Part 13

_E._ Broad; double-curved edges; notched in from the base, and barbs worked so as to be narrowest near the blade, with the ends straight or round; stem expanding by straight lines; base straight (figure 270).

_F._ Edges nearly straight to the barbs, which are worked off to a point toward the stem; base convex and wide; stem expanding by curved lines (figure 271).

_G._ Rather slender; base nearly straight, either convex or concave; stem rapidly expanding; notched in from the corners, making long slender barbs which project beyond the line of the edges (as illustrated in figure 272). The same form comes from Dougherty county, southwestern Georgia, as well as from Savannah.

_H._ Straight or convex edges; base straight or slightly convex; stem to one side of the center, leaving one barb longer and larger than the other (figure 273).

_I._ Triangular, notched in from the bottom; barbs extend down even with the base, or the base is sometimes worked back, leaving it shorter than the barbs; some are beveled (figure 274). The same form is found in southwestern Georgia.

_J._ Broad; straight edges; base straight or concave; stem straight or expanding; long, rounded barbs (figure 275).

_K._ From Arkansas county, Arkansas, there is an implement of basanite or black jasper, of the general type of figure 180 or 182, the point being broken off. The base has been worked down to a sharp edge, the stem highly polished on both faces. This polish does not extend to the faces of the blade, but both edges are rubbed smooth so far as they now extend. Whether the implement was originally pointed and used as a knife or spear, this sharp edge being given the stem after it was broken, or whether it was so made in the first place, can not be determined. Like the various forms with polished base, the specimen seems to indicate a manner of mounting or of use the reverse of what would be expected. It is shown in figure 276.

Figure 277 shows an implement from Licking county, Ohio, somewhat of the form of figure 205, except that it is wider and much thinner. It is worn smooth on each edge for ¾ inch from the point, the point itself being quite blunt. This probably results from use as a knife or drill; though, if due to the latter cause, the material on which it was used must have been quite soft or thin. Similar wear is seen on implements from the same locality of the form of figures 176 and 223, but this article is smaller than those represented by the figures.

In figure 278 is shown a small knife of the pattern so common in specimens mounted in antlers, from the Swiss lake dwellings. In outline it resembles the arrowheads having straight edges and a convex base; but the side view shows the purpose for which it was made. Similar pieces are found throughout central Ohio, and along Ohio river from the Kanawha to the Miami.

NOTES ON BEVELED FLINTS.

In the beveled flints the side-chipping producing the bevel is always to the left, as may be seen in figure 235; only one exception to this has been found. It has been supposed that this is done to give a rotary motion to an arrow. Morgan[210] says that “arrowheads are occasionally found with a twist to make the arrow revolve in its flight;” and the same statement has often been made by others. It may be objected, however, that very few of these beveled specimens are small enough for arrowheads; and modern archers have shown that the shape does not affect the flight of the arrow.

Schoolcraft,[211] Powers,[212] Morgan,[213] and Cheever[214] say that the modern Indians sometimes have a spiral arrangement of the feathers on their arrow to produce a rotary motion or “rifling.” This rotary motion is supposed to keep the arrow in a straight course, as without it a deviation from the direct line would tend constantly to increase. But as showing that the rotary motion is not always desired, Dodge says that sometimes the blade, in regard to the string notch, is set so as to be perpendicular, to go in between the ribs of game; again, so as to be horizontal, to go in between the ribs of an enemy.[215]

The beveled flints were probably used for skinning game, as they are better fitted for this than for anything else, and would serve such purpose better than almost any other form of the smaller chipped flints. The bevel is such as would be necessary if the implement were held in the right hand and pulled toward the user.

There are a great many specimens in the collection, both in the ground or pecked and in the chipped implements, which can not be classified with any of the objects herein described; but they are to be considered as due rather to individual whims than as representative of a type.

FOOTNOTES:

[1] Anahuac, p. 101.

[2] Ibid., p. 98.

[3] Dawson, Sir William; Fossil Men, p. 121.

