Part 2

Fig. 12.--A street with too much pavement and too little parking space. Carolina poplars in Baltimore, Md., in midautumn.]

A common mistake in ambitious young cities and many old ones is to pave more of the width of the street for traffic purposes than, is likely ever to be needed. By reducing the roadway and throwing the remainder into liberal parking spaces much is added to the attractiveness and comfort of a city. A contrast in the two methods of treatment is illustrated in figures 11 and 12. The recommendation that the roadway prepared for travel be made narrow is not to be interpreted as a reason for lessening the area dedicated to the public use; in fact, in most cities, especially in the northeastern quarter of the United States, too little space has been reserved from houseline to houseline (fig. 13). By reserving more room between the houses and the street for use as lawns and gardens the conditions would be made more livable, opportunity would be offered for widening the public way without prohibitive expense if traffic or business demanded it, and the growing of street trees would cease to be a serious problem.

KINDS OF TREES SUITABLE FOR CITY STREETS.

QUALITIES NECESSARY.

Compared with the whole number of trees used for ornamental planting, the number of kinds suitable for street planting is very small. For use under city conditions a tree must be adapted to the climate and to the soil upon which it is to be grown. It must have healthy foliage that withstands dust and smoke and a root system not easily affected by unusual soil conditions, by restricted feeding areas, or by root pruning when street improvements are made. The top should be in proportion to the width of the street upon which it is used, and it should be rather high headed or easily trained to that form and of open growth without being too spreading or sprawling.

Of minor consideration is the character of the foliage masses, whether dark or light, heavy and somber or open and airy, and also whether they have vivid autumn colorings. Only in the most southern parts of the country and in western California should evergreen trees be considered for street planting, and then only the broad-leaved evergreens, such as magnolias and live oaks. In the North the lack of sunshine during the short cloudy days of winter makes it desirable to admit all the light possible. Even in the South the question of sunshine should be considered when selecting varieties.

Narrow streets should be planted with columnar trees (fig. 14) or sometimes with small trees. Broad streets may be planted with spreading trees (figs. 3 and 16), or, if provided with a central parking space, with moderate-sized trees in the center and on the sides, or with trees on the sides suited to the space and formal trees in the center. (Fig. 15.)

As a rule, trees native to the locality that have been successfully grown in other cities should be given the preference. When a choice must be made between untried native trees and those tested in a city or town under different soil or climatic to give the native trees the first trial. There are many native trees that are promising which have not been planted on a sufficient scale or under sufficiently varied conditions to demonstrate their real value for street planting over any considerable area. Many of the trees mentioned in this bulletin may prove valuable far beyond the areas for which they are suggested. The burr oak, the swamp white oak, the scarlet oak, the chestnut oak, the white oak, the sour gum, and others may be found on further trial to be as valuable as those already demonstrated to be valuable over large areas. Those mentioned have all been tested in a small way.

Caution should be used in selecting trees with conspicuous flowers and those with edible fruits or nuts, as in many parts of the country such trees are badly mutilated by the public. Even horse-chestnuts, although the nuts are not edible, are often broken by boys clubbing the trees. That public opinion can prevent such vandalism is in evidence all along the Pacific coast and at a few places in the East. Every effort should be made to create a sentiment that will protect these attractive additions to street adornment, but where the sentiment does not exist it is better to avoid the planting of such trees except in a limited way.

Besides the native trees there are many introduced trees that have proved valuable and many more that are worthy of trial.[1] A fair trial of promising introduced trees should be made, and the native kinds should be thoroughly tested.

[1] As examples of this are a number of new elms such as _Ulmus pumila_ and _Ulmus densa_, besides lindens, poplars, and _Koelreuteria paniculata_, while _Pistacia chinensis_ is suitable for warm regions. The Office of Foreign Seed and Plant Introduction of the United States Department of Agriculture will be glad at any time to suggest new trees that are promising for any region.

TREES FOR DIFFERENT REGIONS.

To simplify the discussion of kinds of street trees likely to prove satisfactory, the United States has been arbitrarily divided into the regions shown in figure 17. An endeavor has been made to make each division cover an area having similar growing conditions, so that the trees suggested will be likely to thrive in all its parts. A discussion of the strong and weak points of the different kinds will be found with the description of the kinds farther on in this bulletin.

_Region 1._--Region 1 comprises the mild humid portion of the northern Pacific coast east to the Cascade Mountains, including the western third of Washington and Oregon and a portion of northern California. The trees native to western Europe are adapted to this region, as the climatic conditions are quite comparable. Most of our American trees also succeed here.

