Chapter 40

COMMERCIAL PAPER.

Kinds and Uses.--If a man wishes to buy some commodity from another but has not the money to pay for it, he may secure what he wants by giving his written promise to pay at some future time. This written promise, or _note_, the seller prefers to an oral promise for several reasons, only two of which need be mentioned here: first, because it is _prima facie_ evidence of the debt; and, second, because it may be more easily transferred or handed over to some one else.

If J.M. Johnson, of Saint Paul, owes C.M. Jones, of Chicago, a hundred dollars, and Nelson Blake, of Chicago, owes J.M. Johnson a hundred dollars, it is plain that the risk, expense, time and trouble of sending the money to and from Chicago may be avoided, and the indebtedness wiped out by J.M. Johnson ordering Nelson Blake to pay the hundred dollars to C.M. Jones. The written order to this effect, called a _draft_, would be sent to C.M. Jones, who would present it for payment to Nelson Blake, and upon receiving his money would turn _the draft_ over to Blake.

To avoid the risk of being robbed, merchants and some others are in the habit of depositing each evening in a bank the receipts of the day, with the understanding that the money will be paid out, at any time, to any person whom they order it paid to. The order on the bank is called a _check_.

It is very easy to see that these three devices are of immense value to the commercial world; the first by rendering available future resources, and the other two by enabling payments to be made safely.

Definitions.--A _note_ is an unconditional promise in writing, to pay a definite sum of money at a certain time to a specified person.

A _draft_ is an order, written by one person and addressed to another, directing him to pay a definite sum of money at a certain time to a specified third party.

A _check_ is a draft for immediate payment, drawn upon a bank or banker.

In the case of a note, the person who promises to pay is called the _maker_ of the note; and the person named to be paid, the _payee_.

In the case of a draft or check, the person ordering the payment is called the _drawer_; the person addressed, the _person drawn upon_ or the _drawee_; and the person to be paid, the _payee_.

Negotiability.--The payee in any of these cases may wish to transfer the paper to some other person. For instance, the holder of the note may wish to use the money before it is due, or the payee of a draft may wish to realize without going to the drawee. In either case, the desired accommodation can be secured only by selling the paper to some one else. This ability to be transferred is part of what is meant by the term _negotiability_.

But this liability to have to pay another person than the one named, cannot be imposed upon the maker or drawer without his consent. This he gives by inserting after the name of the payee the words "or order," or the words "or bearer." In the latter case, whoever holds the paper when it becomes due can collect upon it. In case the former words are used, the paper can be transferred only by _indorsement_, of which more anon.

A very important characteristic of negotiability is that it enables a person to grant to another rights which he may not himself possess. To illustrate: As between the maker and the payee, a note is a contract, and is binding only if it has all the requisites of a binding contract. Therefore, if there was no consideration, or if the note was obtained by fraud or by intimidation, the payee, knowing these facts, has no right to collect upon the note, and he could not by law compel payment. But with a third party it is different. He sees only the note, and may not-- presumably does not--know anything else about the contract. To compel him before buying the note to learn all the details of its history, might be embarrassing to the parties, even where everything is all right, and would certainly delay, perhaps materially, the transfer. Therefore, to enable people to keep their business to themselves, and to facilitate transfers of commercial paper, it has seemed best not to require this investigation. The law presumes that when a person makes a transferable note, he has done so deliberately; and if loss ensues, it says that he must bear it rather than the innocent purchaser of his note.

Conditions of Negotiability.--But this peculiar protection is given, be it observed, only to an _innocent purchaser_. If in good faith, in the regular course of business, a person comes into possession of commercial paper, negotiable in form, not yet mature, and for which he has given a reasonable consideration, he can collect on it. On the other hand, if he has found the paper or stolen it, or if he has bought it under circumstances calculated to raise a suspicion as to right of the seller, he should not have, and will not by law receive, this privilege. Thus if a man is offered commercial paper of perfectly responsible parties at one-third its value, it would be reasonable to suppose that the person offering it had found or stolen it, and the buyer would obtain only the rights of the person from whom he bought. Or if a note past due is offered for sale, the presumption is that it is paid or that it is for some reason uncollectable, and the purchaser would buy at his peril. In other words, _if there is anything on the face of the paper or in the circumstances of the case to warn the purchaser, he buys at his own risk_, and secures only such rights as the vendor has.

Transfer.--Negotiable paper with the words "or bearer" is transferable by delivery alone. If made payable to some person "or order," it is transferable only by his _indorsement_. An "indorsement in full" consists of the signature of the payee and his order that the money be paid to a specified person. An "indorsement in blank" consists simply of the signature of the payee. The effect of the latter mode of indorsing is to make the paper payable to bearer.

Responsibility of Maker.--A note being a contract, the maker of one is responsible to the payee, as has been said, only if all the requisites of a binding contract are present. If the note is negotiable in form, he is responsible to the innocent purchaser of it.

Responsibility of Drawee.--The person drawn upon may know nothing of the draft. He cannot be made a party to a contract without his knowledge and consent. That he may have knowledge of the draft, it must be presented to him. If upon seeing it he is willing to assume the responsibility of paying it when due, he signifies his willingness by writing across the face of the draft the word "accepted," with the date of presentation and his name. The draft thereby becomes his unconditional promise, and he becomes the principal debtor, occupying the position of a maker of a note.

Responsibility of Indorser.--When a person endorses any commercial paper, he not only expresses thereby his consent to the transfer of it, but he also enters into a conditional contract with each person who may afterward come into possession of the paper, whereby he becomes responsible for its payment, if the principal debtor fails to meet his obligation. To fix responsibility upon an indorser, payment must be demanded of the principal debtor on the very day when the obligation matures, and if payment is not made notice of the fact must be sent to the indorser before the end of the following day.

Responsibility of Drawer.--Between the drawer and the payee a draft is a conditional contract, whereby the former impliedly agrees to pay the draft if the person drawn upon does not. His obligation is that of a surety or first indorser. To fix responsibility upon the drawer, the holder of the draft must promptly present it for acceptance to the person drawn upon; then, if it is not accepted, he must immediately notify the drawer.

Forged Paper.--Forgery is the fraudulent making or altering of a written instrument. One whose name is forged cannot be made responsible, since the act is not his. And since money paid under a mistake must be refunded, a person who, deceived by the skill of the forger, should pay the seeming obligation, would be entitled to get his money back.

But every person is bound to use reasonable effort to prevent forgery. Thus, if a merchant writes out a note all but the amount, and authorizes a clerk to put that in at some other time, and the clerk inserts a larger sum, any innocent purchaser can compel the merchant to pay the full amount. In some states it is held that a person who leaves space in an obligation wherein the amount can readily be raised, is bound to stand the loss caused by his negligence.

Accommodation Paper.--A man may be perfectly willing to lend a friend some money and yet be unable to do so. He may, however, in any one of several ways, make it possible for his friend to obtain the money. Thus A, wishing to accommodate his friend B, may make a note payable to B's order; or he may endorse B's note; or he may make a draft payable to B's order; or he may accept B's draft on him. By selling the paper, B secures the money desired. The implied contract between A and B is that B will pay the obligation.

In none of these cases could B compel A to pay him any money, because the contract between them lacks consideration. But A would be responsible to an innocent purchaser, because there is nothing on the face of the paper to indicate the defect. And he would be responsible even to a purchaser who knows the paper to be accommodation, because by signing he binds himself to pay if B does not, and his signature is what enables the sale to be made.

Certified Checks.--Business men make most of their payments by check. If the receiver of a check does not, for any reason, wish the money, he may deposit the check in the bank as if it were cash. If he is going away from home, or if he wishes to make a payment in some other place, he may save the expense of a draft, and make a check equally as acceptable, by getting the cashier of the bank to "certify" it, that is to state officially that the drawer has the money in the bank. This he does by writing across the face of the draft the word "Good," with his signature as cashier. When this is done the responsibility rests primarily on the bank. It occupies the position of the acceptor of a draft.

_Pertinent Questions._

Two of the following are valid notes; which two? The others are not; Why? 1. March 5, 1890, I promise to pay John Smith one hundred dollars, if he is then living.--William Jones. 2. On or before March 5, 1890, I promise to pay John Smith one hundred bushels of wheat.--William Jones. 3. On March 5, 1890, I promise to pay John Smith whatever is then due him.-- William Jones. 4. When he comes of age, I promise to pay John Smith one hundred dollars.--William Jones. 5. March 5, 1890, I promise to pay one hundred dollars.--William Jones. 6. One year after date, I promise to pay to John Smith one hundred dollars.--William Jones. 7. Mankato, Minn., December 11, 1888. One year after date I promise to pay John Smith one hundred dollars. 8. On the death of his father, I promise to pay John Smith one hundred dollars.--William Jones. 9. On March 5, 1890, I, William Jones, promise to pay John Smith one hundred dollars.

How many parties may there be to a note? How many, at least, must there be? As between them, must there be consideration to make it binding? Must the words "for value received" appear on the note? A note being a contract, what things are necessary to make it binding? Write two valid notes in different forms. Write a negotiable note transferable without indorsement. A note transferable by indorsement. Which is safer to carry in the pocket? Why? Which imposes the less responsibility if transferred? If you were taking a note payable to bearer, would you require the person from whom you were getting it to indorse it? A man has some non-negotiable notes; if he dies can his heir collect them? A note payable "to order" is indorsed in blank; to whom is it payable? May a note payable "to bearer" be made payable only "to order?" When does a note cease to be negotiable? Under what circumstances may a person have to pay a note which he has already paid? What is a "greenback?"

How many persons, at least, must there be to an accepted draft? When does the responsibility of the drawer begin? That of the person drawn upon? How does the acceptance of a draft affect the responsibility of the drawer? If the draft is not accepted, to whom shall the holder look for pay? Are drafts negotiable before acceptance?

Compare and contrast a note and a draft. A draft and a check. Is the bank under any obligation to the holder of an uncertified check? Does certifying a check release the drawer of it? Are checks negotiable?

What responsibility does an indorser assume in case of a note? Of an unaccepted draft? Of an accepted draft? Of a check? What does "without recourse" mean? To how many persons is the maker of a note responsible? The first indorser? The second? How can the first indorser be distinguished from the second? To whom is the second indorser not responsible?

Who are not responsible to the holder of a negotiable paper unless notified? Who are responsible without notice? What principle do you discover? When is a demand note due? A check? A time note? A sight draft? A time draft?

What should you do, and why, in the following cases:

1. When you pay a note? 2. When you make a partial payment on a note? 3. If you should lose a note? 4. If you have a note without indorsees, to render the maker responsible? 5. If you hold a note having indorsers, to render the indorsers responsible? 6. If you hold an unaccepted draft? 7. In case acceptance is refused? 8. If you hold an accepted draft? 9. If the acceptor fails to pay when the paper becomes due? 10. If you hold an uncertified check, in order to render the drawer responsible? 11. If it is indorsed, to make the indorsers responsible? 12. If you have a certified check, to make the bank responsible? 13. If you are a third indorser of a note, whom can you hold responsible in case the paper is dishonored, and how? 14. If you have a bearer note and you wish to transfer it without assuming responsibility? 15. How if it is an order note?

APPENDIX A.--FORMS.

TOWN BUSINESS.

_I. Organization of a Town._

PETITION.

To the board of county commissioners of the county of __________,__________ : The undersigned, a majority of the legal voters of congressional township number ______ north, of range number ______ west, in said county, containing not less than twenty-five legal voters, hereby petition your honorable board to be organized as a new town under the township organization law, and respectfully ask that you forthwith proceed to fix and determine the boundaries of such new town and to name the same (giving the proposed name.)

(Dated, and signed by a majority of all the legal voters in the town.)

COMMISSIONERS' REPORT.

State of __________, county of __________, ss.

Upon receiving a petition of a majority of all the legal voters of congressional township number ______ north, of range number ______ west, in said county, asking that the same be organized as a new town under the township organization law, to be named __________, we, the county commissioners of said county did, on the ______ day of A.D. 18______, proceed to fix the boundaries of such new town and name the same __________, in accordance with the said petition, and designated __________ as the place for holding the first town meeting in such town, to be held on __________, 18______. The boundaries of said town of __________, as fixed and established by us, are as follows: (Beginning at the southeast corner of section ______, town ______ north, of range ______ west, thence west on the township line ______ to the southwest corner of section ______, town and range as aforesaid, thence north, &c., giving the boundary lines complete.) Given under our hands this ______ day of __________, 18______.

[Auditor's official seal.]

(Signed by the Commissioners.)

Attest: O.J., County Auditor.

II. Elections.

NOTICE OF ANNUAL ELECTION.

Notice is hereby given, that on Tuesday, the ______ day of November, 18_____, at ___________, in the election district composed of the __________, in the county of __________, and state of __________, an election will be held for (here name the state, judicial, congressional, legislative and county officers to be elected); (if constitutional amendments are to be submitted, add:) also the following amendments to the constitution of the state will be submitted to the people for their approval or rejection, viz.: amendment to section _____, article _____, of the constitution (naming each one proposed); (and if any special matters, such as removal of county seat, &c., are to be voted on, then specifically state them); which election will be opened at nine o'clock in the morning, and will continue open until five o'clock in the afternoon of the same day, at which time the polls will be closed.

Dated at ________ this _____ day of October, 18____.

C.O.S., Town Clerk (or City or Village Recorder.)

REGISTER POLL LIST.

List of qualified electors in the election district composed of the __________ of __________, in the county of __________, and state of __________, for an election to be held in the said election district, on Tuesday, the _____ day of November, 18_____:

Adams, James | Little, Joseph Babcock, George | Mann, Oscar.

(Write the surnames in alphabetical order, and leave sufficient space between the alphabetical letters to insert all additional names.)

Notice is hereby given that the undersigned judges of election of said election district, will be present at the __________, in said __________, at the times named below, for the purpose of making corrections in the foregoing list, viz.: On "Wednesday, October _____, and (here insert the days and times of the day they are to meet), from 9 o'clock A.M. till 4 o'clock P.M. of each day, and also on the morning of election day, from 7 o'clock A.M. to 9 o'clock A.M."

Given under our hands this _____ day of October, 18_____.

(Signed by all the judges of election.)

MINUTES OF TOWN MEETING.

At the annual (special) town meeting held in the town of __________, county of __________, state of __________, at _____, on the day of _____, 18 _____, the meeting was called to order by R.G., town clerk. M.J.H. was then chosen to preside as moderator of the meeting.

The moderator, at the opening of the meeting, stated the business to be transacted and the order of the same as follows: That the business to be transacted would be to elect three supervisors, &c., (stating the officers to be elected,) and to do any other business proper to be done at said meeting.

That said business would be entertained in the following order: 1st--The election by ballot of town officers, the polls to be kept open throughout the day. 2d--At one o'clock P.M., election of overseers of highways for each road district in the town. 3d--That immediately following the election of overseers of highways the general business of the town would be taken up and proceeded with until disposed of.

Proclamation of opening the polls was then made by the moderator and the polls opened and the election of town officers proceeded.

The hour of one o'clock P.M. having arrived and the general business of the town being now in order, the following named persons were elected, by ayes and noes, overseers of highways for the ensuing year in the following road districts, viz.: (here give the numbers of the road districts and the names of the persons elected overseers thereof.)

A.B. was elected poundmaster of said town. On motion, ordered that a pound, &c., (give the location, cost, &c., of pound, if ordered.)

The following three places were determined and designated by the voters present as the most public places in said town for the posting up of legal notices, and suitable posts for such purpose were ordered to be erected or maintained by the supervisors at each of such places, viz.: (describe the places.)

The supervisors submitted to the electors a report of all the places at which guide posts are erected and maintained within the town, and of all places at which, in their opinion, they ought to be erected and maintained. Thereupon, it was ordered that guide posts be erected and maintained at the following places, viz.: (describe the places.)

The town clerk read publicly the report of the board of auditors, including a statement of the fiscal concerns of the town and an estimate of the sum necessary for the current and incidental expenses of the town for the ensuing year.

The supervisors rendered an account in writing, stating the labor assessed and performed in the town, the sums received by them for fines and commutation, &c.; a statement of the improvements necessary to be made on the roads and bridges, and an estimate of the probable expense of making such improvements beyond that of the labor to be assessed for this year, that the road tax will accomplish; also a statement in writing of all expenses and damages in consequence of laying out, altering or discontinuing roads.

On motion, it was ordered that the following sums of money be raised by tax upon the taxable property in said town for the following purposes for the current year: (enter the specific amounts carefully.)

On motion of H.S.H.H., the following by-law was adopted, ayes _____, noes _____: "It is hereby ordered and determined that it shall be lawful for horses, mules and asses to run at large in the town of __________, in the day time, from the first day of April to the 15th day of October, in each year, until further ordered."

On motion, it was resolved, &c., (set forth in order each resolution or order as it transpires.)

The next annual town meeting was ordered to be held at (naming the place.)

At five o'clock the polls were closed, proclamation thereof being made by the moderator. The judges then proceeded to publicly canvass the votes, and the persons having the greatest number of votes for the respective offices voted for were declared elected.

STATEMENT OF RESULT OF CANVASS. (To be read publicly.)

The following is a statement of the result of the canvass of votes by ballot for the election of officers at the annual town meeting in the of __________, county of __________, and state of __________, March _____, 18_____, as publicly canvassed by the judges at said meeting:

H.B. had _____ votes for chairman of supervisors.

J.L. had _____ votes for chairman of supervisors.

H.B. was declared elected chairman of supervisors.

(In this way give a statement of the votes cast for each officer.)

On motion the meeting adjourned without day.

J.H.T., C.O.C., Judges

Attest: R.G., Clerk.

OFFICIAL OATH.

State of __________, county of __________, town of __________, ss.

I, J.A., do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will support the constitution of the United States and of the state of __________, and faithfully discharge the duties of the office of __________ of the town of __________, in the county of __________, and state of __________, to the best of my ability. J.A.

Subscribed and sworn to before me this _____ day of __________ A.D. 18_____

T.S., Justice of the Peace.

OFFICIAL BOND.

Know all men by these presents, that we, R.S., as principal, and B.B.S. and J.E. as sureties, all of the county of __________, and state of __________, are held and firmly bound unto J.D.E., E.C., and E.E., as supervisors of the town of __________, in said county, and their successors in office, in the sum of (five hundred) dollars, lawful money of the United States of America, to be paid to them as such supervisors, their successors or assigns; for which payment well and truly to be made, we bind ourselves, our heirs, executors and administrators, jointly and severally, firmly by these presents. Sealed with our seals dated the _____ day of __________, 18_____.

The condition of the above obligation is such, that whereas, the above bounded R.S. was, on the _____ day of __________, A.D. 18_____, duly elected (or appointed) __________ in and for the town of __________, in said county, for the term of __________, and is about to enter upon the duties of said office; now, therefore, if the said R.S. shall, will and does faithfully discharge all his duties as such __________ in and for said town, then the above obligation to be void, otherwise to remain in full force and virtue.

R.S. [Seal.] B.B.S. [Seal.] J.E. [Seal.]

Sealed and delivered in presence of

J.B. and G.J.

State of __________, County of __________, ss.

On this _____ day of __________, A.D. 18_____, before me, the subscriber, a __________ in and for said county, personally appeared __________ to me known to be the person described in, and who executed the foregoing instrument, and acknowledged that he executed the same as __________ free act and deed.

County of __________, ss. B.B.S. and J.E., being duly sworn, say each for himself, that he is surety in the within bond; that he is a resident and freeholder of the state of __________, and that he is worth the sum of (five hundred) dollars over and above his debts and liabilities, and exclusive of property exempt from execution.

B.B.S. and J.E.

Subscribed and sworn to before me, this _____ day of __________, 18_____.

W.R.P., Justice of the Peace.

(After folding the instrument the approving officer must indorse on its back the following words:) "I hereby approve the within bond and the sureties therein contained, this _____ day of __________, 18_____."

(Signed officially by the approving officer.)

NOTICE TO CLERK OF DISTRICT COURT OF ELECTION OF JUSTICE OF THE PEACE.

State of __________, county of __________, town of __________, ss.

To H.A.B., (address,) clerk of the district court of the county of __________.

You are hereby notified that at the _____ town meeting held in the town of __________, in the county of __________, and state of __________, on the _____ day of March, A.D. 18_____, P.E.C. was duly elected to the office of justice of the peace, for the term of two years. (If elected to fill a vacancy, state who was the last incumbent.) Given under my hand, this _____ day of March, A.D. 18_____.

A.R., Town Clerk.

_III. Roads._

PETITION.

To the supervisors of the town of __________, in the county of __________, and state of __________:

The undersigned, legal voters (who own real estate, or who occupy real estate under the homestead or pre-emption laws of the United States, or under contract from the state of __________, within one mile), (or who are freeholders and residents of the town within two miles) of the road to be laid out (or altered, or discontinued), hereby petition you to lay out a new road (or alter, or discontinue a road) as follows: Beginning (give the point at which it is to commence, its general course and its termination.)

The description of the lands over which the said (new) road passes, and the names of the owners thereof which are known, as well as the lands whose owners are unknown, are as follows: (Give the owners of the lands that are known and describe the lands whose owners are unknown.)

And your petitioners pray that you will proceed to lay out said new road and cause the same to be opened (or alter, or discontinue said road) according to law. (Dated, and signed by at least six resident legal voters owning real estate or occupying United States or school lands within one mile, or at least eight resident freeholders within two miles of the road.)

PROOF OF POSTING.

State of __________, county of __________, town of __________, ss.

D.S. being sworn, says, that on the ______ day of __________, 18______, he posted copies of the within petition in three of the most public places of said town, to-wit: At (naming the places.) _________________________ D.S.

Subscribed and sworn to before me this ______ day of __________, 18______.

E.W.R., Justice of the Peace.

SUPERVISORS' NOTICE OF HEARING.

Notice is hereby given that the supervisors of the town of __________, in the county of __________, and state of __________, will meet on the ______ day of __________ A.D. 18______, at ______ o'clock in the ______noon, at __________, in said town, for the purpose of personally examining the route named below, proposed for a new (or altering, or discontinuing a) road, and for hearing all reasons for or against said proposed laying out (or altering, or discontinuance) and deciding upon said application. Said proposed new road (or alteration, or discontinuance) as described in the petition is as follows: (Here give the description of the route as contained in the petition.)

The several tracts of land through which said road will pass (passes) and the occupants thereof, as nearly as we can determine the same, are as follows: (Give a description of the lands and the names of the occupants, and if any have no occupants and the owners are unknown, state that fact.) (Dated, and signed officially by the supervisors.)

PROOF OF POSTING NOTICE.