[4] Smithsonian Report for 1884, p. 741.

[5] Ibid., p. 748.

[6] Tylor; Early History of Mankind, p. 169.

[7] Lubbock, Sir John; Prehistoric Times, p. 569.

[8] Early History of Mankind, p. 203.

[9] Abbott, C. C., in American Naturalist, vol. X, p. 494.

[10] Perkins; Ibid, vol. XIII, p. 738.

[11] Adair; History of American Indians, p 405.

[12] Long, S. H.; Expedition to the Rocky Mountains, p. 211.

[13] Knight, E. H.; Smithsonian Report for 1879, p. 242.

[14] Wood, J. G.; Natural History of Mankind, p. 200.

[15] Morgan, L. H.; League of the Iroquois, p. 358.

[16] Beverly, Robt.; History of Virginia, 1722, p. 198.

[17] Wyth, John; Graphic Sketches, part I, plate 14.

[18] Catlin, Geo.; Last Rambles Among the Indians, pp. 100-101.

[19] Mohr, Smithsonian Report for 1881, p. 618; Barber, Amer. Nat., vol. XII, p. 403; McGuire, Ibid., vol. XVII, p. 587; Walker, Science, vol. IX, p. 10; Schumacher, Eleventh Annual Report of Peabody Museum, p. 263.

[20] Dawson, J. W.; Fossil Men, p. 16.

[21] Ibid., p. 132.

[22] Morgan, L. H.; League of the Iroquois, p. 358.

[23] Stevens, E. T.; Flint Chips, p. 174.

[24] Evans, John; Stone Implements, p. 218.

[25] Ibid., p. 227.

[26] Dodge, R. I.; Wild Indians, p. 254. Schoolcraft, H. R.; Indian Tribes, vol. IV, p. 107. Catlin, Geo.; North American Indians, vol. I, p. 416.

[27] Powers, Stephen; Contributions to N. A. Ethnology, vol. III, p. 433.

[28] Stone Implements, p. 218.

[29] Ibid., p. 213.

[30] Adair, James; American Indians, p. 409.

[31] Lawson, John; History of North Carolina, p. 53.

[32] Antiquities of the Southern Indians, pp. 315-320.

[33] Fossil Men and Their Modern Representatives, p. 112.

[34] Dodge; Our Wild Indians, plate I, fig. 3.

[35] Lewis and Clarke; Travels, p. 425.

[36] Powers; Contributions to N. A. Ethnology, vol. III, p. 52.

[37] Ibid., p. 433.

[38] Dawson; Fossil Men, p. 119.

[39] Stevens; Flint Chips, p. 95.

[40] League of the Iroquois, p. 359.

[41] Carver, Jonathan; Travels in North America, p. 191.

[42] Report to Regents of the Univ. of New York, vol. II, p. 86.

[43] Schoolcraft; Notes on the Iroquois, p. 239.

[44] Schumacher; 11th Ann. Rept. Peabody Museum, p. 264.

[45] Powers; Contributions to N. A. Eth. vol. III, p. 377.

[46] Flint Chips, p. 95.

[47] Abbott, C. C.; Primitive Industry, chap. 28.

[48] Jones, C. C.; Antiquities of the Southern Indians, p. 338.

[49] Nilsson, S.; Stone Age, p. 25.

[50] Thatcher, B. B.; Indian Traits, vol. I, p. 70.

[51] Jones; Antiquities of the Southern Indians, p. 338.

[52] Amer. Naturalist, vol. XX, p. 574.

[53] Hayden Surv., Bull. 3, 1877, p. 41; also 11th Ann. Rept. Peabody Museum, p. 265.

[54] Primitive Industry, p. 244.

[55] Stevens; Flint Chips, p. 95.

[56] Ibid., p. 96. Morgan; League of the Iroquois, p. 381.

[57] Stevens; Flint Chips, p. 499.

[58] Dale, L.; in Journal of Anth. Inst. of Great Br. and Ireland, vol. I, p. 347.

