Part 22
[Sidenote: English Statistics.]
The answers to the following eight purely statistical questions may also be compared with the results respecting England and Wales, obtained by the Enumeration of 1831.
14. The proportion of annual deaths to the whole population?
15. The proportion of annual births to the whole population?
16. The proportion of annual marriages to the whole population?
17. The average number of children to a marriage?
18. Proportion of legitimate to illegitimate births?
19. The proportion of children that die before the end of their 1st year?
20. Proportion of children that die before the end of their 10th year?
21. Proportion of children that die before the end of their 18th year?
The average annual proportion, since 1820, of births and deaths, to the whole population of England and Wales, is thus stated by Mr. Rickman:
Deaths 1 in 49[22] Births 1 in 28[23]
The average annual proportion during five years preceding 1831, of marriages to the whole population of England and Wales, is stated by Mr. Rickman to be 1 to 128[24].
The average annual proportion in England and Wales, during ten years preceding 1831, of births to marriages, to be 441 to 100[25].
The proportion in England and Wales, in the year 1830, of legitimate to illegitimate births, to be 19 to 1[26].
The proportion in England and Wales of deaths of persons under 1 year to the whole number of deaths during 18 years, ending in 1830, to be 778,803 out of 3,938,496, or 1 in 5¹⁄₁₇, or more nearly 1 in 5²⁄₃₅.
The proportion of deaths under the age of 10 years to be 1,524,937 out of 3,938,496, or 1 in 2⅗, or more nearly 1 in 2²⁹⁄₅₀.
The proportion of deaths under the age of 18 years to be 1,703,941 out of 3,938,496, or 1 in 2⅓, or more nearly 1 in 2⁵³⁄₁₇₀[27].
[22] Preface to Enumeration Abstract, p. 25.
[23] Ib., p. 44, 25.
[24] Ib., p. 34.
[25] Ib., p. 45.
[26] Preface to Enumeration Abstract, p. 44.
[27] Ib., p. 36.
The following is an Abstract of the Foreign Returns contained in this Appendix. Those marked thus (*) appear to have been derived from enumeration; the others to depend on estimation.
DIGEST OF ANSWERS.
PLACE. |Proportion of Annual DEATHS to the whole Population. | |Proportion of Annual BIRTHS to the whole Population. | | |Proportion of Annual MARRIAGES to the whole Population. | | | |Average Number of CHILDREN to a Marriage. | | | | |Proportion of LEGITIMATE to ILLEGITIMATE Births. | | | | | |PROPORTION OF CHILDREN | | | | | |That Die before they attain their | | | | | |First Year. | | | | | | |Tenth Year. | | | | | | | |Eighteenth Year. | | | | | | | | AMERICA: MASSACHUSETTS, p. 684 |About 1 in 40 | |About ⅛ per cent. more than the deaths. | | |. . . . | | | |5 | | | | |. . . . | | | | | |. . . . | | | | | | |. . . . | | | | | | | |. . . . | | | | | | | | BOSTON, p. 685 |1 in 41⁷⁄₁₁*, ascertained by dividing the average population during |20 years, ending 1830, by the average deaths. | |. . . . | | |. . . . | | | |. . . . | | | | |. . . . | | | | | |Nearly 1 in 5* | | | | | | |⁶¹¹⁄₁₄₇₆* | | | | | | | |. . . . | | | | | | | | NEW YORK, p. 159 |1 in 30 | |. . . . | | |. . . . | | | |5 | | | | |. . . . | | | | | |27 per cent. in the city*. | | | | | | |49 