State of __________, county of __________, town of __________, ss.

D.S. being sworn, says that on the ______ day of __________, A.D. 18______, he served the within notice upon each of the occupants of the land through which the within described road may pass, by leaving copies as follows: To A.B. personally; to C.D. at his usual place of abode with E.F., a person of suitable age and discretion, (describing each service.)

That, also, on the ______ day of __________ A.D. 18______, he posted copies of the within notice in three public places in said town, to-wit: At (naming the places.)

D.S.

Subscribed and sworn to before me this ______ day of __________, 18______.

E.W.R., Justice of the Peace.

SUPERVISOR'S ROAD ORDER.

State of __________, county of __________, town of __________, ss.

Whereas, upon the petition of (six) legal voters, owning real estate, or occupying real estate under the homestead or pre-emption laws of the United States, or under contract from the state of __________, within one mile (or eight legal voters, freeholders and residents of the town, within two miles), of the road proposed in said petition to be laid out (altered or discontinued), copies of said petition having been first duly posted up in three of the most public places of said town at least twenty days before any action was had in relation thereto, proof of which posting was duly shown to us by affidavit; Which said proposed new road (alteration or discontinuance) is set forth and described in said petition as follows, viz.: Beginning, etc., (set forth the road as given in the petition.)

And whereas, upon receiving said petition we did, within thirty days thereafter, make out a notice and fix therein a time and place at which we would meet and decide upon such application, to-wit: on the day of _____, A.D. 18_____, at __________, causing copies of such notice to be posted in three public places in said town, at least ten days previous to such meeting; and having met at such time and place as above named in said notice, and being satisfied that the applicant had, at least ten days previous to said time, caused said notice of time and place of hearing to be given to all the occupants of the land through which such highway might pass, by serving the same personally or by copy left at the usual place of abode of each of said occupants, proof of which was shown by affidavit, we proceeded to examine personally such highway and heard any and all reasons for or against laying out (altering or discontinuing) the same, and being of the opinion that such laying out (or altering, or discontinuing,) was necessary and proper and that the public interest would be promoted thereby, we granted the prayer of said petitioners and determined to lay out (alter or discontinue) said road, the description of which as so laid out is as follows, to-wit: Beginning, &c.

It is therefore ordered and determined that a road be and the same is hereby laid out (or altered) and established according to the description last aforesaid, and it is hereby declared to be a public highway, four rods wide, the said description above given being the center of said road.

Given under our hands, this, &c., (dated and signed officially by the supervisors.)

SURVEYOR'S REPORT.

To the supervisors of the town of __________, county of __________, and state of __________:

The undersigned having been employed by you to make a survey of a road in said town would report that the following is a correct survey thereof, as made by me under your directions, to-wit: (Give an accurate description of the road by course and distance) and that below is a correct plot of said road according to said survey. (Dated and signed.)

RELEASE OF DAMAGES.

State of __________, county of __________, town of __________, ss.:

Whereas, a road was laid out (or altered or discontinued) on the _____ day of __________, A.D. 18_____, by the supervisors of the said town of __________, on the petition of (six) legal voters, owning real estate, or occupying real estate under the homestead or pre-emption laws of the United States, or under contract from the state of __________, within one mile (or eight legal voters freeholders and residents of the town within two miles) of said road; which said road (or alteration, or discontinuance) is set forth and described in the supervisors' order, as follows, viz.: Beginning (describe the road as in the order laying it out); which said road passes through certain lands owned by us as described below:

Now, therefore, know all men by these presents, that we, the owners of the lands described below, for value received, do hereby * release all claims to damages sustained by us by reason of the laying out (or altering, or discontinuing) and opening said road through our lands, viz.: (Here give a description of the lands and their owners' names.)*

In witness whereof, we have hereunto set our hands and seals this day of __________, A.D. 18_____. (Signatures and seals.) Signed, sealed and delivered in presence of two witnesses.

AGREEMENT AS TO DAMAGES.

(Use form "Release of Damages" to the * then substitute to the next * as follows:) do hereby "agree to and with the said supervisors that the damages sustained by us by reason of laying out (or altering, or discontinuing) said road be ascertained and fixed, and the same are hereby ascertained and fixed as follows: (Describe the lands, give the owners' names, and the amounts agreed on;" and conclude as in form "Release of Damages.")

AWARD OF DAMAGES.

State of __________, county of __________, town of __________, ss.:

Whereas, a road was laid out (or altered or discontinued) on the day of __________, A.D. 18_____, by the undersigned supervisors of the said town of __________, on the petition of (six) legal voters, owning real estate, or occupying real estate under the homestead or pre-emption laws of the United States, or under contract from the state of __________, within one mile (or eight legal voters, freeholders and residents of the town within two miles) of said road; which said road (or alteration, or discontinuance) is set forth and described in the supervisors' order as follows, viz.: Beginning (describe the road as in the order laying it out.) And not being able to agree with the owners of the following described lands, claiming damages by reason of said highway passing through, we have assessed the damages to each of such individual claimants with whom we could not agree, and awarded damages to the owners of such lands through which such highway passes as are unknown, at what we deemed just and right; taking into account and estimating the advantages and benefits the road will confer on the claimants and owners, as well as the disadvantages. We have assessed and awarded damages as follows:

(Here give a particular description of each tract of land and its owner, if known; but if not known, state that fact also.)

And in case of the following lands and claimants for damages, we estimate that the advantages and benefits said road will confer on them are equal to all damages sustained by them by reason of laying out (or altering, or discontinuing) said road, to-wit: (Set forth lands and owners as far as known; and describe the unknown lands, stating that the owners are unknown.) (Dated, and signed by the supervisors.)

APPLICATION FOR JURY.

State of __________, county of __________, town of __________, ss.

To J.P., justice of the peace in and for said county:

I, J.A.B., of said town, feeling myself aggrieved by the determination (award of damages) made by the supervisors of said town (county commissioners of said county) by their order bearing date the _____ day of __________, A.D. 18_____, in laying out (altering or discontinuing) (or refusing to lay out, alter or discontinue) a highway in said town (county), do hereby appeal to you for a jury to be summoned by you to hear and determine such appeal.

The highway (alteration or discontinuance) in question is described in said order, filed in the town clerk's (county auditor's) office of said town (county) ________, A.D. 18_____, as follows: (describe the road, as in the order on file), which said road passes through lands owned by me, viz.: (describing them.)

The grounds upon which this appeal is brought, are: (to recover $80 damages to my said land by reason of such laying out, instead of $40 as awarded in said order) (or, in relation to the laying out, or altering, or discontinuing said highway;) (or their refusal to lay out, or alter, or discontinue said highway;) (or said appeal is brought to reverse entirely the decision of the said supervisors or commissioners;) (or is brought to reverse that part of their order [specifying which part,] &c.) (Dated and signed by the appellant.)

JUSTICE COURT.

_I. Civil Suit._

SUMMONS.

State of _____, }ss. County of ____ }

[Footnote: This brace of lines, giving the state and county as introductory to a process, certificate, affidavit or other paper, is called a "venue," and should be inserted wherever the word _(Venue)_ is expressed in forms given hereafter.]

The state of _______ to the sheriff or any constable of said county:

You are hereby commanded to summon A.M., if he shall be found in your county, to be and appear before the undersigned, one of the justices of the peace in and for said county, on the ___ day of _____ 18_____, at ___ o'clock in the ____noon, at my office in the ____, in said county, to answer to J.T. in a civil action; and have you then and there this writ.

Given under my hand this ___ day of ___, A.D. 18_____.

W.D.D., Justice of the Peace.

CONSTABLE'S RETURN.

_(Venue as in Summons.)_

I hereby certify that I personally served the within summons upon the within named defendant, by reading the same to him, in said county, on the __ day of _________, 18_____.

Fees--Mileage, 8 miles, - - .80 Service, - - - - - - - - - .15 -- .95

G.M.G., Constable.

COMPLAINT.

State of ______} ss. In Justice Court, County of ____} Before W.D.D., Justice of the Peace. J.T., plaintiff, against A.M., defendant.

[Footnote: All the affidavits, pleadings, and other papers filed by parties in an action should be "entitled," that is to say, should begin with a caption similar to the above, giving the state and county, name of justice, and the names of the parties, plaintiff and defendant, to the action. This caption (_title of cause_) is to be inserted in every form given hereafter, wherever it is so expressed.]

The complaint of the plaintiff shows to this court that at ___, in the state of ___, on the _____ day of ____, 18___, the defendant made his promissory note in writing, dated on that day, and thereby promised to pay to the plaintiff (one year after date) the sum of (eighty) dollars, for value received, with interest thereon from the said date at the rate of (ten) per cent, per annum until fully paid, and delivered the same to the plaintiff.

That the plaintiff is now the holder and owner of said note; that the same has not been paid, nor any part thereof; but the defendant is now justly indebted to the plaintiff thereon in the sum of (eighty) dollars, with interest as aforesaid.

Wherefore, the plaintiff demands judgment against the defendant for the sum of (eighty-nine) dollars and (sixty) cents, with costs of suit.

J.T. (_Venue._)

J.T., the plaintiff (or defendant) in this action, being duly sworn, says that the foregoing complaint (or answer, or reply,) is true, to his own knowledge, except as to those matters stated on his information and belief, and as to those matters, that he believes it to be true.

J.T. (_Jurat._)

ANSWER.

(_Title of cause._)

The answer of the defendant to the complaint herein, shows to this court:

1. That he admits the making and delivering of the note therein stated, but denies each and every other allegation therein contained.

2. And for a further defense this defendant shows that on the _____ day of _________, 18_____, he bought (a horse) of the plaintiff for the sum of (one hundred and thirty) dollars, and paid him (fifty) dollars in money, and the note of (eighty) dollars described in the complaint; which (horse), by the contract of sale, the plaintiff warranted to the defendant to be sound; and the defendant further states that the said (horse) was unsound at the time, whereby the defendant sustained damage in the sum of (one hundred) dollars.

Wherefore he asks that said amount of damage be set off against the amount of said note, and demands judgment for the balance of (twenty) dollars, besides costs of suit.

A.M. (_Verified._)

REPLY.

(_Title of cause._)

The reply of the plaintiff to the facts set forth in the answer of the defendant, denies each and every allegation therein contained.

J.T. (_Verified._)

ADJOURNMENT.

(_Title of cause._)

(_Venue._) A.M., being duly sworn, says, that he is the defendant in this action; that J.C.S., who resides in the town of _________, in said county, is a material witness for this defendant, without whose testimony he cannot safely proceed to the trial of this action; that the said J.C.S., if examined as a witness on the trial, will testify that he was present at the time the horse mentioned in the answer was purchased, and heard the plaintiff say to the defendant, "the horse is sound, and I warrant him so;" that he heard this defendant reply, "well, I shall rely entirely upon your warranty;" and that thereupon defendant gave his note for the balance of the purchase money of the horse.

That on the _____ day of _________, 18_____, he procured a subpoena for the said J.C.S., and went with the same to his residence to serve the same, when he there learned for the first time that said J.C.S. had unexpectedly left home the day before and had gone to _________, in the state of _________, to be absent (three) weeks. That he knows of no other person by whom he can prove these facts; and that he expects to be able to procure the attendance of said J.C.S. as a witness on the trial, if this cause is adjourned for (thirty) days.

A.M.

(_Jurat_.)

SUBPOENA.

State of ____, } ss. County of ___}

The State of _________ to J.K., J.L. and G.G.:

You are hereby required to appear before the undersigned, one of the justices of the peace in and for said county, at my office in the town of _________, on the _____ day of _________, 18_____, at _____ o'clock in the _________ noon of said day, to give evidence in a certain cause then and there to be tried between J.T., plaintiff, and A.M., defendant, on the part of the plaintiff (or defendant.)

Given under my hand this _____ day of _________, 18_____.

W.D.D., Justice of the Peace.

ATTACHMENT AGAINST WITNESS.

(_Venue_.)

The State of _________ to the sheriff or any constable of said county:

You are hereby commanded to attach the body of S.K.B., if he shall be found in your county, and bring him forthwith before the undersigned, one of the justices of the peace in and for said county, at my office in the town of _________, in said county, to give evidence in a certain cause now pending before me, between J.T., plaintiff, and A.M., defendant, on the part of the defendant (or plaintiff); and also to answer all such matters as shall be objected against him, for that the said S.K.B., having been duly subpoenaed to attend at the trial of said action, had refused (or failed without just cause) to attend, in conformity to said subpoena; and have you then and there this writ.

Given under my hand, etc. W.B.D., Justice of the Peace.

CONSTABLE'S JURY LIST.

(_Title of cause_.)

List of names of (twenty-four) inhabitants of the county of _________, qualified to serve as jurors in the district court of said county, made by me as directed by said justice of the peace, from which to impanel a jury in the above entitled cause.

G.W., Constable.

Dated, etc.

John J. Cooke, X

Allan K. Ware,

X Jared S. Benson,

Walter G. Brown,

George W. Jones,

Elias Bedall,

Erick Peterson,

Patrick Kelly, X

X Thomas O. Jones,

Julius Graetz,

John Shannon, X

X David F. Lamb,

Wm. W. Wertsel,

X Daniel G Pratt,

Horace S Roberts, X

J.W. Everstine,

Aaron M Ozmun,

X Ole T. Ruhd,

Lars Anderson,

Conrad Schacht,

O.P. Whitcomb,

X J.Q. Leonard,

Zera Fairman, X

Russell Blakely. X

** Names struck off by plaintiff checked on the right; by defendant checked on the left.

W.D.D., Justice of the Peace.

VENIRE.

State of __________,} County of _________}ss.

The State of __________ to the sheriff or any constable of said county:

You are hereby commanded to summon (here insert the names in full), to be and appear before the undersigned, one of the justices of the peace in and for said county, on the ______ day of __________, 18______, at ______ o'clock in the ______noon of said day, in the (town) of __________, in said county, to make a jury for the trial of a civil action between J.T., plaintiff, and A.M., defendant, and have you then and there this writ.

Given under my hand this ______ day of __________, A.D. 18______.

W.D.D., Justice of the Peace.

RETURN.

(_Venue_.)

I hereby certify that, by virtue of the within writ, I have personally summoned as jurors the several persons named therein, viz. (give the list served; and if any are not served, add): and that the following named persons could not be found (giving their names.)

Dated this ______ day of __________, 18______. G.W., Constable. Fees, etc.

WARRANT FOR JUROR.

State of __________,} County of _________}ss.

The State of __________ to the sheriff or any constable of said county:

Whereas, on the ______ day of __________, A. D. 18______, a venire was duly issued by the undersigned, one of the justices of the peace of the said county, in the case of J.T. _vs_ A. M., then pending before me as such justice; and, whereas, one E.F. was duly named as juror therein, and said venire was duly served upon said E.F. by G.H., a constable of said county; and, whereas, the said E.F. failed to appear as such juror, or to render any reasonable excuse for his default, as appears from the return of said constable, and from my docket; now, therefore, you are hereby commanded forthwith to apprehend the said E.F. and bring him before me to show cause why he should not be fined for contempt in not obeying said writ, and to be further dealt with according to law.

Given under my hand, etc.

W.D.D., Justice of the Peace.

DOCKET.

(_With oral pleadings, jury trial, execution, etc._)

State of _________,} County of _______,}ss.

In Justice Court.

Before W.D.D., Justice of the Peace.

J.T., Plaintiff,

_against_

A.M., Defendant.

PLAINTIFF'S COSTS.

_Justice's Fees_.

Summons...............$ 25 Complaint............. 15 Answer................ 15 Reply................. 15 Adjournment........... 15 Oath, 2d adjt......... 15 2d adjournment........ 15 Filing two papers..... 10 3d adjournment........ 15 Swearing jury......... 25 Oath, nine witnesses.. 1 35 Oath, officer......... 15 Judgment.............. 25 Taxing costs.......... 15

$3 55

_Constable's Fees_.

On summons............$1 10 Jury list............. 15 Summoning jury........ 1 00 1 day's att. court.... 1 00 Attending jury........ 50

$3 75

_Plaintiff's Witnesses_. W.A.,att. and mil.....$1 48 L.D., " " ..... 1 24 Z.S., " " ..... 1 12 J.B., " " ..... 1 36

$5 20

$12 50

August l, 1887.--Summons issued, returnable August 9,1887, at 1 o'clock P.M.

August 5.--Summons returned by Constable S. (Here give the return of the officer.)

August 9, 1 P.M.--Parties appeared and joined issue. Plaintiff complained orally upon a promissory note, and delivered the same to the court, and stated that there was due him $80 and interest thereon, which he claimed to recover Of defendant; verified the same. Defendant answered orally, alleging that said note was given for a horse, which horse was warranted to be sound, whereas, in fact, it was unsound, claiming $100 damages thereby; verified. Plaintiff replied orally, denying the warranty; verified. Plaintiff then applied for an adjournment, and the suit was adjourned to August 16, 1887, at 1 P.M., at my office.

August 16, 1 P.M.--Parties appeared, and defendant applied for an adjournment of thirty days, to obtain material witness, and having shown cause therefor, upon oath, the suit was adjourned to September 16, 1887, at 1 P.M., at my office.

September 16, 1887, 1 P.M.--Parties appeared, and defendant demanded a jury of twelve persons, paying their fees. Venire issued and delivered to Constable G.W. Cause adjourned to September 17, 1887, at 1 P.M., at my office, to give time to summon the jury, and for them to appear.

September 17, 1 P.M.--Parties appear. Two of the jurors not appearing, G.D. and E.F. were summoned as talesmen. The following jurors were sworn: (Give the list.) The following witnesses were sworn for the plaintiff: (Note in order in the docket all exceptions taken to any testimony.) The following witnesses were sworn for the defendant, etc. The following witnesses were sworn in rebuttal, etc. (All exceptions to rulings of the court are to be noted in the docket in order whenever they occur.)

September 17, 5 P.M.--After hearing the testimony, the jury retire, under charge of Constable G.W., sworn for that purpose.

6 P.M.--Jury returned into court, and say that they find for the plaintiff for the sum of $86.00.

Judgment rendered thereupon against the defendant for $86.00 and costs of suit, taxed at $12.50, on this 17th day of September, 1887.

W.D.D., Justice of the Peace.

September 29, 1887.--Execution issued for $86.00, and interest from September 17, and for $12.50 costs, and delivered to Constable G.W. to collect.

W.D.D., Justice of the Peace.

October 11.--Execution returned satisfied.

W.D.D., Justice of the Peace.

October 15,1887.--Received the above judgment and costs in full.

J.T., Plaintiff.

OATH TO JURORS.

"You do solemnly swear that you will well and truly try the matters in difference between the parties in this cause, and a true verdict give, according to the evidence given you in court and the laws of this state. So help you God."

OATH TO WITNESS.

"You do solemnly swear that the evidence you shall give relative to the cause now under consideration shall be the whole truth, and nothing but the truth. So help you God."

OATH TO OFFICER.

"You do solemnly swear that you will keep this jury together in some suitable place, without food or drink, unless ordered by the court; that you will suffer no person to speak to them upon the matters submitted to their charge until they are agreed, nor will you speak to them yourself about the cause, except to ask them whether they are agreed; that you will permit no person to listen to, or overhear, any conversation or discussion they may have while deliberating on their verdict; that you will not disclose their verdict nor any conversation they may have respecting the cause, until they have delivered their verdict in court, or been discharged by order of the court. So help you God."

EXECUTION.

State of __________,} County of _________}ss.

The state of _________ to the sheriff or any constable of said county:

Whereas, judgment against A.M. for the sum of (eighty-six) dollars, lawful money of the United States, and for (twelve) dollars and (fifty) cents, costs of suit, was recovered the _____ day of _________, 18_____, before me, at the suit of J.T.; these are therefore to command you to levy distress on the goods and chattels of the said A.M. (excepting as the law exempts), and make sale thereof according to law, in such case made and provided, to the amount of the said sum, together with twenty-five cents for this execution, and the same return to me within thirty days, to be rendered to the said J.T. for his said judgment and costs. Hereof fail not, under penalty of the law.

W.D.D., Justice of the Peace

ENDORSEMENTS ON EXECUTION.

IN JUSTICE COURT

COUNTY OF.........................................

J.T., plaintiff

_against_

A.M., defendant

EXECUTION.

Collect Judgment........$86 00 Costs................... 12 00 ______ $98 50

Interest thereon at seven per cent, from Sept. 17, 1887, and your fees.

W.D.D., Justice of the Peace

Received the within execution Sept. 29, 1887.

G.W., Constable.

(See constable's return.)

RETURN OF EXECUTION.

(_Venue_.)

By virtue of the within execution, on this first day of October, 1887, I have levied on one bay horse about seven years old, one single harness, and one single buggy, the property of the said A.M.

G.W., Constable.

CONSTABLE'S SALE.

(_Venue_.)

By virtue of an execution issued by E.M., justice of the peace, against the goods and chattels of A.M., I have seized and taken the following described property, to-wit: (describing it), which I shall expose for sale at public vendue to the highest bidder, on Tuesday, the eleventh day of October, 1887, at ten o'clock A.M. (in front of the postoffice), at _____, in said county.

G. W., Constable.

Dated Oct. 1, 1887.

FINAL RETURN.

(_Venue_.)

I hereby certify that, by virtue of the within execution, on the first day of October, 1887, I levied on the goods and chattels in the annexed inventory named, the property of said A.M., and on the first day of October, 1887, I advertised the said property for sale by posting up in three public places in the election district where it was to be sold, to-wit, in the town of _________, three notices describing said property, and giving notice of the time and place, when and where the same would be exposed for sale; that at the time so appointed (naming it), I attended at the place mentioned in said notice (naming the place), and then and there exposed the said goods and chattels to sale at public vendue to the highest bidder; and sold the said horse to John Smith, for $76; the harness to Edward White, for $13.50; and the buggy to Samuel Jones, for $23.40, they being the highest bidders therefor; that I have retained $4.16, my fees and disbursements, from said amount, and have applied $86.40 in payment of the within execution, Which is hereby returned fully satisfied.

G. W., Constable.

(Dated and signed.)

_II. Criminal Prosecutions._

OATH TO COMPLAINANT.

"You do solemnly swear that you will true answers make to such questions as shall be put to you touching this complaint against R.F. So help you God."

CRIMINAL COMPLAINT.

State of _________,} County of _______,}ss.