Some of the desirable varieties for street planting in region 1 are the Oregon, Norway, sycamore, and sugar maples; California walnut; tulip; European linden; basswood; sycamore; London plane; white and European ashes; English and American elms; English, red, and pin oaks; ginkgo; and the black locust.

_Region 2._--Region 2 is that portion of California lying between the Sacramento and San Joaquin Valleys and the Pacific Ocean. Many varieties of trees will succeed here if given water. Because of the lack of water, unless specially irrigated the more drought-resistant species should be used.

Among the deciduous trees useful for this region are the London plane; the California and common sycamore; English, Huntingdon, and American elms; Oregon, Norway, sycamore, and English maples; white, green, and European ashes; red, English, and pin oaks; European linden; basswood; California walnut; honey and black locusts; horse-chestnut; Albizzia; and the Japanese varnish tree, or Sterculia.

Evergreen trees which will probably be successful in region 2 are the Eucalyptus[2] in variety, acacias, rubber, magnolia, California live oak, Victorian and poplar-leaved bottle trees, and in the southern portions the California pepper, silk oak, and jacaranda. Palms are much planted, but they do not make good street trees except where a formal effect instead of shade is desired.

[2] Some cities have ordinances against the planting of certain trees because their roots sometimes obstruct sewers. Among these trees are the Eucalyptus in California and some of the poplars in several of the States.

_Region 3._--Region 3 comprises the Sacramento and San Joaquin Valleys.

The deciduous trees for this region are the California walnut; London plane; California and common sycamores; Oregon, Norway, and sycamore maples; white, European, and green ashes; red, English, valley, and pin oaks; European linden; basswood; English and Huntingdon elms; honey locust; and horse-chestnut. Chinaberries and Texas umbrellas are much planted in these valleys, but are not good street trees. Olives and palms are suitable only for formal effects, while eucalypti are satisfactory but are liable to make trouble with defective sewers. Acacias grow especially well in this region except in the extreme north.

_Region 4._--Region 4 includes the country from the Sacramento and San Joaquin Valleys to the crest of the Sierra Nevada Mountains. It varies in elevation and correspondingly in temperature and the amount of available moisture.

Where there is sufficient moisture, the deciduous trees recommended for region 3, except the valley oak and possibly the California sycamore, may be used. Where there is less moisture the thornless honey locust, black locust, green ash, hackberry, poplars, ash-leaved maple, and the American elm if it can be watered the first few years may be planted. In the warmer sections the chinaberry and Texas umbrella may be used.

_Region 5._--Region 5 comprises the hot semiarid country of southern California and southwestern Arizona which is dependent on irrigation.

The best deciduous trees for this region are those suggested for the drier portions of region 4. With ample irrigation the deciduous trees recommended for region 3 might grow.

Among the evergreens the Texas palmetto, Parkinsonia, and the Washingtonia and some other palms can be used where other trees do not succeed. The red and desert gums may be used also in the drier regions. With ample irrigation the evergreens suggested for region 2 should succeed.

_Region 6._--Region 6 comprises the intermountain section and extends from the crest of the Cascade and Sierra Nevada Mountains eastward to the eastern base of the Rocky Mountains. The region includes great variations in growing conditions, often in very short distances. As a whole it is semiarid, and in most places trees can hardly be expected to thrive without more or less irrigation, although in some of the mountain valleys and on some of the mountain slopes almost ideal conditions for tree growth exist.

In the drier parts of the region only those deciduous trees that are weeds under more congenial conditions can be grown. Those that can be planted with the greatest hope of success are the thornless honey locust, black locust, green ash, hackberry, and where the others do not succeed, the poplars and ash-leaved maple. If it can be watered for a few years the American elm usually can be grown, and in the southern half of the region the Mississippi hackberry will probably succeed. Near the southern border, on lower elevations, the chinaberry and Texas umbrella can also be planted. In the locations most favored naturally or where irrigation is possible, the trees suggested for region 9 can be used.

Evergreens that may be used for the drier portions of the southern part of region 6 are the Parkinsonia and the Texas palmetto.

Native trees may be found that will prove of greater value for limited areas than any suggested. Cities and towns contemplating street tree planting would do well to consult the nearest State agricultural experiment station or the United States Department of Agriculture if it is thought possible that something better has been found than the trees suggested.

_Region 7._--Region 7 is the northern part of the Great Plains area from the foot of the Rocky Mountains at about the 5,000-foot contour line east to the ninety-eighth meridian. It is rather uniform in general conditions, the character of soil having no wide divergence and the elevation increasing gradually from south to north and east to west. The rainfall gradually increases from west to east until at about the ninety-eighth meridian the conditions are more favorable for tree growth.