per cent. in the city*. | | | | | | | |53 per cent. in the city*. | | | | | | | | MEXICO, p. 691 |Not known; but the Population increases very slowly, and the average |duration of life is short. | |. . . . | | |. . . . | | | |. . . . | | | | |. . . . | | | | | |. . . . | | | | | | |. . . . | | | | | | | |. . . . | | | | | | | | CARTHAGENA DE COLOMBIA, p. 166 |Probably 6 to 8 per cent. | |Probably 8 to 10 per cent. | | |. . . . | | | |4 to 5 | | | | |As 5 to 6 probably | | | | | |Say one-half | | | | | | |. . . . | | | | | | | |. . . . | | | | | | | | HAYTI, p. 166 |Not known, but supposed that births and deaths are about equal, and |the Population stationary. | | |. . . . | | | |3 to 4 | | | | |Probably 1 to 1000 | | | | | |Comparatively large proportion. | | | | | | |Comparatively large proportion. | | | | | | | |. . . . | | | | | | | | MARANHAM, p. 693 |1 in 25 | |1 in 20 | | |Comparatively small | | | |5 | | | | |Proportion of illegitimates great. | | | | | |. . . . | | | | | | |. . . . | | | | | | | |. . . . | | | | | | | | EUROPE: NORWAY, p. 699 |1 in 54* | |1 in 28* | | |1 in 119* | | | |. . . . | | | | |14 to 1* | | | | | |Under 5 years, rather more than 1 in 3*. | | | | | | |Under 10, nearly 1 in 2⁴⁄₇*. | | | | | | | |Under 20, nearly 1 in 2⅜*. | | | | | | | | SWEDEN: GENERAL RETURN, p. 374 |1 in 41½* | |1 in 29* | | |1 in 117½* | | | |3⁶⁄₁₀ to 4⅙ | | | | |In 1749, 49 to 1 | | | | |From 1775 to 1795, 27 to 1 | | | | |---- 1795 to 1800, 20 to 1 | | | | |---- 1800 to 1805, 17 to 1 | | | | |---- 1805 to 1810, 15 to 1 | | | | |---- 1810 to 1820, 14 to 1 | | | | |---- 1820 to 1825, 13³⁄₁₀ to 1 | | | | |---- 1825 to 1830, 16 to 1*. | | | | | |1st year, legitimate, 1 in 6¹¹⁄₁₃; | | | | | |illegitimate, 1 in 3¹⁵⁄₁₇*. | | | | | | |¹³⁄₂₉ die before their 16th year*. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | GOTTENBURG Return, p. 387 |Average of 5 years ending in 1830, 1 in 40. | |Average of 5 years ending in 1830, 1 in 30. | | |Average of 5 years ending in 1830, 1 in 131. | | | |Average of 5 years ending in 1830, about 4¹⁄₁₆. | | | | |Average of 5 years ending in 1830, 16 to 1. | | | | | |Average of 5 years ending in 1830, 1 in 5. | | | | | | |Average of 5 years ending in 1830, 1 | | | | | | |in 2¾. | | | | | | | |. . . . | | | | | | | | RUSSIA: GENERAL RETURN, p. 334 |In the year 1831, 1 in 25⁹²⁄₁₀₀*. | |In the year 1831, 1 in 23³⁶⁄₁₀₀*. | | |In the year 1831, 1 in 132*. | | | |. . . . | | | | |. . . . | | | | | |. . . . | | | | | | |One-half*. | | | | | | | |. . . . | | | | | | | | ARCHANGEL Return, p. 339 |Annual average of 5 years, excluding 1831, (the cholera year), in |which one-tenth of the population died, 1 in 45; average of 5 years, |including the cholera year, 1 in 25*. | |Average of 5 years, 1 in 24*. | | |Average of 5 years, 1 in 100*. | | | |3 or 4. | | | | |Nearly 34 to 1*. | | | | | |1 in 16⁸⁄₁₀*. | | | | | | |One-half*. | | | | | | | |1 in 1⁸³⁄₁₀₀*. | | | | | | | | COURLAND Return, p. 342 |In healthy times, 1 in 28⁵⁷⁄₁₀₀. | |1 in 26³⁄₁₀. | | |1 in 100. | | | |4. | | | | |In town, 5 to 1; in country, above 20 to 1. | | | | | |1 in 8. | | | | | | |. . . . | | | | | | | |. . . . | | | | | | | | DENMARK, p. 