Chapter 33

THE SOLDIER AND THE MAN[1]

To the mourning of a sore-stricken nation Stonewall Jackson was carried to his rest. As the hearse passed to the Capitol, and the guns which had so lately proclaimed the victory of Chancellorsville thundered forth their requiem to the hero of the fight, the streets of Richmond were thronged with a silent and weeping multitude. In the Hall of Representatives, surrounded by a guard of infantry, the body lay in state; and thither, in their thousands, from the President to the maimed soldier, from the generals of the Valley army to wondering children, borne in their mothers’ arms, the people came to look their last upon the illustrious dead. The open coffin, placed before the Speaker’s chair, was draped in the Confederate standard; the State colours were furled along, the galleries; and the expression on the face, firm and resolute, as if the spirit of battle still lingered in the lifeless clay, was that of a great conqueror, wise in council, mighty in the strife. But as the evening drew on the darkened chamber, hung with deep mourning, and resounding to the clash of arms, lost its sombre and martial aspect. Garlands of soft spring flowers, the tribute of the women of Virginia, rose high above the bier, and white pyramids of lilies, the emblems of purity and meekness, recalled the blameless life of the Christian soldier.

From Richmond the remains were conveyed to Lexington, and, under the charge of the cadets, lay for the night in the lecture-room of the Institute, which Jackson had quitted just two years before. The next morning he was buried, as he himself had wished, in the little cemetery above the town.

Many were the mourners that stood around the grave, but they were few in number compared with those whose hearts were present on those silent hills. From the cities of the Atlantic coast to the far-off settlements of Texas the news that Stonewall Jackson had fallen came as a stunning blow. The people sorrowed for him with no ordinary grief, not as a great man and a good, who had done his duty and had gone to his reward, but as the pillar of their hopes and the sheet-anchor of the Confederate cause. Nor will those familiar with the further history of the Civil War, from the disaster of Gettysburg to the surrender at Appomattox, question the truth of this mournful presage. The Army of Northern Virginia became a different and less manageable instrument after Chancellorsville. Over and over again it failed to respond to the conceptions of its leader, and the failure was not due to the soldiers, but to the generals. Loyal and valiant as they were, of not one of his lieutenants could Lee say, as he had said of Jackson, “Such an executive officer the sun never shone on. I have but to show him my design, and I know that if it can be done it will be done. No need for me to send or watch him. Straight as the needle to the pole he advances to the execution of my purpose.”[2]

These words have been quoted as an epitome of Jackson’s military character. “He was essentially,” says Swinton, “an executive officer, and in that sphere he was incomparable; but he was devoid of high mental parts, and destitute of that power of planning a combination, and of that calm, broad, military intelligence which distinguished General Lee.”[3] And this verdict, except in the South, has been generally accepted. Yet it rests on a most unsubstantial basis. Because Jackson knew so well how to obey it is asserted that he was not well fitted for independent command. Because he could carry out orders to the letter it is assumed that he was no master of strategy. Because his will was of iron, and his purpose, once fixed, never for a moment wavered, we are asked to believe that his mental scope was narrow. Because he was silent in council, not eager in expressing his ideas, and averse to argument, it is implied that his opinions on matters of great moment were not worth the hearing. Because he was shy and unassuming; because he betrayed neither in face nor bearing, save in the heat of battle, any unusual power or consciousness of power, it is hastily concluded that he was deficient in the initiative, the breadth, and the penetration which are the distinguishing characteristics of great generals.

In these pages, however, it has been made clear that Jackson’s quiet demeanour concealed a vivid imagination, a fertile brain, and an extraordinary capacity for far-reaching combinations. After he had once made up his mind when and where to strike, it is true that his methods of war were very simple, and his blows those of a sledgehammer. But simplicity of design and vigour of execution are often marks of the very highest military ability. “Genius,” says Napier, “is not extravagant; it is ardent, and it conceives great projects; but it knows beforehand how to attain the result, and it uses the simplest means, because its faculties are essentially calculating, industrious, and patient. It is creative, because its knowledge is vast; it is quick and peremptory, not because it is presumptuous, but because it is well-prepared.” And Swinton’s verdict would have been approved by few of the soldiers of the Civil War. It was not the verdict of Lee. Significant indeed was the cry of the great Confederate, the soul of truth as of generosity, when Jackson was wounded: “Could I have directed events, I should have chosen, for the good of the country, to have been disabled in your stead.” It was not the verdict of the Southern people. “No man,” it was said by one who knew them well, “had so magnificent prospect before him as General Jackson. Whether he desired it or not, he could not have escaped being Governor of Virginia, and also, in the opinion of competent judges, sooner or later President of the Confederacy.”[4] Nor was it the verdict of the foe. “Stonewall Jackson,” wrote General Howard, commanding the Eleventh Corps at Chancellorsville, “was victorious. Even his enemies praise him; but, providentially for us, it was the last battle he waged against the American Union. For, in bold planning, in energy of execution, which he had the power to diffuse, in indefatigable activity and moral ascendency, he stood head and shoulders above his _confrères,_ and after his death General Lee could not replace him.”[5]

It can hardly be questioned that, at the time of his death, Jackson was the leader most trusted by the Confederates and most dreaded by the Federals. His own soldiers, and with them the whole population of the South, believed him capable of any task, invincible except by fate. It never, indeed, fell to Jackson’s lot to lead a great army or to plan a great campaign. The operations in the Valley, although decisive in their results, were comparatively insignificant, in respect both of the numbers employed and of the extent of the theatre. Jackson was not wholly independent. His was but a secondary role, and he had to weigh at every turn the orders and instructions of his superiors. His hand was never absolutely free. His authority did not reach beyond certain limits, and his operations were confined to one locality. He was never permitted to cross the border, and “carry the war into Africa.” Nor when he joined Lee before Richmond was the restraint removed. In the campaign against Pope, and in the reduction of Harper’s Ferry, he was certainly entrusted with tasks which led to a complete severance from the main body, but the severance was merely temporary. He was the most trusted of Lee’s lieutenants, but he was only a lieutenant. He had never the same liberty of action as those of his contemporaries who rose to historic fame—as Lee himself, as Johnston or Beauregard, as Grant, or Sherman, or as Sheridan—and consequently he had never a real opportunity for revealing the height and breadth of his military genius.

The Civil War was prolific of great leaders. The young American generals, inexperienced as they were in dealing with large armies, and compelled to improvise their tactics as they improvised their staff, displayed a talent for command such as soldiers more regularly trained could hardly have surpassed. Neither the deficiencies of their material nor the difficulties of the theatre of war were to be lightly overcome; and yet their methods displayed a refreshing originality. Not only in mechanical auxiliaries did the inventive genius of their race find scope. The principles which govern civilised warfare, the rules which control the employment of each arm, the technical and mechanical arts, were rapidly modified to the exigencies of the troops and of the country. Cavalry, intrenchments, the railway, the telegraph, balloons, signalling, were all used in a manner which had been hitherto unknown. Monitors and torpedoes were for the first time seen, and even the formations of infantry were made sufficiently elastic to meet the requirements of a modern battle-field. Nor was the conduct of the operations fettered by an adherence to conventional practice. From first to last the campaigns were characterised by daring and often skilful manœuvres; and if the tactics of the battle-field were often less brilliant than the preceding movements, not only are parallels to these tactics to be found in almost every campaign of history, but they would probably have escaped criticism had the opponent been less skilful. But among the galaxy of leaders, Confederate and Federal, in none had the soldiers such implicit confidence as in Stonewall Jackson, and than the Southern soldiers, highly educated as many of them were, no better judges of military capacity were ever known.

Nevertheless, the opinion of the soldiers is no convincing proof that Jackson was equal to the command of a large army, or that he could have carried through a great campaign. Had Lee been disabled, it might be asked, would Jackson have proved a sufficient substitute?

It has already been explained that military genius shows itself first in character, and, second, in the application of the grand principles of warfare, not in the mere manipulation of armed masses. It cannot well be denied that Jackson possessed every single attribute which makes for success in war. Morally and physically he was absolutely fearless. He accepted responsibility with the same equanimity that he faced the bullets of the enemy. He permitted no obstacle to turn him aside from his appointed path, and in seizing an opportunity or in following up a victory he was the very incarnation of untiring energy. He had no moments of weakness. He was not robust, and his extraordinary exertions told upon his constitution. “My health,” he wrote to his wife in January 1863, “is essentially good, but I do not think I shall be able in future to stand what I have already stood;” and yet his will invariably rose superior to bodily exhaustion. A supreme activity, both of brain and body, was a prominent characteristic of his military life. His idea of strategy was to secure the initiative, however inferior his force; to create opportunities and to utilise them; to waste no time, and to give the enemy no rest. “War,” he said, “means fighting. The business of the soldier is to fight. Armies are not called out to dig trenches, to throw up breastworks, to live in camps, but to find the enemy and strike him; to invade his country, and do him all possible damage in the shortest possible time. This will involve great destruction of life and property while it lasts; but such a war will of necessity be of brief continuance, and so would be an economy of life and property in the end. To move swiftly, strike vigorously, and secure all the fruits of victory is the secret of successful war.”

That he felt to the full the fascination of war’s tremendous game we can hardly doubt. Not only did he derive, as all true soldiers must, an intense intellectual pleasure from handling his troops in battle so as to outwit and defeat his adversary, but from the day he first smelt powder in Mexico until he led that astonishing charge through the dark depths of the Wilderness his spirits never rose higher than when danger and death were rife about him. With all his gentleness there was much of the old Berserker about Stonewall Jackson, not indeed the lust for blood, but the longing to do doughtily and die bravely, as best becomes a man. His nature was essentially aggressive. He was never more to be feared than when he was retreating, and where others thought only of strong defensive positions he looked persistently for the opportunity to attack. He was endowed, like Masséna, “with that rare fortitude which seems to increase as perils thicken. When conquered he was as ready to fight again as if he had been conqueror.” “L’audace, l’audace, et toujours l’audace” was the mainspring of all his actions, and the very sights and sounds of a stricken field were dear to his soul. Nothing had such power to stir his pulses as the rebel yell. “I remember,” says a staff-officer, “one night, at tattoo, that this cry broke forth in the camp of the Stonewall Brigade, and was taken up by brigades and divisions until it rang out far over field and woods. The general came hastily and bareheaded from his tent, and leaning on a fence near by, listened in silence to the rise, the climax, and the fall of that strange serenade, raising his head to catch the sound, as it grew fainter and fainter and died away at last like an echo among the mountains. Then, turning towards his tent, he muttered in half soliloquy, ‘That was the sweetest music I ever heard.’”

Yet least of all was Jackson a mere fighting soldier, trusting to his lucky star and resolute blows to pull him through. He was not, indeed, one of those generals who seek to win victories without shedding blood. He never spared his men, either in marching or fighting, when a great result was to be achieved, and he was content with nothing less than the complete annihilation of the enemy. “Had we taken ten sail,” said Nelson, “and allowed the eleventh to escape, when it had been possible to have got at her, I could never have called it well done.” Jackson was of the same mind. “With God’s blessing,” he said before the Valley campaign, “let us make thorough work of it.” When once he had joined battle, no loss, no suffering was permitted to stay his hand. He never dreamed of retreat until he had put in his last reserve. Yet his victories were won rather by sweat than blood, by skilful manœuvring rather than sheer hard fighting. Solicitous as he was of the comfort of his men, he had no hesitation, when his opportunity was ripe, of taxing their powers of endurance to the uttermost. But the marches which strewed the wayside with the footsore and the weaklings won his battles. The enemy, surprised and outnumbered, was practically beaten before a shot was fired, and success was attained at a trifling cost.

Yet, despite his energy, Jackson was eminently patient. He knew when to refuse battle, just as well as he knew when to deliver it. He was never induced to fight except on his own terms, that is, on his own ground, and at his own time, save at Kernstown only, and there the strategical situation forced his hand. And he was eminently cautious. Before he committed himself to movement he deliberated long, and he never attacked until he had ample information. He ran risks, and great ones, but in war the nettle danger must be boldly grasped, and in Jackson’s case the dangers were generally more apparent than real. Under his orders the cavalry became an admirable instrument of reconnaissance. He showed a marked sagacity for selecting scouts, both officers and privates, and his system for obtaining intelligence was well-nigh perfect. He had the rare faculty, which would appear instinctive, but which is the fruit of concentrated thought allied to a wide knowledge of war, of divining the intention of his adversary and the state of his moral. His power of drawing inferences, often from seemingly unimportant trifles, was akin to that of the hunter of his native backwoods, to whom the rustle of a twig, the note of a bird, a track upon the sand, speak more clearly than written characters. His estimate of the demoralisation of the Federal army after Bull Run, and of the ease with which Washington might have been captured, was absolutely correct. In the middle of May, 1862, both Lee and Johnston, notwithstanding Jackson’s victory over Milroy, anticipated that Banks would leave the Valley. Jackson thought otherwise, and Jackson was right. After the bloody repulse at Malvern Hill, when his generals reported the terrible confusion in the Confederate ranks, he simply stated his opinion that the enemy was retreating, and went to sleep again. A week later he suggested that the whole army should move against Pope, for McClellan, he said, would never dare to march on Richmond. At Sharpsburg, as the shells cut the trees to pieces in the West Wood, and the heavy masses of Federal infantry filled the fields in front, he told his medical director that McClellan had done his worst. At Fredericksburg, after the first day’s battle, he believed that the enemy was already defeated, and, anticipating their escape under cover of the darkness, he advised a night attack with the bayonet. His knowledge of his adversary’s character, derived, in great degree, from his close observation of every movement, enabled him to predict with astonishing accuracy exactly how he would act under given circumstances.

Nor can he be charged in any single instance with neglect of precautions by which the risks of war are diminished. He appears to have thought out and to have foreseen—and here his imaginative power aided him—every combination that could be made against him, and to have provided for every possible emergency. He was never surprised, never disconcerted, never betrayed into a false manœuvre. Although on some occasions his success fell short of his expectations, the fault was not his; his strategy was always admirable, but fortune, in one guise or another—the indiscipline of the cavalry, the inefficiency of subordinates, the difficulties of the country—interfered with the full accomplishment of his designs. But whatever could be done to render fortune powerless that Jackson did. By means of his cavalry, by forced marches, by the careful selection of his line of march, of his camps, of his positions, of his magazines, and lastly, by his consistent reticence, he effectually concealed from the Federals both his troops and his designs. Never surprised himself, he seldom failed to surprise his enemies, if not tactically—that is, while they were resting in their camps—at least strategically. Kernstown came as a surprise to Banks, McDowell to Frémont. Banks believed Jackson to be at Harrisonburg when he had already defeated the detachment at Front Royal. At Cross Keys and Port Republic neither Frémont nor Shields expected that their flying foe would suddenly turn at bay. Pope was unable to support Banks at Cedar Run till the battle had been decided. When McClellan on the Chickahominy was informed that the Valley army had joined Lee it was too late to alter his dispositions, and no surprise was ever more complete than Chancellorsville.

And the mystery that always involved Jackson’s movements was undoubtedly the result of calculation, He knew the effect his sudden appearances and disappearances would have on the _moral_ of the Federal generals, and he relied as much on upsetting the mental equilibrium of his opponents as on concentrating against them superior numbers. Nor was his view confined to the field of battle and his immediate adversary. It embraced the whole theatre of war. The motive power which ruled the enemy’s politics as well as his armies was always his real objective. From the very first he recognised the weakness of the Federal position—the anxiety with which the President and the people regarded Washington—and on this anxiety he traded. Every blow struck in the Valley campaign, from Kernstown to Cross Keys, was struck at Lincoln and his Cabinet; every movement, including the advance against Pope on Cedar Run, was calculated with reference to the effect it would produce in the Federal councils; and if he consistently advocated invasion, it was not because Virginia would be relieved of the enemy’s presence, but because treaties of peace are only signed within sight of the hostile capital.

It has been urged that the generals whom Jackson defeated were men of inferior stamp, and that his capacity for command was consequently never fairly tested. Had Grant or Sheridan, it is said, been pitted against him in the Valley, or Sherman or Thomas on the Rappahannock, his laurels would never have been won. The contention is fair. Generals of such calibre as Banks and Frémont, Shields and Pope, committed blunders which the more skilful leaders would undoubtedly have avoided; and again, had he been pitted against a worthy antagonist, Jackson would probably have acted with less audacity and greater caution. It is difficult to conceive, however, that the fact would either have disturbed his brain or weakened his resolution. Few generals, apparently, have been caught in worse predicaments than he was; first, when his army was near Harper’s Ferry, and Frémont and Shields were converging on his rear; second, when he lay in the woods near Groveton, with no news from Longstreet, and Pope’s army all around him; third, when he was marching by the Brock road to strike Hooker’s right, and Sickles’ column struck in between himself and Lee. But it was at such junctures as these that his self-possession was most complete and his skill most marked. The greater the peril, the more fixed became his purpose. The capacity of the opponent, moreover, cannot be accepted as the true touchstone of generalship. “The greatest general,” said Napoleon, “is he who makes the fewest mistakes,” _i.e._ he who neither neglects an opportunity nor offers one.

