part ii. chs. 3-9; _ibid._ chs. 1-2 give full information concerning

Æsthetic in England.

For Æsthetic in Italy in the first half of the nineteenth century, Karl Werner, _Idealistische Theorien des Schönen in d. italienischen Philosophie des neunzehnten Jahrhunderts,_ Vienna, 1884 (from Trans, of the Imperial and Royal Viennese Academy). On Rosmini see esp. P. Bellezza, _Antonio Rosmini e la grande questione letteraria del secolo XIX_ (in the collection _Per Antonio Rosmini nel primo centenario,_ Milan, 1897, vol. i. pp. 364-385). On Gioberti, Ad. Faggi, _Vinc. Gioberti esteta e letterato,_ Palermo, 1901 (from the _Atti della R. Accad. di Palermo,_ s. iii. vol. vi.). On Delfico, G. Gentile, _Dal Gcnovesi al Galluppi,_ Naples, 1903, ch. ii. On Leopardi, E. Bertana in _Giorn. stor. lett. ital._ xli. pp. 193-283; R. Giani, _L'estetica nei pensieri di G. Leopardi,_ Turin, 1904 (cf. G. Gentile in _Critica,_ ii. pp. 144-147). See also a book quoted by A. Rolla and B. Croce, _loc. cit.,_ containing a catalogue of Italian books on Æsthetic of the nineteenth century (_Probl. di est._ pp. 401-415).

On the theories of the Italian Romanticists, F. De Sanctis, _La poetica del Manzoni,_ in _Scritti varî,_ ed. Croce, i. pp. 23-45; and the same author's _La letteratura italiana nel secolo XIX,_ ed. Croce, Naples, 1897, on Tommaseo, pp. 233-243: on Cantù, pp. 244-273: on Berchet, pp. 479-493: on Mazzini, pp. 424-441. On Mazzini esp. F. Ricitari, _Concetto dell' arte e della critica letteraria nella mente di G. Mazzini,_ Catania, 1896. For all these see G. A. Borgese, _Storia della critica romantica in Italia,_ cit.

XV. For the life of De Sanctis and the bibliography of his works see _Scritti varî,_ ed. Croce, ii. pp. 267-308, also the volume _In memoria di Fr. de S._ edited by M. Mandalari, Naples, 1884.

On De Sanctis as literary critic, P. Villari, _Commemorazione_: A. C. de Meis, _Commem.,_ in the above-mentioned vol. _In memoria_: Marc Monnier in _Revue des Deux Mondes,_ April I, 1884: Pio Ferrieri, _Fr. de S. e la critica letteraria,_ Milan, 1888: B. Croce, _La critica letteraria,_ Rome, 1896, ch. 5; _Fr. de S. e i suoi critici recenti_ (in _Atti dell' Accad. Pontan._ vol. xxviii. reprinted in _Scritti varî,_ append, ii. 309-352), and prefs. to vols, already quoted, _La lett. ital. nel sec. XIX,_ and _Scritti varî; De Sanctis e Schopenhauer,_ in _Atti della Pontaniana,_ xxxii. 1902: Enr. Cocchia, _II pensiero critico di Fr. de S. nell' arte e nella politica,_ Naples, 1899: G. A. Borgese, _op. cit._ last chapter and _passim._

XVI. On the last phase of metaphysical Æsthetic, G. Neudecker, _Studien z. Geschichte d. deutschen Ästhetik s. Kant,_ Würzburg, 1878, which discusses and criticises more particularly Vischer (self-criticism), Zimmermann, Lotze, Köstlin, Siebeck, Fechner and Deutinger. On Zimmermann, von Hartmann, _op. cit._ pp. 267-304: Bonatelli, in _Nuova Antologia,_ October 1867. On Lotze, Fritz Kogel, _Lotzes Ästhetik,_ Göttingen, 1886: A. Matragrin, _Essai sur l'esthétique de Lotze,_ Paris, 1901. On Köstlin, von Hartmann, pp. 304-317. On Schasler, see the same, pp. 248-252, also Bosanquet, pp. 414-424. On Hartmann, Ad. Faggi, _Ed. H. e l' estetica tedesca,_ Florence, 1895. On Vischer see M. Diez, _Fried. Vischer u. d. ästh. Formalismus,_ Stuttgart, 1889.

For French and English æstheticians, besides Menendez y Pelayo, _op. cit.,_ on Ruskin, see J. Milsand, _L'Esthétique anglaise, étude sur J. Ruskin,_ Paris, 1864: R. de la Sizeranne, _Ruskin et la religion de la beauté,_ 3rd ed., Paris, 1898; cf. part iii. On Fornari, V. Imbriani, _Vito Fornari estetico_ (reprinted in _Studî letterarî e bizzarri e satiriche,_ ed. Croce, Bari, 1907). On Tari see Nic. Gallo, _Antonio Tari, studio critico,_ Palermo, 1884: Croce, in _Critica,_ v. (1907), pp. 357-361; also in pref. to vol.: _A. Tari, saggi di estetica e metafisica,_ Bari, 1910.