297 |Average of 5 last years (3 unhealthy) 1 in 36*. Usual proportion, 1 |in 40. | |1 in 34*. | | |1 in 123*. | | | |3²⁷⁄₄₀*. | | | | |9⁶⁶¹⁄₁₀₀₀ to 1*. | | | | | |. . . . | | | | | | |1 in 3⁵⁸¹⁄₁₀₀₀*. | | | | | | | |. . . . | | | | | | | | HAMBURGH, p. 394 |Within a small fraction, 1 in 29*. | |Within a small fraction, 1 in 27*. | | |1 in 75⁵⁄₁₀*. | | | |About 2⅕*. | | | | |4⅚ to 1*. | | | | | |1 in 6⁷²⁄₃₈₅*. | | | | | | |Rather more than 1 in 3*. | | | | | | | |Rather less than 1 in 2½*. | | | | | | | | BREMEN, p. 410 |From 1 in 43 to 1 in 40. | |From 1 in 37 to 1 in 33. | | |About 1 in 124½. | | | |About 4. | | | | |About 11 to 1. | | | | | |About 1 in 4. | | | | | | |About 1 in 3. | | | | | | | |. . . . | | | | | | | | LUBECK, p. 419 |About 1 in 56. | |About 1 in 53½. | | |1 in 177. | | | |3⅓ to whole number of marriages, but of legitimates | | | |2¹¹⁄₁₆ to each marriage. | | | | |Rather less than 6 to 1. | | | | | |About 1 in 7. | | | | | | |About 1 in 3¾. | | | | | | | |About 1 in 3⁵⁄₁₆. | | | | | | | | MECKLENBURG, p. 423 |Nearly 1 in 46½*. | |Nearly 1 in 27*. | | |1 in 124*. | | | |4 | | | | |9 to 1. | | | | | |Before the 14th year, one fourth. | | | | | | | |. . . . | | | | | | | | DANTZIG, p. 466 |Nearly 1 in 24½*, ascertained by dividing the population by the |average deaths of 3 years, one of which was 1831, the cholera year. | |Nearly 1 in 29*. | | |Nearly 1 in 134*. | | | |. . . . | | | | |Nearly 6½ to 1*. | | | | | |Rather more than 1 in 5. | | | | | | |About 1 in 2½. | | | | | | | |Under 20, about 1 in 2⅓. | | | | | | | | SAXONY, p. 479 |1 in 34½. | |1 in 24⁸⁄₁₀. | | |1 in 131⁸⁄₁₀. | | | |. . . . | | | | |7 to 1. | | | | | |Rather more than one-half die under 14*. | | | | | | | |. . . . | | | | | | | | WURTEMBERG, p. 507 |1 in 31¹¹⁄₃₇*. | |1 in 27⅒*. | | |1 in 147*. | | | |4³⁄₁₀*. | | | | |7⅒ to 1*. | | | | | |34⅔ in 100*. | | | | | | |From 1 year to 7, 1 in 10*. | | | | | | | |From 7 to 14, 1 in 45*. | | | | | | | | FRANKFORT, p. 564 |1 in 43½. | |1 in 48²⁄₁₀. | | |1 in 188⁷⁄₁₀. | | | |5 to 6. | | | | |6⁷⁄₁₀ to 1. | | | | | |1 in 6½*. | | | | | | |Under 6 years, 1 in 4⁶⁷⁄₂₅₄*. | | | | | | | |Under 19, 1 in 3¹²⁶⁄₃₁₉*. | | | | | | | | NORTH HOLLAND, p. 581 |In 1832, 1 in 30⁶⁄₁₀*. Nearly ¹⁄₁₅ of the deaths were of cholera. |In Amsterdam 1 in 28¹⁴⁄₁₀₀*. | |In 1832, 1 in 30⁷⁄₁₀*. | | |1 in 122²⁄₁₀*. | | | |5⅒* | | | | |15 to 1*. | | | | | |Nearly 1 in 7⁸⁄₁₁*. | | | | | | |Nearly 1 in 4⁴⁄₁₀*. | | | | | | | |Nearly 1 in 2¾*. | | | | | | | | BELGIUM: The following are the results of the official enumeration in 1830 |1 in 43. | |1 in 30. | | |1 in 144. | | | |4⁷²⁄₁₀₀ | | | | |. . . . | | | | | |1 in 4⁵¹⁄₁₀₀. | | | | | | |³³⁄₈₀. | | | | | | | |¹⁷⁄₃₈. | | | | | | | | BOOM, p. 635 |1 in 28⁵⁄₁₀*. | |1 in 36* | | |1 in 95²⁄₁₀*. | | | |. . . . | | | | |21 to 1*. | | | | | |1 in 5*. | | | | | | |1 in 4*. | | | | | | | |1 in 2⁴⁄₂₁*. | | | | | | | | OSTEND, p. 640 |1 in 35⁴⁄₁₀*. | |1 in 31* | | |1 in 146⁵⁄₁₀*. | | | |4⁷²⁄₁₀₀*. | | | | |9 to 1*. | | | | | |1 in 5⁷⁄₁₀*. | | | | | | |1 in 2⁴⁄₁₀*. | | | | | | | |45 per cent.