Thus tested Jackson has few superiors. During the whole of the two years he held command he never committed a single error. At Mechanicsville, and again at Frayser’s Farm, the failure to establish some method of intercommunication left his column isolated; this, however, was a failure in staff duties, for which the Confederate headquarters was more to blame than himself. And further, how sure and swift was the retribution which followed a mistake committed within his sphere of action! What opportunity did Jackson miss? His penetration was unerring; and when, after he had marked his prey, did he ever hesitate to swoop? “What seemed reckless audacity,” it has been well said by one of the greatest of Southern soldiers, “was the essence of prudence. His eye had caught at a glance the entire situation, and his genius, with marvellous celerity and accuracy, had weighed all the chances of success or failure. While, therefore, others were slowly feeling their way, or employing in detail insufficient forces, Jackson, without for one moment doubting his success, hurled his army like a thunderbolt against the opposing lines, and thus ended the battle at a single blow.”[6]

But if Jackson never failed to take advantage of his opponent’s blunders, it might be said that he sometimes laid himself open to defeat. Grant and Sheridan, had they been in place of Shields and Frémont, would hardly have suffered him to escape from Harper’s Ferry; Sherman would probably have crushed him at the Second Manassas; Thomas would not have been surprised at Chancellorsville. But Jackson only pushed daring to its limits when it was safe to do so. He knew the men he had to deal with. And in whatever situation he might find himself he invariably reserved more than one means of escape.

On the field of battle his manœuvres were always sound and often brilliant. He never failed to detect the key-point of a position, or to make the best use of the ground. On the defensive his flanks were always strong and his troops concealed both from view and fire; on the offensive he invariably attacked where he was least expected. He handled the three arms, infantry, cavalry, and artillery, in the closest combination and with the maximum of effect. Except at Kernstown, where Garnett interfered, his reserve was invariably put in at exactly the right moment, and he so manipulated his command that he was always strongest at the decisive point. Nor did he forget that a battle is only half won where there is no pursuit, and whenever he held command upon the field, his troops, especially the cavalry, were so disposed that from the very outset the enemy’s retreat was menaced. The soldiers, sharers in his achievements, compared his tactical leading with that of others, and gave the palm to Jackson. An officer of his staff, who served continuously with the Army of Northern Virginia, says: “I was engaged in no great battle subsequent to Jackson’s death in which I did not see the opportunity which, in my opinion, he would have seized, and have routed our opponents;”[7] and General Lane writes that on many a hard-fought field, subsequent to Chancellorsville, he heard his veterans exclaim: “Oh for another Jackson!”

Until Jackson fell the Army of Northern Virginia, except when his advice was overruled, had never missed an opening. Afterwards it missed many. Gettysburg, which should have been decisive of the war, was pre-eminently a battle of lost opportunities, and there are others which fall into the same category. It is a perfectly fair assumption, then, that Jackson, so unerring was his insight, would not only have proved an efficient substitute for Lee, but that he would have won such fame as would have placed him, as it placed his great commander, among the most illustrious soldiers of all ages. With any of his contemporaries, not even excepting Lee, he compares more than favourably. Most obedient of subordinates as he was, his strategical views were not always in accordance with those of his Commander-in-Chief. If Jackson had been in charge of the operations, the disastrous battle of Malvern Hill would never have been fought; Pope would have been cut off from the Rappahannock; McClellan would have found the whole Confederate army arrayed against him at South Mountain, or would have been attacked near Frederick; and Burnside would have been encountered on the North Anna, where defeat would probably have proved his ruin. It is difficult to compare him with Lee. A true estimate of Lee’s genius is impossible, for it can never be known to what extent his designs were thwarted by the Confederate Government. Lee served Mr. Davis; Jackson served Lee, wisest and most helpful of masters. It would seem, however, that Jackson in one respect was Lee’s superior. His courage, physical and moral, was not more brilliant or more steadfast; his tactical skill no greater; but he was made of sterner stuff. His self-confidence was supreme. He never doubted his ability, with God’s help, to carry out any task his judgment approved. Lee, on the other hand, was oppressed by a consciousness of his own shortcomings. Jackson never held but one council of war. Lee seldom made an important movement without consulting his corps commanders. Jackson kept his subordinates in their place, exacting from his generals the same implicit obedience he exacted from his corporals. Lee lost the battle of Gettysburg because he allowed his second in command to argue instead of marching. Nor was that political courage, which Nelson declared is as necessary for a commander as military courage, a component part of Lee’s character.[8] On assuming command of the Army of Northern Virginia, in spite of Mr. Davis’ protestations, he resigned the control of the whole forces of the Confederacy, and he submitted without complaint to interference. Jackson’s action when Loring’s regiments were ordered back by the Secretary of War is sufficient proof that he would have brooked no meddling with his designs when once they had received the sanction of the Cabinet. At the same time, it must remain undetermined whether Jackson was equal to the vast responsibilities which Lee bore with such steadfast courage; whether he could have administered a great army, under the most untoward circumstances, with the same success; whether he could have assuaged the jealousies of the different States, and have dealt so tactfully with both officers and men that there should have been no friction between Virginians and Georgians, Texans and Carolinians.

It is probable that Jackson’s temper was more akin to Grant’s than Lee’s. Grant had the same whole-hearted regard for the cause; the same disregard for the individual. He was just as ready as Jackson to place a recalcitrant subordinate, no matter how high his rank, under instant arrest, and towards the incompetent and unsuccessful he was just as pitiless. Jackson, however, had the finer intellect. The Federal Commander-in-Chief was unquestionably a great soldier, greater than those who overlook his difficulties in the ’64 campaign are disposed to admit. As a strategist he ranks high. But Grant was no master of stratagem. There was no mystery about his operations. His manœuvres were strong and straightforward, but he had no skill in deceiving his adversary, and his tactics were not always of a high order. It may be questioned whether on the field of battle his ability was equal to that of Sherman, or of Sherman’s great antagonist, Johnston. Elsewhere he was their superior. Both Sherman and Johnston were methodical rather than brilliant; patient, confident, and far-seeing as they were, strictly observant of the established principles of war, they were without a touch of that aggressive genius which distinguished Lee, Grant, and Jackson.

Nevertheless, to put Jackson above Grant is to place him high on the list of illustrious captains. Yet the claim is not extravagant. If his military characteristics are compared with those of so great a soldier as Wellington, it will be seen that in many respects they run on parallel lines. Both had perfect confidence in their own capacity. “I can do,” said Jackson, “whatever I will to do;” while the Duke, when a young general in India, congratulated himself that he had learned not to be deterred by apparent impossibilities. Both were patient, fighting on their own terms, or fighting not at all. Both were prudent, and yet, when audacity was justified by the character of their opponent and the condition of his troops, they took no counsel of their fears. They were not enamoured of the defensive, for they knew the value of the initiative, and that offensive strategy is the strategy which annihilates. Yet, when their enemy remained concentrated, they were content to wait till they could induce him to disperse. Both were masters of ruse and stratagem, and the Virginian was as industrious as the Englishman. And in yet another respect they were alike. “In issuing orders or giving verbal instruction, Jackson’s words were few and simple; but they were so clear, so comprehensive and direct, that no officer could possibly misunderstand, and none dared disobey.”[9] Exactly the same terms might be applied to Wellington. Again, although naturally impetuous, glorying in war, they had no belief in a lucky star; their imagination was always controlled by common-sense, and, unlike Napoleon, their ambition to succeed was always subordinate to their judgment. Yet both, when circumstances were imperative, were greatly daring. The attacks at Groveton and at Chancellorsville were enterprises instinct with the same intensity of resolution as the storm of Badajos and Ciudad Rodrigo, the passage of the Douro, the great counterstroke of Salamanca. On the field of battle the one was not more vigilant nor imperturbable than the other, and both possessed a due sense of proportion. They knew exactly how much they could effect themselves, and how much must be left to others. Recognising that when once the action had opened the sphere in which their authority could be exercised was very limited, they gave their subordinates a free hand, issuing few orders, and encouraging their men rather by example than by words. Both, too, had that “most rare faculty of coming to prompt and sure conclusions in sudden exigencies—the certain mark of a master-spirit in war.”[10] At Bull Run, Jackson was ordered to support Evans at the Stone Bridge. Learning that the left was compromised, without a moment’s hesitation he turned aside, and placed his brigade in the only position where it could have held its ground. At Groveton, when he received the news that the Federal left wing was retreating on Centreville across his front, the order for attack was issued almost before he had read the dispatch. At Chancellorsville, when General Fitzhugh Lee showed him the enemy’s right wing dispersed and unsuspecting, he simply turned to his courier and said, “Let the column cross the road,” and his plan of battle was designed with the same rapidity as Wellington’s at Salamanca or Assaye.

It has been already pointed out that Jackson’s dispositions for defence differed in no degree from those of the great Duke. His visit to Waterloo, perhaps, taught the American soldier the value and importance of concealing his troops on the defensive. It was not, however, from Wellington that he learned to keep his plans to himself and to use every effort to mislead his adversary. Yet no general, not even Napoleon himself, brought about so many startling surprises as Wellington. The passage of the Douro, the storm of the frontier fortresses, the flank attack at Vittoria, the passage of the Adour, the passage of the Bidassoa—were each and all of them utterly unexpected by the French marshals; and those were by no means the only, or the most conspicuous, instances. Was ever general more surprised than Masséna, when pursuing his retreating foe through Portugal, in full anticipation of “driving the leopards into the sea,” he suddenly saw before him the frowning lines of Torres Vedras, the great fortress which had sprung from earth, as it were, at the touch of a magician’s wand?

The dispatches and correspondence of the generals who were opposed to Wellington are the clearest evidence of his extraordinary skill. Despite their long experience, their system of spies, their excellent cavalry, superior, during the first years of the Peninsular War, both in numbers and training, to the English, it was seldom indeed that the French had more than the vaguest knowledge of his movements, his intentions, or his strength. On no other theatre of war—and they were familiar with many—had they encountered so mysterious an enemy. And what was the result? Constantly surprised themselves, they at length hesitated to attack even isolated detachments. At Guinaldo, in 1812, Marmont, with 30,000 soldiers, refused to assault a ridge occupied by no more than 13,000. The morning of Quatre-Bras, when that important position was but thinly held, even Ney was reluctant to engage. In the judgment of himself and his subordinates, who had met Wellington before, the fact that there were but few red jackets to be seen was no proof whatever that the whole allied army was not close at hand, and the opportunity was suffered to escape. Other generals have been content with surprising the enemy when they advanced against him; Wellington and Jackson sought to do so even when they were confined to the defensive.

And in still another respect may a likeness be found. Jackson’s regard for truth was not more scrupulous than Wellington’s. Neither declined to employ every legitimate means of deceiving their enemies, but both were absolutely incapable of self-deception. And this characteristic was not without effect on their military conduct. Although never deterred by difficulties, they distinguished clearly between the possible and the impossible. To gain great ends they were willing to run risks, but if their plans are carefully considered, it will be seen that the margin left to chance was small. The odds were invariably in their favour. In conception as in execution obstacles were resolutely faced, and they were constitutionally unable to close their eyes to contingencies that might prove ruinous. The promise of great results was never suffered to cajole them into ignoring the perils that might beset their path. Imagination might display in vivid colours the success that might accrue from some audacious venture, but if one step was obscure the idea was unhesitatingly rejected. Undazzled by the prospect of personal glory, they formed “a true, not an untrue, picture of the business to be done,” and their plans, consequently, were without a flaw. Brilliant, indeed, were the campaigns of Napoleon, and astonishing his successes, but he who had so often deceived others in the end deceived himself. Accustomed to the dark dealings of intrigue and chicanery, his judgment, once so penetrating, became blunted. He believed what he wished to believe, and not that which was fact. More than once in his later campaigns he persuaded himself that the chances were with him when in reality they were terribly against him. He trusted to the star that had befriended him at Marengo and at Aspern; that is, he would not admit the truth, even to himself, that he had been overdaring, that it was fortune, and fortune alone, that had saved him from destruction, and Moscow and Vittoria, Leipsic and Waterloo, were the result.

But although there was a signal resemblance, both in their military characters as in their methods of war, between Wellington and Jackson, the parallel cannot be pushed beyond certain well-defined limits. It is impossible to compare their intellectual capacity. Wellington was called to an ampler field and far heavier responsibilities. Not as a soldier alone, but as financier, diplomatist, statesman, he had his part to play. While Napoleon languished on his lonely island, his great conqueror, the plenipotentiary of his own Government, the most trusted counsellor of many sovereigns, the adviser of foreign Administrations, was universally acknowledged as the mastermind of Europe. Nor was the mark which Wellington left on history insignificant. The results of his victories were lasting. The freedom of the nations was restored to them, and land and sea became the thoroughfares of peace. America, on the other hand, owes no single material benefit to Stonewall Jackson. In the cause of progress or of peace he accomplished nothing. The principle he fought for, the right of secession, lives no longer, even in the South. He won battles. He enhanced the reputation of American soldiers. He proved in his own person that the manhood of Virginia had suffered no decay. And this was all. But the fruits of a man’s work are not to be measured by a mere utilitarian standard. In the minds of his own countrymen the memory of Wellington is hallowed not so much by his victories, as by his unfaltering honesty and his steadfast regard for duty, and the life of Stonewall Jackson is fraught with lessons of still deeper import.

Not only with the army, but with the people of the South, his influence while he lived was very great. From him thousands and ten thousands of Confederate soldiers learned the self-denial which is the root of all religion, the self-control which is the root of all manliness.[11] Beyond the confines of the camps he was personally unknown. In the social and political circles of Richmond his figure was unfamiliar. When his body lay in state the majority of those who passed through the Hall of Representatives looked upon his features for the first time. He had never been called to council by the President, and the members of the Legislature, with but few exceptions, had no acquaintance with the man who acted while they deliberated. But his fame had spread far and wide, and not merely the fame of his victories, but of his Christian character. The rare union of strength and simplicity, of child-like faith and the most fiery energy, had attracted the sympathy of the whole country, of the North as well as of the South; and beyond the Atlantic, where with breathless interest the parent islands were watching the issue of the mighty conflict, it seemed that another Cromwell without Cromwell’s ambition, or that another Wolfe with more than Wolfe’s ability, had arisen among the soldiers of the youngest of nations. And this interest was intensified by his untimely end. When it was reported that Jackson had fallen, men murmured in their dismay against the fiat of the Almighty. “Why,” they asked, “had one so pure and so upright been suddenly cut down?” Yet a sufficient answer was not far to seek. To the English race, in whatever quarter of the globe it holds dominion, to the race of Alfred and De Montfort, of Bruce and Hampden, of Washington and Gordon, the ideal of manhood has ever been a high one. Self-sacrifice and the single heart are the attributes which it most delights to honour; and chief amongst its accepted heroes are those soldier-saints who, sealing their devotion with their lives, have won

Death’s royal purple in the foeman’s lines.

So, from his narrow grave on the green hillside at Lexington, Jackson speaks with voice more powerful than if, passing peacefully away, in the fulness of years and honours, he had found a resting-place in some proud sepulchre, erected by a victorious and grateful commonwealth. And who is there who can refuse to listen? His creed may not be ours; but in whom shall we find a firmer faith, a mind more humble, a sincerity more absolute? He had his temptations like the rest of us. His passions were strong; his temper was hot; forgiveness never came easily to him, and he loved power. He dreaded strong liquor because he liked it; and if in his nature there were great capacities for good, there were none the less, had it been once perverted, great capacities for evil. Fearless and strong, self-dependent and ambitious, he had within him the making of a Napoleon, and yet his name is without spot or blemish. From his boyhood onward, until he died on the Rappahannock, he was the very model of a Christian gentleman:—

E’en as he trod that day to God, so walked he from his birth, In simpleness, and gentleness, and honour, and clean mirth.

Paradox as it may sound, the great rebel was the most loyal of men. His devotion to Virginia was hardly surpassed by his devotion to his wife. And he made no secret of his absolute dependence on a higher power. Every action was a prayer, for every action was begun and ended in the name of the Almighty. Consciously and unconsciously, in deed as in word, in the quiet of his home and in the tumult of battle, he fastened to his soul those golden chains “that bind the whole round earth about the feet of God.” Nor was their burden heavy. “He was the happiest man,” says one of his friends, “I ever knew,” and he was wont to express his surprise that others were less happy than himself.

But there are few with Jackson’s power of concentration. He fought evil with the same untiring energy that he fought the North. His relations to his moral duties were governed by the same strong purpose, the same clear perception of the aim to be achieved, and of the means whereby it was to be achieved, as his manœuvres on the field of battle. He was always thorough. And it was because he was thorough—true, steadfast, and consistent, that he reached the heroic standard. His attainments were not varied. His interests, so far as his life’s work was concerned, were few and narrow. Beyond his religion and the army he seldom permitted his thoughts to stray. His acquaintance with art was small. He meddled little with politics. His scholarship was not profound, and he was neither sportsman nor naturalist. Compared with many of the prominent figures of history the range of his capacity was limited.

And yet Jackson’s success in his own sphere was phenomenal, while others, perhaps of more pronounced ability, seeking success in many different directions, have failed to find it in a single one. Even when we contrast his recorded words with the sayings of those whom the world calls great—statesmen, orators, authors—his inferiority is hardly apparent. He saw into the heart of things, both human and divine, far deeper than most men. He had an extraordinary facility for grasping the essential and discarding the extraneous. His language was simple and direct, without elegance or embellishment, and yet no one has excelled him in crystallising great principles in a single phrase. The few maxims which fell from his lips are almost a complete summary of the art of war. Neither Frederick, nor Wellington, nor Napoleon realised more deeply the simple truths which ever since men first took up arms have been the elements of success; and not Hampden himself beheld with clearer insight the duties and obligations which devolve on those who love their country well, but freedom more.