[59] Layard, E. L.; in ibid., appendix, c.

[60] Griesbach, C. L.; in ibid., p. cliv.

[61] W. D. Gooch says they were used as club heads by the predecessors of the Bushmen, who now use them as diggers; ibid., vol. XI, p. 128.

[62] Knight, E. H.; in Smithsonian Report for 1879, p. 232.

[63] Stone Implements, p. 194.

[64] Bul. Bur. of Eth., “Perforated Stones from California.”

[65] Adair; American Indians, p. 402.

[66] Lawson; History of North Carolina, p. 98.

[67] Morgan; League of the Iroquois, p. 299.

[68] Irving, J. T.; Indian Sketches, vol. II, p. 142.

[69] Cremony, J. C.; Life Among the Apaches, p. 302.

[70] Matthews, W.; Smithsonian Report for 1884, p. 814.

[71] Report of Pacific Railroad Survey, vol. III, p. 114.

[72] Long; Expedition to Rocky Mountains, vol. I, p. 205.

[73] Brackinridge, H. M.; Views of Louisiana, p. 256.

[74] Catlin; North American Indians, vol. I, p. 132.

[75] Schumacher; in Twelfth Annual Report Peabody Museum, p. 622.

[76] Lubbock; Prehistoric Times, p. 648.

[77] Im Thurn in Jour. Anth. Inst. Gt. Br. and Ireland, vol. II, p. 647.

[78] Stone Implements, p. 218.

[79] Ibid., p. 227.

[80] For any or all of which purposes they may have been used in the course of their manufacture.

[81] Captivity Among the Indians, Lexington, 1799; reprinted, Cincinnati, 1870, p. 36.

[82] Eells, Myron; Hayden Surv., Bull. 3, 1877, p. 81.

[83] Primitive Industry, p. 229.

[84] Flint Chips, p. 581.

[85] Henshaw in Amer. Jour. Arch., vol. I, pp. 105-114.

[86] Pear-shaped stones with the smaller end cut squarely off are frequent in Georgia; they are about the size of turkey eggs. Jones; Antiq. Southern Indians, p. 372.

[87] Stone Age, p. 215.

[88] Abbott; Primitive Industry, p. 408.

[89] American Indians, p. 48.

[90] Stone Age, p. 83.

[91] Im Thurn in Jour. Anth. Inst. Gt. Br. and Ird., vol. XI. p. 445.

[92] Powers; Contributions to N.A. Eth., vol. III, pp. 52 and 79.

[93] Chase; MS. Rept. on Shell Mounds of Oregon.

[94] Dodge; Our Wild Indians, p. 131.

[95] Abbott; Primitive Industry, p. 373.

[96] Brickell, John; Nat. History of N.C., p. 317.

[97] Wyth; Graphic Sketches, part I, plate 8.

[98] Schoolcraft in Trans. Am. Eth. Soc., vol. I, p.401, pl. I.

[99] I am informed by Prof. Cyrus Thomas that he noticed in the collection of Mr. Neff. Gambier, Ohio, a “boat-shape stone” attached to the underside of a stone pipe, which the owner informed him was thus attached when found.

[100] Evans; Stone Implements, p. 383.

[101] Amer. Antiquarian, vol. II, p. 100.

[102] Expl. in the Valley of the Amazon, vol. II, p. 74.

[103] Indian Tribes, vol. I, p. 90.

[104] Amer. Naturalist, vol. VII, p. 180.

[105] Flint Chips, p. 478.

[106] MS. Rept. on Shell Mounds of Oregon.

[107] Some perforated stones that will not come under any of these heads are here noted separately under the National Museum numbers:

131614. An elliptical piece of steatite, with notches at each end for suspension, “tallies” all around the edge, and four holes on the longer axis.--Bradley county, Tennessee.