* | | | | | | | | FRANCE: The following are the results of the official enumeration of 1831 |1 in 39⁶⁄₁₀. | |1 in 32⁴⁄₁₀. | | |1 in 131⁶⁄₁₀. | | | |4⁷⁄₁₀₀; legitimate 3⁷⁷⁷⁄₁₀₀₀. | | | | |13¹⁶⁴⁄₁₀₀₀ to 1. | | | | | |. . . . | | | | | | |. . . . | | | | | | | |. . . . | | | | | | | | HAVRE, p. 182 |1 in 34. | |1 in 25. | | |1 in 110. | | | |About 3 | | | | |About 9 to 1. | | | | | |About 1 in 6. | | | | | | |About 1 in 3. | | | | | | | |. . . . | | | | | | | | BRITTANY, LAMBEZELLEC, (adjoining Brest; population 8460), p. 727 |1 in 28*. | |1 in 22¹⁴⁄₁₀₀* | | |. . . . | | | |In the whole province, 3*. | | | | |In the whole province, 8⁵⁄₁₀ to 1*. | | | | | |Under 5 years, 1 in 2¹²⁄₄₄*. | | | | | | |Under 10 years, 1 in 2*. | | | | | | | |Under 20 years, rather more than | | | | | | | |1 in 2*. | | | | | | | | PLOUSANE (inland, population 2452) |1 in 43*. | |1 in 35*. | | |. . . . | | | |3*. | | | | |. . . . | | | | | |Under 5 years, 1 in 2⅜*. | | | | | | |. . . . | | | | | | | |Under 20 years, 1 in 2⅓*. | | | | | | | | CONQUET (inland, population 1294) |1 in 44⁵⁄₁₀*. | |1 in 30*. | | |. . . . | | | |3*. | | | | |. . . . | | | | | |Under 5 years, 1 in 9⅔*. | | | | | | |. . . . | | | | | | | |Under 20 years, 1 in 7¼*. | | | | | | | | LA LOIRE INFERIEURE (in 1832), p. 177 |1 in 39*. | |1 in 34*. | | |1 in 147*. | | | |3⅔ legitimate* | | | | |In Nantes, 8 to 1; in country, 12 to 1. | | | | | |1 in 6¹²⁄₁₉₇*. | | | | | | |1 in 2¾*. | | | | | | | |1 in 2⁵⁄₁₄*. | | | | | | | | BOURDEAUX, p. 236 |. . . . | |. . . . | | |. . . . | | | |3*. | | | | |18 to 1. | | | | | |1 in 7. | | | | | | |1 in 4. | | | | | | | |1 in 3. | | | | | | | | BASSES PYRENEES, p. 260 |1 in 50³⁰⁄₈₅*. | |1 in 38¹⁄₁₂*. | | |1 in 165³⁵⁄₄₁*. | | | |. . . . | | | | |14½ to 1*. | | | | | |Under 4 years, 1 in 2⁷⁄₁₂*. | | | | | | |Under 20 years, 1 in 1¾*. | | | | | | | | MARSEILLES, p. 189 |1 in 80*, in 1831 | |1 in 34*, in 1831 | | |1 in 156*, in 1831 | | | |4½*. | | | | |Department, 9 to 1; Marseilles, 5 to 1*. | | | | | |1 in 4⅓*. | | | | | | |1 in 2⅙*. | | | | | | | |. . . . | | | | | | | | THE AZORES, p. 643 |1 in 48. | |1 in 19. | | |. . . . | | | |3 to 4. | | | | |About 7 to 1. | | | | | |Nearly one-half. | | | | | | |. . . . | | | | | | | |. . . . | | | | | | | | GENOA, p. 660 |About 1 in 28⁴⁄₇. | |About 1 in 20. | | |About 1 in 166. | | | |. . . . | | | | |. . . . | | | | | |About 1 in 4. | | | | | | |45 per cent. | | | | | | | |48 per cent. die before the age | | | | | | | |of 16. | | | | | | | | SAVOY, p. 662 |General average 1 in 42; but in some marshy districts 1 in 28; in |some mountainous districts 1 in 52. | |1 in 29. | | |. . . . | | | |4½. | | | | |. . . . | | | | | |. . . . | | | | | | |. . . . | | | | | | | |. . . . | | | | | | | | GREECE, p. 666 |Nothing ascertained, but that the deaths are far fewer than the |births: average number of children to a marriage 4: very few |illegitimate. | | | | | | |. . . . | | | | | | | |. . . . | | | | | | | | EUROPEAN TURKEY, p. 672 |In healthy years about 1 in 50[28]. | |About 1 in 31[28]. | | |About 1 in 66[28]. | | | |4. | | | | |Few illegitimate born, and few of those allowed | | | | |to live. | | | | | |About 1 in 5⁹⁄₁₀. | | | | | | |About 1 in 4. | | | | | | | |About 1 in 3³⁄₁₀. | | | | | | | |
[28] These numbers cannot be correct.