The complaint of J.D., of said county, made before A.J.S., Esq., one of the justices of the peace in and for said county, who, being duly sworn, on his oath says, that on the _____ day of _________, 18_____, at the _____ of _________, in said county, one R.F. did * threaten to beat (or wound, or maim, or as the case may be) him, the said J.D., and to do him great bodily harm; (or to burn his dwelling-house; or as the case may be); and that he has great cause for fear the said R.F. will beat, etc., (as above.) The said J.D., therefore, prays surety of the peace to be granted him against the said R.F., and this he does, not from any private malice or ill-will towards the said R.F., but simply because he is afraid, and has good cause to fear, that the said R.F. will beat, etc., (as above), against the form of the statute in such case made and provided, and against the peace and dignity of the state of Minnesota, * and prays that the said R.F. may be arrested and dealt with according to law.

J.D.

(_Jurat_.)

A.J.S., Justice of the Peace.

WARRANT.

State of _________,} County of _______,}ss.

The State of _________ to the sheriff or any constable of said county:

Whereas, J.D. has this day complained in writing to me, on oath, that R.F., on the _____ day of _________, 18_____, at _________ in said county, did (insert the statement of the offense, as in the complaint); and prayed that the said R.F. might be arrested and dealt with according to law; Now, therefore, you are commanded forthwith to apprehend the said R.F., and bring him before me, to be dealt with according to law; and you are also commanded to summon A.B., C.D., and E.F., material witnesses in said complaint, to appear and testify concerning the same.

Given under my hand this day of, A.D. 18_____.

A.J.S., Justice of the Peace.

RETURN ON WARRANT.

(_Venue_.)

I hereby certify that by virtue of the within warrant I have arrested the within named defendant, and have him now before the court in custody.

(Fees, etc.)

(Dated.)

J.N., Constable.

RECOGNIZANCE.

State of _________,} County of _______,}ss.

We, R.F., as principal, and J.B. and L.O., as sureties, of _________, in said county, acknowledge ourselves to owe and be indebted unto the state of Minnesota in the sum of (two hundred) dollars, to be levied of our several goods and chattels, lands and tenements, to the use of said state, if default be made in the condition following, to-wit:

The condition of this recognizance is such, that if the above bounden R.F. shall and does keep the peace, and be of good behavior, for the period of (three months) from the date hereof, towards all the people of this state, and particularly towards J.D., then this recognizance to be void; otherwise of force.

R.F.

J.B.

L.O.

Taken and acknowledged before me, etc.

A.J.S., Justice of the Peace.

COMMITMENT.

State of _________,} County of _______,}ss.

The State of _________ to the sheriff or any constable, and to the keeper of the common jail of said county:

Whereas, B.F. was, on the _____ day of _________, 18_____, brought before the undersigned, one of the justices of the peace in and for said county, charged, on the oath of J.D., with having, on the _____ day of _________, 18_____, at _____, in the said county (here state the offense as charged in the warrant), and upon examination of the said charge, it appearing to me that there is just cause to fear that such offense will be committed by the said R.F., he was ordered to enter into a recognizance, with sufficient sureties in the sum of ($200), to keep the peace toward all the people of this state, and especially toward the said J.D., for the term of (three) months; and the said R.F. having refused (or failed, or neglected,) to comply with such order: Now, therefore, you, the said constable, are commanded forthwith to convey and deliver into the custody of the said keeper the body of the said R.F., and you, the said keeper, are hereby commanded to receive the said R.F. into your custody in the said jail, and him there safely kept for the term of (three) months from the date hereof, or until he so recognizes as aforesaid, or until he shall thence be discharged by due course of law.

Given under my hand this _____ day of _________, A.D. 18_____.

J.P., Justice of the Peace.

JAILER'S RECEIPT.

(_Venue_.)

I hereby certify that I have received into my custody the within named R.F., and have lodged him in the common jail of said county, as within commanded.

Dated, etc.

L.S.P., Sheriff, by G.S., Deputy.

CONSTABLE'S RETURN.

(_Venue_.)

I hereby certify that by virtue of the within warrant I have delivered the within named R.F. to the keeper of the common jail of the said county, as appears by his receipt indorsed hereon.

Dated, etc. T.R., Constable.

Fees, etc.

_III. Miscellaneous._

COMPLAINT FOR SEARCH WARRANT.

(Follow form "Criminal Complaint" to the *, then say): Divers goods and chattels, viz.: (describing them particularly, and their value,) were feloniously stolen, taken and carried away; and that the said C.W. has good reason to believe, and does believe, that the said goods and chattels are concealed in the (dwelling-house) of one J.S., situated in the (town) of _________, in said county (particularly describing the place), and that the grounds of his said belief are as follows: (here state the facts and circumstances on which his belief is founded.) He, therefore, prays that a warrant may issue to make search for said goods and chattels in said (dwelling-house) of the said J.S., according to the statute in such case made and provided.

C.W.

(_Jurat_.)

SEARCH WARRANT.

(Use the general form of warrant, except in the concluding sentence say): Now, therefore, you are commanded forthwith to enter the (dwelling-house) of one J.S., situated, etc., (particularly describing the place), and there make search for the above described property (or, as the case may be); and if the same, or any part thereof, shall there be found, you are hereby commanded to bring the same, together with the person(s) in whose possession the same may be found, before me, to be dealt with according to law.

Given under my hand, etc.

A.J.S., Justice of the Peace.

_Probate Court._

PETITION FOR ADMISSION OF WILL.

State of _________,} County of _______,}ss.

In Probate Court.

To the Judge of said Court:

The petition of _________ of said _________, respectfully represents that _________ late of _________, deceased the _____ day of _________, at _____, died testate, as petitioner believe; that the instrument in writing herewith presented to this court, is the last will and testament of said deceased as petitioner believe; and that _________ the said petitioner _________ the identical _________ named and appointed in and by said last will and testament as executor thereof; that the heirs at law of said deceased are _________.

Your petitioner would further represent, that the goods, chattels and personal estate of said deceased amount to about _____ dollars; and that the said deceased left debts due and unpaid to the probable amount of _____ dollars.

Your petitioner would pray that a day be appointed for hearing the proofs of said last will and testament, and that public notice thereof be given to all persons interested, as this court shall direct; and that upon the proof and allowance of said will, and the approval of the bond of your petitioner _________, letters testamentary be to _________ issued thereon, and appraisers and commissioners appointed, according to the rules and practices of this court.

Dated at _____, this _____ day of _____, A.D. 18_____.

State of _________,} County of _______,}ss.

On this day of _____, A.D. 18_____, before me personally appeared the above named _____ and made oath that _____ he heard read the above and foregoing petition, subscribed by _____ and know the contents thereof, and that the same is true of _____ own knowledge, except as to the matters which are therein stated to be on _____ information and belief, and as to those matters he believe it to be true.

ORDER ADMITTING WILL.

State of _________,} County of _______,}ss.

In Probate Court. Term _____, 18_____

In the matter of the estate of _____, deceased.

Pursuant to an order of this court made in the above entitled matter, on the _____ day of _____, 18_____, the hearing of the proofs of that certain instrument bearing date the _____ day of _____, 18_____, purporting to be the last will and testament of _____, deceased, came on this day; and it appearing to the satisfaction of the court that the notice directed in the order aforesaid to be given, has been given; thereupon _____ and _____, the subscribing witnesses to said instrument, were duly sworn and examined on behalf of the proponent thereof, their testimony reduced to writing, subscribed by them, and filed. And it appearing to the court after a full hearing and examination of the testimony in said matter, that said _____ died on the _____ day of _____, 18_____, testate, in the said county of _____, and that he was at the time of his death a resident of said county, and left assets therein; that said instrument offered for probate as and for the last will and testament of said deceased, was duly executed as his last will and testament by said testator according to law; that said testator, at the time of executing the same, was of sound mind, of lawful age and under no restraint, and that the same is valid and genuine; and no adverse appearance or objection being made:

Now, therefore, it is ordered, adjudged, and decreed, that said instrument be and hereby is established and allowed as the last will and testament of said _____, deceased, and that the same hereby is admitted to probate. Ordered, further, that said last will and testament, with a certificate of the probate thereof, be recorded.

Judge of Probate.

CERTIFICATE OF PROOF OF WILL.

State of _______,} County of ______}

In Probate Court.

In the matter of the estate of _____, deceased:

Be it remembered, that on the day of the date hereof, at a _____ term of said probate court, pursuant to notice duly given, the last will and testament of _____, late of said county of _____, deceased, bearing date the _____ day of_____, 18_____, and being the annexed written instrument, was duly proved before the probate court in and for the county of aforesaid; and was duly allowed and admitted to probate by said court according to law, as and for the last will and testament of said _________, deceased, which said last will and testament is recorded and the examination taken thereon filed in this office.

In testimony whereof, the judge of the probate court of said county hath hereunto set his hand and affixed the seal of the said court, at _____ in said county, this _____ day of _________, A.D. 18_____

Judge of Probate.

LETTERS TESTAMENTARY.

State of _______,} County of ______}ss

The State of _______, to all to whom these presents shall come or may concern, and especially to _______ of the county of _______ and state of _______, greeting:

Know ye, that whereas, _______ late of the county of _______ and state of _______, lately died testate, and being at the time of his decease a _______ of said county, by means whereof the proving and recording his last will and testament, and granting administration of all and singular the goods, chattels, rights, credits and estate whereof he died possessed, and also the auditing, allowing and finally discharging the account thereof, is within the jurisdiction of the probate court of said county of _______.

And whereas, on the _____ day of _______, A.D. 18_____, at _______ in said county, before the Hon. _______, probate judge of said county, the last will and testament of the said _______ (a copy whereof is hereunto annexed) was proved, allowed and admitted to probate: And, whereas, _______, executor named and appointed in and by said last will and testament, has given bond, as required by law, for the faithful execution of said trust, which said bond has been approved by said judge, and filed in the aforesaid probate court; we therefore, reposing full confidence in your integrity and ability, have granted and by these presents do grant the administration of all and singular the goods, chattels, rights, credits and estate of the said deceased, and any way concerning his said last will and testament, unto you, the said _______ executor aforesaid: Hereby authorizing and empowering you to take and have possession of all the real and personal estate of said deceased, and to receive the rents, issues and profits thereof, until said estate shall have been settled, or until delivered over by order of said court, to the heirs or devisees of said deceased; and to demand, collect, recover and receive all and singular, the debts, claims, demands, rights, and chooses in action, which to the said deceased while living and at the time of his death did belong; and requiring you to keep in good tenantable repair, all houses, buildings and fences on said real estate, which may and shall be under your control, and in accordance with your bond approved and filed as aforesaid, to make and return into the probate court of said county of _______ within three months, a true and perfect inventory of all the goods, chattels, rights, credits and estate of said deceased, which shall come to your possession or knowledge, or to the possession of any other person for you; to administer, according to law, and to said last will and testament, all the goods, chattels, rights, credits and estate of the said deceased, which shall at any time come to your possession or to the possession of any other person for you, and out of the same to pay and discharge all debts, legacies and charges chargeable on the same, or such dividends thereon as shall be ordered and decreed by said court; to render a just and true account of your administration to said court within one year, and at any other time when required by said court, and to perform all orders and decrees of said court, by you to be performed in the premises.

In testimony whereof, we have caused the seal of our probate court to be hereunto affixed: Witness the Hon. _______, judge of probate, at _______, in said county, this _____ day of _______, A.D. 18_____.

Judge of Probate Court, County of _______, _______.

FORM OF WILL.

I, (name of testator), of (residence), being of sound mind and memory, do hereby make, publish, and declare this to be my last will and testament, hereby revoking and making void all former wills by me at any time heretofore made.

First.--I order and direct my executors, as soon after my death as possible, to pay off and discharge all debts and liabilities that may exist against me at the time of my decease.

Second.--I give and bequeath unto my wife, (naming her, and specifying property bequeathed.)

Third.--I give and bequeath unto my son, (naming him, and specifying property bequeathed.)

And so on for each legacy.

Fourth.--I hereby nominate and appoint (naming the person or persons) as the executors of this, my last will and testament.

In witness whereof, I have hereunto subscribed my name, this day of _______, A.D. _______ Autograph signature of testator.

The above and foregoing instrument was at the date thereof signed, sealed, published, and declared, by the said (name of testator), as and for his last will and testament, in presence of us, who, at his request, and in his presence, and in the presence of each other, have subscribed our names as witnesses.

Name _______, Residence. Name _______, Residence.

For citations, pupils should watch the newspapers and make clippings.

_District Court_.

HABEAS CORPUS.

State of _______,} County of ______}ss

District Court, Judicial District.

The State of ________ to

You are hereby commanded to have the body of ________, by you imprisoned and detained, as it is said, together with the time and cause of such imprisonment and detention, by whatsoever name the said ________ shall be called or charged, before the Honorable ________, judge of the district court, ________ to do and receive what shall then and there be considered concerning the said ________. And have you then and there this writ.

Witness the Honorable ________, judge of said district court, at ________ in said county, this _____ day of ________, A.D. 18_____.

________ Clerk.

INDICTMENT.

State of _______,} County of ______}ss

District Court, Judicial District.

The State of ________ against ________, accused by the grand jury of the county of ________, in the state of ________, by this indictment of the crime of ________, committed as follows:

The said ________, on the _____ day of ________, A.D. 18_____, at the city of ________, in the county of ________, and state of ________, did, without the authority of law, and with malice aforethought, ________, contrary to the form of the statute in such case made and provided, and against the peace and dignity of the state of ________.

Dated at the city of ________, in the county of ________, and state of ________, this _____ day of ________, A.D. 18_____.

A.L.H., Foreman of the Grand Jury.

Names of witnesses examined before the grand jury: B.F.H., R.D.H., A.F.B., E.S., H.P.C., L.H.

NATURALIZATION PAPERS.

(_First Paper_.)

State of _______,} County of ______}ss

I, ________, do solemnly declare on oath to ________, clerk of the district court of the county of ________, and state of ________, that it is bona fide my intention to become a citizen of the United States, and to renounce forever all allegiance and fidelity to any foreign prince, potentate, state or sovereignty whatever, and particularly to the sovereign of ________, whereof I was heretofore a citizen or subject.

(Signed.)

Subscribed and sworn to before me this _____ day of _______, A.D. 18__.

Clerk of said Court.

State of _______,} County of ______}ss

I hereby certify that the foregoing is a true copy of the original declaration of _______, this day filed in my office.

In testimony whereof, I have hereunto subscribed my name and affixed the seal of the district court aforesaid, at _______, this ____ day of _______, A.D. 18__.

Clerk.

(Second Paper.)

State of _______,} County of ______}ss

District Court, Judicial District.

Be it remembered, that on this ____ day of _______, 18__, _______ appeared in the district court of the _____ judicial district of the State of _______, and for the county aforesaid, the said court being a court of record, having a common law jurisdiction and a clerk and seal, and applied to said court to be admitted to become a citizen of the United States of America, pursuant to the several acts of congress of the United States of America for that purpose made and provided; and the said applicant having thereupon produced to the court such evidence, declaration and renunciation, and having taken such oaths as are by the said acts required: Thereupon it was ordered by the said court that the said applicant be admitted, and he was accordingly admitted by the said court to be a citizen of the United States of America.

In testimony whereof, I have hereunto subscribed my name and affixed the seal of the court aforesaid, this ____ day of _______, A.D. 18__.

Clerk of said Court.

SATISFACTION OF JUDGMENT.

State of _______,} County of ______}ss

District Court, Judicial District.

(_Title of Cause._)

The judgment in the above entitled action, rendered in _______ county, _______, on the ____ day of _______, A.D. 18__, and duly docketed in the office of the clerk of the district court of said county, on the ____ day of _______, A.D. 18__, for $____ in favor of _______ against _______, is paid and satisfied in full; and the clerk of said court is hereby authorized to discharge said judgment of record.

In testimony whereof, _______ has hereunto set _____ hand and seal this ____ day of _______, A.D. 18__.

Signed, sealed and delivered in presence of _______

[Seal.] [Seal.] [Seal.]

State of _______,} County of ______}ss

On this ____ day of _______, A.D. 18__, before me, the subscriber, a _______ in and for said county, personally appeared _______ to me known to be the person described in, and who executed the foregoing instrument, and acknowledged that he executed the same as _______ free act and deed.

APPENDIX B.--TABLES.

COMPARATIVE LEGISLATIVE TABLE OF THE STATES.

+====+================+=============================+================+ | |State |Legislature |Senate | | | +--------------+--------------+-------+-----+--| | | |Name |Houses |Number |Term/Age| +====+================+==============+==============+=======+===+====+ |1 |Alabama |Leg. |S. & R.[2] |33 |4 |27 | |2 |Arkansas |" |S. & R. |32 |4 |25 | |3 |California |" |S. & A. |40 |4 |21 | |4 |Colorado |" |S. & R. |26 |4 |25 | |5 |Connecticut |Gen. A. [d] |" |24 |2 |21 | |6 |Delaware |Leg. |" |9 |4 |27 | |7 |Florida |" |S. & A. |32 |4 |21 | |8 |Georgia |Gen. A. |S. & R. |44 |4 |25 | |9 |Idaho |Leg. |" |48 |2 |21 | |10 |Illinois |" |" |51 |4 |25 | |11 |Indiana |" |" |50 |4 |25 | |12 |Iowa |Gen. A. |" |50 |4 |25 | |13 |Kansas |Leg. |" |40 |4 |21 | |14 |Kentucky |" |" |38 |4 |30 | |15 |Louisiana |Gen. A. |" |35 |4 |25 | |16 |Maine |Leg. |" |31 |2 |25 | |17 |Maryland |Gen. A. |S. & D.[e] |26 |4 |25 | |18 |Massachusetts |Gen. Ct. [f] |S. & R. |40 |1 |21 | |19 |Michigan |Leg. |" |32 |2 |21 | |20 |Minnesota |" |" |63 |4 |21 | |21 |Mississippi |" |" |40 |4 |25 | |22 |Missouri |Gen. A. |" |34 |4 |30 | |23 |Montana |Leg. A. |" |16 |4 |24 | |24 |Nebraska |Leg. |" |33 |2 |21 | |25 |Nevada |" |S. & Ass. |20 |4 |21 | |26 |New Hampshire |Gen. Ct. |S. & R. |24 |2 |30 | |27 |New Jersey |Leg. |S. & Gen. A. |21 |3 |30 | |28 |New York |" |S. & Ass. |50 |2 |21 | |29 |North Carolina |Gen. A. |S. & R. |50 |2 |25 | |30 |North Dakota |Leg. A. |" |50[3] |4 |25 | |31 |Ohio |Gen. A. |" |37 |2 |30 | |32 |Oregon |Leg. A. |" |30 |4 |21 | |33 |Pennsylvania |Gen. A. |" |50 |4 |25 | |34 |Rhode Island |" |" |36 |1 |21 | |35 |South Carolina |" |" |35[h] |4 |25 | |36 |South Dakota |Leg. |" |45[3] |2 |25 | |37 |Tennessee |Gen. A. |" |33 |2 |30 | |38 |Texas |Leg. |" |31 |4 |26 | |39 |Utah |" |" |18 |4 |25 | |40 |Vermont |Gen. A. |" |30 |2 |30 | |41 |Virginia |" |S. & D.[e] |40 |4 |21 | |42 |Washington |Leg. |S. & R. |35 |4 |21 | |43 |West Virginia |" |S. & D. |24 |4 |21 | |44 |Wisconsin |" |S. & Ass. |33 |4 |21 | |45 |Wyoming |" |S. & R. |16 |4 |25 | |46 |Territories |" |Leg. C. & R. |12 |2 |21 | +====+================+==============+==============+=======+===+====+

COMPARATIVE LEGISLATIVE TABLE OF THE STATES.

[Transcriber's Note: Right-hand page, continuing previous table]

+===+===============+===============+======+========================+ | |House. |Meeting. | Salary | +---+------+----+---+-----+---------+------+------------------------+ | |Number|Term|Age|Freq |Duration |Begins| Same for each House, | | | | | | | | | presiding Officer | | | | | | | | | usually double. | +===+======\====/===/=====+=========+=====/=========================+ |1 |100 |2 |21 |B. |50 |Nov. |$4 and 10c. mileage.[1] | |2 |92 |2 |21 |B. |60 |Jan. |$6 a day. | |3 |80 |2 |21 |B. |60 |" |$8 and 10c. mileage, | | | | | | | | |and $25. | |4 |49 |2 |25 |B. |90 |" |$7 and 15.c mileage. | |5 |249[a] |2 |21 |B. |.....[b] |" |$300 and mileage. | |6 |20 |2 |24 |B. |..... |" |$3 and mileage. | |7 |76 |2 |21 |B. |60 |" |$6 and 10c. mileage. | |8 |175 |2 |21 |A. |50[c] |Oct. |$4 and mileage. | |9 |36 |2 |21 |B. |60 |Jan. |$5 and 10c. mileage. | |10 |153 |2 |21 |B. |..... |" |$5 and 10c. mileage, | | | | | | | | |and $50. | |11 |100 |2 |21 |B. |60 |" |$6 and 20c. mileage. | |12 |100 |2 |21 |B. |..... |" |$500 per term and 10c. | | | | | | | | |mileage. | |13 |125 |2 |21 |B. |50 |" |$3 and 15c. mileage.[1] | |14 |100 |2 |24 |B. |60[c] |Dec. |$5 and 15c. mileage. | |15 |98 |4 |21 |B. |60 |May. |$4 and mileage. | |16 |151 |2 |21 |B. |..... |Jan. |$150 a year and 20c. | | | | | | | | |mileage. | |17 |91 |2 |21 |B. |90 |" |$5 and mileage.[1] | |18 |240 |1 |21 |A. |..... |" |$170 a year and 20c. | | | | | | | | |mileage. | |19 |100 |2 |21 |B. |..... |" |$3 and 10c. mileage.[1] | |20 |119 |2 |21 |B. |90 |" |$5 and 15c. mileage. | |21 |120 |4 |21 |Q.[j] |..... |" |$400 per reg. sess. and | | | | | | | | |10c. mileage. | |22 |140 |2 |24 |B. |70 |" |$5 and mileage, and $30. | |23 |55 |2 |21 |B. |60 |" |$6 and 20c. mileage.[1] | |24 |100 |2 |21 |B. |90 |" |$5 and 10c. mileage.[1] | |25 |40 |2 |21 |B. |60 |" |$7 and 40c. mileage. | |26 |321 |2 |21 |B. |..... |" |$200 per term. | |27 |60 |1 |21 |A. |..... |" |$500 a year.[1] | |28 |150 |1 |21 |A. |..... |" |$1500 and 10c. | | | | | | | | |mileage.[1] | |29 |120 |2 |21 |B. |60 |" |$4 and 10c. mileage.[1] | |30 |140[3] |2 |21 |B. |60 |" |$5 and 10c. mileage.[1] | |31 |110 |2 |25 |B. |..... |" |$600 and 10c. mileage. | |32 |60 |2 |21 |B. |40 |" |$3 and 15c. mileage.[1] | |33 |201 |2 |21 |B. |..... |" |$1500 and 5c. mileage, | | | | | | | | |and $100. | |34 |72[a] |1 |21 |A.[g] |..... |May. |$1 and 8c. mileage.[1] | |35 |123 |2 |22 |A. |..... |Jan. |$4 and 10c. mileage. | |36 |135[3] |2 |25 |B. |..... |" |$5 and 10c. mileage.[1] | |37 |99 |2 |21 |B. |75 |" |$4 and 16c. mileage.[1] | |38 |106 |2 |21 |B. |90 |" |$5 and 20c. mileage.[1] | |39 |45 |2 |25 |B. |60 |" |$4 and 10c. mileage. | |40 |240 |2 |21 |B. |..... |Oct. |$3 a day. | |41 |100 |2 |21 |B. |90[c] |Dec. |$540 a year. | |42 |70 |2 |21 |B. |60 |Jan. |$5 and 10c. mileage.[1] | |43 |65 |2 |21 |B. |45[c] |" |$4 and 10c. mileage.[1] | |44 |100 |2 |21 |B. |..... |" |$500 and 10c. mileage.[1]| |45 |33 |2 |21 |B. |40 |" |$5 and 15c. mileage. | |46 |24 |2 |21 |B. |60 |"[i] |$4 and 20c. mileage. | +===+=======+==+===+======+=========+=====+=========================+

[Footnote a: "One from each town."]