62879. A steatite ornament, shape like a bird’s head.--Jefferson county, Tennessee.

131856. A short, wedge-shape ornament of barite, drilled at the larger end.--Loudon county, Tennessee; also a similar but much larger ornament of indurated red clay, possibly catlinite, from a mound in the same county, represented in figure 149. The edges of the holes are much worn by a cord.

90847. A small ellipsoidal steatite bead, with several deep incisions around the edge.--Kanawha valley, West Virginia.

116335. A small marble bead; form like the rim of a bottle mouth.--Bradley county, Tennessee.

113943. Three small pendants of cannel coal. One is in shape like the keystone of an arch, with hole at smaller end; the other two are apparently in imitation of a bear’s tusk.--Kanawha valley, West Virginia.

91761. A limestone celt, 6½ inches long, either much weathered since made or else never highly polished, with a large hole drilled in from both sides at the center.--Bartow county, Georgia.

116067. A sandstone celt, with a hole drilled near one corner at the top.--Loudon county, Tennessee.

97764. A large polished piece of steatite, curved from end to end, or claw-shaped. One end is pointed; the other blunt and rounded, with a hole drilled through it.--Caldwell county, North Carolina.

[108] Gillman, H.; in Smithsonian Report for 1873, p. 371.

[109] Primitive Industry, p. 371.

[110] Antiq. of the Southern Indians, p. 30.

[111] Schoolcraft; Indian Tribes, vol. I p. 212.

[112] Schumacher, Paul; Hayden Surv., Bull. 3, 1877, p. 548.

[113] Indian Tribes, vol. I, p. 253.

[114] Contributions to N.A. Eth., vol. III, p. 426.

[115] Native Races, vol. I, p. 589.

[116] Ibid., p. 566.

[117] Antiquities of the Southern Indians, pp. 362-364.

[118] Hoffman, W. J.; "The Midē´wiwin of the Ojibwa." Seventh Annual Rep. Bur. Eth., 1885-86, p. 278, pl. XVIII.

[119] Amer. Antiquarian, vol. II, p. 154.

[120] Peabody Mus., 11th Ann. Rept., p. 268.

[121] Dodge; Our Wild Indians, p. 130.

[122] De Forest, J. W.; History of Indians of Conn., p. 5.

[123] Peabody Mus., 11th Ann. Rept., p. 271.

[124] Fossil Men, p. 125.

[125] Fossil Men., p. 119.

[126] Proc. A. A. A. S., vol. XXXI, p. 592.

[127] Since this was written several thousand specimens have been found in a small mound near Chillicothe, Ohio. The nearest point at which similar material is known to exist is between Corydon and Leavenworth, Indiana.

[128] Flint Chips, p. 442.

[129] Amer. Naturalist, vol. IV, p. 140.

[130] Last Rambles Among the Indians, p. 187.

[131] Journal Anth. Ins. Gt. Br. and Ird., vol XI, p. 447.

[132] Anthropology, p. 245.

[133] Jewitt, Llewellyn; Grave-mounds and their Contents, p. 121.

[134] Stone Implements, p. 374.

[135] Op. cit., p. 245.

[136] Stone Implements, p. 36 (from Craveri).

[137] Stone Implements, p. 36 (from De Pourtales).

[138] Ibid., p. 35 (from Belcher).

[139] Ibid., p. 38.

[140] Crook in Smithsonian Report for 1871, p. 420.

[141] Catlin; Last Rambles, pp. 184, 185.

[142] Ibid., p. 290.

[143] Stevens; Flint Chips, p. 81 (from Belcher).

[144] Ibid., p. 84.

[145] Powers in Contributions to N. A. Eth., vol. III, p. 104.

[146] Ibid., p 374.

[147] Bancroft; Native Races, vol. I, p. 342.

[148] Schoolcraft; Indian Tribes, vol. I, p. 212.

[149] Beckwith in Rep. Pac. R. R. Survey, vol. II, p. 43.

[150] History of Virginia.

[151] Redding in Amer. Naturalist, vol. XIII, p. 665.

[152] Cheever in ibid., vol. IV, p. 139.