Comparison between the state of the English and Foreign Labouring Classes.
On comparing these statements respecting the wages, subsistence, and mortality of those portions of Continental Europe which have furnished returns with the corresponding statements respecting England, it will be found, that on every point England stands in the most favourable, or nearly the most favourable, position. With respect to money wages, the superiority of the English agricultural labourer is very marked. It may be fairly said that his wages are nearly double the average of agricultural wages in the Continent. And as fuel is generally cheaper in England than in the Continent, and clothing is universally so, his relative advantage with respect to those important objects of consumption is still greater.
On the other hand, as food is dearer in England than in any other part of Europe, the English labourer, especially if he have a large family, necessarily loses on this part of his expenditure a part of the benefit of his higher wages, and, if the relative dearness of food were very great, might lose the whole. On comparing, however, the answers to the 14th English and 8th Foreign question, it appears probable, that even in this respect the English family has an advantage, though of course less than in any other. Of the 687 English parishes which have given an answer, from which the diet of the family can be inferred, 491, or about five-sevenths, state, that it could obtain meat; and of the 196 which give answers implying that it could not get meat, 43 are comprised in Essex and Sussex, two of the most pauperised districts in the kingdom. But in the foreign answers, meat is the exception instead of the rule. In the north of Europe the usual food seems to be potatoes and oatmeal, or rye bread, accompanied frequently by fish, but only occasionally by meat.
In Germany and Holland the principal food appears to be rye bread, vegetables, the produce of the dairy, and meat once or twice a week.
In Belgium, potatoes, rye bread, milk, butter and cheese, and occasionally pork.
The French returns almost exclude fresh meat, and indicate a small proportion of salted meat. Thus we are told, that in Havre they live on bread and vegetables; never animal food, or very rarely. In Brittany, on buck wheat, barley bread, potatoes, cabbages, and about 6 lbs. of pork weekly. In the Gironde, on rye bread, soup made of millet, Indian corn, now and then some salt provision, and vegetables, rarely if ever butcher’s meat. In the Basses Pyrenées, on vegetable soups, potatoes, salt fish, pork and bacon, seldom or ever butcher’s meat. In the Bouches du Rhone, on vegetables, bread, and farinaceous substances made into soup, and bouillie about once a week. Their food in Piedmont is said to be the simplest and coarsest; no meat, and twice as much maize flour as wheat flour. In Portugal, salt fish, vegetable soup, with oil or lard, and maize bread.
Further evidence as to the relative state of the bulk of the population of England is afforded by the ratio of its mortality.
The only countries in which the mortality appears to be so small as in England, are, Norway, in which it is ¹⁄₅₄, and the Basses Pyrenées, in which it is ¹⁄₅₆[29]. In all the other countries which have given returns it exceeds the English proportion, sometimes by doubling it, and in the majority of instances by more than one fourth.
A portion of our apparent superiority arises from the rapidity with which our population is increasing; but though the proportion of our births exceeds the average proportion of Europe, the difference as to births is small when compared with the difference as to deaths, and in a great part of the north of Europe and Germany the proportion of births is greater than our own, and therefore the longevity of the population still more inferior to that of England than it appears to be.
[29] We exclude Lubeck, the Azores, and European Turkey, as the Returns from them appear to be mere guesses.
London: Printed by WILLIAM CLOWES and SONS, Stamford-street.