[Footnote b: No limitation.]

[Footnote c: May be extended by special vote.]

[Footnote d: General Assembly.]

[Footnote e: House of Delegates.]

[Footnote f: General Court.]

[Footnote g: Two sess. annually, in May and Oct.]

[Footnote h: "One for each county."--State Const.]

[Footnote i: New Mexico in December.]

[Footnote j: Quadrennially in general session, with sp. sess midway between.]

[Footnote 1: State constitution.]

[Footnote 2: Senate and house of representatives.]

[Footnote 3: "Not more than."--Constitution.]

COMPARATIVE EXECUTIVE TABLE OF THE STATES.

[Transcriber's Note: These pages were modified slightly from their original form. The originals were printed lengthwise (landscape-style) across both pages to take maximum advantage of space. As this cannot be done in an ASCII medium, the table has had line numbers added to it like the Legislative Table above (which _was_ done in the original), and will be shown in continuing pieces.]

+===+===============+=============================================+ | |STATES. | GOVERNOR. | | | +----------------+------+----------+----------| | | |Qualifications. |Term. |Salary. |Election. | | | | |years.| | | +===+===============+================+======+==========+==========+ |1 |Alabama |30,c,r7[a] |2 |$3,000 |P[b] | |2 |Arkansas |30,c,r7 |2 | 3,500 |P | |3 |California |30,c,r2 |4 | 6,000 |P | |4 |Colorado |30,c,r2 |2 | 5,000 |P | |5 |Connecticut |30,voter |2 | 4,000 |M[d] | |6 |Delaware |30,C12,c6[4][i] |4[h] | 2,000[1] |P | |7 |Florida |C 9,c3 |4 | 3,500 |P | |8 |Georgia |30,C15,C6 |2 | 3,000[1] |M | |9 |Idaho |30,c,r2 |2 | 3,000 |P | |10 |Illinois |30,C5,c5 |4 | 6,000[1] |P | |11 |Indiana |30,C5,r5 |4[h] | 5,000 |P | |12 |Iowa |30,C,r2 |2 | 3,000 |P | |13 |Kansas |............... |2 | 3,000 |P | |14 |Kentucky |35,C,r6 |4[h] | 6,500[1] |P | |15 |Louisiana |C,r2 |4[h] | 4,000 |P | |16 |Maine |30,C,r5[f] |2 | 2,500 |M[d] | |17 |Maryland |30,c10,r5 |4 | 4,500[1] |P | |18 |Massachusetts |37,Christian |1 | 8,000 |M[d] | |19 |Michigan |30,C5,r2 |2 | 4,000 |P | |20 |Minnesota |25,C,r1 |2 | 5,000 |P | |21 |Mississippi |30,C20,r2 |4 | 4,000[1] |P | |22 |Missouri |35,C10,r7 |4 | 5,000[1] |P | |23 |Montana |30,C,r2 |4 | 5,000 |P | |24 |Nebraska |30,C2,c2 |2 | 2,500 |P | |25 |Nevada |25,C,r2 |4 | 5,000 |P | |26 |New Hampshire |30,r7 |2 | 2,000 |M[d] | |27 |New Jersey |30,C20,r7 |3[h] |10,000 |P | |28 |New York |30,C,r5 |2 |10,000[1] |P | |29 |North Carolina |30,C5,r2 |4 | 3,000[1] |P | |30 |North Dakota |30,C,c,r5 |2 | 3,000 |P | |31 |Ohio |Voter |2 | 8,000 |P | |32 |Oregon |30,C,r3 |4 | 1,500 |P | |33 |Pennsylvania |30,r7 |4 |10,000[1] |P | |34 |Rhode Island |Voter,c |1 | 3,000 |M[d] | |35 |South Carolina |30,C2,c,r2 |2 | 3,500[1] |P | |36 |South Dakota |30,c,c,r2 |2 | 2,500 |P | |37 |Tennessee |30,C,c7 |2 | 4,000 |P | |38 |Texas |30,C,r5 |2 | 4,000[1] |P | |39 |Utah |30,c,r5 |4 | 2,000 |P | |40 |Vermont |Voter |2 | 1,500 |M | |41 |Virginia |30,c,r3 |4[h] | 5,000[1] |P | |42 |Washington |C,c |4 | 4,000 |P | |43 |West Virginia |Voter |4 | 2,700 |P | |44 |Wisconsin |Voter |2 | 5,000 |P | |45 |Wyoming |30,C,r5 |4 | 2,500 |P | |46 |Territories |Partisan |4 | 2,600 |A[j] | +===+===============+================+======+==========+==========+

COMPARATIVE EXECUTIVE TABLE OF THE STATES.

[Transcriber's Notes: Next set of columns, continuing table.]

+===+===========================+==================================+ | | Lieut. Gov. |Usual Administrative Officers | +---+------------+--------------+-----------+----------+-----------+ | |Term and |Succession to |Secretary |State |State | | |Salary |Governorship |of state |Treasurer |Auditor or | | | | | | |Comptroller| +===+============+==============+===========+==========+===========+ |1 |None |P,S[3] |2, 1800 |2, 2150 |2, 1800 | |2 |None |P,S |2, 1800 |2, 2250 |2, 2250 | |3 |4, 3000 |L,P |4, 3000 |4, 3000 |4, 3000 | |4 |2, 1000 |L,P,S[e] |2, 3000 |2, 3000 |2, 2000 | |5 |2, 500[2] |L,P,S |2, 1500 |2, 1500 |2, 1200 | |6 |None |P,S |4, 1000[j] |2, 1450 |4, 200 | |7 |4, 500 |L,P |4, 1500 |4, 2000 |4, 1500 | |8 |None. |P |2, 2000 |2, 2000 |2, 2000 | |9 |2, $7.50/day|L,P,S |2, 1800 |2, 1000 |2, 2000 | |10 |4, 1000 |L,P |4, 3500 |2, 3500 |4, 3500 | |11 |4, $8/day[2]|L,P |2, 2000 |2, 3500 |2, 2500 | |12 |2, 1100 |L,P,S |2, 2200 |2, 2200 | 1500 | |13 |2, $6/day |L,P,S |2, 2000 |2, 2500 |2, 2500 | |14 |4, |L,P,S |4, 1500 |2, 2400 |4, 500 | | |$10/day[2] | | | | | |15 |4, $8/day |L,P |4, 1800 |4, 2000 |4, 3000 | |16 |None. |P,S |2, 1200 |2, 1600 |2, 1000 | |17 |None. |P,S |4, 2000 |2, 2500 |4, 3000 | |18 |1, 200 |L. Council |1, 3000 |1, 5000 |1, 4000 | |19 |2, 1200 |L,P |2, 2000 |2, 2000 |2, 3000 | |20 |2, $10/day |L,P |2, 3500 |2, 3500 |2, 3500 | |21 |4, 800[2] |L,P,S |4, 2500 |4, 2500 |4, 2500 | |22 |4, $5/day[2]|L,P,S |4, 3000 |4, 3000 |....... | |23 |4, $12/day |L,P,S |4, 3000 |4, 3000 |4, 3000 | |24 |2, $6/day |L,P,S |2, 2000 |2, 2500 |2, 2500 | |25 |Lib. |L,P |4, 3000 |4, 3000 |4, 3000 | | |4, 2700 | | | | | |26 |None. |P |2, 800 |2, 1800 |....... | |27 |None. |P |5, 6000 |3, 6000 |3, 6000 | |28 |3, 5000 |L,P |2, 5000 |2, 5000 |2, 6000 | |29 |4, $8/day |L,P |4, 2000 |4, 3000 |4, 1500 | |30 |2, 1000 |L,Sec |2, 2000 |2, 2000 |2, 2000 | |31 |2, 800 |L,P |2, 3000 |2, 3000 |4, 3000 | |32 |Sec St. |L,P |4, 1500[g] |4, 800 |....... | | |ex-officio | | | | | |33 |4, 3000 |L,P | 4000[j] |2, 5000 |3, 3000 | |34 |1, 500 |L,P |1, 3500 |1, 2500 |1, 1500 | |35 |2, 1000 |L,P |2, 2100 |2, 2100 |2, 2100 | |36 |2, $10/day |L,Sec |2, 1800 |2, 1800 |2, 1800 | |37 |None. |P,S |4, 1800 |2, 2750 |2, 2750 | |38 |2, $5/day |L,P | 2000[j] |2, 2500 |2, 2500 | |39 |None. |Sec,P |4, 2000 |4, 1000 |4, 1500 | |40 |2, $6/day |L |2, 1700[j] |2, 1700 |2, 2000[j] | |41 |4, 900 |L |2, 2000 |2, 2000 |2, 3000 | |42 |4, 1000 |L |4, 2500 |4, 2000 |4, 2000 | |43 |None |P,S |4, 1000 |4, 1400 |4, 2000 | |44 |2, 1000 |L,Sec,S |2, 5000 |2, 5000 | | |45 |None |Sec |4, 2000 |4, 2000 |4, 2000 | |46 |....... |....... |4, 1800 |2, varies |2, varies | +===+============+==============+===========+==========+===========+

COMPARATIVE EXECUTIVE TABLE OF THE STATES.

[Transcriber's Notes: Next set of columns, continuing table.]

+===+===========================================+ | | Usual Administrative Officers. | +---+-----------+----------------+--------------+ | |Attorney |Supt. of Public |Railroad | | |General |Instruction |Commissioners | +===+===========================================+ |1 |2, 1500 | 2250[j] |2, 3000[c] | |2 |2, 1500 |2, 1600 |Gov., Sec. | |3 |4, 3000 |4, 3000 |4, 4000 | |4 |2, 2000 |2, 3000 |.......... | |5 |2, 1200 |2, 3000 |2, 3000 | |6 |4, 200 |4, 1500 |.......... | |7 |4, 1500 |4, 1500 |.......... | |8 |2, 2000 |2, 2000 |2, 2500 | |9 |2, 2000 |2, 1500 |.......... | |10 |4, 3500 |4, 3500 |2, 3500 | |11 |2, 2500 |2, 2500 |.......... | |12 | 1500 |2, 2200 |3, 3000 | |13 |2, 2500 |2, 2000 |3, 3000 | |14 |4, 500 |4, 2400 |2, 2000 | |15 |4, 3000 |4, 2000 |.......... | |16 |2, 1000 |3, 1000 |3, 1000 | |17 |4, 3000 |2, 2500 |.......... | |18 |1, 4000 |1, 3400 |3, 3500 | |19 |2, 3000 |2, 2000 |2, $10/day | |20 |2, 3500 |2, 2500[j] |3, 3000 | |21 |4, 2500 |4, 2000 |3, 2500 | |22 |....... |4, 3000 |6, 3000 | |23 |4, 3000 |4, 2500 |.......... | |24 |2, 2000 |2, 2000 |.......... | |25 |4, 3000 |4, 2400 |.......... | |26 |5, 2200 |2, 2500 |3, 2500 | |27 |5, 7000 |3, 3000 |.......... | |28 |2, 5000 |3, 5000 |3, 8000 | |29 |4, 2000 |4, 1500 | | |30 |2, 2000 |2, 2000 |2, 2000 | |31 |2, 2000 |3, 2000 |2, 2000 | |32 | |4, 1500 |.......... | |33 | 3500[j] |4, 2500 |.......... | |34 |1, 4500 | 3000[j] |1, 500 | |35 |2, 2100 |2, 2100 |6, 3000 | |36 |2, 1000 |2, 1800 |.......... | |37 |6, 3000 |2, 1300 | | |38 |2, 2000 |2, 2500 |2, 3000 | |39 |4, 1500 |4, 1500 |.......... | |40 |.......... |2, 1400 |2, 500[j] | |41 |4, 2500 |4, 2500 | 3000 | |42 |4, 2000 |4, 2500 |.......... | |43 |4, 1300 |4, 1500 |.......... | |44 |2, 3000 |2, 3500 |2, 3000 | |45 |.......... |4, 2000 |.......... | |46 |.......... |2, varies |.......... | +===+===========+================+==============+

[Footnote a: That is, 30 years old, a citizen of the state, and a resident thereof 7 years.]

[Footnote b: Plurality or majority to elect.]

[Footnote c: There are three railroad commissioners each in Ala., Cal., Conn., Ga., Ill., Iowa, Kan., Ky., Me., Mass., Minn., Miss., Mo., N.D., N.H., N.Y., S.C; one in other states.]

[Footnote d: In case no one has a majority, election goes to legislature.]

[Footnote e: That is, the order of succession is Lieutenant Governor, President of Senate, Speaker of House.]

[Footnote f: Governor must be native citizen of U.S.]

[Footnote g: In Oregon the Secretary of State is also ex-officio Lieutenant Governor, Auditor, and one of the Land Commissioners.]

[Footnote h: Ineligible for succeeding term.]

[Footnote i: In Delaware, North Carolina, Ohio, and Rhode Island the Governor has no veto.]

[Footnote j: Appointed.]

[Footnote 1: In these thirteen states the Governor also has the use of the "Executive Mansion" of the state.]

[Footnote 2: In these states the Lieutenant Governor may debate in "committee of the whole."]

[Footnote 3: That is, the order of succession is President of Senate, Speaker of House.]

[Footnote 4: Thirty years old; citizen of the United States, 12; and of the state, 6 years. In Me., Mass., N.H., and Vt. the Governor is assisted by an executive council of 7, 8, 12, and 5 members respectively.]

COMPARATIVE JUDICIAL TABLE OF THE STATES.

[Transcriber's Note: This table is formatted in the same way as the Executive and Legislative Tables above it. See notes above for details. In addition, places where the scanned text is illegible are marked with a "*".]

+=====+=================+=========================================+ | | | Supreme Court | | | +----------+----------+-----------+-------+ | | | |Chief | | | | |States. |Members |Justice |Election |Term | +=====+=================+==========+==========+===========+=======+ |1 |Alabama |3 |A |P'ple |6 | |2 |Arkansas |3 |A |P |8 | |3 |California |7 |C |P |12 | |4 |Colorado |3 |C |P |9 | |5 |Connecticut |5 |A |Leg. |8 | |6 |Delaware |5 |A |Gov. |Life | |7 |Florida |3 |A |Gov. |Life | |8 |Georgia |3 |A |Leg. |12 | |9 |Idaho |3 |C |P |6 | |10 |Illinois |7 |B |P |9 | |11 |Indiana |5 |B |P |6 | |12 |Iowa |5 |C |P |6 | |13 |Kansas |3 |A |P |6 | |14 |Kentucky |4 |C |P |6 | |15 |Louisiana |5 |A |Gov. |12 | |16 |Maine |8 |A |Gov. |7 | |17 |Maryland |9 |A |P |15 | |18 |Massachusetts |7 |A |Gov. |Life | |19 |Michigan |5 |A |P |10 | |20 |Minnesota |5 |A |P |6 | |21 |Mississippi |3 |A |Gov. |9 | |22 |Missouri |5 |A |P |10 | |23 |Montana |3 |A |P |6 | |24 |Nebraska |3 |C |P |6 | |25 |Nevada |3 |A |P |6 | |26 |New Hampshire |7 |A |Gov. |till 70| |27 |New Jersey |9 |A |Gov. |7 | |28 |New York |7 |A |P |14 | |29 |North Carolina |3 |A |P |8 | |30 |North Dakota |3 |C |P |6 | |31 |Ohio |* |A |P |5 | |32 |Oregon |4 |C |P |6 | |33 |Pennsylvania |7 |C |P |21 | |34 |Rhode Island |6 |A |Leg. |Life | |35 |South Carolina |3 |A |Leg. |6 | |36 |South Dakota |3 |B |P |6 | |37 |Tennessee |5 |A |P |8 | |38 |Texas |3 |A |P |6 | |39 |Utah |3 |C |P |6 | |40 |Vermont |* |* |Leg. |2 | |41 |Virginia |* |B |Leg. |12 | |42 |Washington |3 |C |P |6 | |43 |West Virginia |4 |A |P |12 | |44 |Wyoming |3 |C |P |8 | |45 |Territories |3-6 |A |Pres. |4 | +=====+=================+==========+==========+===========+=======+

COMPARATIVE JUDICIAL TABLE OF THE STATES.

[Transcriber's Notes: Next set of columns, continuing table.]

+====+=================================+===========================+ | | Supreme Court | Circuit Court | | +----------+---------+------------+---------+----------+------+ | | | |Qualifi- |Juris- | | | | |Meetings |Salary |cations |diction |Election |Term | +====+==========+=========+============+=========+==========+======+ |1 |1 |$ 3600 |25 |L |P |6 | |2 |2 | 3000 |30,C,r2,L8 |L |P |4 | |3 |[3] | 6000 |.......... |LE |P |6 | |4 |2 | 5000 |30,C,r2,LL |LE |P |6 | |5 |6[1] |{ 4500 |.......... |LE |........ |8 | | | |{ 4000 | | | | | |6 |2 |{ 2500 |.......... | Held by S.C. Judges. | | | |{ 2200 | | | | | |7 |3 | 3000 |.......... |LE |Gov. |6 | |8 |2 | 3000 |30,c3,L7 |LE |P |4 | |9 |4 | 3000 |30,C,r2 |LE |P |4 | |10 |6[1] | 5000 |30,C,r5 |LE |P |4 | |11 |2 | 5000 |.......... |LE |P |6 | |12 |4 | 4000 |.......... |LE |P |4 | |13 |11 | 3000 |.......... |LE |P |4 | |14 |2 | 4000 |30,C,r2,L8 |LE |P |6 | |15 |4 | 5000 |.......... |L |P |4 | |16 |3 | 3000 |.......... | By Judges Supreme Ct. | |17 |[3] | 3500 |30,c5,LL |LE |P |15 | |18 |[3] | 3000 |.......... |L |Gov. |Lf. | |19 |4 | 5000 |.......... |LE |P |6 | |20 |2 | 5000 |.......... |LE |P |6 | |21 |2 | 3500 |30,c2 |L |Gov. |6 | |22 |2 | 4500 |30,C,c5,LL |LE |P |6 | |23 |3 | 4000 |30,C,r2,LL |LE |P |4 | |24 |2 | 2500 |30,C,r3 |LE |P |4 | |25 |4 |{ 7000 |.......... |LE |P | | | | |{ 6000 | | | | | |26 |2 |{ 3500 |.......... | Held by Judges of Sup. Ct.| | | |{ 3300 | | | | | |27 |3 |{10000 |.......... |L |Leg |5 | | | |{ 9000 | | | | | |28 |2 | 12500 | | Held by Judges of Sup. Ct.| |29 |2 | 2500 | | | | | |30 |3 | |30,C,r3,LL |LE |P |4 | |31 |1 | 5000 | | |P |5 | |32 |2 | 2000 | |LE |P |6 | |33 |3 |{ 8*00 | |L |P |10 | | | |{ | | | | | |34 |* |{ **00 | | Held by Judges of Sup. Ct.| | | |{ *000 | | | | | |35 |2 |{ 4000 |30,C,r5 |L |Leg |4 | | | |{ 3500 | | | | | |36 |2 | 2500 |30,C,r2,LL |LE |P |4 | |37 |3 | 4000 |30,r5 |L |P |8 | |38 |3 | 3500 |30,C,c,L7 |LE |P |4 | |39 |3 | 3000 |30,LL,r5 |L |P |4 | |40 | | 3000 | | Held by Judges of Sup. Ct.| |41 |3 |{ 3*50 | |LE |Leg |8 | | | |{ *000 | | | | | |42 |[3] | 4000 | |[1]LE |P |4 | |43 |3 | 2250 | |LE |P |8 | |44 |2 | |30,C,r3,L9 |LE |P |6 | |45 | | 3000 | |LE |Judges of S.C. | +====+==========+=========+============+=========+==========+======+

COMPARATIVE JUDICIAL TABLE OF THE STATES.

[Transcriber's Notes: Next set of columns, continuing table.]