It is possible that the conflicts of the South are not yet ended. In America men pray for peace, but dark and mysterious forces, threatening the very foundations of civic liberty, are stirring even now beneath their feet. The War of Secession may be the precursor of a fiercer and a mightier struggle, and the volunteers of the Confederacy, enduring all things and sacrificing all things, the prototype and model of a new army, in which North and South shall march to battle side by side. _Absit omen!_ But in whatever fashion his own countrymen may deal with the problems of the future, the story of Stonewall Jackson will tell them in what spirit they should be faced. Nor has that story a message for America alone. The hero who lies buried at Lexington, in the Valley of Virginia, belongs to a race that is not confined to a single continent; and to those who speak the same tongue, and in whose veins the same blood flows, his words come home like an echo of all that is noblest in their history: “What is life without honour? Degradation is worse than death. We must think of the living and of those who are to come after us, and see that by God’s blessing we transmit to them the freedom we have ourselves inherited.”

NOTE I

Mr. W. P. St. John, President of the Mercantile Bank of New York, relates the following incident:—A year or two ago he was in the Shenandoah Valley with General Thomas Jordan, C.S.A., and at the close of the day they found themselves at the foot of the mountains in a wild and lonely place; there was no village, and no house, save a rough shanty for the use of the “track-walker” on the railroad. It was not an attractive place for rest, yet here they were forced to pass the night, and to sit down to such supper as might be provided in so desolate a spot. The unprepossessing look of everything was completed when the host came in and took his seat at the head of the table. A bear out of the woods could hardly have been rougher, with his unshaven hair and unkempt beard. He answered to the type of border ruffian, and his appearance suggested the dark deeds that might be done here in secret, and hidden in the forest gloom. Imagine the astonishment of the travellers when this rough backwoodsman rapped on the table and bowed his head. And such a prayer! “Never,” says Mr. St. John, “did I hear a petition that more evidently came from the heart. It was so simple, so reverent, so tender, so full of humility and penitence, as well as of thankfulness. We sat in silence, and as soon as we recovered ourselves I whispered to General Jordan, ‘Who can he be?’ To which he answered, ‘I don’t know, but he must be one of Stonewall Jackson’s old soldiers.’ And he was. As we walked out in the open air, I accosted our new acquaintance, and after a few questions about the country, asked, ‘Were you in the war?’ ‘Oh, yes,’ he said with a smile, ‘I was out with Old Stonewall.’”—_Southern Historical Society Papers,_ vol. xix, p. 871.

NOTE II

LIST OF KILLED AND WOUNDED (EXCLUDING PRISONERS) IN GREAT BATTLES

_(The victorious side is given first)_

Name of battle Number of troops Killed and wounded Total Total % % of victor Blenheim, 1704 Allies, 56,000 French, 60,000 11,000 20,000 31,000 26 19 Ramilies, 1706 Allies, 60,000 French, 62,000 3,600 8,000 11,600 9 6 Oudenarde, 1708 Allies, 85,000 French, 85,000 10,000 10,000 20,000 11 11 Malplaquet, 1709 Allies, 100,000 French, 100,000 14,000 20,000 34,000 17 14 Dettingen, 1743 Allies, 37,000 French, 60,000 2,350 7,000 9,350 9 6 Fontenoy, 1745 French, 50,000 Allies, 40,000 6,000 7,300 13,300 14 12 Prague, 1757 Prussians, 64,000 Austrians, 60,000 12,000 10,000 22,000 17 18 Kollin, 1757 Austrians, 53,000 Prussians, 34,000 8,000 11,000 19,000 21 15 Rosbach, 1757 Prussians, 22,000 Allies, 46,000 541 4,000 4,541 6 2 Leuthen, 1757 Prussians, 30,000 Austrians, 80,000 6,000 10,000 16,000 14 20 Breslau, 1757 Austrians, 80,000 Prussians, 30,000 5,700 6,000 11,700 10 7 Zorndorf, 1758 Prussians, 32,760 Russians, 52,000 12,000 20,000 32,000 38 37 Hochkirch, 1758 Austrians, 90,000 Prussians, 42,000 6,000 8,000 14,000 10 8 Créfeld, 1758 Allies, 33,000 French, 47,000 1,700 4,000 5,700 7 5 Zullichau, 1759 Russians, 72,000 Prussians, 27,500 4,800 6,000 10,800 10 6 Kunnersdorf, 1759 Allies, 70,000 Prussians, 43,000 14,000 17,000 31,000 27 20 Minden, 1759 Allies, 37,000 French and Saxons, 52,000 2,800 7,000 9,800 11 7 Torgau, 1760 Prussians, 46,000 Austrians, 60,000 12,000 12,000 24,000 22 26 Leignitz, 1760 Prussians, 30,000 Austrians, 35,000 3,000 5,000 8,000 12 10 Lonato and Castiglione, 1796 French, 44,000 Austrians, 46,000 7,000 10,000 17,000 18 15 Rivoli, 1797 French, 18,000 Austrians, 28,000 4,500 10,000 14,500 30 25 Marengo, 1800 French, 28,000 Austrians, 30,000 5,000 8,000 13,000 22 17 Hohenlinden, 1800 French, 56,000 Austrians, 50,000 2,500 12,000 14,500 13 4 Austerlitz, 1805 French, 65,000 Allies, 83,000 9,000 16,000 25,000 16 13 Jena, 1806 French, 58,000 Prussians, 40,000 5,000 12,000 17,000 17 8 Auerstadt, 1806 French, 28,000 Prussians, 45,000 9,500 6,000 15,500 22 33 Eylau, 1807 French, 70,000 Russians, 63,500 20,000 22,000 42,000 33 28 Heilsberg, 1807 Russians, 84,000 French, 85,000 10,000 12,000 22,000 13 11 Friedland, 1807 French, 75,000 Russians, 67,000 10,000 24,000 34,000 23 13 Vimiero, 1808 English, 18,000 French, 14,000 720 2,000 2,720 8 4 Eckmühl, 1809 French, 65,000 Austrians, 80,000 7,000 8,000 15,000 10 10 Aspern, 1809 Austrians, 75,000 French, 95,000 20,000 25,000 45,000 26 26 Wagram, 1809 French, 220,000 Austrians, 150,000 22,000 22,000 44,000 11 10 Talavera, 1809 English and Spanish, 53,000 French, 56,000 7,200 8,300 15,500 14 13 Albuera, 1811 Allies, 32,000 French, 22,500 6,750 7,000 13,750 25 20 Salamanca, 1812 Allies, 44,000 French, 47,000 5,000 10,000 15,000 16 11 Borodino, 1812 French, 125,000 Russians, 138,000 30,000 45,000 75,000 28 24 Bautzen, 1813 French, 190,000 Allies, 110,000 12,000 12,000 10,000 8 6 Vittoria, 1813 Allies, 83,000 French, 60,000 5,000 5,000 10,000 7 6 Leipsic, 1813 Allies, 290,000 French, 150,000 42,000 50,000 92,000 20 14 Orthez, 1814 Allies, 37,000 French, 40,000 2,250 3,800 6,050 7 6 Toulouse, 1814 Allies, 52,000 French, 38,000 4,650 5,900 10,550 11 9 La Rothière, 1814 Allies, 80,000 French, 40,000 6,500 6,000 12,500 10 8 Montmirail, 1814 French, 25,000 Allies, 39,000 2,000 3,000 5,000 7 8 Laon, 1814 Allies, 60,000 French, 52,000 2,000 7,000 9,000 8 3 Ligny, 1815 French, 73,000 Prussians, 86,000 12,000 12,000 24,000 15 16 Quatre-Bras, 1815 Allies, 31,000 French, 21,500 4,500 4,200 8,700 16 14 Waterloo, 1815 Allies, 100,000 French, 70,000 20,000 22,000 42,000 24 20 Alma, 1854 Allies, 51,000 Russians, 35,000 3,400 5,700 9,100 10 6 Inkermann, 1854 Allies, 15,700 French, 68,000 3,287 10,500 13,787 15 21 Magenta, 1859 Allies, 48,000 Austrians, 60,000 4,500 6,500 11,000 10 9 Solferino, 1859 Allies, 135,000 Austrians, 160,000 16,500 15,000 31,500 10 11 Bull Run, 1861 Confederates, 18,000 Federals, 18,000 1,969 1,584 3,553 9 10 Perryville, 1862 Federals, 27,000 Confederates, 16,000 3,700 3,200 6,900 16 — Shiloh, 1862 Federals, 58,000 Confederates, 40,000 12,000 9,000 21,000 20 20 Seven Pines, 1862 Federals, 51,000 Confederates, 39,000 5,031 6,134 11,165 12 9 Gaines’ Mill, 1862 Confederates, 54,000 Federals, 36,000 8,000 5,000 13,000 14 14 Malvern Hill, 1862 Federals, 80,000 Confederates, 70,000 2,800 5,500 8,300 5 3 Cedar Run, 1862 Confederates, 21,000 Federals, 12,000 1,314 2,380 3,694 11 6 Second Manassas, 1862 Confederates, 54,000 Federals, 73,000 9,000 13,000 22,000 17 16 Sharpsburg, 1862 Confederates, 41,000 Federals, 87,000 9,500 12,410 21,910 17 23 Fredericksburg, 1862 Confederates, 70,000 Federals, 120,000 4,224 12,747 16,971 8 6 Chickamauga, 1863 Confederates, 71,000 Federals, 57,000 18,000 17,100 35,100 27 25 Chancellorsville, 1863 Confederates, 62,000 Federals, 130,000 10,000 14,000 24,000 12 17 Gettysburg, 1863 Federals, 93,000 Confederates, 70,000 19,000 18,000 37,000 24 20 Chattanooga, 1863 Federals, 60,000 Confederates, 33,000 5,500 3,000 8,500 8 9 Stone’s River, 1863 Federals, 43,000 Confederates, 37,712 9,000 9,500 18,500 24 20 The Wilderness, 1864 Confederates, 61,000 Federals, 118,000 11,000 15,000 26,000 14 18 Spotsylvania Court House, 1864 Confederates, 50,000 Federals, 100,000 8,000 17,000 25,000 16 16 Cold Harbour, 1864 Confederates, 58,000 Federals, 110,000 1,700 10,000 11,700 6 3 Nashville, 1864 Federals, 55,000 Confederates, 39,000 3,000 3,500 6,500 6 5 Königgrätz, 1866 Prussians, 211,000 Austrians, 206,000 8,894 18,000 26,894 6 4 Wörth, 1870 Germans, 90,000 French, 45,000 10,642 8,000 18,642 13 11 Spicheren, 1870 Germans, 37,000 French, 29,000 4,871 4,000 8,871 13 13 Colombey, 1870 Germans, 34,000 French, 54,000 5,000 3,700 8,700 9 14 Vionville, 1870 Germans, 70,000 French, 98,000 15,800 17,000 32,800 19 22 Gravelotte, 1870 Germans, 200,000 French, 120,000 20,000 10,000 30,000 9 10 Noisseville, 1870 Germans, 52,000 French, 100,000 3,078 3,542 6,620 4 5 Plevna, July 20, 1877 Turks, 20,000 Russians, 7,000 1,000 2,850 3,850 13 5 Plevna, July 30, 1877 Turks, 20,000 Russians, 30,000 4,000 7,300 11,300 22 20 Pelishat, Aug. 31, 1877 Russians, 20,000 Turks, 15,000 1,350 1,000 2,350 7 6 Lovtcha, 1877 Russians, 20,000 Turks, 5,000 1,500 2,000 3,500 14 7 Plevna, Sep. 11, 1877 Turks, 35,000 Russians, 80,000 3,000 16,000 19,000 16 8 Plevna, Dec. 10, 1877 Russians, 24,000 Turks, 20,000 2,000 6,000 8,000 17 8 Aladja Dagh, 1877 Russians, 60,000 Turks, 35,000 1,450 4,500 5,950 6 2 Shipka, 1878 Russians, 25,000 Turks, 30,000 5,500 — 5,500 — — — 22 — Tel-el-Kebir, 1882 English, 17,000 Egyptians, 25,000 439 3,000 3,439 9 2

Although this return has been compiled from the most trustworthy sources, it can only be taken as approximately accurate.

BRITISH LOSSES

Strength Killed and wounded Per- centage *Dettingen, 1743 *Fontenoy, 1745 Alexandria, 1801 *†Assaye, 1803 Coruña, 1809 *Talavera, 1809 *Albuera, 1811 Barossa, 1811 *Salamanca, 1812 *Quatre-Bras, 1815 *Waterloo, 1815 †Maharajpore, 1843 †Moodkee, 1845 †Ferozeshah, 1845 †Aliwal, 1846 †Sobrao, 1846 †Chillianwalla, 1849 *Alma, 1854 *Inkerman, 1854 12,000 16,600 12,000 4,500 14,500 20,500 8,200 4,400 26,000 12,000 23,991 6,000 9,000 16,000 10,500 15,500 15,000 21,500 7,464 821 4,002 1,521 1,566 1,000 6,250 3,990 1,210 3,386 2,504 6,932 790 874 2,415 580 2,063 2,388 2,002 2,357 6 24 12 34 6 30 48 27 13 20 29 13 9 15 5 13 15 9 31

* In those marked by an asterisk the force formed part of an allied army. † In these battles Indian troops took part.

[1] Copyright 1898 by Longmans, Green, & Co.

[2] Hon. Francis Lawley, the _Times,_ June 16, 1863.

[3] _Campaigns of the Army of the Potomac,_ p. 289.

[4] Hon. Francis Lawley, the _Times,_ June 11, 1863.

[5] _Battles and Leaders,_ vol. iii, p. 202.

[6] General J. B. Gordon, Commanding 2nd Army Corps, Army of Northern Virginia. “Jackson,” says one of his staff, “never changed an order on the battlefield when he had once given it. I have seen Ewell, Early, A. P. Hill, and even Lee send an aide with an order, and in a few minutes send another messenger to recall or alter it.” Letter to the author.

[7] Major Hotchkiss, C.S.A.

[8] Lord Wolseley, _Macmillan’s Magazine,_ March, 1887.

[9] General J. B. Gordon.

[10] Napier.

[11] See Note at end of volume.

INDEX

A

Abolitionists, i 80, 81–2, 84–6, 88–9, 93, 98, 102. Abolitionists, Southern, i 82, 85, 88 Adour, passage of river, ii 491 Agincourt, battle of, ii 164 Albuera, battle of, ii 148 Alexander, General, U.S.A., ii 177 Allan, Colonel W., C.S.A., i 274, 309, 352; ii 9, 125 Alvinzi, General, i 419 American soldier (see also _Northern_ and _Southern soldier_), i 106; ii 342, 345–8, 381 American volunteer, i 33, 48–9; ii 109, 169, 354, 373 Anderson, Colonel G. T., C.S.A., ii 250, 252, 254, 255, 271 Anderson, General R. H., C.S.A., ii 138, 162, 166, 208, 213, 234, 238, 242–3, 254, 257, 272, 329, 412–3, 416, 419–21, 432–5, 445, 459–60, 462–4, 467 Anglo-Saxon race, i 93; ii 339–40, 355 Antietam. (See _Sharpsburg_) Archduke Charles of Austria, quoted, i 406 Archer, General, C.S.A., ii 95–6, 153, 159, 271, 309–10, 316–8, 434, 436 Armament. (See under _Tactics, Arms_) Armies and soldiers, regular, i 48–9, 114, 133, 137, 147, 169, 220–2, 227, 427, 429–30; 32–3, 180–1, 360, 362–3, 373 Armies, Northern, i 105, 110–11, 120, 124, 157, 172, 208, 222; ii 339, 345–6, 378, 396–7 Armies, Southern, i 115, 208; 339, 397, 494 Armies, Western. (See _Western_). Armistead, General, C.S.A., ii 61–3, 253, 272 Army, Austrian, i 110; ii 466 Army, English, i 208, 427; ii 340, 355–6, 468 Army, French, i 110, 221, 419; ii 338, 356, 362, 372–3, 491 Army, German, i 256, 426, 427; ii 21–2, 24, 278, 342, 355, 356 Army, Mexican, i 26, 30, 34, 35, 44–5 Army of Mexico (U.S.), i 48–9 Army of Northern Virginia (strength, etc.), i 172, 174, 232, 271, 389; ii 13, 72, 74, 111–2, 118, 123–4, 165–6, 168, 196, 208, 225, 228–30, 235–6, 242, 267, 271–2, 274–5, 280, 289, 294, 296, 303, 308, 331, 338, 341–4, 347–60, 370–1, 382, 386–7, 398–9, 406, 412–3, 440, 467–8, 487 Army of Prussia, i 110; 338 Army of the Potomac (strength, etc.), i 202, 213, 216, 218, 231, 235, 250, 252, 265, 389; ii 2, 3, 9, 30, 43, 46, 72, 75, 84, 122, 124, 167, 198, 213, 228–31, 243, 267, 272–5, 278–9, 294–5, 299, 300, 314, 327, 329, 331–2, 337, 339, 341–4, 381, 401, 410–2, 466–8 Army of the Rappahannook, Federal, under McDowell (strength, etc.) i 292, 293–4, 304, 355–6, 386 Army of the Shenandoah, Confederate, i 123, 167 Army of the Shenandoah, Federal, under Banks (strength, etc.), i 213–4, 224–6, 269, 293–4, 316–7, 355–6, 447 Army of the Valley (strength, etc.), i 219–25, 228, 235, 253–5, 260, 274, 284, 304, 309–13, 333, 349, 355–6, 371, 373–4, 385, 419, 424–5, 434, 437–8; ii 3, 9, 17–18, 20, 26, 29–30, 34, 68, 79, 83, 85–6, 97, 102, 109, 111, 119, 126–7, 152–3, 160, 164, 169, 178, 247, 268 Army of Virginia, Federal, under Pope, (strength, etc.), i 401; ii 78, 97, 100, 103, 113, 116, 122–3, 124, 132, 135, 151, 165–6, 171, 176 Army of Western Virginia, Federal, under Rosecrans and Frémont, (strength, etc.), i 186, 188, 205, 213, 217, 269, 275, 293–4, 295, 303, 355–6, 446 Army, United States (strength, etc.), (see also _Officers_), i 24–5, 33, 58, 104–5, 111, 120; ii 30, 33, 36–7, 59, 180 Ashby, General Turner, C.S.A., i 178, 220, 222–5, 227–8, 230, 236–9, 241–2, 246, 259, 264, 265–6, 268–70, 273–4, 284, 288, 291, 303, 309, 320–2, 328–9, 331–4, 342, 345, 350–2, 354, 355–6, 359, 360–3, 368, 431, 436, 446; ii 189, 286 Aspern, battle of, ii 277, 493 Assaye, battle of, ii 491 Atkinson, General, C.S.A., ii 319–20 Aulic Council, i 419 Austerlitz, battle of, i 59, 418, 423; ii 187–8, 395, 426 Averell, General, U.S.A., ii 46, 293, 438, 457