[153] Cited by Stevens, Flint Chips, p. 78.

[154] Hayden Survey, Bull. 3, 1877, p. 547.

[155] MS. account of the Shell Mounds of Oregon.

[156] Prehistoric America, p. 170.

[157] Smithsonian Report for 1871, p. 420.

[158] MS. Shell Mounds of Oregon.

[159] Flint Chips, p. 77.

[160] Prehistoric Times, p. 106 (from Dodge and Blackmore).

[161] Contributions to N. A. Eth., vol. III, p. 104.

[162] History of Mankind, p. 188.

[163] Adair; American Indians, p. 403.

[164] Adair; American Indians, p. 410.

[165] Cheever in Amer. Naturalist, vol. IV, p. 139.

[166] The section below shows this more plainly.

[167] Amer. Naturalist, vol. X, p. 116.

[168] Indian Tribes, vol. II, p. 74, fig. 5.

[169] Nat. Hist, of N. C., p. 318.

[170] League of the Iroquois, p. 359.

[171] Anahuac, p. 332.

[172] Bourke, John G.; Snake Dance of the Moquis, p. 251. See also Dodge; Our Wild Indians, plate 5.

[173] Long; Exp. to Rocky Mountains, vol. I, p. 290. Dodge; Our Wild Indians, p. 418.

[174] Prehistoric Times, p. 122.

[175] Holub, E., in Jour. Anth. Inst. Gt. Br. and Ird., vol. X, p. 460.

[176] Stone Implements, p. 48.

[177] Native Races, vol. I, p. 189.

[178] Hayden Surv., Bul. 3, 1877, p. 43.

[179] Brickell; Nat. Hist. of N. C., p. 339.

[180] Antiq. of the Southern Indians, p. 230.

[181] Stone Implements, p. 46.

[182] Stevens; Flint Chips, p. 96. Tylor; Early History of Mankind, p. 188.

[183] It would seem that in using a wood or horn drill, water would be a disadvantage, as the drill would swell and wear rapidly away when wet, thus choking the bore. The sand also would be forced into the drill instead of sticking to its surface, thus being less effective.

[184] Quoted by Dawson; Fossil Men, p. 124.

[185] Evans; Stone Implements, p. 353.

[186] Stone Implements.

[187] Hayden Survey, 1872, p. 653.

[188] Smithsonian Report for 1879, p. 236.

[189] Ibid, 1870, p. 390.

[190] Our Wild Indians, p. 256.

[191] Gillespie, Dr. W.; Jour. Anth. Inst. Gt. Br. and Ird., vol. VI, p. 260.

[192] Indian Tribes, vol I, p. 253.

[193] Nilsson; Stone Age, p. 46.

[194] Stone Implements, p. 256.

[195] Stone Implements, p. 263.

[196] Ibid., pp. 20, 23, and 35.

[197] Anahuac, p. 99.

[198] Ibid, pp. 231, 232 (note).

[199] Stone Age, p. 261 (note).

[200] Amer. Naturalist, vol. XIII, p. 665.

[201] Hayden Survey, Bul. 3, 1877, p. 547.

[202] Flint Chips, p. 77.

[203] Contributions to N. A. Eth., vol. III, p. 104.

[204] Native Races, vol. I, p. 342.

[205] Schoolcraft; Indian Tribes, vol. I, p. 212.

[206] Stevens; Flint Chips, p. 78 (from Powers).

[207] Catlin; Last Rambles Among the Indians, p. 187.

[208] Indian Tribes, vol. III, p. 467.

[209] Stone Implements, p. 17.

[210] League of the Iroquois, p. 358.

[211] Indian Tribes, vol. I, p. 213.

[212] Cont. to N. A. Eth., vol. III, p. 52.

[213] League of the Iroquois, pp. 306, 308.

[214] Amer. Nat., vol. IV, p. 140.

[215] Our Wild Indians, p. 418.

[Transcriber’s Note:

Inconsistent spelling and hyphenation are as in the original.]