+===+=========================+======================+===============+ | | Probate Court | Justice Court | Remarks | | +---------+---------+-----+--------+-------+-----+---------------+ | |Juris- |Election |Term |Juris- |Number |Term |(Municipal and | | |diction | | |diction | | |Special courts | | | | | | | | | not given) | +===+=========+=========+=====+========+=======+=====+===============+ |1 |Pr.[2] |P'ple |6 |$100 |2 |.... |Chancery. | |2 |Pr.[2] |P |2 | 100 |2 |2 |Com. Pleas. | |3 |Pr.[2]L |P |4 | 300 |2 |2 |Naturalization | |4 |Pr.[2]C |P |3 | 300 |...... |2 | in County | | | | | | | | | Court | |5 |........ |..... |.... | 100 |...... |.... |Common Pleas, | | | | | | | | | less than $500| |6 | Held by the Chancellor | 100 |...... |.... |Chancery. | |7 |Pr. & L |Gov. |4 | 100 |Gov. |4 | | |8 |Pr.[2] |P |4 | 100 |P |4 |Superior Ct. | | | | | | | | | between. C. | | | | | | | | | and S.C. | |9 |Pr.[2] |P |.... | 300 |...... |.... | | |10 |Pr.[2] |P |4 | 200 |...... |4 |Appellate | | | | | | | | | Courts | |11 | In Circuit Court | 200 |...... |4 | compos'd of | | | | | | | | | Circuit Judges| |12 | In Circuit Court | 100 |...... |.... |By consent of | | | | | | | | | parties, $300.| |13 |Pr.[2] |P |2 | 300 |2 |2 | | |14 |Pr.[2] |P |4 | 50 |2 |4 | | |15 |Pr. $500 |..... |.... | 100 |...... |2 |No equity | | | | | | | | | proceedings in| | | | | | | | | La. | |16 |Pr.[2]L |..... |.... | 50 |...... |.... |Probate Court | |17 |Pr. |P |6 | 100 |Gov. |2 | also Court of | | | | | | | | | Insolvency. | |18 |Pr.[2]L |Gov. |Lf. | 300 |Gov. |7 |Probate Court | |19 |P. |P |4 | 300 |4 |4 | also Court of | | | | | | | | | Insolvency. | |20 |Pr.[2] |P |2 | 100 |2 |2 | | |21 | In Chancery Court | 150 |[4] |2 |Chancery. | |22 |Pr. |P |.... | 150 |[5] |.... | | |23 |........ |..... |.... | 300 |2 |.... | | |24 |Pr.[2]L |P |2 | 100 |2 |2 | | |25 | | | | 300 | | | | |26 |Pr. | | | 100 | | | | |27 | | | | 100 | | |Chancellor, | | | | | | | | | $10,000. | |28 |Pr. |P | | 200 | | |Probate Court | | | | | | | | | called | | | | | | | | | "Surrogate" | |29 |Clk Superior Ct acts as | 200 | | |Cir. Ct called | | | Probate Judge | | | | "Superior Ct."| |30 |Pr.[2]L | | | 200 | | | | |31 |Pr.[2] |P |3 | 100 | |3 |There is a | | | | | | | | | Court of | |32 |Pr.[2] |P |4 | 250 | | | Common Pleas | |33 |Pr.[2] |P | | 100 |2 | |Prob. Ct called| |34 |Town Councils are Prb Cts| 100 | | | "Orphan's Ct."| |35 |Pr.[2] |P |2 | 100 |[4] | | | |36 |Pr.[2]L |P |2 | 100 | |2 | | |37 |Pr. | | | 100 |2 | | | |38 |Pr.[2] |P |2 | 200 |1 |6 |Just. of Peace | | | | | | | | | are County | | | | | | | | | Com'rs and | | | | | | | | | Prob. Ct. | |39 | District Judges | | |2 |Ct of Appeals | | | | | | | | | below S.C. | |40 |Pr.[2]L | |2 | 200 | |2 |Chancery Court | | | | | | | | | by Judges of | | | | | | | | | S.C. | |41 |Pr.[2] |Leg |6 | 100 | | | | |42 | | | | | | | | |43 |Pr.[2] |P |4 | 100 |2 |4 |Two J.P.s | | | | | | | | | associated | | | | | | | | | with Pr. J in | | | | | | | | | holding court | |44 | | | | 200 |[5] | | | |45 |Pr.[2] | | | 100 | | | | +===+=========+=========+=====+========+=======+=====+===============+

The three modes of selecting the Chief Justice are by electing or appointing one as such, by leaving the judges themselves to determine which shall act, or by a provision making the one whose term expires first act. These modes are indicated in the table by A, B, and C, respectively. In the salary column, where two numbers appear, the upper is the salary of the Chief Justice. In giving jurisdiction of Circuit courts, L means law only, LE means jurisdiction in both law and equity, 30, C, c, L7 means 30 years old, a citizen of the US and of the state, and seven years legal practice. LL means "learned in the law".

In Me, Mass, N.H., and S.D., the Supreme Court is required to give legal advice to the Governor.

[Footnote 1: Called Superior Court, at least one in each county. This court also exercises the Probate powers.]

[Footnote 2: Probate Court given some other duty, unrelated to its regular function. L means that it has also certain civil jurisdiction.]

[Footnote 3: Continuous.]

[Footnote 4: Competent number.]

[Footnote 5: As many as are needed.]

COMPARATIVE SUFFRAGE TABLE.

[Transcriber's Note: This table crosses facing pages of the book ("Portrait" orientation). Thus, reference numbers are used as in the tables above to refer to the states the information belongs to.]

+===+===============+====+=====================+==========+==========+ | |States |Age |Requirement As To |Residence |Residence | | | | |Citizenship of U.S. |In State |In County | +===+===============+====+=====================+==========+==========+ |1 |Alabama |21 |Citizens or declared |1 year |3 months | | | | | intention | | | |2 |Arkansas |21 |Citizens or declared |1 year |6 months | | | | | intention | | | |3 |California |21 |Actual citizens |1 year |90 days | |4 |Colorado |21 |Citizens or declared |6 months | | | | | | intention | | | |5 |Connecticut |21 |Actual citizens |1 year |6 months | |6 |Delaware |21 |Actual county |1 year |1 month | | | | | taxpayers | | | |7 |Florida |21 |United States |1 year |6 months | | | | | citizens or | | | | | | | declared intention | | | |8 |Georgia |21 |Actual citizens |1 year |6 months | |9 |Idaho |21 |Actual citizens |6 months |30 days | |10 |Illinois |21 |Actual citizens |1 year |90 days | |11 |Indiana |21 |Citizens or declared |6 months |60 days | | | | | intention | | | |12 |Iowa |21 |Actual citizens |6 months |60 days | |13 |Kansas |21 |Citizens or declared |6 months | | | | | | intention | | | |14 |Kentucky |21 |Free white male |2 years |1 year | | | | | citizens | | | |15 |Louisiana |21 |Citizens or declared |1 year |6 months | | | | | intention | | | |16 |Maine |21 |Actual citizens |3 months | | |17 |Maryland |21 |Actual citizens |1 year |6 months | |18 |Massachusetts |21 |Actual citizens |1 year | | |19 |Michigan |21 |Citizens or declared |3 months | | | | | | intention | | | |20 |Minnesota |21 |Actual citizens for |1 year | | | | | | 3 months | | | |21 |Mississippi |21 |Actual citizens |6 months |1 month | |22 |Missouri |21 |Citizens or declared |1 year |60 days | | | | | intention | | | |23 |Montana |21 |Actual citizens |1 year | | |24 |Nebraska |21 |Citizens or declared |6 months | | | | | | intention | | | |25 |Nevada |21 |Citizens or declared |6 months |30 days | | | | | intention | | | |26 |New Hampshire |21 |Actual citizens | | | |27 |New Jersey |21 |Actual citizens |1 year |5 months | |28 |New York |21 |Actual citizens for |1 year |4 months | | | | | 90 days | | | |29 |North Carolina |21 |Actual citizens |12 months |90 days | |30 |North Dakota |21 |Cit or dec intent or |1 year |6 months | | | | | Indians 2 yrs out | | | | | | | of tribal relations | | | |31 |Ohio |21 |Actual citizens |1 year | | |32 |Oregon |21 |Citizens or declared |6 months | | | | | | intention | | | |33 |Pennsylvania |21 |Actual citizens |1 year | | |34 |Rhode Island |21 |Actual tax paying |1 year | | | | | | citizens | | | |35 |South Carolina |21 |Actual citizens |1 year | | |36 |South Dakota |21 |Citizens or declared |6 months |60 days | | | | | intention | | | |37 |Tennessee |21 |Actual citizens |12 months |30 days | |38 |Texas |21 |Citizens or declared |1 year |6 months | | | | | intention | | | |39 |Utah |21 |Actual citizens for |1 year |4 months | | | | | 90 days | | | |40 |Vermont |21 |Actual citizens |1 year | | |41 |Virginia |21 |Actual citizens |12 months | | |42 |Washington |21 |Actual citizens |1 year |90 days | |43 |West Virginia |21 |Actual citizens |1 year |60 days | |44 |Wisconsin |21 |Citizens or declared |1 year | | | | | | intention | | | |45 |Wyoming |21 |Actual citizens |1 year |60 days | +===+===============+====+=====================+==========+==========+

COMPARATIVE SUFFRAGE TABLE.

[Transcriber's Notes: Next set of columns, continuing table.]

+===+==========+=========================+===========================+ | |Residence |Registration |Excluded From Voting | | |In Voting | | | | |Precinct | | | +===+==========+=========================+===========================+ |1 |1 month |Legislature may regulate |Idiots Indians convicted of| | | | | crime | |2 |1 month |Prohibited as a bar to |Idiots Indians convicted of| | | | suffrage | crime | |3 |30 days |Registration required by |Idiots Indians convicts | | | | law | Chinese | |4 | |Required by constitution |Persons in prison | |5 |6 months |Required by law |Those unable to read and | | | | | convicts | |6 | |No registration required |Idiots insane paupers | | | | | criminals | |7 | |Required by constitution |Idiots insane criminals | | | | | bettors on elections | | | | | duelists | |8 | |Leg may regulate no act |Idiots insane criminals | | | | | non-taxpayers | |9 | |Required by constitution |Idiots criminals | | | | | polygamists | |10 |30 days |Required by law |Convicts | |11 |30 days |No law for registration |Fraudulent voters and | | | | | bribers | |12 | |Required by law |Idiots insane criminals | |13 |30 days |Required in cities only |Idiots insane convicts | |14 |60 days |No registration required |Bribery robbery forgery &c | |15 |30 days |Legislature my regulate |Idiots insane criminals | |16 | |Required by law |Paupers Indians not taxed | |17 | |Required by constitution |Lunatics convicts, and | | | | | guilty of bribery | |18 |6 months |Required by law |Paupers persons under | | | | | guardians non-taxpayers | | | | | and men unable to read | | | | | and write | |19 |10 days |Required by law |Duelists | |20 |10 days |Required by law |Idiots insane convicts | |21 | |Required by constitution |Idiots insane criminals | |22 | |Required by constitution |Inmates of asylums, | | | | in cities only | poorhouses, and prisons, | | | | | US army | |23 | |Leg may require |Insane | |24 | |Required by law |Idiots convicts US army | |25 | |Required by constitution |Idiots insane convicts | |26 |Town 6 ms |Required by law |Paupers | |27 | |Required in cities of |Paupers idiots insane | | | | 10,000 | convicts | |28 |30 days |Required in cities of |Election bettors or bribers| | | | 10,000 | convicts | |29 | |Required by constitution |Convicts | |30 |90 days | |Convicts, insane | |31 | |No registration required |Idiots insane | |32 | | |Idiots insane convicts US | | | | | army Chinese | |33 |2 months |Required by constitution |Non-taxpayers political | | | | | bribers | |34 |Town 6 ms |Required by law |Persons without property to| | | | | the value of $134 | |35 | |Required by constitution |Insane inmates of asylums | | | | | almshouses prisons, US | | | | | army, duelists | |36 |10 days | |Convicts insane | |37 | |No registration required |Non-payers of poll tax | |38 |6 months |Prohibited by |Lunatics, idiots, paupers, | | | | constitution | convicts, US army | |39 |60 days | |Idiots criminals | |40 |Town 3 ms |Required by law |Bribers | |41 | |Required by law |Lunatics idiots convicts, | | | | | duelists, US army | |42 |30 days |Required by law |Convicts, insane | |43 | |Prohibited by |Lunatics paupers convicts | | | | constitution | | |44 | |Required by law |Insane idiot convict briber| | | | | bettor, duelist | |45 | |Required by constitution |Idiots insane criminals | +===+==========+=========================+===========================+

COMPARATIVE LEGISLATIVE TABLE OF PRINCIPAL CONSTITUTIONAL GOVERNMENTS.

[Transcriber's Note: This table crosses facing pages of the book ("Portrait" orientation). Thus, reference numbers are used as in the tables above to refer to the nations the information belongs to.]

+===+==============+==========+======================================+ | | | | Both Houses | | | | +-------------+-----------------+------+ | |Names of |Kind of |Name applied |Names of the |Mtgs. | | | Nations. | Gov't. | to the | Houses. | | | | | | Legislative | | | | | | | Body. | | | +===+==============+==========+=============+=================+======+ |1 |Austria- |F.H.M. |Delegations. |Upper, |A | | | Hungary | | | Lower | | |2 |Austria |S.H.M. |Diet or |Herrenhaus, |A | | | | | Reichsrath. | Abgeordnetenhaus| | |3 |Hungary |S.H.M. |Diet or |Magnates, |A | | | | | Reichstag. | Representatives.| | |4 |Belgium |S.H.M. |Legislative |Senate, |A | | | | | Chambers. | Deputies. | | |5 |Denmark |S.H.M. |Diet or |Landsthing, |A | | | | | Rigsdag. | Folkething. | | |6 |France |S.R. |Assembly. |Senate, |A | | | | | | Deputies. | | |7 |Germany |F.H.M. |............ |Bundesrath, |A | | | | | | Reichstag. | | |8 |Prussia |S.H.M. |Legislative |Herrenhaus, |A | | | | | Chambers. | Abgeordnetenhaus| | |9 |Great Britain |F.H.M. |Parliament. |Lords, |A | | | | | | Commons. | | |10 |Italy |S.H.M. |Legislative |Senate, |A | | | | | Chambers. | Deputati. | | |11 |Netherlands |S.H.M. |States- |Upper, |A | | | | | General. | Lower. | | |12 |Spain |S.H.M. |Cortex. |Senate, |A | | | | | | Congress. | | |13 |Sweden |S.H.M.[3] |Diet. |Upper, |A | | | | | | Lower. | | |14 |Norway |S.H.M. |Storthing. |Lagthing, |A | | | | | | Odolsthing. | | |15 |Switzerland |F.R. |Bundes- |Standerath, |A | | | | | Versammlung.| Nationalrath. | | |16 |Argentina |F.R. |Congress. |Senate, |A | | | | | | Deputies | | |17 |Columbia |F.R. |Congress. |Senate, |A | | | | | | H. of R. | | |18 |Mexico |F.R. |Congress. |Senate, |A | | | | | | H. of R. | | |19 |Brazil |F.R. |Legislative |Senate, |A | | | | | Assembly. | Congress. | | +===+==============+==========+=============+=================+======+

COMPARATIVE LEGISLATIVE TABLE OF PRINCIPAL CONSTITUTIONAL GOVERNMENTS.

[Transcriber's Notes: Next set of columns, continuing table.]

+===+=================================================+ | | Upper House | | +---------------+-----------+-----+---------------+ | |How Composed. |Election |Term |Qualifications | +===+===============+===========+=====+===============+ |1 |20 Austrians, |State Leg. | | | | |20 Hungarians | | | | |2 {Royal Princes, | |life | | | { Nobles, | | | | |3 { Archbishops, | |life | | | { Appointees | | | | |4 |68 |People |8 |40,c,r,P | |5 |66 |{12 ap, |8 |25,r | | | |{54 el | | | |6 |300 |{75 for |life |40,c | | | |{225 for |9 | | |7 |59 |States |1 | | |8 |Royal Princes, |Sovereign |life | | | | Hered Nobles, | | | | | | Appointees, &c| | | | |9 |Hered Nobles, |Sovereign |life | | | | Bishops, Life | | | | | | Peers, etc. | | | | |10 |Royal Princes, |Sovereign |life | | | | Appointees | | |40[2] | |11 |39 |By |2 | | | | | Divisions | | | |12 |Hered Nobles, |Sovereign | | | | | 100 Life Sen | | | | | | 130 elected by|States |10 | | |13 |137, one for | |9 |35,P | | | 30,000 | | | | |14 |One-fourth of |People |3 | | | | Storthing | indirectly| | | |15 |44, 2 from |By cantons |3 |Voter | | | each canton | | | | |16 |28, 2 from |By | | | | | each province | provinces | | | |17 |27, 3 from |By the | | | | | each state | states | | | |18 |54, 2 from |State Leg. |6 |30 | | | each state | | | | |19 |58 |People | |40,N,P | | | | indirectly| | | +===+===============+===========+=====+===============+

COMPARATIVE LEGISLATIVE TABLE OF PRINCIPAL CONSTITUTIONAL GOVERNMENTS.

[Transcriber's Notes: Next set of columns, continuing table.]

+===+==============+===========+=====+===============+==========+ | | Lower House | | | +--------------+-----------+-----+---------------+ | | |How Composed. |Election |Term |Qualifications |Salaries | +===+==============+===========+=====+===============+==========+ |1 |40 Austrians, |State Leg. | | | | | |40 Hungarians | | | | | |2 |353 |People |6 | |$1780, yr | |3 |445 |" |3 | | | |4 |136, one for |" |4 |25,c,r |$84, m h | | | 40,000 inh | | | | | |5 |102 |" |3 |25,r |$4, day | |6 |557 |" |4 |25,c |$1780, yr | |7 |397 |" |3 | | | |8 |433 |People |3 |30,c | | | | | indirectly| | | | |9 |658 |People |7 |21,c |None | | | | indirectly| | | | |10 |508, one for |" |5 |30,V,P |None | | | 40,000 inh | | | | | |11 | 86, one for |" |3 | |$830, yr | | | 45,000 inh | | | | | |12 |One for |" |5 |25 | | | | 50,000 inh | | | | | |13 | 64, town, |" |3 |21,P | | | |140, country | | | | | |14 |3/4 of |People |3 | | | | | Storthing | indirectly| | | | |15 |135, one for |People |3 |Voter |$2.50, dy | | | 20,000 inh | | | | | |16 |50 |" | | |$1040, yr | |17 |66, one for |" |2 | | | | | 50,000 inh | | | | | |18 |331, one for |" |2 |25,r,8 | | | | 80,000 inh | | | | | |19 |122 |People |4 |N,P | | | | | indirectly| | | | +===+==============+===========+=====+===============+==========+

[Transcriber's Note: Perhaps because of a poor scan, I cannot find the places where footnotes 1 and 2 are referenced.]

[Footnote 1: The Chancellor is responsible only to the Emperor. The administration is through the Bundesrath in seven standing committees.]

[Footnote 2: These appointees must have held high office, or be eminent in science, literature or art, or pay annual taxes of at least $600.]

[Footnote 3: Sweden and Norway form a F.H.M.]

In giving qualifications, N means _native_, and P means a _property_ qualification.

Greece has only one chamber in its legislature. Consult the Statesman's Year-Book, or an encyclopedia.

TABLE OF RULERS or PRINCIPAL NATIONS, 1897.

YEAR OF DATE OF GOVERNMENTS RULERS TITLE BIRTH ACCESSION =================================================================== Argentina Jose E. Uriburu President Jan 22, '95 Austria Hungary Franz Joset I Emperor 1830 Dec 2 '48 Belgium Leopold II King 1835 Dec 10 '65 Bolivia General Alonzo President Aug -- '96 Brazil Prudente de Moraes President 1841 Nov 15 '94 Bulgaria Ferdinand I Prince 1861 July 7 '87 Chili Fed. Errazuriz President 1850 Sept 18 '96 China Tsai Tien Emperor 1872 Jan 12 '75 Colombia (US of) M.A. Caro President Sept 18 '94 Denmark Christian IX King 1818 Nov 15 '63 Ecuador Gen Eloy Alfaro President 1843 ------- '97 France François F. Faure President 1841 Jan 17 '95 Germany Wilhelm II Emperor 1859 June 15 '88 Baden Friedrich I Grand Duke 1826 Apr 24 '52 Bavaria Otto I King 1848 June 13 '86 Hesse Ernst Louis V Grand Duke 1868 Mar 13 '92 Mecklenburg Schwerm Friedrich Franz III Grand Duke 1831 Apr 15 '83 Mecklenburg Strelitz Friedrich Wilhelm Grand Duke 1819 Sept 6 '60 Oldenburg Nicholas F. Peter Grand Duke 1827 Feb 27 '33 Prussia Wilhelm II King 1859 June 15 '88 Saxony Albert King 1828 Oct 29 '73 Wurttemberg Wilhelm II King 1848 Oct 6 '91 Great Britain and Ireland Victoria I Queen 1819 June 20 '37 British India Earl of Elgan Viceroy 1849 ------- '94 Canada Dominion of Earl of Aberdeen Gov Gen 1847 Sept -- '93 Greece Georgios I King 1845 June 5 '63 Guatemala Gen. J.M.R. Burios President 1853 Mar 15 '92 Haiti Gen. Tiresias A.S. President ------- '96 Sam Hawaiian Islands Sanford B. Dole President 1844 July 4 '94 Honduras Dr. P. Bonilla President Jan 1 '95 Italy Humbert I King 1844 Jan 9 '78 Japan Mutsu Hito Emperor 1852 Feb 13 '67 Korea Yi Hi King 1851 ------- '64 Mexico Porfirio Diaz President 1830 ------- '84 Montenegro Nicholas I Prince 1841 Aug 14 '60 Morocco Abdul Azziz Sultan 1878 June 7 '94 Netherlands Wilhelmina Queen 1880 Nov 23 '90 Nicaragua Gen. Santos Zelaya President 1853 Feb 1 '94 Paraguay Gen. Fgusquiza President Nov 25 '94 Persia Mozaffer ed Din Shah 1853 May 1 '96 Peru Nicolas de Pierola President Aug 12 '95 Portugal Carlos I King 1863 Oct 19 '89 Rome (Pontificate of) Leo XIII Pope 1810 Feb 20 '78 Romania Carol I King 1839 Mar 26 '81 Russia Nicholas II Emperor 1868 Nov 1 '94 Santo Domingo Ulises Heureaux President ---- '86 Servia Alexander I King 1876 Mar 6 '89 Siam Chulalongkorn I King 1853 Oct 1 '68 South African Rep'blic S.J. Paul Kruger President 1825 May 12 '93 Spain Alfonso XIII King 1886 May 17 '86 Sweden and Norway Oscar II King 1829 Sept 18 '72 Switzerland Adrien Lachenal President Jan 1 '96 Turkey Abdul Hamid II Sultan 1842 Aug 31, '76 Egypt Abbas II Khedive 1874 Jan 7 '92 United States William McKinley President 1843 Mar 4 '97 Uruguay Idiarte Borda President 1844 Mar 1 '94 Venezuela Joaquin Crespo President 1841 Mar 5, '94

PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

+===+==================+===============+=====+=========+======+======+ | |Name |Birthplace |Year |Paternal |Resi- |Year | | | | | |Ancestry |dence |Inaug.| +===+==================+===============+=====+=========+======+======+ |1 |George Washington |Westmoreland |1732 |English |Va. |1789 | | | | Co., Va. | | | | | |2 |John Adams |Quincey, Mass. |1735 |English |Mass. |1797 | |3 |Thomas Jefferson |Shadwell, Va. |1743 |Welsh |Va. |1801 | |4 |James Madison |Port Conway, |1751 |English |Va. |1809 | | | | Va. | | | | | |5 |James Monroe |Westmoreland |1758 |Scotch |Va. |1817 | | | | Co., Va. | | | | | |6 |John Quincy Adams |Quincey, Mass. |1767 |English |Mass. |1825 | |7 |Andrew Jackson |Union Co., N.C.|1767 |Scotch- |Tenn. |1829 | | | | | | Irish | | | |8 |Martin Van Buren |Kinderhook, |1782 |Dutch |N.Y. |1837 | | | | N.Y. | | | | | |9 |William H. |Berkeley, Va. |1773 |English |O. |1841 | | | Harrison | | | | | | |10 |John Tyler |Greenway, Va. |1790 |English |Va. |1841 | |11 |James K. Polk |Mecklenburg |1795 |Scotch- |Tenn. |1845 | | | | Co., N.C. | | Irish | | | |12 |Zachary Taylor |Orange Co., Va.|1784 |English |La. |1849 | |13 |Millard Fillmore |Summer Hill, |1800 |English |N.Y. |1850 | | | | N.Y. | | | | | |14 |Franklin Pierce |Hillsboro, N.H.|1804 |English |N.H. |1853 | |15 |James Buchanan |Cove Gam, Pa. |1791 |Scotch- |Pa. |1857 | | | | | | Irish | | | |16 |Abraham Lincoln |Larue Co., Ky. |1809 |English |Ill. |1861 | |17 |Andrew Johnson |Raleigh, N.C. |1808 |English |Tenn. |1865 | |18 |Ulysses S. Grant |Point Pleasant,|1822 |Scotch |D.C. |1869 | | | | O. | | | | | |19 |Rutherford B. |Delaware, O. |1822 |Scotch |O. |1877 | | | Hayes | | | | | | |20 |James A. Garfield |Cuyahoga Co., |1831 |English |O. |1881 | | | | O. | | | | | |21 |Chester A. Arthur |Fairfield, Vt. |1830 |Scotch- |N.Y. |1881 | | | | | | Irish | | | |22 |Grover Cleveland |Caldwell, N.J. |1837 |English |N.Y. |1883 | |23 |Benjamin Harrison |North Bend, O. |1833 |English |Ind. |1889 | |24 |Grover Cleveland |Caldwell, N.J. |1837 |English |N.Y. |1893 | |25 |William McKinley |Niles, O. |1843 |Scotch- |O. |1897 | | | | | | Irish | | | +===+==================+===============+=====+=========+======+======+

VICE-PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

+===+===============+==================+=====+=========+======+=======+ | |Name |Birthplace |Year |Paternal |Resi- |Inaug. | | | | | |Ancestry |dence | | +===+===============+==================+=====+=========+======+=======+ |1 |John Adams |Quincey, Mass. |1735 |English |Mass. |1789 | |2 |Thomas |Shadwell, Va. |1743 |Welsh |Va. |1797 | | | Jefferson | | | | | | |3 |Aaron Burr |Newark, N.J. |1756 |English |N.Y. |1801 | |4 |George Clinton |Ulster Co., N.Y. |1739 |English |N.Y. |1805 | |5 |Elbridge Gerry |Marblehead, Mass. |1744 |English |Mass. |1813 | |6 |Daniel D. |Scarsdale, N.Y. |1774 |English |N.Y. |1817 | | | Tompkins | | | | | | |7 |John C. |Abbeville, S.C. |1782 |Scotch- |S.C. |1825 | | | Calhoun | | | Irish | | | |8 |Martin Van |Kinderhook, N.Y. |1782 |Dutch |N.Y. |1833 | | | Buren | | | | | | |9 |Richard M. |Louisville, Ky. |1780 |English |Ky. |1837 | | | Johnson | | | | | | |10 |John Tyler |Greenway, Va. |1790 |English |Va. |1841 | |11 |George M. |Philadelphia, Pa. |1792 |English |Pa. |1845 | | | Dallas | | | | | | |12 |Millard |Summer Hill, N.Y. |1800 |English |N.Y. |1849 | | | Fillmore | | | | | | |13 |William R. |Sampson Co., N.C. |1786 |English |Ala. |1853 | | | King | | | | | | |14 |John C. |Lexington, Ky. |1821 |Scotch |Ky. |1857 | | | Breckinridge | | | | | | |15 |Hannibal |Paris, Me. |1809 |English |Me. |1861 | | | Hamlin | | | | | | |16 |Andrew Johnson |Raleigh, N.C. |1808 |English |Tenn. |1865 | |17 |Schuyler |New York City |1823 |English |Ind. |1869 | | | Colfax | | | | | | |18 |Henry Wilson |Farmington, N.H. |1822 |English |Mass. |1873 | |19 |William A. |Malone, N.Y. |1819 |English |N.Y. |1877 | | | Wheeler | | | | | | |20 |Chester A. |Fairfield, Vt. |1830 |Scotch- |N.Y. |1881 | | | Arthur | | | Irish | | | |21 |Thomas A. |Muskingum Co., O. |1819 |Scotch- |Ind. |1885 | | | Hendricks | | | Irish | | | |22 |Levi P. Morton |Shoreham, Vt. |1824 |Scotch |N.Y. |1889 | |23 |Adlai E. |Christian Co., Ky.|1835 |Scotch- |Ill. |1893 | | | Stevenson | | | Irish | | | |24 |Garret A. |Long Branch, N.J. |1844 |English |N.J. |1897 | | | Hobart | | | | | | +===+===============+==================+=====+=========+======+=======+

PRESIDENTS PRO TEMPORE OF THE UNITED STATES SENATE. CONGRESS YEARS NAME STATE BORN DIED ================================================================= 1, 2 1789-92 John Langdon N H 1739 1819 2 1792 Richard H Lee Va 1732 1794 2, 3 1792 94 John Langdon N H 1739 1819 3 1794 95 Ralph Izard S C 1742 1804 3, 4 1795 96 Henry Tazewell Va 1753 1799 4 1796 97 Samuel Livermore N H 1732 1803 4, 5 1797 William Bingham Pa 1751 1804 5 1797 William Bradford R I 1729 1808 5 1797 98 Jacob Read S C 1752 1816 5 1798 Theo Sedgwick Mass 1746 1813 5 1798 99 John Laurence N Y 1750 1810 5 1799 James Ross Pa 1762 1847 6 1799-1800 Samuel Livermore N H 1732 1803 6 1800 Uriah Tracy Ct 1755 1807 6 1800-1801 John E Howard Md 1752 1827 6 1801 James Hillhouse Ct 1754 1832 7 1801 02 Abraham Baldwin Ga 1754 1807 7 1802-03 Stephen R Bradley Vt 1754 1830 8 1803 04 John Brown Ky 1757 1837 8 1804-05 Jesse Franklin N C 1758 1823 8 1805 Joseph Anderson Tenn 1757 1837 9, 10 1805-08 Samuel Smith Md 1752 1823 10 1808-09 Stephen R Bradley Vt 1754 1837 10, 11 1809 John Milledge Ga 1757 1839 11 1809-10 Andrew Gregg Pa 1755 1835 11 1810 11 John Gaillard S C 1826 11, 12 1811-12 John Pope Ky 1770 1845 12, 13 1812 13 Wm H. Crawford Ga 1772 1834 13 1813 14 Jos B Varnum Mass 1750 1821 13-15 1814-18 John Gaillard S C 1826 15 16 1818 19 James Barbour Va 1775 1842 16 19 1820-26 John Gaillard S C 1826 19, 20 1826 28 Nathaniel Macon N C 1757 1837 20 22 1828-32 Samuel Smith Md 1752 1839 22 1832 L W Tazewell Va 1774 1863 22, 23 1832-34 Hugh L White Tenn 1773 1840 23 1834 35 Geo Poindexter Miss 1779 1853 24 1835 35 John Tyler Va 1790 1862 24-26 1836 41 William R King Ala 1786 1853 26, 27 1841 42 Samuel L Southard N J 1787 1842 27 29 1842 46 W P Mangum N C 1792 1861 29, 30 1846-49 D R Atchison Mo 1807 1886 31, 32 1850 52 William R King Ala 1786 1853 32 33 1852 54 D R Atchison Mo 1807 1886 33 34 1854-57 Jesse D Bright Ind 1812 1875 34 1857 James M Mason Va 1798 1871 35, 36 1857 61 Benj Fitzpatrick Ala 1802 1869 36 38 1861-64 Solomon Foot Vt 1802 1866 38 1864-65 Daniel Clark N H 1809 1891 39 1865-67 Lafayette S. Foster Ct 1806 1880 40 1867-69 Benj F Wade Ohio 1800 1878 41, 42 1869-73 Henry B Anthony R I 1815 1884 43 1873-75 M H Carpenter Wis 1824 1881 44, 45 1875 79 Thomas W Ferry Mich 1827 1896 46 1879-81 A G Thurman Ohio 1813 1895 47 1881 Thomas F Bayard Del 1828 47 1881-83 David David Ill 1815 1886 48 1883 85 Geo F Edmunds Vt 1818 49 1885 87 John Sherman Ohio 1823 1900 49-51 1887 91 John J Ingalls Kan 1833 52 1891-93 C F Manderson Neb 1837 53 1893-95 Isham G Harris Tenn 1818 .... 54, 55 1895-99 William P Frye Me 1831 ....

SPEAKERS OF THE U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES.

CONGRESS. YEARS. NAME. STATE. BORN. DIED. =============================================================== 1 1789-91 F.A. Muhlenburg Pa. 1750 1801 2 1791-93 Jonathan Trumbull Ct. 1740 1809 3 1793-95 F.A. Muhlenburg Pa. 1750 1801 4, 5 1795-99 Jonathan Dayton N.J. 1760 1824 6 1799-1801 Theo. Sedgwick Mass. 1746 1813 7-9 1801-07 Nathaniel Macon N.C. 1757 1837 10, 11 1807-11 Joseph B. Varnum Mass. 1750 1821 12, 13 1811-14 Henry Clay Ky. 1777 1852 13 1814-15 Langdon Cheves S.C. 1776 1857 14-16 1815-20 Henry Clay Ky. 1777 1852 16 1820-21 John W. Taylor N.Y. 1784 1854 17 1821-23 Philip P. Barbour Va. 1783 1841 18 1823-25 Henry Clay Ky. 1777 1852 19 1825-27 John W. Taylor N.Y. 1784 1854 20-23 1827-34 Andrew Stevenson Va. 1784 1857 23 1834-35 John Bell Tenn. 1797 1869 24, 25 1835-39 James K. Polk Tenn. 1795 1849 26 1839-41 R. M. T. Hunter Va. 1809 1887 27 1841-43 John White Ky. 1805 1845 28 1843-45 John W. Jones Va. 1805 1848 29 1845-47 John W. Davis Ind. 1799 1850 30 1847-49 Robert C. Winthrop Mass. 1809 1894 31 1849-51 Howell Cobb Ga. 1815 1868 32, 33 1851-55 Linn Boyd Ky. 1800 1859 34 1855-57 Nathaniel P. Banks Mass. 1816 1894 35 1857-59 James L. Orr S.C. 1822 1873 36 1860-61 Wm. Pennington N.J. 1796 1862 37 1861-63 Galusha A. Grow Pa. 1823 .... 38-40 1863-69 Schuyler Colfax Ind. 1823 1885 41-43 1869-75 James G. Blaine Me. 1830 1893 44 1875-76 Michael C. Kerr Ind. 1827 1876 44-46 1876-81 Samuel J. Randall Pa. 1828 1890 47 1881-83 John W. Keifer O. 1836 .... 48-50 1883-89 John G. Carlisle Ky. 1835 .... 51 1889-91 Thomas B. Reed Me. 1839 .... 52, 53 1891-95 Charles F. Crisp Ga. 1845 1896 54, 55 1895-99 Thomas B. Reed Me. 1839 ....

PRINCIPAL UNITED STATES EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND SALARIES.

EXECUTIVE MANSION.

Office. Salary. President of United States..... $30,000 Vice President................. 8,000

DEPARTMENT OF STATE.

Secretary of State............. $ 8,000 Assistant Secretary............ 4,500 Second Assistant Sec'y......... 3,500 Third Assistant Sec'y.......... 3,500 Chief Clerk.................... 2,750 Chief of Diplomatic Bureau..... 2,100 Chiel of Consular Bureau....... 2,100 Chief of Indexes & Archives.... 2,100 Four other bureau officers..... 2,100

TREASURY DEPARTMENT.

Secretary of the Treasury...... $ 8,000 2 Assistant Secretaries........ 4,500 Chief Clerk of Department...... 3,000 Chief of Appointmerit Div...... 2,750 Chief of Warrant Division...... ,000 [Transcriber's Note: misprint] Chief of Public Moneys Div..... 2,500 Chief of Customs Division...... 2,750 Chief Mer.Mar.& Int. Rev....... 2,500 Chief Loans & Currency Div..... 3,500 Chief Revenue Marine Div....... 2,500 Chief Stationery & Printing.... 2,500 Supervising Inspector-General of Steamboats................ 3,500 Director of the Mint........... 4,500 Chief of Bureau of Statistics.. 3,000 Supt. of Life-Saving Service... 4,000 Chairman Light-House Board..... ..... Supervising Surgeon-General.... 4,000 Chief of Bureau of Engraving and Printing................. 4,500 Supervising Architect.......... 4,500 Supt, U.S. Coast Survey (Acting) 6,000 2 Comptrollers.................. 5,000 Commissioner of Customs......... 4,000 6 Auditors...................... 3,600 Treasurer of the U. S........... 6,000 Register of the Treasury........ 4,000 Comptroller of the Currency..... 5,000 Com'r of Internal Revenue....... 6,000

WAR DEPARTMENT.

Secretary of War............... $ 8,000 Chief Clerk.................... 2,750 Adjutant-General............... 5,500 Inspector-General.............. 5,500 Quartermaster-General.......... 5,500 Paymaster-General.............. 5,500 Commissary-General............. 5,500 Surgeon-General................ 5,500 Judge Advocate Gen. (Acting)... 5,500 Chief of Engineers............. 5,500 Chief Signal Officer........... 5,500 Chief of Ordnance.............. 5,500 Officer in Charge War Records.. 3,500

NAVY DEPARTMENT.

Secretary of the Navy.......... $ 8,000 Chief Clerk.................... 2,500 Judge-Advocate General......... 4,500 Chief of Bureau of Yards and Docks........................ 5,000 Chief of Bureau of Navigation.. 5,000 Chief of Bureau of Ordnance.... 5,000 Chief of Bureau of Provisions and Clothing................. 5,000 Chief of Bureau of Medicine and Surgery.................. 5,000 Chief of Bureau of Equipment and Recruiting............... 5,000 Chief of Bureau of Construction and Repair................... 5,000 Chief of Bureau of Steam Engineering.................. 5,000 Chief of Library and War Records...................... 3,000 Pay Director................... 3,000 Supt. Naval Observatory........ 5,000 Supt. Nautical Almanac......... 3,500

POST-OFFICE DEPARTMENT.

Postmaster-General............. $ 8,000 Chief Clerk.................... 2,200 3 Ass't Postmaster-Generals.... 4,000 Supt. of Foreign Mails......... 3,000 Supt. of Money Order System.... 3,500 Asst. Attorney-General for Post-Office Department....... 4,000

DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR.

Secretary of the Interior...... $ 8,000 First Assistant Secretary...... 4,500 Assistant Secretary............ 4,000 Chief Clerk & Superintendent... 2,750 Assistant Attorney-General..... 5,000 Com'r General Land Office...... 4,000 Com'r Pension Office........... 5,000 Com'r of Indian Affairs........ 4,000 Commissioner Patent Office..... 5,000 Assistant Commissioner......... 3,000 3 Examiners-in-Chief........... 3,000 30 Principal Examiners, each... 2,400 Commissioner of Education...... 3,000 Director Geological Survey..... 6,000 Commissioner of Labor.......... 3,000 Commissioner of Railroads...... 4,500 3 Civil Service Com'rs, each... 3,500

DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE.

Attorney-General............... $ 8,000 Solicitor-General.............. 7,000 Two Asst. Attorney-Generals.... 5,000

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

Secretary of Agriculture....... $ 8,000 Entomologist................... 2,500 Botanist....................... 2,000 Chemist........................ 2,500 Microscopist................... 2,000

NOTE.--For appointees consult any political almanac of this year.

UNITED STATES JUDICIAL DEPARTMENT.

SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES.

The court holds annual sessions at Washington, commencing on the second Monday in October.

Appointed Date of Salary from Commission -------------------------------------------------------------------- Chief Justice Melville W. Illinois July 20, 1888 $10,500 Fuller Justice Stephen J. Field California Mar 10, 1863 10,000 Justice John M. Harlan Kentucky Nov 29, 1877 10,000 Justice Horace Gray Massachusetts Dec 20, 1881 10,000 Justice David J. Brewer Kansas Dec 18, 1889 10,000 Justice Henry B. Brown Michigan Dec 30, 1890 10,000 Justice George Shiras Pennsylvania Oct --, 1892 10,000 Justice Edward D. White Louisiana Feb --, 1894 10,000 Justice Rufus W. Peckham New York Dec --, 1893 10,000 Clerk of the Supreme Dist. of Columbia 1880 6,000 Court: James H. McKenny Marshal: John M. Wright Kentucky Jan 4, 1888 3,000 Reporter: J.C. Bancroft New York 1883 5,700 Davis

CIRCUIT COURTS OF THE UNITED STATES

(Salary of Circuit Judges $6,000 a year)

First Judicial Circuit--Mr Justice Gray, Boston, Mass Districts of Maine, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, and Rhode Island. Circuit Judges--Le Baron B. Colt, R.I. 1884 Wm. L. Putnam, Me. 1892

Second Judicial Circuit--Mr Justice Peckham, New York City. Districts of Vermont, Connecticut and New York Circuit Judges--Wm. J. Wallace, N.Y. 1882 E. Henry Lacombe, N.Y. 1888 Nathaniel Shipman, Ct. 1892

Third Judicial Circuit--Mr Justice Shiras, Pittsburgh, Pa. Districts of New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Delaware Circuit Judges--Marcus W. Acheson, Pa. 1891 Geo. M. Dallas, Pa. 1892

Fourth Judicial Circuit--Mr Chief Justice Fuller, Washington, D.C. Districts of Maryland, Virginia, West Virginia, North and South Carolina Circuit Judges--Nathan Goff, W. Va. 1892 Charles H. Simonton, S.C. 1893

Fifth Judicial Circuit--Mr Justice White, New Orleans, La. Districts of Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas. Circuit Judges--Don A. Pardee, La. 1881 A.P. McCormick, Tex. 1892

Sixth Judicial Circuit--Mr Justice Harlan, Nashville, Tenn. Districts of Ohio, Michigan, Kentucky, and Tennessee Circuit Judges--William H. Taft, Ohio 1892 Horace H. Lurton, Tenn. 1893

Seventh Judicial Circuit--Mr Justice Brown, Chicago, I11. Districts of Indiana, Illinois and Wisconsin Circuit Judges--William A. Woods, Ind. 1892 James G. Jenkins, Wis. 1893

Eighth Judicial Circuit--Mr Justice Brewer, Leavenworth, Kan. Districts of Minnesota, Iowa, Missouri, Kansas, Arkansas, Nebraska, Colorado, North and South Dakota, Wyoming Circuit Judges--Henry C. Caldwell, Ark. 1890 Walter H. Sanborn, Minn. 1892 Amos M. Thayer, Mo. 1892

Ninth Judicial Circuit--Mr Justice Field, San Francisco, Cal. Districts of California, Oregon, Washington, Idaho, Nevada, and Montana. Circuit Judges--Joseph McKenna, Cal. 1892 William B. Gilbert, Ore. 1892

JUDGES OF THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURTS. (Salary, $5,000 a year.)

DISTRICTS. NAME. RESIDENCE. DATE OF COMMISSION Alabama: N. Mobile District John Bruce Montgomery Feb. 27, 1875 Southern " Harry T. Toulmin Mobile Dec. 14, 1886 Arkansas: Eastern District John A. Williams Pine Bluff -------- 1890 Western " John H. Rodgers Fort Smith California: Northern District W.W. Morrow San Francisco Southern " Olin Wellborn Los Angeles Colorado Moses Hallett Denver Jan. 20, 1877 Connecticut W.K. Townsend New Haven -------- 1892 Delaware Leonard E. Wales Wilmington Mar. 20, 1884 Florida: Northern District Charles Swayne Jacksonville Southern " James W. Locke Key West Feb. 1, 1872 Georgia: Northern District William T. Newman Atlanta Aug. 13, 1886 Southern " Emory Speer Savannah Feb. 18, 1885 Idaho J.H. Beatty Hailey -------- 1890 Illinois: Northern District P.S. Grosscup Chicago. Southern " William J. Allen Springfield April 18, 1887 Indiana John H. Baker Goshen -------- 1892 Iowa: Northern District Oliver P. Shiras Dubuque Aug. 14, 1882 Southern " John S. Woolson Keokuk Kansas Cassius G. Foster Topeka Mar. 10, 1874 Kentucky John W. Barr Louisville April 15, 1880 Louisiana: Eastern District Charles Parlange New Orleans Western " Aleck Boarman Shreveport May 18, 1881 Maine Nathan Webb Portland Jan. 24, 1882 Maryland Thomas J. Morris Baltimore July 1, 1879 Massachusetts Thomas L. Nelson Worcester Jan. 10, 1879 Michigan: Eastern District Henry H. Swan Detroit -------- 1890 Western " Henry F. Severens Kalamazoo May 25, 1886 Minnesota William Lochren Minneapolis -------- 1896 Mississippi (Two Districts) Henry C. Niles Jackson Missouri: Eastern District Elmer E. Adams St. Louis -------- 1896 Western " John F. Phillips -------- 1888 Montana Henry Knowles Helena -------- 1889 Nebraska W.D.M. Hugh Omaha Nevada T.P. Hawley Carson City New Hampshire Edgar Aldrich Littleton New Jersey A. Kirkpatrick Trenton New York Northern District Alfred C. Coxe Utica May 4, 1882 Southern " Addison Brown New York June 2, 1881 City Eastern " Charles L. Brooklyn Mar. 9, 1865 Benedict North Carolina: Eastern District Western " Robert P. Dick. Greensboro June 7, 1872 North Dakota C.F. Amidon Fargo -------- 1896 Ohio: Northern District A.J. Ricks Cleveland Southern " George R. Sage Cincinnati Mar. 20, 1883 Oregon C.B. Bellinger Portland Pennsylvania: Eastern District William Butler Philadelphia Feb. 19, 1879 Western " J. Buffington Pittsburgh -------- 1891 Rhode Island Arthur L. Brown Providence South Carolina W.H. Brawley Charleston -------- 1893 South Dakota John E. Carland Sioux Falls Tennessee: East & Mid. Dist. C.D. Clark Chattanooga Western District S. Hammond Memphis June 17, 1878 Texas: Eastern District D.E. Bryant Sherman Western " Thos S. Maxey Austin -------- 1888 Northern " John B. Rector Dallas Utah John A. Marshall Salt Lake City Vermont Hoyt H. Wheeler Jamaica Mar. 16, 1877 Virginia: Eastern District Robert W. Hughes Norfolk Jan. 14, 1874 Western " John Paul Harrisonburg Mar. 3, 1883 Washington C.H. Hanford Seattle -------- 1889 West Virginia John J.Jackson, Jr Parkersburg Aug. 3, 1861 Wisconsin: Eastern District W.H. Seaman Sheboygan -------- 1898 Western " Romanzo E. Bunn Madison Oct. 30, 1877 Wyoming John A. Riner Cheyenne -------- 1890

CORRESPONDING OFFICERS OF U.S. ARMY AND NAVY.