B

Badajos, siege of, ii 490 Balloons, ii 307, 418–9, 425, 480 Banks, General N. P., U.S.A. (see also _Army of the Shenandoah_), i 184, 189, 196, 202, 2113, 216, 218–9, 224–8, 230–2, 235, 247–8, 251–2, 259–60, 263–72, 274–8, 280–4, 287–94, 297, 301–3, 311, 314–7, 321, 323–30, 333–4, 336, 342–4, 347–50, 355–6, 372, 392, 398, 400–1, 405, 408, 411–3, 415, 426, 427, 429–30, 432–3, 441, 447; ii 75, 79, 82, 84, 86, 90, 92, 97, 100–3, 116, 140, 169–70, 182–3, 199, 205, 247, 273, 285, 295, 334, 341, 345, 370, 392–3, 485 “Barbara Fritchie,” i 65 Barksdale, General, C.S.A., ii 259, 271, 306–7 Barlow, General, U.S.A., ii 434, 439 Barossa, battle of, i 254 Bartow, General, C.S.A., i 135, 141–3, 145–6, 150, 160 Bath, skirmish near, i 190 Bautzen, battle of, ii 19, 192 Bayard, General, U.S.A., i 344, 352, 354, 355–6, 359, 446; ii 79, 83, 87–8, 92, 165–6, 180 Beaulieu, General, i 413, 419 Beauregard, General, C.S.A., i 38, 50, 124, 131–3, 136, 141, 147, 151–2, 156, 159–60, 165, 175–6, 201; ii 15 Beaver Dam Creek, Virginia, engagement at, ii 16 Bee, General, C.S.A., i 135, 141–7, 150, 151, 160 Belle Boyd, i 327 Benjamin, Hon. J. P., i 178, 184, 187, 199, 200–201, 203–6, 209–10, 273 Berry, General, U.S.A., ii 427, 440, 447, 450, 456 Bidassoa, passage of river, ii 491 Bigelow, Captain, U.S.A., i 423 Birney, General, U.S.A., ii 316, 318–9, 328 “Black Republicans,” i 81, 86, 96, 102 Blenker, General, U.S.A., i 248, 260, 266, 277, 295, 302, 364, 373–4, 379, 415 Blockade, i 112–3, 124, 213; ii 108, 207, 334, 405 Blücher, Field-Marshal, i 75–6, 259 Bonham, General, C.S.A., i 142, 150 Boots, i 222, 312, 428; ii 203, 205, 209, 235, 349, 350, 353, 382 Borcke, Major Eeros von, C.S.A., ii 282–3 Boswell, Captain J. K., C.S.A., ii 125–6, 449, 455, 465 Boteler, Hon. R., Colonel, C.S.A., i 272, 348, ii 77, 202 Boteler’s Ford, engagement at, 239, ii 472–3 Braddock, General, i 227 Branch, General, C.S.A., i 311, 411, ii 13, 15, 20, 21, 95–6, 153, 157, 161, 271, 366–7 Brandy Station, battle of, ii 112 Bridges, i 266, 359, 361, 364, 378, 381, 387; ii 7–8, 12, 17, 20, 27, 44, 49, 50, 52, 119, 121, 136, 240, 301, 306–7, 409, 415, 417, 424 Bristoe Station, Virginia, engagement at, ii 133, 136 Brown, Colonel, C.S.A., ii 280, 434 Brown, John, i 76 Buchanan, President, i 97, 226 Buena Vista, battle of, i 30 Buford, General, U.S.A., ii 79, 83, 87, 106, 139, 165–6, 171, 180 Bull Run, battle of. (See _Manassas_) Bunker’s Hill, battle of, 1776, i 106 Burks, Colonel, C.S.A., i 220, 240, 262, 264 Burns, General, U.S.A., ii 328 Burnside, General A. E., U.S.A., ii 73, 79, 84, 103, 106, 111, 113, 117, 187, 243, 258, 299–301, 303, 306–7, 320, 324–5, 329, 333, 336–7, 342, 405, 410, 488 Busaco, battle of, ii 191, 228, 330 Butterfield, General, U.S.A., ii 419, 428, 438

C

Cadets, Military Institute, i 56, 58–60, 62–3, 98–9, 104, 295 Cadets, West Point, i 12–20, 22, 55 Cæsar, i 75, 409; ii 338 Campbell, Colonel, U.S.A., i 309, 332; ii 91–2 Camp Lee, Virginia, i 104 Cannæ battle of, ii 332 Carrington, Captain, C.S.A., i 369–70 Carroll, General, U.S.A., 371 Catholic Church, i 53 Cavaliers, the English, i 2, 83 Cedar Run, Virginia, battle of, ii Chap. XV, 109, 186, 235, 247, 279, 287, 342, 370, 375, 484–5 Cedarviile, Virginia, cavalry engagement near, i 319–20 Cerro Gordo, battle of, i 30–2, 35, 38, 45 Chancellorsville, battle of, i 423, 433; ii Chap. XXIII, Chap. XXIV, 187, 370, 485, 487, 490, 491 Chantilly or Ox Hill, engagement at, ii 183–5, 287 Chaplains, i ; ii 399 Chapultepec, battle of, i 40–3, 45–6, 50, 64 Chew, Captain, C.S.A., i 220; ii 375 Churubusco, battle of, i 38–9, 50 Ciudad Rodrigo, siege of, ii 490 Clausewitz, General, i 407; ii 196 Clyde, Field-Marshal Lord, ii 355 Cobb, General, C.S.A., ii 226, 271, 448 Coercion, i 93–7, 101–2 Cold Harbour, battle of. (See _Gaines’ Mill_) Cold Harbour, second battle of, 1864, ii 228 Colli, General, i 413, 418, Colquitt, General, C.S.A., ii 271, 441, 444 Colston, General, C.S.A., ii 412, 441, 447–9, 455, 460, 467 Columbia, district of, i 108–9 Command, selections for, i 226; ii 300, 344–5 Command, system of, ii 342–4 Comte de Paris, ii 215, 223 Confederacy, the resources of, i 111–2; ii 205 Confederate territory, i 108–9 Conscription Act, Southern, i 273, 303 Conscripts, ii 348 Contreras, battle of, i 36–7, 39, 64 Cooke, Colonel, C.S.A., i 348 Cooking, i 222; ii 349 Corbin, ii 364, 383 Cornwallis, Lord, i 278 Cortez, i 26, 28, 35, 43 Couch, General, U.S.A., ii 267 Council of War, i 37 Cox, General, U.S.A., i 314; ii 85 Crampton’s Gap, engagement at, ii 224–6 Crawford, General, U.S.A., ii 247–8 Creçy, battle of, ii 340 Crimean campaign, i 171, 208, 226, 422 Cromwell, i 64, 73, 83, 101, 108, 412, 443; ii 494 Cross Keys, battle of, i Chap. XI, 405, 408, 412, 423, 424, 427, 443, 446; ii 200, 484–5 Crown Prince of Prussia, ii 278 Crutchfield, Cal. S., C.S.A., i 369; ii 50, 57, 222, 449, 453–4 Cunningham, Cal., C.S.A., ii 26, 35 Cutts, Colonel, C.S.A., ii 249

D

Dabney, Reverend Dr., Major, C.S.A., i 181, 206, 253, 255, 274, 276, 286, 295, 298, 300, 303, 309, 322, 333, 379, 381, 385, 395, 417, 429, 440, 442; ii 17, 21, 23, 33–4, 67, 69, 71, 77, 89, 164, 212, 313, 368–9, 385–7, 472–3 Davis, President, i 79, 131, 172–6, 186, 201, 203, 207–8, 210, 215, 218–9, 226, 280, 289, 294, 302, 305, 310, 388, 409, 428; ii 69, 77–8, 122, 207, 274–6, 280, 303, 331, 333, 336, 345, 382, 396, 404, 488–9 D’Erlon, Count, ii 59 Desaix, General, i 111 Deserters, i 290; ii 111, 275–6, 356, 364, 366, 385, 411, 425 Discipline (see also _Straggling_), i 16–8, 45, 48–9, 64, 104, 106, 111, 117–8, 152–3, 161–2, 169, 179, 193–5, 197, 208–9, 212, 214, 221, 223, 252–4, 273, 362; ii 36, 75, 188, 204, 209, 276, 350, 353, 355, 357–63, 411 Doles, General, C.S.A., ii 441, 443 Donnelly, General, U.S.A., i 338, 341, 447 Doubleday, General, U.S.A., ii 146, 245, 246, 316, 318, 328 Douglas, Cal. H. K., C.S.A., ii 210, 214, 223 Douro, passage of river, ii 490 Drayton, General, C.S.A., ii 272 Dresden, campaign of, i 418 Dress, i 63, 105, 115, 129, 221–2; ii 205, 209, 282, 351, 353

E

Early, General Jubal A., C.S.A., i 152, ii 93–6, 101, 118–22, 145, 148, 153–4, 157, 161–2, 165, 249, 251, 254, 269–71, 303, 306, 308, 310, 318–20, 329, 412, 416, 462–3, 467 Earthworks and intrenchments (see also under _Tactics_), i 30–1, 35–40, 106, 158, 170, 232, 233, 278, 307, 308, 388, 391; ii 9, 14–6, 18–9, 112, 182–3, 200, 305, 325, 327, 347 Eckmühl, campaign of, i 418 Edict of Emancipation, ii 289–90, 335, 411 Elk Run Valley, position in, ii 199 Elzey, General, C.S.A., i 151, 309, 337, 339–40, 443 Episcopal Church, i 55 Eugène, Prince, i 409 Evans, General N. G., C.S.A., i 142–4, 146–7, 151, 160, 172; ii 178, 208, 242, 258, 491 Ewell, General R. S., C.S.A., i 25, 50, 274, 276–7, 280–4, 288, 290, 294, 302–3, 314–5, 327–30, 332, 334, 337–9, 341, 343, 345, 351, 355, 359, 365, 367–8, 372, 374–7, 380–3, 391, 393, 400, 415, 427, 431, 433, 438–41; ii 18, 21, 26, 32–5, 38, 42, 44, 61, 64–5, 85, 87–8, 90–1, 94–6, 104–5, 125–6, 129, 131, 133, 136–7, 139, 141, 144–5, 147, 149, 155, 204, 208, 210, 242, 271, 280, 287–8, 303 Eylau, battle of, i 259; ii 19

F

Fair Oaks, Virginia, battle of. (See _Seven Pines_) Falling Waters, Va., engagement at, i 128–30, 165 Field exercises, ii 412 Field, General, U.S.A., i 280, 282; ii 95, 97, 153, 158–9, 161, 164, 271, 309 Flodden, battle of, ii 332 Flournoy, Colonel, U.S.A., i 310, 320, 342 “Fog of War, the”, ii 194–5 Forno, Colonel, C.S.A., ii 145, 148, 153, 159, 164 Forrest, General, U.S.A., i 333 Fortifications, i 16, 30, 35, 39, 40, 125, 158, 213, 233, 250, 389; ii 185, 198–9, 305, 347, 350, 383, 408, 430–1, 480 Fortresses, i 28–9, 40, 109, 125; ii 199 Fox-hunting, i 9, 161 Franklin, General, W. B., U.S.A., ii 54, 56–7, 138, 170, 182, 186, 224–5, 229, 233, 243, 272, 313–6, 320–2, 324, 328 Frayser’s Farm, Virginia, battle of, i chapter xiv; ii 279, 486 Frederick the Great, i 75, 173, 227, 404, 409, 410, 414, 419, 441; ii 338, 497 Fredericksburg, battle of, ii chapter xx, 109, 370, 484 Frémont, General John C., U.S.A., i 213, 248, 250, 269, 271–2, 275, 277, 280, 293–5, 301–3, 314, 344–6, 348–54, 355–6, 359–61, 363, 365, 367–8, 372–3, 375–6, 379, 381, 384, 386, 391–3, 398–401, 404–5, 408, 412–3, 415, 423–4, 426, 429, 431–2, 434, 442, 446; ii 19, 75, 155, 199, 342–3, 345, 393, 484–5 French, General, U.S.A., ii 40, 43, 251, 257, 328 Front Royal, engagement at, i chapter x, 337–8, 405, 412, 447; ii 392–3 Fuentes d’Onor, battle of, ii 228, 330 Fulkerson, Colonel, C.S.A., i 220, 240–1, 243, 262; ii 26, 35 Funsten, Colonel, U.S.A., i 237

G

Gaines’ Mill, Virginia, battle of, ii chapter xiii, 201, 228, 279, 341, 348 Garland, General, C.S.A., ii 271 Garnett, General, C.S.A., i 190, 194, 220, 229, 243–5, 253, 255, 257; ii 175, 272, 370, 487 Garnett, Lieut.-Colonel, C.S.A., ii 92, 94, 104 Geary, General, U.S.A., i 316, 321, 350, 355–6, 424, 447 German soldiers in America, i 352, 373, 375; ii 155, 339, 466 Getty, General, U.S.A., ii 328 Gettysburg, battle of, i 169, 254, 433; ii 278, 469, 487–8 Gibbon, General John, U.S.A., ii 146–8, 244–6, 316–9, 325, 328 Gneisenau, i 75 Gordon, General G. H., U.S.A., i 264, 266, 270, 323–5, 329, 334, 338–9, 447; ii 115, 134, 247–8, 252, 275 Gordon, General J. B., C.S.A., ii 396, 486 Graham, Rev. Dr., i 199, 212, 229–30, 258 Grant, General Ulysses S., U.S.A., i 26, 44–5, 48–50, 58, 87, 208, 255, 276, 433; ii 188, 223, 228, 371, 479, 485, 487, 489, 490 Gravelotte, battle of, i 259; ii 21–2, 24, 71, 356 Green, General, C.S.A., i 333 Greene, General, U.S.A., ii 247–9, 251 Gregg, General, C.S.A., ii 90, 153, 156–7, 161, 164, 271, 309, 317–8, 325–6 Griffin, General, U.S.A., ii 328 Grigsby, Colonel, C.S.A., i 303; ii 247, 249, 251 Grouchy, Marshal, ii 59, 260 Grover, General, U.S.A., ii 159 Groveton, battle of, ii chapter xvi, 279, 287, 468, 490, 491 Guerillas, i 44, 45–6; ii 82 Guinaldo, 1812, ii 492 Gustavus Adolphus, i 409