XVII. For positivist Æsthetic see Menendez y Pelayo, _op. cit._ iv. (1st ed.) vol. ii. pp. 120-136, 326-369: N. Gallo, _La scienza dell' arte,_ Turin, 1887, chs. 6-8, pp. 162-216.

XVIII. On Kirchmann, von Hartmann, pp. 253-265. For various recent German æstheticians, Hugo Spitzer, _Kritische Studien z. Ästhet. der Gegenwart,_ Leipzig, 1897. On Nietzsche, Ettore G. Zoccoli, _Fred. Nietzsche,_ Modena, 1898, pp. 268-344: Jul. Zeitler, _Nietzsches Ästhetik,_ Leipzig, 1900. On Flaubert, A. Fusco, _La teoria dell' arte in G. F.,_ Naples, 1907: cf. _Critica,_ vi. (1908), pp. 125-134. For books on Æsthetic published during the last decade of the nineteenth century see Luc. Arréat, _Dix années de philosophie,_ 1891-1900, Paris, 1901, pp. 74-116. A few remarks on contemporary Æsthetic are made by K. Groos in _Die Philosophie im Beginn. des XXen Jahrh.,_ ed. by W. Windelband, Heidelberg, 1904-1905. For latest books on Æsthetic see _Critica,_ ed. B. Croce (Naples), from 1903 onward, which publishes reviews of them. There is also a review, started in 1906, published at Stuttgart (ed. F. Enke), _Zeitschrift für Ästhetik und allgemeine Kunstwissenschaft,_ edited by Max Dessoir.

XIX. The history of particular problems is usually omitted, or, at best, erroneously treated in histories of Æsthetic: for example, see the difficulty experienced by Ed. Müller, _Gesch.,_ cit., ii. pref. pp. vi-vii, in connecting his treatment of the history of Rhetoric with that of Poetics. Some writers attach Rhetoric to the individual arts or to artistic technique; others treat the doctrines of the modification of beauty and of natural beauty (in the metaphysical sense) as special problems; others, again, discuss the kinds or classifications in art in an incidental manner, without seeking to incorporate them in the principal æsthetic problem.

§ 1. On the history of Rhetoric in the ancient sense see Rich. Volkmann, _Die Rhetorik der Griechen und Römer in systematischer Übersicht dargestellt,_ 2nd ed., Leipzig, 1885, of capital importance: A. Ed. Chaignet, _La Rhétorique et son histoire,_ Paris, 1888; rich in material, but ill-arranged and with the preconception that Rhetoric is still a defensible body of science. For special treatment see Ch. Benoist, _Essai historique sur les premiers manuels d'invention oratoire, jusqu'à Aristote,_ Paris, 1846: Georg Thiele, _Hermagoras, ein Beitrag z. Geschichte d. Rhetorik,_ Strasburg, 1893. There is no history of rhetoric in modern times. For criticism of Vives and other Spaniards see Menendez y Pelayo, _op. cit._ iii. pp. 211-300 (2nd ed.). For Patrizzi see B. Croce, _F. Patrizzi e la critica della rettorica antica,_ in the vol. of _Studî_ in honour of A. Graf, Bergamo, 1903 (_Probl. d. est._ pp. 297-308).

For Rhetoric as theory of literary form in antiquity see Volkmann, _op. cit._ pp. 393-566: Chaignet, _op. cit._ pp. 413-539: also Egger, _passim,_ and Saintsbury, bks. i. ii. For purposes of comparison see Paul Reynaud, _La Rhétorique sanskrite exposée dans son développement historique et ses rapports avec la rhétorique classique,_ Paris, 1884. For the Middle Ages, Comparetti, _Virgilio nel medio evo,_ vol. i., and Saintsbury, bk. iii. There is need for a work on modern Rhetoric in this sense also. For the form it assumed ultimately according to the theory of Gröber see B. Croce, _Di alcuni principî di sintassi e stilistica psicologiche del Gröber,_ in _Atti dell' Accad. Pontan._ vol. xxix. 1899: K. Vossler, _Literaturblatt für germ. u. roman. Philologie,_ 1900, N.I.: B. Croce, _Le categorie rettoriche e il prof. Gröber,_ in _Flegrea,_ April 1900: K. Vossler, _Positivismo e idealismo nella scienza del linguaggio,_ Ital. trans. Bari, 1908, pp. 48-61 (cf. _Probl. d. est._ pp. 143-171). Very incomplete observations on the history of the concept of metaphor are made by A. Biese, _Philosophie d. Metaphorischen,_ Hamburg-Leipzig, 1893, pp. 1-16; but this book has the merit of calling attention to the importance of the views and influence of Vico.