FIELD OFFICERS:

1 General, $13,500. 2 Lieutenant General, $11,000. 3 Major Generals, $7,500. 4 Brigadier Generals, $5,500.

REGIMENTAL OFFICERS:

5 Colonels, $3,500 to $4,500. 6 Lieutenant Colonels, $3,000 to $4,000. 7 Majors, $2,500 to $3,500.

COMPANY OFFICERS:

8 Captains, $1,800 to $2,800. 9 First Lieutenants, $1,500 to $2,240. 10 Second Lieutenants, $1,400 to $2,100

FLEET OFFICERS:

1 Admiral, $13,000. 2 Vice-Admiral, $9,000. 3 Rear Admirals, $6,000. 4 Commodores, $5,000.

SHIP OFFICERS:

5 Captains, $4,500 6 Commanders, $3,500. 7 Lieutenant Commanders, $2,800.

SUBORDINATE SHIP OFFICERS:

8 Lieutenants, $2,400 to $2,600. 9 Masters, $1,800 to $2,000. 10 Ensigns, $1,200 to $1,400.

For names of officers, see Political Almanac.

JUSTICES OF THE UNITED STATES SUPREME COURT. (Names of the Chief Justices in italics)

SERVICE NAME TERM YEARS BORN DIED _John Jay_, N Y 1789 1795 6 1745 1829 John Rutledge, S C 1789 1791 2 1739 1800 William Cushing, Mass 1789 1800 21 1733 1810 James Wilson, Pa 1789 1798 9 1742 1798 John Blair, Va 1789 1796 7 1732 1800 Robert H Harrison, Md 1789 1790 1 1745 1790 James Iredell, N C 1790 1799 9 1751 1799 Thomas Johnson, Md 1791 1793 2 1732 1819 William Paterson, N J 1793 1806 13 1745 1806 _John Rutledge_, S C 1795 1739 1800 Samuel Chase, Md 1796 1811 15 1741 1811 _Oliver Ellsworth_, Ct 1796 1800 5 1745 1807 Bushrod Washington, Va 1798 1829 31 1762 1829 Alfred Moore, N C 1799 1804 5 1755 1835 _John Marshall_, Va 1801 1835 34 1771 1834 William Johnson, S C 1804 1834 30 1757 1823 Brock Livingston, N Y 1806 1823 17 1765 1826 Thomas Todd, Ky 1807 1826 19 1765 1826 Joseph Story, Mass 1811 1845 34 1770 1846 Gabriel Duval, Md 1811 1836 25 1732 1844 Smith Thompson, N Y 1823 1843 20 1767 1843 Robert Trimble, Ky 1826 1828 2 1777 1828 John McLean, Ohio 1829 1861 32 1785 1861 Henry Baldwin, Pa 1830 1844 16 1779 1844 James M Wayne, Ga 1835 1867 32 1790 1867 _Roger B Taney_, Md 1836 1864 28 1777 1864 Philip P Barbour, Va 1836 1841 5 1783 1841 John Catron, Tenn 1837 1865 28 1786 1865 John McKinley, Ala 1837 1852 15 1780 1852 Peter V Daniel, Va 1841 1860 19 1785 1860 Samuel Nelson, N Y 1845 1872 27 1792 1873 Levi Woodbury, N H 1845 1851 6 1789 1851 Robert C Grier, Pa 1846 1870 23 1794 1870 Benj R Curtis, Mass 1851 1857 6 1800 1874 John A Campbell, Ala 1853 1861 8 1811 1889 Nathan Clifford, Maine 1858 1881 23 1803 1881 Noah H Swayne, Ohio 1861 1881 20 1804 1884 Samuel F Miller, Iowa 1862 1890 28 1816 1890 David Davis, Ill 1862 1877 15 1815 1885 Stephen J Field, Cal 1863 1816 _Salmon P Chase_, Ohio 1864 1873 9 1808 1873 William Strong, Pa 1870 1880 10 1808 Joseph P Bradley, N J 1870 1892 22 1818 1892 Ward Hunt, N Y 1872 1882 10 1811 1886 _Morrison R Waite_, Ohio 1874 1888 14 1816 1888 John M Harlan, Ky 1877 1877 William B Woods, Ga 1880 1887 7 1824 1887 Stanley Matthews, Ohio 1881 1889 8 1824 1889 Horace Gray, Mass 1881 1828 Samuel Blatchford, N Y 1882 1893 11 1820 1893 Lucius Q C Lamar, Miss 1888 1993 5 1825 1893 _Melville W Fuller_, Ill 1888 1833 David J Brewer, Kan 1889 1837 Henry B Brown, Mich 1890 1836 George Shiras Jr, Pa 1892 1832 Howell D Jackson, Tenn 1893 1895 2 1832 1895 Edward D White, La 1893 1845 Rufus W Peckham 1895 1837

UNITED STATES MILITARY ACADEMY AT WEST POINT.

Each Congressional District and Territory--also the District of Columbia-- is entitled to have one cadet at the Academy. There are also ten appointments at large, specially conferred by the President of the United States. The number of students is thus limited to three hundred and seventy-one.

Appointments are usually made one year in advance of date of admission, by the Secretary of War, upon the nomination of the Representative. These nominations may either be made after competitive examinations or given direct, at the option of the Representative. Appointees to the Military Academy must be between seventeen and twenty-two years of age, free from any infirmity which may render them unfit for military service, and able to pass a careful examination in reading, writing, orthography, arithmetic, grammar, geography, and history of the United States.

The course of instruction, which is quite thorough, requires four years, and is largely mathematical and professional. About one-fourth of those appointed usually fail to pass the preliminary examination, and but little over one-half the remainder are finally graduated. The discipline is very strict--even more so than in the army--and the enforcement of penalties for offences is inflexible rather than severe. Academic duties begin September 1 and continue until June 1. Examinations are held in each January and June.

From about the middle of June to the end of August cadets live in camp, engaged only in military duties and receiving practical military instruction. Cadets are allowed but one leave of absence during the four years' course, and this is granted at the expiration of the first two years. The pay of a cadet is five hundred and forty dollars per year. Upon graduating, cadets are commissioned as second lieutenants in the United States Army.

The Academy was established by act of Congress in 1802. An annual Board of Visitors is appointed, seven being appointed by the President of the United States, two by the President of the Senate, and three by the Speaker of the House of Representatives. They visit the Academy in June, and are present at the concluding exercises of the graduating class of that year.

UNITED STATES NAVAL ACADEMY AT ANNAPOLIS.

There are allowed at the Academy one naval cadet for each Member or Delegate of the United States House of Representatives, one for the District of Columbia, and ten at large. The appointment of cadets at large and for the District of Columbia is made by the President. The Secretary of the Navy, as soon after March 5 in each year as possible, must notify in writing each Member and Delegate of the House of Representatives of any vacancy that may exist in his district. The nomination of a candidate to fill the vacancy is made, on the recommendation of the Member or Delegate, by the Secretary. Candidates must be actual residents of the districts from which they are nominated.

The course of naval cadets is six years, the last two of which are spent at sea. Candidates at the time of their examination for admission must be not under fifteen nor over twenty years of age, and physically sound, well formed, and of robust condition. They enter the Academy immediately after passing the prescribed examinations, and are required to sign articles binding themselves to serve in the United States Navy eight years (including the time of probation at the Naval Academy), unless sooner discharged. The pay of a naval cadet is five hundred dollars a year, beginning at the date of admission.

At least ten appointments from among the graduates are made each year. Surplus graduates who do not receive appointments are given a certificate of graduation, an honorable discharge, and one year's sea pay.

The Academy was founded in 1845 by the Hon. George Bancroft, Secretary of the Navy in the administration of President Polk. It was formally opened October 10 of that year, with Commander Franklin Buchanan as Superintendent. During the Civil War it was removed from Annapolis, Md., to Newport, R.I., but was returned to the former place in 1865. It is under the direct supervision of the Bureau of Navigation, Navy Department.

REPRESENTATION IN CONGRESS FOR EACH DECADE WITH RATIOS.

[Transcriber's Note: This table went horizontally across two pages, so it's given in pieces, with line numbers, as some of the others were.]

+===+===============+========+=======+=======+=======+=======+=======+ | |Ratios |Consti- |33,900 |33,900 |35,000 |40,000 |47,000 | | | |tution | | | | | | | +===============+========+=======+=======+=======+=======+=======+ | |States |1787 |1790 |1800 |1810 |1820 |1830 | +===+===============+========+=======+=======+=======+=======+=======+ |1 |Alabama |.... |.... |.... |1[1] |8 |5 | |2 |Arkansas |.... |.... |.... |.... |.... |1[1] | |3 |California |.... |.... |.... |.... |.... |.... | |4 |Colorado |.... |.... |.... |.... |.... |.... | |5 |Connecticut |5 |7 |7 |7 |6 |6 | |6 |Delaware |1 |1 |1 |2 |1 |1 | |7 |Florida |.... |.... |.... |.... |.... |.... | |8 |Georgia |3 |2 |4 |6 |7 |9 | |9 |Idaho |.... |.... |.... |.... |.... |.... | |10 |Illinois |.... |.... |.... |1[1] |1 |8 | |11 |Indiana |.... |.... |.... |1[1] |3 |7 | |12 |Iowa |.... |.... |.... |.... |.... |.... | |13 |Kansas |.... |.... |.... |.... |.... |.... | |14 |Kentucky |.... |2[1] |6 |10 |12 |13 | |15 |Louisiana |.... |.... |.... |1[1] |3 |3 | |16 |Maine |.... |.... |.... |7[1] |7 |8 | |17 |Maryland |8 |8 |9 |9 |9 |8 | |18 |Massachusetts |8 |14 |17 |20 |13 |12 | |19 |Michigan |.... |.... |.... |.... |.... |1[1] | |20 |Minnesota |.... |.... |.... |.... |.... |.... | |21 |Mississippi |.... |.... |.... |1[1] |1 |3 | |22 |Missouri |.... |.... |.... |.... |1[1] |2 | |23 |Montana |.... |.... |.... |.... |.... |.... | |24 |Nebraska |.... |.... |.... |.... |.... |.... | |25 |Nevada |.... |.... |.... |.... |.... |.... | |26 |New Hampshire |3 |4 |5 |6 |6 |5 | |27 |New Jersey |4 |5 |6 |6 |6 |6 | |28 |New York |6 |10 |17 |27 |34 |40 | |29 |North Carolina |5 |10 |12 |13 |13 |13 | |30 |North Dakota |.... |.... |.... |.... |.... |.... | |31 |Ohio |.... |.... |1[1] |6 |14 |19 | |32 |Oregon |.... |.... |.... |.... |.... |.... | |33 |Pennsylvania |8 |13 |18 |23 |25 |28 | |34 |Rhode Island |1 |2 |2 |2 |2 |2 | |35 |South Carolina |5 |6 |8 |9 |9 |9 | |36 |South Dakota |.... |.... |.... |.... |.... |.... | |37 |Tennessee |.... |1[1] |3 |6 |9 |13 | |38 |Texas |.... |.... |.... |.... |.... |.... | |39 |Utah |.... |.... |.... |.... |.... |.... | |40 |Vermont |.... |2[1] |4 |6 |5 |5 | |41 |Virginia |10 |19 |22 |23 |22 |12 | |42 |Washington |.... |.... |.... |.... |.... |.... | |43 |West Virginia |.... |.... |.... |.... |.... |.... | |44 |Wisconsin |.... |.... |.... |.... |.... |.... | |45 |Wyoming |.... |.... |.... |.... |.... |.... | +===+===============+========+=======+=======+=======+=======+=======+ |46 |Totals |65 |106 |142 |193 |213 |234 | +===+===============+========+=======+=======+=======+=======+=======+

REPRESENTATION IN CONGRESS FOR EACH DECADE WITH RATIOS.

[Transcriber's Note: Continued from previous table.]

+===+=======+=======+========+========+========+========+=======+ | |70,680 |93,420 |127,000 |131,425 |151,912 |173,901 |47,000 | | +=======+=======+========+========+========+========+=======+ | |1840 |1850 |1860 |1870 |1880 |1890 |1830 | +===+=======+=======+========+========+========+========+=======+ |1 |7 |7 |6 |8 |8 |9 |5 | |2 |1 |2 |3 |4 |5 |6 |1[1] | |3 |2[1] |2 |3 |4 |6 |7 |.... | |4 |.... |.... |.... |1[1] |1 |2 |.... | |5 |4 |4 |4 |4 |4 |4 |6 | |6 |1 |1 |1 |1 |1 |1 |1 | |7 |1[1] |1 |1 |2 |2 |2 |.... | |8 |8 |8 |7 |9 |10 |11 |9 | |9 |.... |.... |.... |.... |.... |.... |.... | |10 |7 |9 |14 |19 |20 |22 |8 | |11 |10 |11 |11 |13 |13 |13 |7 | |12 |2[1] |2 |6 |9 |11 |11 |.... | |13 |.... |.... |1[1] |3 |7 |8 |.... | |14 |10 |10 |9 |10 |11 |11 |13 | |15 |4 |4 |5 |6 |6 |6 |3 | |16 |7 |6 |5 |5 |4 |4 |8 | |17 |6 |6 |5 |6 |6 |6 |8 | |18 |10 |11 |10 |11 |12 |13 |12 | |19 |3 |4 |6 |9 |11 |12 |1[1] | |20 |.... |2[1] |2 |3 |5 |7 |.... | |21 |4 |5 |5 |6 |7 |7 |3 | |22 |5 |7 |9 |13 |14 |15 |2 | |23 |.... |.... |.... |.... |1[1] |1 |.... | |24 |.... |.... |1[1] |1 |3 |6 |.... | |25 |.... |.... |1[1] |1 |1 |1 |.... | |26 |4 |3 |3 |3 |2 |2 |5 | |27 |5 |5 |5 |7 |7 |8 |6 | |28 |34 |33 |31 |33 |34 |34 |40 | |29 |9 |8 |7 |8 |9 |9 |13 | |30 |.... |.... |.... |.... |1[1] |1 |.... | |31 |21 |21 |19 |20 |21 |21 |19 | |32 |.... |1[1] |1 |1 |1 |2 |.... | |33 |24 |25 |24 |27 |28 |30 |28 | |34 |2 |2 |2 |2 |2 |2 |2 | |35 |7 |6 |4 |5 |7 |7 |9 | |36 |.... |.... |.... |.... |2[1] |2 |.... | |37 |11 |10 |8 |10 |10 |10 |13 | |38 |2[1] |2 |4 |6 |11 |13 |.... | |39 |.... |.... |.... |.... |.... |1[1] |.... | |40 |4 |3 |3 |3 |2 |2 |5 | |41 |15 |13 |11 |9 |10 |10 |12 | |42 |.... |.... |.... |.... |1[1] |2 |.... | |43 |.... |.... |3[1] |3 |4 |4 |.... | |44 |2[1] |3 |6 |8 |9 |10 |.... | |45 |.... |.... |.... |.... |.... |1 |.... | +===+=======+=======+========+========+========+========+=======+ |46 |232 |246 |246 |293 |330 |357 |234 | +===+=======+=======+========+========+========+========+=======+

REPRESENTATION IN CONGRESS FOR EACH DECADE WITH RATIOS.

[Transcriber's Note: The data below is from the same table, but can stand on its own.]

+===============+=================================+ |States |Territory, How Obtained | +===============+=================================+ |Alabama |Ceded by S.C. and Ga. | |Arkansas |Part of Louisiana purchase. | |California |Ceded by Mexico. | |Colorado |From France and Mexico. | |Connecticut |One of original thirteen. | |Delaware |One of original thirteen. | |Florida |Part of Florida purchase. | |Georgia |One of original thirteen. | |Idaho |Part of "Oregon Country." | |Illinois |Ceded to U.S. by Virginia. | |Indiana |Ceded to U.S. by Virginia. | |Iowa |Part of Louisiana Purchase. | |Kansas |From France and Texas. | |Kentucky |Ceded to U.S. by Virginia. | |Louisiana |Part of Louisiana Purchase. | |Maine |From Massachusetts. | |Maryland |One of original thirteen. | |Massachusetts |One of original thirteen. | |Michigan |Ceded to U.S. by Virginia. | |Minnesota |From Virginia and France. | |Mississippi |Ceded by Ga. and S. Carolina. | |Missouri |Part of Louisiana purchase. | |Montana |Part of Louisiana purchase. | |Nebraska |Part of Louisiana purchase. | |Nevada |Part of Mexican cession. | |New Hampshire |One of original thirteen. | |New Jersey |One of original thirteen. | |New York |One of original thirteen. | |North Carolina |One of original thirteen. | |North Dakota |Part of Louisiana purchase. | |Ohio |Ceded to U.S. by Virginia. | |Oregon |France, Spain and Great Britain. | |Pennsylvania |One of original thirteen. | |Rhode Island |One of original thirteen. | |South Carolina |One of original thirteen. | |South Dakota |Part of Louisiana purchase. | |Tennessee |Ceded to U.S. by N. Carolina. | |Texas |Independent republic. | |Utah |Part of Mexican cession. | |Vermont |Ceded to U.S. by New York. | |Virginia |One of original thirteen. | |Washington |Exploration and treaty. | |West Virginia |Portion of Virginia. | |Wisconsin |Ceded to U.S. by Virginia. | |Wyoming |Part of "Oregon Country." | +===============+=================================+

TABULAR VIEW OF THE STATE GOVERNMENT OF MINNESOTA

Senators/Representatives: Created : Constitution. How Chosen: By the People in Senatorial Districts. Duties : Make Laws. Beginning : First Monday in January. Vacancy : New Election. Bonds : None.

Senators: No. : 63 Duties : Try Impeachments, Confirm Appointments. Term : 4 years. Removal : 2/3 of Senate. Salary : $5 a day and Mileage.

Representatives: No. : 119 Duties : Impeach, Originate Revenue Bills. Term : 2 years. Removal : 2/3 of H. of R. Salary : $5 a day and Mileage; Speaker, $10.

Governor/Lieutenant-Governor/State Auditor/State Treasurer/Secretary of State/Attorney General: Created : By the Constitution. No. : 1 How Chosen: By the People of the State on a General Ticket. Beginning : First Monday in January. Removal : Impeachment by House of R. and Conviction by Senate.

Governor: Duties : Execute Laws, Veto, Appointments, Pardons. Term : 2 years. Vacancy : Lieut.-Gov. Bonds : None. Salary : $5,000 a year.

Lieutenant-Governor: Duties : Preside over Senate, Act as Governor in Vacancy. Term : 2 years. Vacancy : Not filled. Bonds : None. Salary : $10 a day during Leg.

State Auditor: Duties : Book-Keeper, Examine Accounts, Warrants, Land Commissioner. Term : 4 years. Vacancy : Appointment by Governor till next Election. Bonds : $20,000 Salary : $3,600 a year.

State Treasurer: Duties : Act as Custodian of State Funds. Term : 2 years. Vacancy : Appointment by Governor till next Election. Bonds : $400,000 Salary : $3,500 a year.

Secretary of State: Duties: Keep State Papers and Great Seal, Manual, Public Printing. Term : 2 years. Vacancy : Appointment by Governor till next Election. Bonds : None. Salary : $3,500 a year.

Attorney General: Duties: Represent State in Suits, Legal Advice to other State Officers. Term : 2 years. Vacancy : Appointment by Governor till next Election. Bonds : None. Salary : $3,500 a year.

State Supt. Pub. Inst./Public Examiner/State Librarian/Insurance Commissioner/State Oil Inspector/Dairy Commissioner/: Created : Except Librarian, by Statute. No. : 1 How Chosen: Appointed by the Governor and Confirmed by the Senate. Term : 2 years. Beginning : First Monday in January. Removal : By Governor after due Examination. Vacancy : New Appointment made by Governor.

State Supt. Pub. Inst.: Duties : Act as Chief Educational Officer, Secretary of Educational Boards. Bonds : None. Salary : $2,500 a year.

Public Examiner: Duties : Inspect Books, &c., of State and County Financial Officers. Bonds : $50,000 Salary : $3,500 a year.

State Librarian: Duties : Take care of State Library. Bonds : $2,000 Salary : $2,000 a year.

R.R. Commissioners: Created : By Statute. No. : 3 Duties : Regulate Railroads and Warehouses, Appoint Grain Inspectors. How Chosen: Appointed by the Governor and Confirmed by the Senate. Term : 2 years. Beginning : First Monday in January. Removal : By Governor after due Examination. Vacancy : New Appointment made by Governor. Bonds : $20,000 each. Salary : $3,000 each.

Insurance Commissioner: Duties : Authorize Operation of Insurance Companies. Bonds : $5,000 Salary : $2,000 of Fees.

State Oil Inspector: Duties : Render the Use of Illuminating Oils Safe. Bonds : $5,000 Salary : Fees.

Dairy Commissioner: Duties : Regulate Sale of Dairy Products. Bonds : None. Salary : $1,800 and Expenses.

Surveyors-General: Created : By Statute. No. : 7 Duties : Scale Logs, Record Marks, Secure Laborers' Liens. How Chosen: Appointed by the Governor and Confirmed by the Senate. Term : 2 years. Beginning : First Monday in January. Removal : By Governor after due Examination. Vacancy : New Appointment made by Governor. Bonds : $5,000 Salary : Fees.

Administrative Boards/Boards of Trustees: Created : By Statute. No. : Varies How Chosen: Appointed as Above. Term : Various. Beginning : Specified in Appointment. Removal : By Governor after due Examination. Vacancy : New Appointment made by Governor. Bonds : None. Salary : None, except Sec.