H

Halleck, General, U.S.A., ii 83–5, 100, 103, 107, 113, 131, 133, 182–3, 185, 211, 226, 289, 299 Hampden, ii 495, 498 Hampton, General Wade, C.S.A., i 143–4, 150–1, 160, 333; ii 122, 167, 205, 208, 242–3, 291, 294, 331, 336, 337, 414 Hancock, General W. S., U.S.A., ii 328 Hancock, skirmish near, i 191 Hannibal, i 75, 409; ii 11, 196, 338 Hanover Court House, Virginia, engagement at, ii 4 Harman, Colonel W. A., C.S.A., i 253; ii 268 Harman, Major, C.S.A., i 182, 228 Harper’s Ferry, investment of, ii chapter xviii, 280, 288, 376, 479 Harris, General N., C.S.A., ii 475 Hartsuff, Colonel, U.S.A., i 294 Hasdrubal, ii 196 Hatch, General, U.S.A., i 288, 332, 334, 447; ii 163, 173, 175, 178 Hawks, Major, C.S.A., i 182; ii 471 Hayes, General, U.S.A., ii 447 Hays, General, C.S.A., ii 184, 271 Heintzleman, General S. P., U.S.A., i 142–3, ii 53, 122 Hill, General A. P., C.S.A., i 50, 395, 397; ii 9, 12–4, 15–6, 21–6, 28–32, 35, 38, 42, 45, 47–8, 54, 61–2, 65, 80, 83–5, 88, 90–1, 94, 104–5, 125, 131, 141, 145, 149, 152–3, 156–62, 208, 215, 219, 221–4, 235–6, 241–3, 254, 258–9, 261, 269–70, 304, 308, 310–1, 316, 319, 320, 366, 370, 412, 432, 441, 442, 448–51, 455, 459–60, 467, 473 Hill, General D. H., C.S.A., i 27, 50, 55, 176, 200, 202, 216–8, 397; ii 9, 12–4, 17–8, 29, 30, 32–6, 40, 42, 52, 55–8, 61–5, 79, 111, 122, 167, 205, 208, 220, 224–6, 236, 238, 241–2, 244, 247–51, 254–5, 257, 271, 276, 280, 303, 305, 308, 310–1, 320, 329, 357, 361, 375, 382, 405 Hitchcock, General, U.S.A., i 294 Hoche, General, i 111 Hohenlinden, battle of, ii 466 Hoke, General, C.S.A., ii 319 Holmes, General, C.S.A., ii 9, 11, 47–8, 59, 61, 65 Hood, General J. B., C.S.A., i 394; ii 26, 35–6, 38, 42, 119, 163, 236, 241–2, 244, 247–9, 251, 254–5, 262, 272, 310, 322–3, 329, 348, 353, 407, 425, 455 Hooker, General Joseph, U.S.A., i 50; ii 68, 122, 136, 139–40, 156–9, 166, 179, 187–8, 216, 226, 237, 240–50, 255, 261, 272, 275, 306, 314, 328, 337, 341, 404, 406–10, 412–19, 422–8, 430–1, 434, 438–9, 445, 449, 453, 457–60, 462–6, 468–9, 472, 486 Horsemanship, i 70, 161, 198, 224, 362; ii 339–40 Horse-masters, i 225 Horse-racing, i 9 Horses, i 9, 111, 161, 224; ii 115, 186, 189, 273, 292–3, 299, 414 Hotchkiss, Major J., C.S.A., i 181, 303, 349, 381, 416, 440; ii 87, 110, 215, 241, 327, 431–2, 436, 451, 487 Howard, General O. O., U.S.A., i 152, ii 328, 416, 427, 436, 438–40, 442, 444, 465–6 Huger, General, C.S.A., i 50; ii 9, 11, 14, 45, 47–8, 52–4, 58–9, 61–2, 65 Humphreys, General, U.S.A., ii 267, 328 Hundley’s Corner, Virginia, engagement at, ii 16, 22 Hunt, General, U.S.A., ii 66 Hunter, General, U.S.A., i 142–3, ii 73, 84

I

Imboden, General, C.S.A., i 121, 144–5, 149, 163, 378, 420, 439 “Immortals,” the, i 15–6 India, i 58 Indians, i 5–6, 24–5 Information in war. (See _Intelligence,_ etc.) Inkermann, battle of, ii 175, 340 Intelligence Department and Information, i 224, 232, 258–9, 287, 326–7, 412–4, 422–3; ii 39, 82–3, 89, 120, 145, 170–1, 188–9, 193–5, 213, 415, 418–9, 427 Interior lines. (See _Strategy_) Irish soldiers in America, i 242, 311; ii 340 Ironsides, the, i 225, 443 Italy, campaign of, i 418, 419 Iverson, Col., C.S.A., ii 441, 443

J

Jackson, Cummins, uncle of General T. J. Jackson, i 7, 8, 10, 11 Jackson, Elizabeth, i 5 Jackson family, characteristics of, i 3, 5–6 Jackson family, origin of, i 3–4 Jackson, General, President of the United States, i 4, 15, 106 Jackson, John, i 4–6 Jackson, John, father of General T. J. Jackson, i 5–6 Jackson, Julia, mother of General T. J. Jackson, i 6–7, 11, 52; ii 384 Jackson, Julia, daughter of General T. J. Jackson, ii 384–5, 400, 470 Jackson, Mary Anna, wife of General T. J. Jackson, i 59, 61, 67–73, 76, 103–4, 116, 156, 161, 176–8, 257–8, 272; ii 55, 280, 384–5, 396, 400, 470–1, 495 Jackson, Thomas Jonathan, “Stonewall”, Lieut.-General, C.S.A.:

Advice overruled, ii 61, 78, 109, 114, 489 Anecdotes of, i 10, 19, 20, 27, 46–7, 68, 100, 114, 130, 134, 145, 154, 163, 165–6, 177, 190, 212, 230, 247, 300, 303, 312–3, 336, 347–8, 370, 394, 396, 439–41; ii 50–1, 57–8, 67, 69, 70, 71–2, 82, 95, 115, 126–7, 143–4, 160, 164, 202, 210, 214–5, 223, 253, 256, 259–60, 264–7, 282–4, 302, 312–3, 315, 318, 326, 364–7, 381, 387–8, 389, 399, 400, 482, 499

Appointments:

To Cadetship, i 13 First Regiment of artillery U.S.A., i 24 Magruder’s Field Battery, i 33 Professorship at Military Institute, i 56 Topographical Department, C.S.A., i 114 Virginia Volunteers, i 114 Command at Harper’s Ferry, 1861, i 115 First Brigade of Army of Shenandoah, i 123, Command of District of Shenandoah Valley, i 164, Command of Second Army Corps, ii 280

Birth, i 5 Birthplace, i 5, 131, 163 Boyhood, i 8–10, 410 Brother, i 6, 9 Caricatures of, i 65; ii 370, 390 Childhood, i 7–9 Compared with:

Cromwell, ii 494 Grant, ii 489 Hasdrubal, ii 196 Johnston, ii 489 Lee, ii 488 Napoleon, i 22–3; ii 493 Ney, ii 191, 193 Prince Frederick Charles, ii 196 Sherman, ii 489 Wellington, ii 191, 490–3 Wolfe, ii 494

Criticism of his manœuvres refuted, i 258; ii 16–24, 54, 57–8, 100–5 Death, ii 470–1 Devotion of his men, i 77, 165, 286, 434; ii 281–2, 366, 370–1, 373–4 Dispatches, ii 373 Dissatisfaction with conduct of war, i 154, 175–6, 203–4; ii 70, 71, 391 Estimate of:

Banks’, i 315 Lee’s, ii 469–70, 477–8 Letcher’s, i 205 Lexington’s, i 63–5, 76 McClellan’s, ii 109 Northern generals’, i 232–3, 314, 325, 399; ii 54, 109, 479 Northern press’, ii 109 Northern soldiers’, ii 223, 381 President Davis’, ii 470 President of Baltimore and Ohio Railway, i 314 Southern people’s, ii 74, 109, 477, 479 Southern soldiers’, i 129, 165, 177–8, 437–8; ii 279, 284–5, 373–4, 381, 480 Swinton’s, ii 477

First estimate of:

His friends’, i 114 His officers’, i 196–7, 283, 438–40; ii 370–1 His troops’, i 197–8

Funeral, ii 476–7 Guards the camp, i 134 Horsemanship, i 9, 18, 70, 115 Influence on his soldiers, i 117, 429, 432, 436; ii 398, 494, 499 Influence on the Southern people, ii 494 Letters of:

On faith, i 71, 72, 272–3 On his travels, i 70–1 On state of country, i 76 On promotion, i 114, 130; ii 280 On necessity of secrecy, i 116, 258 After First Manassas, i 155 On defence of Harper’s Ferry, i 125 On battle of First Manassas, i 156–7 On leave of absence, i 161; ii 385–6 On parting with Stonewall Brigade, i 164 On selection of staff-officer, i 179–80 On appointment of staff-officer, i 183 On discipline, i 195 On resignation of command, i 204–5 On defence of Valley, i 217–8 On threatening Washington, i 252 On fighting on Sunday, i 257 On making “thorough work” of campaign, i 272 On attacking Banks, i 276, 281–4 On Banks’ character, i 278 On obedience of orders, i 281, 308 On qualities of West Virginia troops, i 298 On straggling, i 427 On surrender of Harper’s Ferry, ii 224 On promotion of officers, ii 374 On giving over guns of Army Corps, ii 375 On the people of the Valley, ii 376 On birth of his daughter, ii 384–5 On peace, ii 385

Library, i 69 Losses:

At Falling Waters, i 129 At First Manassas, i 157 On Romney expedition, i 195 At Kernstown, i 253, 260 At M’Dowell, i 299 At Cedarville, i 320 At Front Royal, i 353 At Winchester, i 353 At Cross Keys, i 376 At Port Republic, i 385 At Valley Campaign, i 424 At Gaines’ Mill, ii 42 At Cedar Run, ii 105, 287 At Groveton, ii 146, 287 At Second Manassas, ii 164, 287 At Chantily, ii 185, 287 At Harper’s Ferry, ii 223, 288 At Sharpsburg, ii 255, 271–2, 288 At Boteler’s Ford, ii 270 On the Rappahannock, ii 287 At Bristoe Station, ii 287 At Fredericksburg, ii 329 At Chancellorsville, ii 467

Marriage, i 59 Military Maxims of, ii 496

Attack, i 162–3 Infantry fire, i 162 Use of bayonet, i 163, 229 Cavalry in touch with the enemy, i 342 Strategy of weaker army, i 412, 415, 420; ii 398 Defensive strategy, i 418 Value of time, i 417–8, 481 Mystifying and misleading, i 420 Pursuit, i 420; ii 76–7, 481 A routed army, i 420 Battle against odds, i 420 Point of attack, i 420 Vigour in attack, i 420; ii 31, 76–7, 179, 481 Rapidity, i 420; ii 481 Rest on the march, i 426 Forced marches, i 426–7 Invasion, i 174–5; ii 77, 481 Concentration of force, i 175; ii 77 Councils of War, i 230 Reaping fruits of victory, ii 322, 481 Defensive positions, ii 305 Meeting superior numbers, ii 326 Unsuccessful officers, ii 342 Promotion of officers, ii 374, 465 Example to be set by superior officers, ii 386 Activity, i 412, 419–20; ii 398 Secret of success in war, ii 480 Earthworks, ii 481 Loss in forced marches, ii 482 Patriotism, ii 497

Narrow escapes of, i 369; ii 41–2, 160 Personal characteristics of:

Ability, i 47–8 Absence of show and assumption, i 115, 117, 164–5, 435–6, 444–5; ii 71, 478 Absent-minded, i 63, 77; ii 390, 398 Abstemiousness, i 60, 336, 436; ii 495 Abstraction, power of, i 21, 69, 74; ii 391 Accuracy of statement, i 62–3 Admiration of Lee, i 307, 397–8; ii 77 Admiration of Napoleon’s genius, i 58, 416 Admiration of Confederate soldier, i 437; ii 373–4, 462 Affection, i 8, 22; ii 495–6 Ambition, i 11, 21, 23, 46, 71, 157, 196; ii 381, 495 Anger, i 19, 436, 441–2; ii 71, 370 Appearance:

On the battlefield, i 147, 149, 165, 243–4, 340; ii 34, 50, 94, 311–2, 432, 436 As a cadet, i 14, 18, 22 In camp, ii 388–9 In childhood, i 9 At councils of war, i 229–30, 397; ii 69, 123 At Lexington, i 61, 63 At reviews, i 164–5 On service, i 115, 312–3; ii 478

Application, i 10, 15–17, 20–1, 33, 46; ii 490 Audacity, i 411; ii 487, 491 Bible:

His guide, i 61, 73 Literal interpretation of the, i 61, 257 Study of the, i 61, 69

Camaraderie, i 436–7, 439; ii 373 Carelessness of comfort, i 161, 187, 192, 196, 246, 435–6, 438 Careless of popular opinion, i 155–6; ii 376 Catholicity, i 438–9 Cheerfulness, i 8, 66–7; ii 315, 377–8 Choice of companions, i 21 Clanship, i 11 Concentration, power of, i 20, 66, 74; ii 391, 396, 496 Consideration for others, i 19–20, 438; ii 374, 376 Conversation, i 165; ii 389–90 Coolness under fire, i 41–2, 47, 130, 147, 149, 163, 165, 437; ii 318, 396 Courage, moral, i 12, 21, 77, 437; ii 480 Courage, physical, i 10, 39, 41–2, 77, 130, 163, 165, 244; ii 480–2 Courtesy, i 9, 66, 116, 436, 438; ii 376, 389–90, 453 Decision, i 10, 12 Decision in emergencies, ii 490–1 Devotion to duty, i 19, 21, 33, 78, 116, 161 Devotion to Virginia, i 99, 103, 204, 209–10; ii 346, 495 Devotion to his wife, i 116 Dislike of profanity, i 145 Distaste of show, i 115, 129–30, 221 Early rising, ii 50, 55, 68, 284–5 Earnestness, i 12, 20, 66, 77, 117, 237; 390 Economical habits, i 70 Endurance, i 438; ii 189, 481 Energy, i 10, 43, 60, 191, 192, 377–9, 412, 436; ii 189, 233, 478, 481, 494 Enthusiasm, i 66 Estimate of time, i 13, 187–8 Faith, i 71–3, 77, 163, 211; ii 462, 465, 488, 495 Family pride, i 11 Fearlessness of responsibility, i 77; ii 480 Finesse, i 116; ii 280 Freedom from cant, i 73 Gentleness, i 20, 71, 436, 439 Gravity, i 8, 66; ii 390 Health, i 9, 11, 21, 60, 69, 78, 160–1, 214; ii 55, 76, 385, 481 Horror of war, i 103, 257; ii 385 Hospitality, i 70; ii 388–9 Humility, i 445; ii 495 Imagination, i 66, 74, 417; ii 478, 484 Industry. (See _Application_) Inflexibility, i 19, 63 Information, range of, ii 390 Intellectual development, i 21, 23 Intellectual training for war, i 74–6, 78; ii 394–6 Kindness, i 8, 20, 67, 76; ii 364, 389 Knowledge of military history, i 58, 420; ii 390, 394–5 Language, i 73 Love of art, i 71; ii 390 Love of children, i 68, 212; ii 302, 364, 400 Love of fighting, i 27, 33, 43, 149, 209, 439; ii 481 Love of history, i 69–70; ii 390 Love of home, i 9, 71, 199, 210; ii 346 Love of Nature, i 66, 70, 71, 366 Love of peace, i 103, 257; ii 385 Love of theological discussion, i 165, 212 Love of truth, i 62 Manners. (See _Courtesy_) Modesty, i 47, 198, 210; ii 370, 380, 390, 462, 465 Neatness, i 63 Never knew when he was beaten, i 150, 244, 252, 438 Peculiar gestures, i 149, 166 Perseverance, i 10, 15–16, 22 Personal magnetism, i 197, 437 Playfulness, i 65, 177, 212 Power of drawing inferences, ii 483, 486 Prayer, i 61, 68, 73, 103, 165, 210, 443–4; ii 496 Pride in his soldiers, i 156–7, 166–7, 195, 443; ii 341 Purity, i 10, 23, 74; ii 399 Recreations, i 18, 60, 69, 70 Reflective habits, ii 391, 396 Religion on service, i 443–4; ii 399 Religious views, i 72, 163 Reserve, i 18, 66, 74 Resolution, ii 435, 445, 481, 491 Reticence, i 115–6; ii 89, 284–5, 483 Reticence as regards his achievements, i 155, 157; ii 374 Self-control, i 210; ii 494 Self-possession, ii 478 Self-reliance, i 21, 23, 48; ii 488, 490, 495 Self-sacrifice, i 204, 209; ii 494 Sense of honour, i 20 Shrewdness, i 14 Shyness, i 18, 27, 60; ii 478 Silence, i 22, 63, 64, 115, 197, 436; ii 390, 391, 398, 478 Simplicity, i 23, 115, 435–6; ii 494 Studious habits, i 18, 22, 68–9, 74, 410 Study, method of, i 20, 69; ii 391 Study of, and training for, war, i 48, 57–9, 69, 745–5, 78, 250, 410, 416; ii 394–5 Sunday, observance of, i 61, 257, 273, 287, 302, 443 Tact, i 19, 117–8, 165, 438 Taste for strong liquor, ii 495 Temper, i 14, 71, 210, 436; ii 370, 495 Temperance, i 60; ii 399 Thankfulness, i 71, 130, 156 Thoroughness, i 421; ii 496 Truthfulness and sincerity, i 8, 20, 23, 62, 74; ii 370, 380, 492, 496 Vindictiveness, i 19; ii 370, 495

Practice and principles of, military:

_Administration:_

Care for comfort of men, i 165, 192, 443; ii 374 Care of private rights, i 166, 197–8 Care of wounded, i 260, 300, 437; ii 402–3 Examination of officers, i 182 Hospitals, i 437 Medical service, i 118, 437, 444; ii 386 Supply, i 118; ii 374, 386, 417 Transport, i 118; ii 374, 386

