets of the Old Testament_, p. 296.
[76] Gordon’s translation, _op. cit._, p. 296.
[77] Gordon, _op. cit._, p. 298. Observe the touch of national sentiment which is characteristic of Ben Sirach. His view is that God intended good to every nation (not an easy doctrine to reach in face of the enormities of which some of the heathen nations surrounding Israel were capable), but, although God had offered wisdom to all, only Israel had responded to the offer and so received the divine gift.
[78] Gordon’s translation, _op. cit._, p. 304.
[79] At Olympia in the year 212 B.C. Aristonicus was the _protegé_ of King Ptolemy, and champion of the Egyptian gymnasia.
[80] The Hebrew text seems to have read, “Headache, shame and disgrace are the effect of wine drunk in provocation and wrath.”
[81] _Judaism_ (second series), p. 57.
[82] Cp. Pr. 2^{16-19}; E. 9^{3-9}, 19^{2}, 41^{20}; and refs. on p. 153.
[83] See especially chaps. vii., viii., and xviii.
[84] This maxim was familiar among the Greeks, and is quoted by Æeschylus, Sophocles, Euripides and other writers. Tradition ascribed its origin to Solon, the statesman of early Athens, who was reckoned one of the seven Sages of Greece. Its occurrence in _Ecclesiasticus_ is an interesting illustration of the cosmopolitan aspect of the Wisdom movement.
[85] Pr. 14^{32}, _The righteous hath hope in his death_ ... comes nearest to the idea of immortality; but the accuracy of the Hebrew text is doubtful. Pr. 15^{24} and 23^{17, 18} are to be understood as referring to the character of the good man’s life on earth (see Toy’s notes on these passages).
[86] “The influence of the synagogue as a religious factor, even in the times of Ben Sirach, was felt more deeply than the scarcity of references to it in the contemporary literature would lead us to believe”, Schechter, _Judaism_ [Second Series], p. 65; cp. J. Abrahams, _Studies in Pharisaism and the Gospels_, pp. 1ff.
[87] The reader familiar with the Gospels should guard against the notion that the Scribes were always guilty of the worst qualities that legalism is apt to foster. A class ought not to be equated with its less worthy representatives, unless we are willing, for example, to condemn the first Christians for the sins of certain orders in the Mediæval Church, or to saddle the eager pioneers of the Reformation with the shortcomings of their followers in the eighteenth century.
[88] See the article _Hasideans and Hellenism_ (_Jewish Encyclopædia_, Vol. VI.).
[89] Commonly referred to by the abbreviation LXX.
[90] See Dr. Taylor’s edition (Cambridge, 1877).
[91] _Aboth_, iv. 2.
[92] _Aboth_, i. 3.
[93] _Aboth_ ii. 13.
[94] _Aboth_ v. 30.
[95] _Aboth_ iv. 26.
[96] N.B.--C.55=Cohen, _Ancient Jewish Proverbs_, No. 55. Quotations of these later Rabbinical Jewish proverbs will be given in this manner, as a reference to Mr. Cohen’s handbook is likely to be of more use to readers than a citation of original Rabbinic sources.
[97] Jew and Christian, too often ignorant of the virtues each possesses, are painfully conscious of one another’s defects. Better knowledge of history would do much to relieve or lessen mutual prejudices. How seldom do Christians realise that some of the less amiable qualities found in certain classes of modern Jews (Are there no objectionable Gentiles?) are the logical result of regulations decreed by our mediæval Christian forefathers. For example, the Jews were once as catholic as any other nation in the arts and industries they followed for a livelihood, until legal restrictions were multiplied against them. “Even in Spain,” writes Mr. Abrahams, “Jews were forbidden to act as physicians, as bakers or millers; they were prohibited from selling brass, wine, flour, oil or butter in the markets; no Jew might be a smith, carpenter, tailor, shoemaker, currier or clothier for Christians ... he might neither employ nor be employed by Christians in any profession or trade whatsoever.... In other parts of England these restrictions were far more rigidly enforced than in Spain. In England money-lending was absolutely the only profession open to the Jews. On the Continent Jews were taxed when they entered a market and taxed when they left it; they were only permitted to enter the market place at inconvenient hours, _and the Church ended by leaving the Jews nothing to trade in but money and second-hand goods, allowing them as a choice of commodities in which to deal new gold or old iron_.” (_Jewish Life in the Middle Ages_, p. 241).