Administrative Boards: Duties : Immigration, Health, Fisheries, Charities, Taxes.

Boards of Trustees: Duties : State Institutions, Educational, Charitable and Penal.

Justices of Supreme Court: Created : Constitution. No. : 5 Duties : Interpret Laws, Try Appealed Cases. How Chosen: By People of State. Term : 6 years. Beginning : First Monday in January. Removal : Impeachment and Conviction. Vacancy : Same as Auditor, etc. Bonds : None. Salary : $5,000 a year.

Clerk of Supreme Court: Created : Constitution. No. : 1 Duties : Keep Records of Supreme Court. How Chosen: By People of State. Term : 4 years. Beginning : First Monday in January. Removal : Impeachment and Conviction. Vacancy : Same as Auditor, etc. Bonds : $1,000 Salary : $1,500 a year and fees.

Justices of District Courts: Created : Constitution. No. : 21 Duties : Establish Justice in Counties. How Chosen: By People in Judicial Dist. Term : 6 years. Beginning : First Monday in January. Removal : Impeachment and Conviction. Vacancy : Same as Auditor, etc. Bonds : None. Salary : $3,500 a year.

APPENDIX C.--HOW SOME THINGS ARE DONE.

HOW TAXES ARE LEVIED.

Definitions.--Taxes may be defined as the moneys contributed by the people to defray the public expenses. They are spoken of as direct and indirect, the former being paid as taxes, the latter as part of the price of a commodity.

Within the State.--Local and state taxes are all direct. They are meant to be proportioned to a person's ability to pay. In fact, however, a person's tax is based upon the value of his _discoverable property_. The value of such property is estimated by local officers called assessors. The estimates of these officers are reviewed by the local board, and the reviewed estimates are again examined and equalized by the county board. But assessors, local boards, and county boards are all tempted to make the estimates low, to reduce their share of taxation for the use of the state. So a final review is made by the state board of equalization. The final estimates being reported to the computing officer, and the various sums to be raised having been reported to him, he finds the _rate_ of taxation, computes the taxes, and turns the books over to the collecting officer.

Certain classes of property are exempt from taxation. Among those usually exempt may be mentioned property owned by the United States, the state, or the municipal corporation; church property; educational and charitable institutions; and a certain amount of personal property. United States bonds cannot be taxed.

By the General Government.--The sources of revenue to the general government are: 1, customs; 2, excises; 3, direct taxes; 4, public lands; 5, receipts from post offices, patents, copyrights, fines, escheats, &c. The last two classes cannot be called taxes. As it cannot compel a state to collect taxes for it, the general government is practically barred, on account of expense, from laying direct taxes. So that it is practically true that national taxation is all indirect. The "customs" are duties on imports. The "excises," or internal revenue, consist of taxes on tobacco, fermented and alcoholic liquors, &c.

A Difficult Problem.--Though taxes have been levied for untold centuries, it is still one of the unsolved problems how to levy them so as to be just to all. Much progress has been made, but entirely satisfactory answers have not yet been wrought out to the questions: What are the proper things to tax? For what purposes should taxes be levied?

HOW THE GOVERNMENT BORROWS.

When an individual wishes to borrow money, he looks around for some one who has the money to spare and who has confidence enough in him to let him have it. He gives his note or bond, and gets the money. Similarly the United States borrows. The secretary of the treasury looks for lenders in the money-centers of the world, consults great banking-houses, and sometimes advertises in newspapers.

A private borrower pays for the use of the money, and similarly the debt of the United States is largely interest-bearing. The notes called "greenbacks" bear no interest, because, being legal tender, they circulate as money, as do also the gold and silver certificates of deposit.

HOW NATIONAL BANKS ARE ESTABLISHED.

Organization.--Associations for carrying on the business of banking may be formed by any number of natural persons not less than five. A signed and certified copy of the articles of association is forwarded to the comptroller of the currency; also a certificate giving the name of the association, its place of business, its capital, the number of shares and their owners.

Capital.--The minimum capital required is: in cities of less than 6000 inhabitants, $50,000; less than 50,000 inhabitants, $100,000; others, $200,000.

Powers.--Such associations have the usual corporate and banking powers. In addition, they may issue their notes to circulate as currency on the following conditions: Upon depositing with the U. S. Treasurer registered bonds of the United States, to an amount not less than $30,000 nor less than one-third of its capital, the bank receives from the comptroller of the currency blank notes of face value not to exceed ninety per cent of the par value of the bonds. These notes, after being signed by the president and the cashier of the bank, may circulate as money, but are not legal tender for private debts.

HOW TO OBTAIN A COPYRIGHT.

[By A. R. Spofford, Librarian of Congress]

Every applicant for a copyright must state distinctly the name and residence of the claimant, and whether right is claimed as author, designer, or proprietor. No affidavit or formal application is required.

A printed copy of the title of the book, map, chart, dramatic or musical composition, engraving, cut, print, or photograph, or a description of the painting, drawing, chromo, statue, statuary, or model or design for a work of the fine arts, for which copyright is desired, must be sent by mail or otherwise, prepaid, addressed, "Librarian of Congress, Washington, D.C." This must be done before publication of the book or other article.

A fee of 50 cents, for recording the title of each book or other article, must be inclosed with the title as above, and 50 cents in addition (or one dollar in all) for each certificate of copyright under seal of the Librarian of Congress, which will be transmitted by early mail.

Within ten days after publication of each book or other article, two complete copies must be sent prepaid, or under free labels, furnished by the Librarian, to perfect the copyright, with the address, "Librarian of Congress, Washington, D.C."

No copyright is valid unless notice is given by inserting in every copy published, "Entered according to the act of Congress, in the year ----, by ----, in the office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington," or, at the option of the person entering the copyright, the words "Copyright, 18--, by ----."

The law imposes a penalty of $1*0 [Transcriber's Note: Illegible] upon any person who has not obtained copyright who shall insert the notice "Entered according to act of Congress," or "Copyright," or words of the same import, in or upon any book or other article.

Each copyright secures the exclusive right of publishing the book or article copyrighted for the term of twenty-eight years. Six months before the end of that time, the author or designer, or his widow or children, may secure a renewal for the further term of fourteen years, making forty-two years in all.

Any copyright is assignable in law by any instrument of writing, but such assignment must be recorded in the office of the Librarian of Congress within sixty days from its date. The fee for this record and certificate is one dollar.

A copy of the record (or duplicate certificate) of any copyright entry will be furnished, under seal, at the rate of fifty cents.

Copyrights cannot be granted upon Trade-marks, nor upon Labels intended to be used with any article of manufacture. If protection for such prints or labels is desired, application must be made to the Patent Office, where they are registered at a fee of $6 for labels and $25 for trade-marks.

Up to 1849 the secretary of state had the care of issuing copyrights. It was then assigned to the department of the interior, newly created. In 1870 it was transferred to the librarian of congress.

HOW TO OBTAIN A PATENT.

1. The person desiring a patent must declare upon oath that he believes himself to be the inventor or discoverer of the art, machine, or improvement for which he solicits the patent.

2. He must also give in writing a definite and minute description of it, accompanied by drawings to illustrate. If necessary, he must make and deliver to the commissioner of patents a model of his invention.

To be patentable, the invention must be new, unused and unknown before, and useful.

The invention is carefully examined by the appropriate expert at the patent office, and if found to be deserving a patent is issued, signed by the secretary of the interior, countersigned by the commissioner of patents, and sealed with his seal. This gives the patentee the sole right of manufacture and sale and use for seventeen years. The right to make, sell, or use the invention may be sold by the patentee. He may assign the patent entire, an interest in it, or the exclusive right for a certain specified district.

HOW AN ALIEN BECOMES A CITIZEN.

1. Declaration of Intention.--An alien, who has come to the United States after reaching the age of eighteen, may appear before any court of record in the United States having common law jurisdiction, or the clerk thereof, and declare upon oath that it is _bona fide_ his intention to become a citizen of the United States, and to renounce forever "all allegiance to any foreign prince, potentate, state, or sovereignty whatever," and particularly by name the potentate or sovereignty whereof such alien may at any time have been a citizen or subject. This declaration is recorded, and a certified copy of it is furnished by the clerk of the court to the person so declaring his intention. He is then said to have his "first papers." See page 290. 2. The Final Step.--After two years from the time of declaring his intention, provided that he has resided in the United States continuously for five years, and also at least one year within the state or territory wherein the court is held, he may appear in open court and there upon oath renounce all allegiance, as declared in his statement of intention, and swear to support the constitution of the United States. If he has borne any hereditary title, he must renounce it. He must have two witnesses to certify to his residence and to his moral character. These proceedings are recorded, and he is given a certificate of naturalization. See page 201.

An alien arriving in the United States before reaching the age of eighteen and continuously residing therein until making his application for citizenship, provided that he has resided in the United States five years, may on coming of age be admitted to citizenship at once, without the interval between the declaration and the consummation. He must, however, make declaration, must prove his moral character by two witnesses, and must satisfy the court that for three years it has been _bona fide_ his intention to become a citizen of the United States.

Status of Minors.--The naturalization of a man confers citizenship upon his wife and upon such of his children as are minors at the time. A child of his born in this country, either before or after his naturalization, is a "natural-born" citizen. This is also the case if the child is born on the ocean while the parents are coming to this country, provided that they are coming with the intention of seeking citizenship. If an alien dies after declaring his intention, his wife and minor children may become citizens upon taking the oath required.

Losing Citizenship.--By treaties with Austria, Baden, Bavaria, Belgium, Great Britain, Germany, the Grand Duchy of Hesse, Mexico, Norway and Sweden, Denmark, and Wurtemberg, it is provided that "a renewal of domicile in the mother country, with the intent not to return (and two years residence is presumptive evidence of such intent), shall work renewal of the former allegiance."

In some of the treaties it is further provided that when the subject has emigrated to avoid military duty, "the right to exact which was complete before his departure, such service may be enforced on his return in spite of intervening naturalization." (See also U.S. Revised Statutes of 1878, §§ 2165-74.)

HOW CITIZENS ABROAD ARE PROTECTED.

One of the things that makes citizenship desirable is the protection which it secures. This is particularly grateful when one is in a foreign country. What a feeling of strength and security one has when far away from home among strangers to know that his rights must be respected, to realize that behind him is the might of the nation!

Passports.--A United States passport is an instrument in writing, issued by the secretary of state and under his seal, informing the world that the bearer is a citizen of the United States, that he travels under its protection. That passport is a means of identification for the bearer and secures to him all the rights and privileges guaranteed to citizens of the United States by treaties with the country in which he may be traveling.

Passports, as a means of ingress or egress, are now required in only a few countries of Europe. For the convenience of citizens who may have left home without securing passports, arrangements have been made whereby they may be obtained from our representatives in foreign countries.

Another kind of passport is that for American ships. Each ship-master obtains one before leaving for a foreign port. It tells the nationality of the ship, shows that she is under the protection of the United States.

Consuls.--These are the business representatives of the government residing in foreign lands. They are "the guardians of their countrymen against the vexations, injuries, and injustices of the country where they reside; and they exercise certain police powers over all the individuals of their nation" within their respective consulates.

The origin of consulates dates back to the time of the Crusades. They were instituted by the great commercial cities of the Mediterranean. The Pisans, Venetians, and Genoese had trading-places in various parts of Asia, and they secured from the princes of the countries where these trading-posts were located the right to have judges or arbitrators of their own nation located at each of these posts who were privileged to settle disputes between citizens of these cities in accordance with their own laws. At first, then, the consuls were only arbitrators in commercial matters. But their prerogatives have increased until now they are intrusted with the protection of merchants of their country in their relations with the countries to which they come to trade.

In some countries, such as China, Japan, Siam, and Turkey, our consuls are by treaty invested with judicial powers. They try and punish American citizens for crimes committed there.

Incidentally it is the duty of a consul to provide for sick, disabled or destitute American seamen, and to send them home to the United States; to receive and take care of the personal property of any American citizen who dies within his consulate, and to forward to the secretary of state the balance remaining after the necessary funeral expenses, to be held in trust for the heirs. (See also page 350.)

Some of the consular reports contain very valuable information regarding the products and industries of the countries where they are located. These reports can sometimes be obtained in limited numbers through a member of congress.

HOW WE ARE PROTECTED AT HOME.

Life.--Our lives are protected very carefully, not only against crime, but also against accident. Taking human life is made the worst crime and suffers the severest punishment. Death-dealing weapons, such as revolvers and dirks, cannot lawfully be carried concealed. Poisons are cautiously sold, and usually a record is made of the sale. If death results from accident the person to blame is held responsible. But every precaution is taken to prevent accidents. Lamps are provided for streets; fast driving is prohibited; horses are not allowed to be left standing unhitched; business dangerous to life, such as powder-making, must be carried on at a distance from residences; railroads are required to stop trains at crossings, to ring a bell in going through a town, to carry axes and buckets to be used in case of fire; steamboats must be inspected, and must be supplied with life-boats, life-preservers, and other appliances.

Health.--To protect our health precautions are taken against the outbreak of preventable diseases, such as diphtheria, typhoid fever, etc., by requiring cleanliness in yards and alleys; and against small pox by requiring vaccination. The government also supports hospitals for the care of the sick.

Reputation.--To secure to each person as good a reputation as his character will warrant it is made a crime to make false and malicious statements about any one. If spoken, the malicious statement is called slander; if written or printed, it is called libel. The essential elements of these crimes are malice and injury. If a false statement is made without intent to injure, it is not slander. And a true statement injuring another must not be made except for a proper purpose.

Liberty.--This includes all those rights guaranteed in the Bills of Rights of the several constitutions, and the right to come and go without restraint, the right to choose a vocation and to change it, and other rights. To appreciate the protection received in this direction, the student should read up the history of each of the guarantees, and of caste, curfew, passports, etc.

Property.--"The right of private property covers the acquiring, using, and disposing of anything that a person may call his own, including time and labor." A person's property rights may be interfered with in so many ways that many laws are necessary to protect him. A brief outline of commercial law is given elsewhere.

HOW ELECTIONS ARE CONDUCTED.

Electors.--The voters of each state are designated by the constitution thereof. See page 298.

Time.--The time of elections is usually also a matter of constitutional provision. The local (town, village, and city) elections are, in most if not all of the states, held in the spring; probably because the public improvements contemplated are to be made chiefly in the summer. The general elections are held in the fall. This may be partly at least, in order that the official year may begin with the calendar year.

Place.--Towns, villages, and city wards are the usual election precincts, but any of these may be divided if necessary. The location of the polling-place is determined by the convenience of the voters.

Supervision.--Each polling-place is in charge of supervisors of election, usually three. In towns and villages, the regular trustees supervise the elections. In cities, three persons for each precinct are appointed to act by the council or by the mayor. The supervisors are assisted by one or two clerks.

Registration.--To prevent fraud, it is required that a person shall have been a resident of the precinct in which he offers to vote for at least ten days. In the cities, where population fluctuates greatly, it has been found necessary to require voters to register before the day of election; that is, to enroll their names and places of residence with the officers of election.

Notices.--Due notice of the times and places of registration and election is given, at least ten days in advance.

Voting.--This is by ballot, the two chief reasons being, (_a_) to permit the voter to express his choice uninfluenced by any one else; (_b_) to facilitate the voting.

The voter hands to the chairman of the supervisors his ballot, folded so as to conceal the names. After ascertaining from the other supervisors that the name of the person offering the vote is registered, or being satisfied in some other way that he is entitled to vote, the chairman, in the presence of the voter, deposits the ballot in the box. The voter's name is then checked on the register, and enrolled by the clerks on the "list of persons who have voted."

Counting.--Each name as it is written by the clerks is numbered, and the supervisors in checking the register do so by writing the number of the vote. At the close of the polls, therefore, the number of persons who have voted is known. The ballots are then turned out of the box upon a table, and, without being unfolded, are carefully counted, to see whether they correspond in number with the records. If, as once in a while happens, it is found that there are too many ballots, those in excess are drawn hap-hazard from the pile by the supervisors and destroyed. The ballots are then unfolded, and the count of the persons voted for is carefully made and recorded. These proceedings are all open to the public.

Reporting.--In local elections, the result of the vote is read by a clerk to those present. An abstract of the vote is filed in the office of the clerk of the corporation, and a list of the persons elected is sent to the auditor (clerk) of the county. The names of the justices of the peace and the constables are reported to the clerk of the court.

In general elections, the abstract of the vote is sent to the county auditor. He makes a general abstract of the vote of the county on state officers, members of congress, and presidential electors, and sends it to the state auditor. He also sends to the same officer a list of the persons elected to county offices. An abstract of the vote is published in one or more of the county papers.

Canvassing Boards.--The persons composing these boards are designated by statute. The secretary of the organization is always a member. He is usually assisted by two or more judicial officers.

Certificates of Election.--These are furnished to officers-elect by the secretary of the organization. Certificates of members of congress and presidential electors are signed by the governor and the secretary of state, and are authenticated by the state seal.

Defects.--With all the thought that has been given to the subject, it is still an unsolved problem how to secure "a free vote and a fair count." Of the two purposes given above to be subserved by the use of the ballot rather than by _viva voce_ voting, the first is too commonly not realized. Perhaps the greatest danger to our government is bribery or overawing of the voter.

A remedy suggested.--The main reliance for the purity of the ballot must of course be the intelligence and uprightness of the people, and he who enlightens and uplifts one or more individuals is to that extent truly a patriot.

The second reliance is the removal of temptation. There may be "honor among thieves," but wrong doing makes a person suspicious, and if the briber cannot see the bribed deposit his ballot he has no good reason for believing that he did as directed.

In Australia they have a plan which seems to obviate bribery, and to have certain other incidental advantages. The plan includes two main features: 1. The printing of ballots at state expense, the ballots to contain all the nominees of all the parties and appropriate blank spaces for the insertion of other names; 2. The secret preparation of the ballot by the voter and his casting it in the presence of the officers only. The operation of the plan slightly modified, as now proposed in Massachusetts, is briefly this: In the polling room as now, is the ballot-box; this none but those in the act of voting and the officers are allowed to approach. As the voters enter the enclosed area a stile numbers them, and an officer hands each a ballot, containing the names of all nominees. The voter takes this into a booth, and makes a cross in ink opposite the name of each person that he wishes to vote for. Having thus prepared his ballot alone, he deposits it in the usual way.

The advantages promised by this plan are obvious. The printing of the ballots at state expense would do away with one of the pretexts for bleeding a candidate for "legitimate expenses." It would take their occupation from the ticket-peddlers, and do away with the deceiving "pasters." The electors would be freed from the nuisance of personal solicitation or dictation. The polling-places would be quieter and more orderly. Best of all, it would greatly minify the evils of bribery for reasons given above.

The principle is certainly a good one, and the machinery is worthy of the careful consideration of our legislators.

Later: This system is now used in several states.

WHY AND HOW NOMINATIONS ARE MADE.

A political party may be defined as a number of persons holding similar views in relation to one or more questions of public policy, and who through unity of action seek to have these views prevail.

The great instrument for securing unity is the convention. It may be a mass meeting, or, as is more usual among the large and well-organized parties, a convention of delegates. In either case it is, be it remembered, not a part of the elective machinery designed by the legislature, but a political device to increase the chances of victory through unity of purpose and action.

Party organization consists of "committees"--town, village, city-ward, county, state, and national. The local committees are chosen by the resident partisans; the county committees by the county conventions; the state committees by state conventions; and the national committee, consisting usually of one member from each state, by the delegates of the respective states to the national convention. Each committee chooses its own chairman and secretary. Besides those mentioned, there are district committees, such as congressional-district committees, senate-district committees, etc., whose members are appointed in a manner similar to that given above. The term of a member is, as might be expected, from the close of one regular convention to the close of the succeeding one. Thus a town committeeman's term is one year, while that of a national committeeman is four years.

The mode of nominating a candidate for the presidency of the United States will illustrate the way of making nominations in general.

1. By long-established practice, each state is entitled to twice as many delegates to the national convention as the number of its presidential electors, and each territory to two delegates. Thus, Minnesota being entitled to nine electors, may send eighteen delegates: and New York, having thirty-six electors, is entitled to seventy-two delegates. Each delegate has an alternate, who acts in the delegate's absence.

2. Though the popular election does not take place until November, the national conventions are usually held in June or July. This is probably to allow plenty of time for the campaign.

3. To allow the machinery time to grind out the delegates, the national committee, having early determined upon the time and place for holding the convention, issues its "call" some months in advance, say in February or March. This is published in the newspapers throughout the country.

4. The next step in the process is the issuance of calls by the several state committees. These are issued as soon as practicable after that of the national committee, and usually appoint the state convention for the latter part of May.

5. In some states all of the delegates to the national convention are chosen by the state convention. But the number of states is increasing, and properly so, in which each congressional district chooses its own two delegates, leaving only the four "delegates at large" to be chosen by the state convention. In these states, the next step is the call of the district committee for a convention slightly antedating that of the state.

6. As soon as practicable after the district call is announced, the several county committees issue their call for county conventions, to be held shortly before the district convention.

7. Lastly, the local committees issue their calls, usually giving a week or ten days' notice. The local convention is called a "caucus."

8. Then in succession the local, county, district, state, and national conventions are held. The caucuses send representatives to the county conventions, which in turn choose the deputations to the district and state conventions, and these finally select the delegates to the national convention. An equal number of "alternates" are chosen at the same time. The state convention also names the presidential electors to be supported by the party.

Thus the national convention is the first to be called and the last to be held, while the caucuses are the last to be called and the first to be held. The caucuses are the real battling-place for the people.

The delegates from each convention receive certificates of election signed by the chairman and secretary thereof. These "credentials" are given to prevent fraud, and constitute the delegates' title to seats in the convention to which they are sent.

The first step taken in the national convention, after securing a "temporary organization," is the appointment of a committee on credentials and another on permanent organization, by the temporary chairman. When the former committee reports, it is known who are entitled to participate in the proceedings; and when the latter committee reports, the convention almost invariably adopts the report and thereby perfects its organization. A committee on rules and one on platform are then appointed.

The states are then called in alphabetical order, and each one that cares to, presents to the convention the name of her "favorite son." Thus in the republican convention of 1860, when Illinois was called, the name of Abraham Lincoln was presented; and when New York was called, the name of William H. Seward was presented, and so on.

When the "roll of the states" is completed, the balloting begins. In the republican convention, nomination is by majority vote; in the democratic, it takes a two-thirds vote to nominate.

The vice-president is then nominated in a similar manner.

After adopting a platform the convention adjourns.

HOW CONGRESS IS ORGANIZED. [Footnote: See also Among the Lawmakers,