_Command:_

Application of military code to volunteers, ii 355 Councils of War, i 229–30; ii 488 Courtesy to men, i 165; ii 366 Duties of commanding officers, i 161, 179, 193 Employment of regular officers with volunteers, i 181 Employment of unsuccessful officers, ii 342, 489 Encouragement of initiative, ii 343 Official reports, i 436; ii Recommendations for promotion, ii 364, 374 Relations with his officers, i 436, 438–42; ii 325–6, 363–4, 366–70, 374, 488–9 Relations with his soldiers, i 436–7; ii 366, 376 Relations with his staff, i 439–41; ii 389 Scope on battlefield, ii 343, 491 Selection of officers for the staff, i 179–83; ii 364 Supervision, i 376, 436; ii 189 System of, i 117–8, 179; ii 363–4 Tact and consideration, i 165; ii 376 Trusts his subordinates, i 375; ii 318, 491

_Discipline:_ i 117, 161, 162, 178–9, 195, 197–8, 208–9, 214, 253, 254, 303, 350, 376, 436, 441–2; ii 175, 363–6, 373

Dealing with mutiny, i 303 Demands exact obedience, i 376; ii 57, 488 Gives exact obedience, ii 58, 435 Punishment of officers, ii 366 Punishment of soldiers, ii 364–5 Refuses to take furlough, ii 384 Strict conception of duty, i 197, 204, 376; ii 364–5

_Drill,_ i 117, 162, 365; ii 400 _Instruction,_ i 117–8, 162, 178, 188–9 _Marches,_ i 133–4, 189–93, 230, 236, 263, 274, 284–6, 290, 295–6, 302, 308, 312–14, 327, 345–6, 349, 351–3, 360–1, 393–5, 401, 412–3, 425–7; ii 11, 15–23, 25–6, 29, 49, 50, 87–9, 124–9, 138, 183, 189–90, 203, 208–9, 214–6, 233, 235, 302–3 _Marching,_ i 183, 427; ii 285, 482

Early start, i 183; ii 49, 55, 90, 284 Forced marches, ii 482, 484 Rules for, i 426 Standing orders for, ii 402

_Orders:_

Anticipates orders, ii 269 Character of, i 115; ii 490 Method of issue, i 377; ii 57 For counterstroke, ii 92, 94–5, 154, 190, 252, 260, 323 For attack, ii 141–2 For assault, ii 35 For attack of Second Line, ii 33 For night march, i 298 For rear guard action, i 377 For retreat, i 349 To Ewell, i 307 To Ewell at Cross Keys, i 365 On dress, i 221, For flank attack, i 380 At Cedar Run, ii 92–5, 98 At Chancellorsville, ii 421–2, 432, 437, 441–2, 448–9, 491–2 General orders, i 302, 436, 443 To Federal gunners at Port Republic, i 370 For defence of position, ii 154, 190 For bombardment of Harper’s Ferry, ii 218–20 At Fredericksburg, ii 318, 323, 325 Verbal, ii 33 Incomplete, ii 88 Interpretation of, i 259–60, 281–2; ii 23 Miscarriage of, i 322; ii 34 Orders and instructions received by Feb. 1862, i 219–20, 259–60; April, 1862, i 280, 294, 411; May, 1862, i 345, 411; June, 1862, i 390–3; ii 13, 15, 23, 30, 46, 57; Sept. 1862, ii 212–3, 217, 226, 259; before Chancellorsville, ii 415, 424

_Strategy:_

Activity, i 418; ii 189, 398, 479, 481–2 Breadth of view, i 282, 432; ii 213, 396, 406, 478, 485, 486 Calculation, i 201–2, 321, 353, 377, 415, 421; ii 105, 140, 141, 189, 391, 484–6 Compels enemy to blunder, i 272, 423 Concealment of movements and intentions, i 116, 290, 309, 313–6, 393–6, 398–402, 412, 420–1, 423, 439–40; ii 11, 85–7, 116, 125–6, 132, 135, 137, 139–42, 483 Concentration of superior force, i 423; ii 200 Counterstroke, i 365, 374; ii 182 Deals with enemy in detail, i 189–9, 361–2, 412–3, 419, 423; ii 79, 85, 199 Defensive, ii 199–201, 297 Estimate of time, i 174, 187, 237, 257, 259, 302, 334, 412; ii 19, 77, 114, 400, 407 Induces enemy to divide, i 386 Intelligence Department, i 118, 202, 327; ii 347, 483 Keeps enemy’s columns apart, ii 199, 200 Looks for annihilation of enemy, ii 482 Looks for opportunity, i 214; ii 481 Lures enemy into false position, i 267, 272; ii 79, 91, 106, 110, 199, 485 Mystifying the enemy, i 129, 228, 392–5; ii 119, 121–2, 327, 484–5 Never fights except on his own terms, ii 199, 490 Never gives the enemy time, i 175; ii 189, 231, 398 Never misses an opportunity, i 413; ii 487 No slave to rule, i 433 Objectives, i 189, 219, 247; ii 390–1, 485 Patience, ii 483, 490 Plays on enemy’s fears, ii 391, 485 Reaps fruits of victory, ii 470 Regards enemy’s difficulties, i 347, 351, 354, 415; ii 395 Regards moral aspect of war, i 342, 424; ii 342, 395, 483 Secrecy, i 115–6, 181, 183, 187, 197, 257, 286, 378, 439, 440; ii 89 Spreads false information, i 392, 395, 400 Stratagems, i 121–2, 270, 309, 389, 391; ii 83, 85, 106, 118, 199, 327, 490 Strikes at mental equilibrium of opponent, i 307; ii 395, 485 Strikes at vital point, i 342; ii 76, 416 Strikes where least expected, i 401 Surprise, ii 484, 491 Takes advantage of mistakes, i 270 Threatens enemy’s communications, i 187, 193, 271, 283, 325–6, 328; ii 24 Trades on knowledge of enemy’s character, i 49–50, 227–8, 276, 281; ii 220, 234, 396, 483–4 Vigilance, i 198, 358, 436

_Strategical Plans:_ i 174–5, 184–8, 193–4, 201–3, 214, 217, 251–2, 269, 271, 278, 280, 283, 286–7, 299, 301–2, 365; ii 77, 83–5, 99, 101–2, 105–6, 108–9, 135, 140, 143–4, 146, 149, 212–3, 227–32, 334, 336, 398, 413–4, 483, 485, 488 _Strategical Views:_

Advantages of North-west Virginia, i 164 Counteracting enemy’s superiority of numbers, i 189, 412; ii 76–7, 297 Criticism of Hooker’s plan in Chancellorsville campaign, ii 464 Defensive, the, i 413 Evils of civilian control, i 199–200, 203–10; ii 489 Importance of recruiting-grounds, i 164 Importance of Washington, i 219, 247, 405 Invasion, i 164, 174–6, 185; ii 77–8, 481, 485 Offensive, the, ii 490 Proper action for weaker belligerent, i 412, 420; ii 398

_Tactics:_

Advanced guards, i 426 Artillery, use of, ii 190 Attack, formation for, i 239, 296–7, 338–9, 368, 379–80, 431; ii 90, 94, 122, 421–2 Attack, night, i 133, 229, 335–7 Attack, vigour of, ii 31, 179, 458, 481, 486 Attacks where least expected, i 239, 251, 412, ii 483–4, 487 Caution, ii 96–7, 484, 486, 490 Cavalry, use of, i 178, 223, 237, 263, 309, 318–21, 392, 394, 422, 432; ii 188, 483, 487 Combination of three arms, ii 487 Concealment of troops on defensive, i 146, 149, 151, 298; ii 172, 191, 315, 487, 491 Concentration of superior force, i 250, 340; ii 487 Counter-attack, i 149, 151–2, 239, 244, 365, 373–4; ii 94–6, 104, 154–9, 161–2, 175–6, 178–9, 252–3, 256, 259–61, 318, 321–3 Defensive, ii 230, 487, Defensive position, ii 152–4, 158, 304–5 Earthworks, i 307; ii 481 Flank attacks, i 239, 298, 338–9, 379–80, 431; ii 90, 94, 121, 421–3, 432, 472 Guides, i 136, 240; ii 97, 120, 126 Insight, i 218, 227, 320, 350, 353, 413, 431; ii 67, 70, 77, 131, 256, 445, 483, 491 Intercommunication, i 202; ii 485 Night marches, i 300; ii 127, 130, 136, 141, 190 Patience, ii 483, 490 Plans of attack, i 239, 296, 317–8, 328, 338, 365–7, 379; ii 32, 51–2, 61, 90–1, 103, 145, 220–2 Positions, i 140–1, 145–6, 151, 213, 228, 270, 274, 275, 353–4, 363–6; ii 98, 139, 152–4, 244, 248, 304–5, 309–11 Pursuit, i 65, 153–5, 299, 330–3, 340–2, 427; ii 69, 70, 96–7, 330, 422, 438–9, 470, 481–6, 487 Reconnaissance, ii 51, 60–1, 92, 160, 183, 189, 315, 318 Reliance on the bayonet, i 146, 151, 229, 253; ii 35, 96, 175, 191 Retreat and rear guards, i 213–4, 218 Surprise, i 239, 250, 317, 412, 419, 424, 431; ii 483, 491 Vigilance, i 214, 360, 420; ii 419

Professor at Military Institute:

Duties as, i 58 Inculcates discipline at, i 64 Unpopular as, i 63 Want of success as, i 59

Promotion:

Second Lieutenant, i 29 First Lieutenant, i 29 Brevet-captain, i 46 Brevet-major, i 47 Colonel, i 114 Brigadier-general, i 130 Lieutenant-general, ii 280

Resigns his command, i 201 Resigns his commission, i 57–8 Staff officers, i 115, 180–1, 404, 425, 438 “Stonewall,” origin of the name, i 145 Strength of command:

First Brigade, July, 1861, i 153 Romney expedition, i 189 Army of Valley, February, 1861, i 219–20, 228; March, i 230–1; at Kernstown, i 250, 263–3; April, i 267, 270, 271; at M’Dowell, i 297–8, 301; before Winchester, i 309–10; at Cross Keys, i 368; at Port Republic, i 385; in Peninsula, ii 9; at Cedar Run, ii 85, 91, 95–6; at Groveton, ii 146; at Second Manassas, ii 153–5, 168; at Sharpsburg, ii 235–6, 255, 275–6; at Harper’s Ferry, ii 235; Sept. 30, 1862, ii 275; Second Army Corps, October, ii 281; at Fredericksburg, ii 310; at Chancellorsville, ii 412–3

Sunday-school, i 61, 64 Travels, i 59, 70–1; ii 390 Usefulness of Mexican experiences, i 48–51, 410 Views:

On Secession, i 99 On slavery, i 89 On special correspondents, i 156, 258 On States’ rights, i 99 On war, i 103 Wounded, i 149, 160–1, 163; ii 450

Jena, battle of, i 59, 259; ii 332 Jenkins, General, C.S.A., ii 272, 414 “Jim,” i 300, 396, 442; ii 72 Johnson, General Bradley T., C.S.A., ii 26, 38, 142, 145, 147, 159, 280, 374 Johnson, General Edward, C.S.A., i 50, 206, 284, 286–8, 291, 295–8, 303, 309, 415; ii 393 Johnston, General A. S., C.S.A., i 304 Johnston, General Joseph E., C.S.A., i 50, 122, 125–6, 130, 132–3, 139, 140, 147, 153–4, 156, 157, 159–60, 164, 172, 175–6, 185, 187–9, 199–202, 204–7, 213, 217–9, 232–3, 235, 250, 258, 260, 264–5, 267, 271–2, 274, 278–82, 292, 294, 301, 307–8, 345, 388, 410–1; ii 4, 199, 373, 392, 479, 483, 489 Jomini, Baron, i 75, 407 Jones, Colonel W. E., C.S.A., ii 291 Jones, General D. R., C.S.A., ii 178, 180, 208, 242 Jones, General J. R., C.S.A., ii 208, 220–2, 244–8, 254, 255, 259, 271 Jones, Reverend W., D.D., i 359 Junkin, Miss, i 59 Junkin, Reverend Dr., i 59; ii 327

K

Kearney, General Philip, U.S.A., ii 122, 140, 156, 157–8, 161, 179, 184 Kelley, Colonel, C.S.A., i 383 Kelly, General, U.S.A., i 184, 190 Kemper, General, C.S.A., ii 178, 179, 272 Kenly, Colonel, U.S.A., i 316–9, 321, 323–6, 328, 342, 412 Kernstown, battle of, chapter viii, i 273, 276, 337, 405, 407; ii 32, 103, 175, 247, 302, 332, 341, 348, 370, 379, 483–5, 487 Kershaw, General, C.S.A., ii 271 Kimball, General N., U.S.A., i 238, 242–3, 251, 252 King, General, U.S.A., i 349, 355–6, 400; ii 79, 99, 140, 143–6, 150–1, 163, 190, 193, 195 Kirby Smith, General, C.S.A., i 135, 150–1 Knapsacks, i 222; ii 125 Königgrätz or Sadowa, battle of, i 422; ii 197 Kriegsakademie, i 410

L

Lander, General, U.S.A., i 201–2, 213, 227 Lane, General, C.S.A., ii 95–6, 309–10, 316–7, 366–7, 449, 456, 487 Law, General, C.S.A., ii 26, 35, 37–8, 272, Lawley, Hon. F., special correspondent of the “Times,” ii 280, 390, 461, 477, 478 Lawrences, the, i 4 Lawton, General, C.S.A., i 391, 393, 408; ii 26, 32, 35, 40, 42, 90, 119, 145, 147, 153, 159, 161, 172–3, 177, 208, 220–2, 235, 242, 244–5, 247, 255, 259, 269, 271, 275, 287 Lee, General Fitzhugh, C.S.A., i 333; ii 7, 114, 116, 133, 207–8, 227, 241–2, 294, 331, 413, 418, 420–2, 430, 432–3, 435–6, 472, 491 Lee, General Robert Edward, C.S.A., i 13, 31, 36, 37, 58, 86, 88, 90, 125–6, 130, 131, 141, 173, 204, 207–8, 215, 225, 280–4, 295, 305–8, 352, 388–93, 397–8, 407–12, 419, 429, 431–3, 436; ii 1, 3–6, 8–19, 21–3, 25–6, 28, 29, 30, 35, 39, 41, 43–8, 54, 57–62, 65, 67, 69, 70, 72–4, 75, 77–81, 84, 88, 109, 111–7, 122–5, 128, 131–4, 135, 138, 139, 142, 150–1, 156, 162–3, 167–9, 176–8, 183, 185–90, 192–4, 196, 199, 200, 202, 205–13, 216–7, 220, 223–4, 226–8, 236, 239, 242–3, 250–1, 254, 258–9, 262–9, 273–4, 276–80, 289–93, 295–9, 300, 303, 305, 307–8, 312, 322, 324–5, 330, 332–4, 336, 341–5, 348, 353–4, 358–60, 364, 369, 370, 373–6, 382, 387, 390, 392–3, 398–9, 404–10, 413–9, 424–35, 437–9, 446, 455, 457–64, 468–70, 472–5, 477–80, 483–4, 486, 488–90 Lee, B. E., Esq., C.S.A., ii 473 Lee, General Stephen D., C.S.A., ii 168, 175, 208, 244, 246, 249, 252, 263–7, 272 Lee, General W. H. F., C.S.A., i 333; ii 120, 291, 331, 413, 438 Leigh, Captain, C.S.A., ii 451, 453 Leipsic, campaign and battle of, i 418; ii 192, 493 Letcher, Governor, i 205, 210 Leuthen, battle of, ii 470 Ligny, battle of, i 259; ii 59 Lincoln, Abraham, i 81, 86, 97–8, 101, 105, 120, 158, 171–2, 208, 215, 216, 226, 231, 233–5, 249–50, 252, 260, 265, 277, 279, 289, 293–4, 305–6, 314–5, 344, 349–50, 358, 386, 399, 401, 405–9, 411, 415; ii 5, 73, 75, 77, 80, 83, 210, 213, 273, 276, 289, 295–7, 302, 320, 334–5, 337, 341, 392, 408, 468, 485 Little Sorrel, i 198; ii 209, 256, 281, 311, 442, 450 Long, General, C.S.A., ii 54, 188, 327, 359, 360 Longstreet, General, C.S.A., i 50, 139, 265, 397; ii 9, 12, 14, 18, 24, 26, 28–31, 36, 42, 45, 47–9, 53–7, 59, 61–2, 65, 69–71, 100, 111, 137, 144, 150–3, 156–7, 162–3, 165–6, 168–70, 171, 173, 175–7, 179, 181, 183, 187–90, 193, 208, 210, 212–3, 217–8, 224–7, 230, 233, 236, 238, 241, 244, 249, 257–61, 276–7, 280, 286, 293, 298–301, 304, 308–9, 311, 313, 316, 320–2, 336, 341, 351, 404, 406–7, 414, 455, 469, 486 Loring, General, C.S.A., i 185, 187–9, 193–7, 199–201, 205, 211; ii 370, 489 Louis XIV, ii 283