The trees to be relied on are the thornless honey locust, common hackberry, black locust, green ash, ash-leaved maple, the poplars, the Chinese elm, and the American elm if it can be watered the first few years after transplanting. The mossy-cup oak is another tree worth testing in a small way, as it is native a little east of the ninety-eighth meridian. The basswood and Norway maple would probably succeed if supplied with plenty of water.

_Region 8._--Region 8 is the southern part of the Great Plains.

In addition to the deciduous trees recommended for the northern Great Plains (region 7) the Mississippi hackberry, Texas umbrella, and chinaberry may be successfully grown.

Evergreen trees that may be used in region 8 are the Texas palmetto and Parkinsonia.

_Region 9._--Region 9 is the upper Mississippi Valley, including the area from that already considered to Lake Michigan and south to southern Kansas. It is more favorable to tree growth than regions 6 and 7.

Trees which will succeed here are the American elm; red, pin, mossy-cup, and other native oaks; white ash; sycamore; basswood; and Norway and sugar maples.

_Region 10._--Region 10 includes the northeastern part of the country from eastern Illinois to the Atlantic Ocean, and extends southward through the Appalachian Mountains. It is most favorable for tree growth.

The best trees for street planting in region 10 are the red and pin oaks, London plane, sycamore, the staminate form of the ginkgo, basswood, tulip, Norway maple, white ash, thornless honey locust, American elm, and in the southern portion of the region on light land the sweet gum. The red and sugar maples are among the best trees for suburban conditions. The hackberry will grow, but should be discarded in favor of better varieties. The mossy-cup and chestnut oaks are worthy of trial on gravelly soils in the suburbs.

_Region 11._--Region 11 includes the lower Mississippi Valley and the country east of the southern Appalachian Mountains, extending from the light lands near the South Atlantic and Gulf coasts to the northern limits of the distinctively southern flora.

The typical street trees of this region are the willow oaks (fig. 1) and water oaks, the former a valuable street tree, the latter good when young but comparatively short lived, with no advantages over the willow oak. Other good trees are the red, Spanish, laurel, Darlington, and pin oaks, tulip, sweet gum, American elm, red and Norway maples, and the ginkgo.

_Region 12._--Region 12 is the land near the coast from Wilmington, N. C., to the Mexican border, exclusive of the southern part of Florida.

Good deciduous trees for this region are the willow, laurel, Darlington, and Spanish oaks, tulip, sweet gum, sycamore, London plane, American elm, and the staminate form of the ginkgo. The honey locust, red or scarlet maple, Norway maple, and the hackberries are not so good.

The live oak is the characteristic tree of region 12 (fig. 16) and is the pride of the cities that have used it. Even though an evergreen, it is an excellent street tree, as it is large, spreading, and open. The palmetto and palms thrive and may be used for producing formal effects. The evergreen magnolia is a good broad-leaved evergreen.

_Region 13._--Region 13 consists of the southern part of Florida. The deciduous trees suitable for this section are the willow, Spanish, and southern red oaks; American elm; Mississippi hackberry; and in the southern half of the region the Poinciana.

Evergreen trees are better suited to region 13 than to, any other portion of the United States except possibly southern California. Among the best are the live and laurel oaks, evergreen magnolia, camphor, rubber, silk oak, or grevillea, and casuarina. Eucalypti are planted to some extent in Florida, but the climate is such that only on the drier grounds of the interior are they likely to succeed, and even there they are not to be compared with other excellent species of trees that may be cultivated successfully.

TREES FOR SPECIAL PURPOSES.

In the heart of a city, where the greatest difficulty is experienced in getting trees to grow, the ailanthus will probably thrive when nearly all other kinds fail. The sycamore and the London plane are also good for such places. The Carolina poplar will frequently grow under these conditions, and its use may sometimes be warranted.

For very narrow streets the Lombardy poplar is the best tree. (Fig. 14.) Trees suitable for use within the reach of ocean spray or on sandy lands near the coast are the red oak and the red or scarlet maple south to Charleston, S. C., while the sweet gum and the live oak are equally good from Norfolk southward and along the Gulf of Mexico. The red oak, sweet gum, red maple, and eastern live oak are all grown successfully along the Pacific Ocean, while the California live oak can be used from San Francisco southward. The trees that endure the most alkali appear to be the bladder-nut tree,[3] London plane, peppermint gum,[4] blue gum,[5] the Washingtonia and other hardy fan palms, Canary Island date palm, the camphor tree, and _Acacia cyclops_ and _Acacia retinodes_. Only the first two withstand severe freezing weather. The red oak and the red maple are worth testing for these conditions.

[3] _Koelreuteria paniculata_.

[4] _Eucalyptus amygdalina_ Labill.

[5] _Eucalyptus amygdalina angustifolia_.