[98] Abrahams, _Jewish Life in the Middle Ages_, p. 68.
[99] The argument is worked out at greater length by C. F. Kent, (_Wise Men of Israel_, pp. 176ff), in an essay to which this brief review of the theme is much indebted. See also p. 268.
[100] Cp. Marvin, _The Living Past_, pp. 2, 3.
[101] Deut. 30^{11-14}.
[102] _The Ultimate Belief_, p. 2.
[103] Professor D. K. Picken, in the _Australasian Intercollegian Magazine_, _Dec._, 1916.
[104] “I know no teachers who lay more stress upon the cultivation of the mental power of attention.” G. A. Smith, in _Modern Criticism and the Preaching of the Old Testament_, ch. VIII.
[105] Pindar, _Olympian_ VI., 54^{ff}.
[106] St. John, 13^{26ff}.
[107] The _moon_ once (Pr. 7^{20}) but merely in indication of time.
[108] He was gratefully remembered for his work in strengthening the defences of Jerusalem and executing repairs to the Temple about 190 B.C.
[109] For allusions to the heat and thirst of the reapers, cp. _Ruth_ 2^{7-9}, ^{14}, and 2 Kings 4^{18, 19}.
[110] The Greek text is no less effective--_And when the frost is congealed it is as points of thorns_, but it is only a misreading of the Hebrew.
[111] “The Holy Land,” pp. 209ff.
[112] Pr. 27^{17}
[113] Pr. 27^{6}.
[114] Pr. 15^{1}; cp. 16^{32}.
[115] Pr. 25^{28}.
[116] Pr. 26^{12}.
[117] Pr. 16^{18}
[118] Pr. 28^{1}, cp. Shakespeare’s “Conscience does make cowards of us all.”
[119] Pr. 24^{16}.
[120] E. 19^{1}.
[121] Pr. 3^{7}.
[122] Pr. 13^{12}.
[123] E. 2^{12-14}.
[124] Pr. 21^{30, 31}.
[125] C. 78.
[126] L. P. Jacks, _From the Human End_, p. 16.
[127] Bacon, _Essay on Riches_.
[128] Bacon is referring to Pr. 18^{11}.
[129] E. 11^{2}.
[130] E. 6^{35, 36}.
[131] Pr. 25^{17}.
[132] Pr. 26^{4}.
[133] Pr. 18^{13}.
[134] E. 18^{19}; cp. _First learn, then form opinions_ (C. 217).
[135] Pr. 24^{27}.
[136] C. 181.
[137] Pr. 27^{1}.
[138] E. 7^{18}.
[139] E. 7^{11}.
[140] E. 8^{5-7}.
[141] E. 7^{1-3}.
[142] Pr. 24^{1}.
[143] Pr. 23^{17}.
[144] E. 15^{11, 12}.
[145] E. 7^{9}.
[146] Pr. 4^{23}.
[147] E. 7^{10}.
[148] Pr. 16^{3}.
[149] Cp. _James_ 4^{6}; _1 Peter_ 5^{5}.
[150] A verse which, as Oesterley observes, affords an interesting combination of the doctrines of Grace and Free-will; cp. _John_ 7^{17}.
[151] The quotation in _Hebrews_ is taken from the Greek (LXX) text of _Proverbs_: the Hebrew text of _Proverbs_ now reads “Even as a father the son in whom he delighteth,” but the original text probably had “and paineth” instead of the words “Even as a father”--the difference in Hebrew is very slight (cp. p. 192).
[152] Arnot, _Laws from Heaven_, p. 130f.
[153] From a letter quoted in Holmes, _Walter Greenway, Spy; and Others, Sometime Criminal_.
[154] Horton, _Proverbs_ (_Expositor’s Bible_), p. 318.
[155] See the articles by Dr. Rendel Harris on _The Origin of the Prologue to St. John’s Gospel_ in the _Expositor_, Aug. 1916-Jan. 1917. Note also the acknowledgment of Christ as Wisdom, implied in the story of the homage of the Wise Men at His birth, _Matt._ 2^{12}.