M

McCall, General, U.S.A., i 349, 386; ii 10, 48 McClellan, General, U.S.A., i 50, 58, 155, 171, 174–5, 184, 187, 196, 202–3, 213, 215, 216, 218–20, 227, 231–2, 235–6, 247–50, 252, 259, 265–7, 269–72, 274, 277–80, 292–3, 304–6, 314, 344–5, 386–91, 393, 398, 400–1, 404–5, 407–9, 411, 413, 415, 420, 429; ii 2, 5, 6, 9, 12, 14, 15, 18–9, 28, 30, 32, 39, 40, 43–8, 57, 60, 65–74, 75–7, 81, 83–4, 102, 109–11, 113, 116–7, 122–5, 135–6, 142, 145, 152, 167, 185, 187, 194, 198–9, 205, 210–3, 216–8, 224–7, 230–4, 236–7, 241, 243, 245–8, 250, 253–4, 256, 258, 260, 263, 267–8, 270, 273–5, 277–9, 289, 291–7, 299, 332–3, 341, 343, 371–2, 392, 413, 485 McDowell, battle of, chapter ix, i 263, 412, 424–5, 446; ii 484 McDowell, General, U.S.A., i 50, 131–3, 135–6, 138–9, 144, 147, 150, 152, 154–5, 158–9, 171, 248–50, 279–80, 289, 292–4, 304, 314–5, 325, 344–6, 349–53, 358, 364, 386–91, 395, 398–401, 404, 408, 412–3, 415, 420; ii 3, 5, 10, 60, 79, 84, 97, 99, 101, 103, 116 McGuire, Dr. Hunter, C.S.A., i 260, 369, 439; ii 30, 51, 55, 57–8, 69, 86, 123, 164, 193, 257, 324–5, 373, 391, 451, 453–4, 471 McLaws, General, C.S.A., ii 62, 111, 122, 169, 204, 208, 213, 216–21, 223–5, 233–4, 238, 243, 250, 250–6, 271, 329, 413, 421–2, 431–3, 446, 459, 462–3, 467 Magruder, General, C.S.A., i 32–3, 36–7, quoted 39, 42, quoted 47, 50, 278–9; ii 9, 11, 12, 14, 44–5, 47, 53, 55, 59, 61–3, 65 Mahan, Captain, U.S.N., quoted, ii 332 Mahone, General, C.S.A., i 411; ii 272 Malvern Hill, battle of, chapter xiv, ii 43, 75, 80, 201, 274, 330, 341, 483, 488 Manassas, first battle of, chapter vi, i 135, 173–4, 198, 209, 216, 255, 425; ii 274, 348, 483, 491 Manassas, second battle of, chapters xvi, ii 108 and xvii, 167, 187–8, 192, 202, 212, 228, 231, 253, 311, 341, 344, 370, 468, 487 Mansfield, General, C.S.A., ii 237, 241–3, 247–8, 250, 255, 261, 272 Maps, i 136, 183, 416–7, 440; ii 46, 59, 110, 431–2 Marches. (See under _Jackson_) Marcus Aurelius, i 21 Marengo, battle of, i 255; ii 493 Marlborough, Duke of, i 75, 215 Marmont, Marshal, ii 187, 492 Mars-la-Tour, battle of, i 259 Mason and Dixon’s Line, i 82–4 Masséna, Marshal, ii 482, 491 Meade, General, U.S.A., ii 155, 181, 188, 244–5, 247, 275, 314–9, 321, 323, 328, 416 Meagher, General, U.S.A., ii 40, 43 Mechanicsville, Virginia, engagement at, chapter xii, 404; ii 486 Medicines, i 112; ii 205, 346, 405 Meigs, General, U.S.A., ii 337 Merrimac, the, i 278, 301 Metaurus, battle of, ii 196 Mexico, city of, i 26, 30, 35 Mexico, evacuation of, i 53 Mexico, occupation of city of, i 51–2 Mexico, Republic of, i 26 Mexico, surrender of city of, i 45 Mexico, valley of, i 30, 34 Middletown, engagement at, chapter x, 304, i 328–30 Miles, Colonel, U.S.A., ii 457 Military Academy,(See _West Point_) Military Institute, Lexington, Virginia, i 55–8, 60, 63–4, 68, 71, 76, 98–100, 104 Militia, American, i 17, 56, 79, 101, 105 Milroy, General, U.S.A., i 269, 275, 284, 288, 291–2, 295, 297–8, 300, 315, 375, 412, 414–5, 431, 446; ii 155–6, 414 Molino del Rey, battle of, i 39, 45 Moltke, Field-Marshal Count, i 8, 25, 357, 430, 433; ii 11, 19, 58, 187, 197, 342, 347 Monitor, the, i 278 Monterey, battle of, i 27, 28 Moore, Captain, C.S.A., i 370 Moore, General Sir John, ii 363 Morell, General, U.S.A., ii 122, 174, 175 Morrison, Captain J. G., C.S.A., ii 422, 451 Morrison, Miss A. M., i 59 Moscow, i 109; ii 493 Mule battery, i 378 Munford, Colonel, C.S.A., i 310, 321, 391–3, 398, 421; ii 49, 55–6, 129, 181, 208, 224–5, 242, 294 Murat, Prince, i 259

N

Napier, General Sir Charles, i 4; quoted, ii 359 Napier, General Sir William, i 4; quoted, i 419, 423, 427; ii 345, 478 Napiers, the, i 4 Napoleon, i 22–3, 48, 57, 75, 78, 109, 110, 182, 186, 193, 197, 221, 232, 247, 250–1, 259, 336, 347, 357, 406, 409, 410, 413–4, 416, 417–9, 422–3, 433–4; ii 19, 109, 138, 170, 187, 196, 197, 199, 260, 338, 340, 343, 362, 370, 372, 391, 394–5, 426, 428, 429, 486, 491, 493, 495 Naval and military expeditions (see also _Transport by Sea_), i 28, 213, 233–6, 249–50, 252, 279 Navy, U.S., i 27, 106, 112, 124, 305 Nelson, i 75, 157, 197; ii 370, 371, 482 Newton, General, U.S.A., ii 316, 318, 328 Ney, Marshal, i 75–6; ii 191–2, 492 North Anna, battle of, ii 228 North Anna, position on, ii 301, 303, 305, 329–30, 332–3, 410, 488 Northern soldier, i 132, 137, 139, 152–3, 158–60; ii 75, 148, 180, 229, 244–5, 247, 274–5, 279, 331–2, 341–2, 344–8, 381

O

Officers, corps of, ii 348 Officers, U.S. Army, i 178–8, 25, 50, 104, 136; ii 480–1 “Old Dominion,” the, i 2, 98 O’Neal, Colonel, C.S.A., ii 441–3 Ord, General, U.S.A., i 344, 354, 355–6, 386 “Order, the lost,” ii 217, 238, 277–8 Orderlies, i 322; ii 150 Orders (see also under _Jackson_), ii 20, 24, 30, 33, 57, 63, 87–8, 94–5, 105, 113–4, 140, 144, 149, 189, 191, 217, 219, 359, 432 Organisation and recruiting, i 17–8, 33, 104–11, 115, 117–8, 120, 123, 136–8, 154–5, 158–9, 161, 169–70, 215, 225–6, 231, 248–9, 254, 273, 312, 322, 333, 405–6, 427–9; ii 30, 203–6, 231, 273, 275–6, 280, 289, 331, 348, 410, 412, 468 Ox Hill. (See _Chantilly_)

P

Palfrey, General, U.S.A., ii 229, 252, 261 Palo Alto, battle of, i 27, 28, 32 Patrick, General, U.S.A., ii 146, 246 Patterson, General, U.S.A., i 126, 128–9, 131–3, 135, 139, 227 Patton, Colonel, C.S.A., i 377, 384 Paxton, General, C.S.A., ii 465 Pelham, Major John, C.S.A., ii 147, 314, 316, 323 Pender, General, C.S.A., ii 95–6, 153, 158, 160, 271, 309, 318, 322, 452 Pendleton, Lieutenant Colonel A. S., C.S.A., i 369; ii 57, 403, 454–5, 471 Pendleton, Reverend Dr., General, C.S.A., i 123, 146; ii 208, 230, 251, 269, 276, 473 Peninsular campaign, 1862, ii 86, 109, 186, 200, 331, 348 Peninsular War, 1808–14, i 170, 221, 419; ii 200, 201, 492 Pickett, General, C.S.A., i 50; ii 329, 356, 405, 407, 425, 455 Pierce, General, U.S.A., i 33 Pillow, General, U.S.A., i 33, 36–7, 46 Pleasonton, General, U.S.A., ii 293, 418, 427, 435, 439, 446–7 Plevna, battle of, i 232; ii 174 Plunder, ii 352–4 Poague, Colonel, C.S.A., i 370 Pope, General, U.S.A., i 401; ii 78–85, 87, 89, 90, 92, 97–100, 102–3, 106–7, 109–11, 113–25, 127–9, 131–2, 134, 136–42, 145, 149–51, 157, 161–2, 165–6, 167–73, 176–7, 181–3, 185, 187–96, 199, 203, 205, 207, 210, 229, 235, 295–6, 300, 341, 343–5, 469, 479, 483–6, 488 Population of North and South, i 106–7 Port Republic, battle of, chapter xi, 357, i 365, 424, 425, 441; ii 247, 341, 484 Porter, General FitzJohn, U.S.A., i 51; ii 10, 12–3, 16, 19, 25, 27–9, 36, 38–9, 48, 61, 64, 66, 122, 140, 157, 162–3, 170, 171–3, 175–8, 180, 228, 243, 268–70, 272, 341, 344 Presbyterian Church, i 53, 59, 61 Prescott, W. F., the historian, i 26 Preston, Colonel, C.S.A., i 187 Prince Frederick Charles of Prussia, General, ii 196 Prussia, i 75, 110; ii 196 Puritans, the, i 73, 83

Q

Quatre-Bras, battle of, i 414; ii 59, 192, 468, 492

R

Raglan, Field-Marshal Lord, ii 355 Railroads in war, i 107–9, 120–1, 135, 150, 235, 266, 277, 286–7, 391, 393, 395; ii 10, 78–80, 101–2, 111, 121, 124, 129, 133, 140, 182, 192, 291, 297, 397, 404, 480 Ramseur, General, C.S.A., ii 441, 444 Ransom, General, C.S.A., ii 272, 329, 405 Rebel Yell, i 340; ii 482 Reconnaissance. (See _Tactics_) Regimental life in 1851, i 57 Reno, General, U.S.A., i 50; ii 113, 116, 137, 140, 156–9, 161, 184 Resaca de la Palma, battle of, i 27, 32 Revolution, American, and War of Independence, i 6, 57, 91–2, 95–6, 106, 113, 221, 425; ii 340 Reynolds, General, U.S.A., ii 44, 122, 140, 143, 155–7, 162, 171, 173, 180, 195, 428, 465 Richardson, General, U.S.A., ii 53, 251, 257 Richepanse, General, ii 466 Ricketts, General, U.S.A., i 386, 401; ii 79, 84, 92, 140, 143, 150, 171, 173–4, 176, 179, 244, 247 Ripley, General, C.S.A., ii 271 Rivoli, battle of, i 429 Roads, American, i 108 Roads, Virginian, i 211, 232, 237, 426; ii 198, 203 Robertson, General, C.S.A., ii 116–7, 208, 224, 235 Rodes, General, C.S.A., ii 38, 271, 331, 412, 432, 437, 440–2, 444, 447–9, 455, 460 Romney, expedition to, chapter vii, 171 Ropes, John C., i 92; ii 101 Rosecrans, General, U.S.A., i 186, 189, 294 Rupert, Prince, i 83 Russia, i 79, 108, 109

S

Sadowa. (See _Königgräts_) Salamanca, battle of, i 428; ii 187, 188, 426, 490, 491 Santa Anna, President of Mexico, i 27, 28–31, 39, 45 Sauroren, battle of, i 427 Savage’s Station, engagement at, ii 47 Saxton, General, U.S.A., i 345–6, 355–6, 372, 413, 425 Schenck, General, U.S.A., i 269, 295, 298, 375, 446; ii 155–6 Schurz, General, U.S.A., ii 155–6, 401 Scotland, i 3, 11, 93, 102; ii 332 Scott, Colonel, C.S.A., i 309, 337, 339, 385 Scott, General Winfleld, U.S.A., i 27–30, 36–9, 46–50, 52, 111, 132, 136, 171 Sea, command of. (See _Strategy_) Sea power, i 112–3. (See _Sea, Command of_) Sebastopol, i 422 Secession, i 78–9, 81–2, 86–7, 90–102 Sedan, campaign and battle of, i 427; ii 332 Seddon, Hon. Mr., ii 404, 406, 407 Sedgwick, General, U.S.A., i 235; ii 53, 251–3, 255–6, 408–10, 416, 418–9, 421, 425–8, 430, 434, 438, 458, 462–3 Semmes, General, U.S.A., ii 252, 271 Seven Days’ Battles, chapters xiii, xiv, ii 109, 201 Seven Pines, battle of, i 443; ii 3, 5 Seymour, General, U.S.A., ii 155 Sharpsburg, battle of, chapter xix, i 169; ii 288, 289, 335, 341, 356, 370, 380, 483 Sheridan, General, U.S.A., i 426, 428; ii 394, 479, 485, 487 Sherman, General, U.S.A., i 58, 144, ii 479, 485, 487, 489 Shields, General, U.S.A., i 38, 213, 230, 235–6, 238, 242–3, 248, 251, 259–60, 262, 263, 277, 279, 283, 290, 293–4, 298, 314–5, 344, 346, 349–56, 358–60, 363–5, 367–9, 371–2, 375–6, 378, 381, 384, 386, 391, 400, 424, 426, 429, 431; ii 19, 73, 75, 101, 199, 247, 341, 393, 484–5 Sickles, General, U.S.A., ii 318, 328, 401, 427, 434–5, 438–40, 446–7, 456, 486 Sigel, General, U.S.A., ii 79, 97–9, 101, 103, 116, 137, 140, 143, 149, 155–6, 173, 179, 195 Signalling, i 143, 363, 368; ii 87, 111, 137, 218, 279, 418–9, 425, 480 Skobeleff, General, i 197, 255; ii 174 Slave owners, i 79–81, 84–8, 90–1, 95, 124 Slavery, i 79–80, 82, 84–96, 98, 102 Slaves, i 61, 79, 81, 85–90 Slocum, General, U.S.A., ii 27, 39, 53–4, 254, 401, 416, 427 Smith, Captain (Reverend Dr.), C.S.A., ii 315, 327, 331, 352, 380, 451–3, 462 Smith, General G. W., C.S.A., i 388 Smith, General, U.S.A., i 174–6, 388 Smolensko, i 109 Soldier, American (see also _Northern_ and _Southern Soldier,_ and _Volunteer_), i 106; ii 345–8, 382 Solferino, battle of, i 422 Southern soldier, i 104–5, 115, 117, 123, 161, 166, 174, 178, 193, 200, 254–5, 273, 299, 303, 333, 335, 394–5, 435–8; ii 126–7, 133, 204, 209, 229, 235–6, 263, 273, 279–85, 331, 344, 346–61, 363, 381, 386–7, 398–9, 440–1, 444–5, 469, 477, 480, 487, 497 South Mountain, battle of, chapter xix xix, ii 488 South, the, i 76, 79–81, 83–6, 90, 93–9, 100–2 Spicheren, battle of, i 259, 430 Spies, i 290, 421; ii 89 Spotsylvania, battle of, i 433; ii 201 Staff, i 105–6, 111, 115, 136, 153, 154, 165, 169, 179–83, 212, 215, 227, 229, 237, 388, 392, 421, 425, 430–1, 438, 440–1; ii 20–1, 26, 34, 41–2, 57, 59, 62, 68, 71, 89, 143, 150, 169, 178, 236, 252, 264, 269, 283, 327, 345, 364, 384, 386–7, 389–91, 423, 446, 486 Stafford, Colonel, C.S.A., ii 95–6, 97 Starke, General, C.S.A., ii 145, 153, 159, 177, 184–5, 244, 246, 271 States’ rights, i 79, 86, 92–4, 96, 98–102 Stanton, Hon. Mr., i 155, 208, 265, 275, 277, 281, 292, 294, 304, 314–6, 325–6, 344, 348, 351, 360, 386, 388–9, 400, 401, 406–7, 409, 447; ii 5, 83, 113, 299, 392, 404 Steinwehr, General von, U.S.A., ii 82, 155–6, 159, 401 Steuart, General, C.S.A., i 310, 328, 331–2, 334, 341–2, ; ii 370 Stevens, General, U.S.A., ii 179 Stoneman, General, U.S.A., ii 408–9, 417–8, 464, 468 “Stonewall Brigade,” i 162, 165–7, 178–9, 183, 194–5, 197, 209, 220, 241, 252–4, 262, 295, 299, 309, 334–5, 338, 340, 345, 347, 349, 351, 355, 383; ii 26, 35, 76, 93–5, 104, 145, 148, 173, 235–6, 271, 437, 465, 482 Stores, ii 30, 129, 131–2, 136 Straggling, i 138, 150, 152–3, 313, 428–9; ii 50, 180, 185, 204, 227, 235, 249, 262, 273, 275–7, 303, 358, 411, 432 Strategist, qualities of, i 48, 75–6, 409, 413–4 Strategy. (See also under _Jackson_)

Application of principles of, i 409, 415 Art of, i 25, 75–6, 406, 409, 432–3; ii 391 Factors of, i 75; ii 391, 393–4 Importance of, i 401, 406, 409; ii 338 Problems of, i 75; ii 391 Rules of, i 406, 409; ii 138, 430 Study of, i 227; ii 391, 394, 396 Training in, i 74–6, 409–10; ii 396 _Practice and Elements of:_