§ 2. For the history of the literary kinds in antiquity see the works above quoted by Müller, Egger, Saintsbury, and the vast literature on Aristotle's _Poetics._ For comparison with Sanskrit poetics, Sylvain Levi, _Le Théâtre indien,_ Paris, 1890, esp. pp. 11, 152. For mediæval poetry see esp. Gio. Mari, _I trattati medievali di ritmica latina,_ Milan, 1899; and his recent edition of _Poetica magistri Iohannis anglici,_ 1901.

For the history of the kinds under the Renaissance see principally Spingarn, _op. cit._ i. chs. 3-4; ii. ch. 2; iii. ch. 3. Also Menendez y Pelayo, Borinski, Saintsbury, _passim._

Special works: on Pietro Aretino, De Sanctis, _Storia della letteratura italiana,_ ii. pp. 122-144: A. Graf, _Attraverso il cinquecento,_ Turin, 1888, pp. 87-167: K. Vossler, _P. A.'s künstlerisches Bekenntniss,_ Heidelberg, 1901. On Guarini, V. Rossi, _G. B. Guarini e il Pastor Fido,_ Turin, 1886, pp. 238-250. On Scaliger, Lintilhac, _Un Coup d'État,_ cit. For the three unities, L. Morandi, _Baretti contro Voltaire,_ 2nd ed., Città di Castello, 1884: Breitinger, _Les Unités d'Aristote avant le Cid de Corneille,_ 2nd ed., Geneva-Basle, 1895: J. Ebner, _Beitrag z. einer Geschichte d. dramatischen Einheiten in Italien,_ Munich, 1898. On the Spanish polemic concerning comedy see A. Morel Fatio on the defenders of comedy and of the _Arte nuevo,_ in the _Bulletin Hispanique_ of Bordeaux, vols. iii. and iv.: on the dramatic theories see Arnaud, _Les Théories dramatiques au XVIIe siècle, étude sur la vie et les œuvres de l'abbé D'Aubignac,_ Paris, 1888: Paul Dupont, _Un Poète philosophe au commencement du_ _XVIII e siècle, Houdar de la Motte,_ Paris, 1898: Alfredo Galletti, _Le teorie drammatiche e la tragedia in Italia nel secolo XVIII,_ part i. 1700-1750, Cremona, 1901. On the history of French Poetics, F. Brunetière, _L'Évolution des genres dans l'histoire de la littérature,_ Paris, 1890, vol. i. introd.: "_L'évolution de la critique depuis la Renaissance jusqu'à nos jours._" On that of English Poetics, Paul Hamelius, _Die Kritik in d. engl. Literatur des XVII en u. XVIII en Jahrh.,_ Leipzig, 1897: also the well-filled chapter in Gayley-Scott, _op. cit._ pp. 382-422, the sketch of a book on the subject. For the romantic period see Alfred Michiels, _Histoire des idées littéraires en France au XIXe siècle, et de leurs origines dans les siècles antérieures,_ 4th ed., Paris, 1863. For Italy see G. A. Borgese, _op. cit._

§ 3. For the early history of the distinction and classification of the arts see the literature quoted above in relation to Lessing, and his _Laokoon,_ with notes by Blümner. For subsequent history, H. Lotze, _Geschichte,_ cit., bk. iii.: Max Schasler, _Das System der Künste auf einem neuen, im Wesen der Kunst begründeten Gliederungsprincip,_ 2nd ed., Leipzig-Berlin, 1881, introd.: Ed. v. Hartmann, _Deutsche Ästh. s. Kant,_ bk. ii. part ii. especially pp. 524-580: V. Basch, _Essai sur l'esth. de Kant,_ pp. 483-496.

§ 4. For the doctrine of styles in antiquity see Volkmann, _op. cit._ pp. 532-566. The history of grammar and parts of speech is treated fully so far as Græco-Roman antiquity is concerned in Laur. Lersch, _Die Sprachphilosophie der Alten,_ Bonn, 1838-1841: better still by Steinthal, _Geschichte,_ cit. vol. ii. For Apollonius Dyscolus see Egger, _Apollon Dyscole,_ Paris, 1854. For the history of grammar in the Middle Ages see Ch. Thurot, _Extraits de divers manuscrits latins pour servir à l'histoire des doctrines grammaticales au moyen âge,_ Paris, 1869. For modern times, C. Trabalza, _Storia della grammatica italiana,_ Milan, 1908. For the history of Criticism several books mentioned under § 2 may be consulted: in addition to these, B. Croce, _Per la storia della critica e storiografia letteraria,_ containing Italian examples (_Probl. d. est._ pp. 419-448): for the theories of recent French criticism see Ém. Hennequin, _La Critique scientifique,_ Paris, 1888, and Ernest Tissot, _Les évolutions de la critique française,_ Paris, 1890. On the concept of "romanticism" see G. Muoni, _Note per una poetica storica del romanticismo,_ Milan, 1906: cf. B. Croce, _Le definizioni del romanticismo,_ in _Critica,_ iv. pp. 241-245 (reprinted in _Probl. di estetica,_ pp. 285-294).