DESCRIPTIONS OF STREET TREES.

ACACIA.

The acacias, or wattles, are a large group mostly of small trees with showy yellow flowers. Although much used in California, many of them are too small to make satisfactory shade trees, and because of shallow rooting they are injurious to sidewalks. They also stump-sprout badly. They thrive in regions 2 and 3 and in restricted portions of regions 1 and 5.

The Australian blackwood,[6] blackwood acacia, or wattle, is a strong, upright tree, growing to a height of 75 feet and forming a well-shaped head. It is badly affected by citrus scale, and on this account its planting is sometimes prohibited.

[6] _Acacia melanoxylon_ R. Br.

The black wattle[7] is a strong-growing round-headed tree that reaches a height of 40 feet and has dark-green leaves.

[7] _Acacia decurrens mollis_ Lindl.

The green wattle[8] is a rapid-growing tree, reaching a height of 60 feet and forming a round head with finely cut leaves.

[8] _Acacia decurrens_ Willd.

The silver wattle[9] is much like the black wattle except that its leaves and young branches are covered with a whitish down.

[9] _Acacia decurrens dealbata_ F. Muell.

AILANTHUS.

The ailanthus,[10] or tree of heaven, is a tall, broad, handsome tree that is especially valuable in the heart of closely built or smoky cities. The staminate and pistillate flowers are borne on separate trees. Only the pistillate trees should be used, as the odor of the blossoms of the staminate ones is very objectionable for about 10 days in late spring. These may be produced by grafting from pistillate trees or by propagating from suckers or root cuttings from such trees if they have not been grafted. The ailanthus may not succeed in regions 5 and 13.

[10] _Ailanthus altissima_ (Mill.) Swingle (_A. glandulosa_ Desf.).

ASH.

There are three kinds of ash trees that are useful for street planting.

The white ash[11] is a large oval-headed tree, reasonably satisfactory on rich lands in regions 1, 2, 3, 4, 9, 10, 11, and 12, but it is better adapted to suburban than urban conditions.

[11] _Fraxinus americana_ L.

The green ash[12] is one of the few successful trees in regions 6, 7, and 8 and may succeed in region 5. It grows well throughout the remainder of the United States, but is of less value than other trees there. It is much smaller than the white ash, with a broad round top.

[12] _Fraxinus lanceolata_ Borck.

The European ash[13] is a large, handsome, round-headed tree suited to regions 1, 2, 3, and 4.

[13] _Fraxinus excelsior_ L.

CAMPHOR.

The camphor tree[14] is a large, handsome, oval-headed evergreen that will succeed in the southern half of region 2, in regions 3, 5, and 13, and in the warmer parts of region 12. It will endure more frost than the orange, and where it is successfully grown it is deservedly popular.

[14] _Cinnamomum camphora_ (L.) Nees and Eberm.

CHINABERRY.

The chinaberry,[15] sometimes known as the China tree, is a small, round-headed, short-lived tree that will grow in regions 2, 3, 5, 8, 11, 12, and 13 and near the southern edge of region 6. It is too short lived to be considered for planting where other trees will grow.

[15] _Melia azedarach_ L .

The umbrella tree,[16] or Texas umbrella, is a small, compact form of the chinaberry with an umbrella-shaped top. It is useful for formal effects, as in the parking on a wide street where taller trees are used on the side. It will grow in regions 2, 3, 5, 8, 11, 12, and 13 and in the southern parts of region 6.

[16] _Melia azedarach umbraculiformis_ Berckmans and Bailey.

ELM.

The elms are large, handsome shade trees suitable for use over a wide range of territory.

The American elm[17] sometimes called the white elm and water elm, is one of the handsomest American shade trees. (Fig. 3.) It has been the standard street tree of New England, giving to the roadsides and village streets the characteristic appearance which is so attractive to summer visitors.

[17] _Ulmus americana_

The American elm is tall and spreading, and where planted as near together as is customary on streets and country roads the effect of the mature trees is that of an arch formed by the growing together of their spreading tops. It is of rapid growth and long lived.

This elm drops its leaves very early in the fall, but it comes into leaf early in the spring. Because of its manner of branching it is especially liable to be split by heavy winds. This trouble may be lessened by selecting and planting specimens with a close, compact habit of growth or possibly also by great care in training young trees. Two limbs separating from one another by a very small angle, that is, when they start to grow in nearly the same direction, make a crotch that is liable to split. (Fig. 18.) Where two limbs separate at nearly a right angle or where three or more limbs of about equal size grow from a common point or very nearly so, the crotch is likely to be much stronger. Careful pruning and training to provide a proper system of branches may be especially helpful with this elm.