Action of weaker belligerent, i 154, 174–5, 418; ii 199 Activity, i 418–9 Audacity, ii 11 Base of operations, i 44, 109; ii 295 Civilian strategy, i 172–3, 206–8, 252, 406–8 Command of the sea, i 27, 112–3, 124, 213, 217; ii 31, 207, 406 Compelling the enemy to make mistakes, i 270 Concealment of movements, i 412, 421–3; ii 79, 80, 83, 126, 137–42, 190 Concentration of effort, i 173, 187–8, 418; ii 135, 207, 407, 416 Concentration of superior force at decisive point, i 418, 420, 423; ii 407–8, 423 Concentration on the battlefield, i 131, 390, 418, 420, 422–3; ii 10, 37, 90, 127, 187, 196, 277, 297 Converging columns, i 359, 372, 412, 419; ii 16–7, 19, 22, 46, 48, 58–9, 85, 139, 423 Counterstroke, i 173, 293; ii 200–1, 414, 469 Dealing with enemy in detail, i 189–90, 418; ii 84–5, 89, 102, 125, 199, 213, 298, 408–9, 416 Deceiving the enemy, i 282, 391–3 Defensive, the, i 172–3, 401, 418; ii 199, 200, 231, 332, 413 Demonstrations, ii 408–9 Detached force, duties of, i 75, 281; ii 406–7 Dispersion, i 131, 219, 231, 277, 314, 358, 418, 433; ii 79, 85, 149–51, 187, 195–7, 207, 212–3, 307, 404–5, 418 Dividing to unite, i 411, 423; ii 124, 138, 187, 192, 196–7, 295, 307, 416 Exterior and interior lines, i 293; ii 83–4, 113, 122, 124–5, 135, 151, 195, 213, 217, 226, 408–9 Finance as a factor, i 234 Forcing the enemy out of a strong or intrenched position, i 308–9, 391; ii 10, 124, 183, 408–9, 417 Holding enemy fast, ii 142, 232, 408 Human factor, the, ii 297 Inducing enemy to divide, i 330, 386, 418; ii 392 Initiative, i 415, 418; ii 231, 305, 435 Invasion, i 107–10, 175, 185–6, 203, 305–6; ii 78, 199, 200, 202–4, 231 Knowledge of enemy’s character, i 50, 227, 276, 291, 325–6, 330, 376, 415; ii 4, 11, 28, 187, 188, 202, 220, 233, 243, 277 Lines of communication, i 34, 107–9, 112, 142, 164, 175, 188, 224, 272, 283, 389; ii 24, 30, 111, 114, 124, 132, 151, 199, 211–2, 305, 329, 404, 408, 413, 458 Lines of operation, i 27–8, 30; ii 393 Lines of supply, ii 79, 131, 295–7, 300, 408 Luring enemy into false position, i 267, 270, 272; ii 79, 83, 106, 110, 199, 307, 415 Moral factors, i 110, 155, 232, 270, 347, 351–2, 372, 415; ii 47, 201, 346–7, 349, 369–70, 395 Objectives, ii 391–4, 406 Obstacles, topographical, i 267–9, 365–7; ii 81–2, 87, 135, 196, 266–7 Offensive, i 418, 425; ii 102, 111, 123, 142, 231, 336, 413–4 Politics, i 206, 231, 234, 401; ii 289–90, 292 Prestige, ii 201 Pursuit, i 153–4, 420; ii 43, 45–6, 59, 77, 470 Recruiting-grounds, i 119, 164; ii 207 Retreat, i 213; ii 106, 125 Space, i 109 Stratagems, i 271, 391–4, 420–1 Strategical points, i 173, 199, 206, 233–4, 249–50, 408; ii 206, 392, 393 Surprise, i 398–9 Time, i 415; ii 19, 24, 231, 234, 307–8, 407 Topographical factors, i 75, 232, 416–7 Turning movements, i 35 Uncertainty, i 347, 350–2, 372, 384; ii 47, 193, 428 Vital points, i 219, 233–4, 408; ii 305, 406 Zone of manœuvre, ii 199

Strother, Colonel, U.S.A., i 325, 340 Stuart, General J. E. B., C.S.A., i 126–7, 129, 135, 146, 149, 165, 333; ii 6–9, 12, 14, 20–1, 31, 41, 44, 47, 55, 69, 72, 80, 98, 100, 114, 116, 118–21, 130, 133–4, 136, 141, 144–5, 147, 149, 152–3, 157, 165–6, 178, 181–5, 189, 193–4, 210, 213, 217, 224, 230, 235, 238, 241–2, 246, 249, 252, 255, 259–61, 264, 266–7, 270, 273, 282–3, 287, 291–2, 299, 308, 311, 322–3, 330–3, 336, 386–8, 398–9, 412, 414, 416, 418, 423, 427, 430, 454–5, 457–60, 473 Sturgis, General, U.S.A., ii 328 Summer, General, U.S.A., ii 170, 182, 186, 248, 250, 254, 256, 321 Sumter, Fort, i 100 Supply, i 30, 34, 44, 106–8, 111, 118, 138, 153–4, 173, 187, 203, 216, 265, 275, 288–9, 364; ii 30, 114, 125, 128, 131, 187, 204, 207, 209, 231, 333, 382, 405, 409, 412, 414, 417, 468 Supply by requisition, ii 81 Supply depôts and magazines, i 44, 107; ii 80, 125, 129, 199, 291, 408 Supply trains, ii 88, 90, 111, 140, 183, 231, 234, 297, 330 Suvoroff, Field-Marshal, i 197 Swinton, W. H., ii 101, 191, 411, 477–8 Sydnor, Captain J. W., C.S.A., ii 16 Sykes, General, U.S.A., ii 31–2, 53, 122, 174, 179, 180, 328, 421

T

Tactics. (See also under _Jackson_)

Advanced guards, i 240, 277, 317–8, 337, 364, 382; ii 60, 71, 90–1, 109, 119–20, 146, 184, 199, 202, 208, 269, 306–7, 421 Ambuscade, i 139, 226, 242, 259; ii 106 Ammunition columns, i 35, 374, 378, 426; ii 234, 330 Arms, i 105, 112, 140, 215, 220, 225, 292; ii 11, 205, 270, 346 Artillery, i 144, 146, 159, 220, 222, 225, 404; ii 28, 31–2, 36, 39, 51–3, 60–3, 66, 91–3, 95, 104, 148, 154–6, 172–3, 175–6, 179, 181, 190, 218–24, 230, 241, 245–7, 249–50, 253–5, 261, 264–6, 305–6, 310–1, 314–6, 320, 323–4, 330–1, 434, 446–7, 457, 459 Assault of second line, ii 36–8, 445 Attack, i 38, 138, 148, 160, 229, 239, 250, 296, 338–9, 347, 350, 370–1, 373–4, 380–3, 387, 420; ii 15, 56, 59, 62–3, 100, 114, 145, 147, 155, 158–60, 247, 250–3, 270, 277–9, 314–6, 320, 323, 340, 458 Attack, at dawn, i 345, 360, 379 Attack, night, ii 456 Attack, secondary, i 240, 339 Attack, signal for, ii 62, 441–2 Audacity, i 251 Cavalry and Mounted Riflemen, i 31, 36, 38, 49, 105, 127, 149, 161, 178, 215, 222–6, 237, 245–6, 264, 273, 290, 318–21, 329, 332–6, 339, 341–3, 360–3, 385, 394, 425; ii 5–6, 20, 36, 41, 70, 80, 82, 88, 90, 96, 105, 114, 117, 131, 133, 145, 149, 157, 179–81, 186, 188–9, 194, 208, 211, 223, 227, 230, 291, 301, 304, 323, 330–1, 412, 415, 418, 425, 428, 434, 436, 462–3, 468 Cavalry raids, ii 6–9, 48, 59, 120–2, 291–3, 336–7, 409, 418, 462–3, 468 Combination, i 311; ii 15–6, 29, 46, 62–3, 180, 187–8, 245, 278, 357, 362, 430, 457–8 Communication between columns, i 193, 195–6, 280–1, 440; ii 12, 20–3, 132, 134–5, 139, 154, 181 Concealment of force, ii 161, 168, 171–2, 187, 233, 240–1 Concentration of superior force, ii 357, 362 Counter-attack, i 37, 151, 239, 244–5, 255–6, 301, 374, 380; ii 32, 49, 66, 94–5, 104–5, 155–9, 161–2, 168, 176–7, 179, 187–8, 190–1, 200, 230, 241, 247–8, 250, 252–3, 256–61, 264, 267, 269–70, 305, 318–23, 325, 329–30, 332, 413, 427, 457–9, 463, 465 Counter-attack, time for, ii 168, 176–7, 252, 415, 429, 457, 465, 478 Counter-attack, unreadiness for, ii 15, 19, 65–6, 190 Defensive positions, i 145–6, 148, 160, 238–9, 267, 276, 296–7, 334, 345, 367–8, 372, 379; ii 10, 26–7, 52–3, 59–61, 72, 102, 123, 152–4, 200, 224–5, 239–41, 244, 248–9, 264–6, 304, 308–9, 330, 332, 341, 424, 427–8, 429–30, 439–40, 462–3 Defensive, the, i 106–7, 160; ii 14, 190–1, 199, 227–8, 332, 341, 425–7, 429 Demonstrations, i 243, 260, 329, 392; ii 53–4, 56, 119, 305, 408–9, 412, 433–4 Flank guards, i 329; ii 433, 435, 441 Formations for attack, ii 347–8, 440–1, 473–5 Front of defence, ii 104, 153–4, 310–1, 427 Hasty intrenchments, ii 347, 415–6, 420–1, 426, 429, 431, 439, 450, 457–8 Hour of marching, i 183; ii 87, 90, 116, 125, 182, 284 Initiative, ii 279, 342–3, 346, 362 Investment, ii 213, 216, 218–21 Marching to sound of cannon, ii 22–41, 58, 278 Mobility, ii 199 Musketry and marksmanship, i 136–7, 161–3, 220, 298, 373, 375, 404; ii 63–5, 339–40 Mutual support, ii 278–9 Offensive, the, i 136–7, 172; ii 229, 243, 340–1 Outposts, i 139, 161, 223, 265, 316–7, 368–9, 394, 396; ii 18, 203, 291, 347, 350–1, 362–3, 439–40, 442, 475 Panic, i 47, 153, 256, 340; ii 41, 356, 358, 449 Passage of rivers, ii 12, 44–6, 49, 116–8, 165–6, 230–1, 293, 304–8, 409, 415, 417 Patrolling, i 220–1, 223, 226, 394; ii 347, 357, 362 “Pivot of operation,” ii 14, 199 Preliminary arrangements for attack, ii 441 Pursuit, i 65, 153, 193, 251–2, 263, 299, 301–2, 318, 331–5, 340–3, 385, 420; ii 39–41, 59, 69, 106, 176, 182, 226, 293, 305, 330, 332, 422, 468, 470 Rapidity, i 311, 353, 419 Rear guards, i 239, 245, 332–4, 343, 360, 394; ii 59, 136, 268 Reconnaissance, i 116, 139, 223–4, 225; ii 104, 183–4, 186, 189, 234, 347, 423, 429, 439 Reconnaissance in force, i 128–9, 172, 297–8; ii 137–8, 163, 171, 184, 293, 433–4 Reserves, i 142, 299, 339; ii 38, 40, 64, 66, 103, 159, 161, 190, 250, 268, 310, 420, 440 Retreat, i 147, 213, 218, 239–40, 245, 256; ii 59, 60, 67, 69, 70, 106, 116, 170, 226–7, 230, 410 Skirmishing, i 221, 377; ii 160, 346, 357, 363 Slopes of positions, i 298; ii 240 Steadiness and precision of movement, ii 357, 359, 362 Surprise, i 239, 317, 348, 373; ii 12, 70–1, 113–4, 146, 430, 442 Turning movements, i 31, 160, 239, 251, 318, 418, 430; ii 99, 183, 185, 196, 200, 228 Wood fighting, i 329; ii 32–3, 93, 95–8, 148, 155–6, 159, 181–2, 184, 190, 195, 218–9, 227, 309–10, 316–7, 415–6, 423–4, 426–7, 442, 447–8, 466, 474–5

Talavera, battle of, ii 191, 228, 271 Taliaferro, Colonel A. G., C.S.A., ii 145, 244, 271 Taliaferro, General W. B., C.S.A., i 309, 339; ii 92–3, 95, 125, 131, 141–3, 145, 147, 149, 153, 304, 308, 310, 318, 320, 374 Tariff, i 83 Taylor, Colonel Frank, U.S.A., i 52, 55 Taylor, General R., C.S.A., i 309–11, 313–4, 327–8, 332–3, 336, 339–40, 352, 355, 375, 379–81, 383, 431, 434; ii 26, 69 Taylor, General, U.S.A., i 28–9, 48–9 Telegraph, i 108, 194, 202, 351; ii 7, 121, 291, 336–7, 419, 425, 428, 480 Tents, i 222; ii 203, 205 Theatres of war, i 107–8, 426 “Thinking bayonet,” the, ii 361–3 Thomas, General, C.S.A., ii 95, 153, 156, 158–9, 161, 271, 309, 434, 436 Thomas, General, U.S.A., ii 485, 487 Toombs, General, C.S.A., ii 272 Torres Vedras, i 221, 419; ii 330, 492 Toulouse, battle of, 1814, ii 197 Transport, i 30, 106, 108, 138, 154, 173, 190, 192, 213, 236, 266, 346–7; ii 31, 46 Transport of troops by sea, i 28, 233, 235, 250, 252, 278–9; ii 31, 73, 84, 109–11, 122, 194 Trimble, General, C.S.A., i 309–11, 328, 337–9, 341, 373–7, 384, 434; ii 23–4, 26, 33, 38, 66, 91, 118, 145, 147–8, 153, 164, 184, 271, 414 Turenne, Marshal, i 108; ii 338 Twiggs, General, U.S.A., i 33 Tyler, General, U.S.A., i 142, 144, 150–1, 242–3, 251–2, 371, 379, 382–5, 431

U

Ulm, campaign of, i 418, 425; ii 197 Ulster, i 3, , 6, 93 Uniform. (See _Dress_) Unionist feeling in the South, i 91, 95–6, 98, 102

V

Valley campaign, 1862, i 104, 110, 330–1, chapter xii 404; ii 19, 80–1, 186, 200, 204, 484–6 Valley of the Shenandoah, the, i 56, 119, 178, 267, 276, 317, 329, 366–7, 425 Valley of Virginia, the, i 56 Vera Cruz, siege of, i 27–9 Vimiera, battle of, ii 191 Vionville, battle of, ii 71 Vittoria, battle of, i 419; ii 196, 493 Volunteer officers, i 48, 104, 117, 254, 333; ii 203, 303, 348 Volunteers, American. (See also under _Northern_ and _Southern Soldiers_), i 17–8, 33, 48–9; ii 109, 168, 354, 378

W

Walker, Colonel, C.S.A., ii 308–9, 317 Walker, General J. G., C.S.A., ii 123, 167, 204, 208, 213, 216, 218–21, 224, 233–4, 236, 238, 241–2, 250, 252–5, 257, 259, 272 Warren, General, U.S.A., ii 173, 177 Washington, General, President, U.S.A., i 6, 48, 75, 96, 101, 177, 224, 410; ii 343, 395, 494 Waterloo, battle of, i 208, 254, 418, 430; ii 59, 468, 491, 493 Weissembourg, battle of, 1870, ii 71 Wellington, i 4, 75, 146, 162, 170, 180, 208, 215, 221, 357, 414; ii 187, 191, 199, 201, 228, 330, 343, 347, 355, 371, 426, 468, 490–4 Western armies and campaigns, i 124, 213, 218, 224–5, 304; ii 15, 73–4, 206–7, 232, 330–1, 344, 397, 404 West Point, graduates of, i 104 West Point, Military Academy at, i 12–4, 16–9, 24 Wheeler, General, C.S.A., i 333 Whipple, General, U.S.A., ii 328, 434, 456 White, Dr. H. A., ii 18 White, General, U.S.A., ii 215, 223, 473 White Oak Swamp, engagement at, ii 49–57 White, Reverend Dr., i 155, 161, 164 Whiting, General, C.S.A., i 391, 393, 408, 439–40; ii 3, 18, 23, 24, 32, 34–5, 37–8, 42, 52, 61, 64–5, 79 Whittier, i 65 Wilbourn, Captain, C.S.A., ii 451 Wilcox, General, C.S.A., ii 178, 180–1, 272, 422, 462 Williams, General, U.S.A., i 235, 238, 248–9, 259–60, 263 Willis, Colonel, C.S.A., i 369 Winchester, battle of, chapter x 304, i 424, 427, 447; ii 202, 247, 341 Winder, General, C.S.A., i 295, 309, 345–6, 349, 351–2, 354, 380–5, 431; ii 18, 26, 32, 35, 40, 64, 90–3, 101, 287 Wolfe, General, i 4, 111; ii 494 Wolseley, Field-Marshal Lord, quoted, i 215, 413, 420; ii 280, 390, 489 Woodson, Captain, i 6 Wörth, battle of, i 256, 430; ii 239, 278 Worth, General, U.S.A., i 28, 33, 36 Wright, General, C.S.A., ii 52–4, 61, 63, 272, 422 Würmser, General, i 418