Part 21

|ARTISANS, Per Day. | |AGRICULTURISTS. | | |OTHER LABOURERS. | | | |WOMEN. | | | | |CHILDREN. | | | | | |WIFE and Four Children. | | | | | | |SUBSISTENCE. | | | | | | | AMERICA: | | | | | | | MASSACHUSETTS, p. 683 |First-rate, 2 to 3 dollars, others, 1½ dollars, 6_s._ 9_d._; |overseers, per year, 1500 to 3500 dollars. | |Per day, in harvest, 1 to 1½ dollars; per month, with board and | |lodging, 14 to 18 dollars during summer and autumn (six months,) | |some all the year; others during the other six months, 10 to 12 | |dollars a month. | | |Per year, 250 to 300 dollars, i.e. 56_l._ 5_s._ to 67_l._ | | |10_s._ | | | |At factories per week, 2½ to 5 dollars. | | | | |. . . . | | | | | |. . . . | | | | | | |There are very few who do not eat meat, | | | | | | |poultry, or fish twice or three times a | | | | | | |day. | | | | | | | NEW YORK, p. 158 |Dollar and a half; one-fourth less in winter and dull times. | |Per month, 1_l._ 10_s._ to 2_l._ 5_s._, with board, washing, and | |mending; per day, in harvest, 4_s._ 6_d._ with board | | |3_s._ 6_d._ per day; 44_l._ per year. | | | |Per day, 1_s._ 6_d._ to 3_s._ 6_d._ | | | | |Early enfranchised | | | | | |The children quit their parents and shift | | | | | |for themselves. The wife may earn 1_s._ | | | | | |6_d._ to 3_s._ 6_d._ a day. | | | | | | |A family united could subsist well on | | | | | | |their aggregate earnings have tea, | | | | | | |coffee, and meat twice a day. | | | | | | | MEXICO, p. 690 |Double the wages of the agriculturists. | |1_s._ to 1_s._ 4_d._ per day | | |. . . . | | | |Enough for their support. | | | | |Enough for their support. | | | | | |. . . . | | | | | | |Most certainly. The common food of | | | | | | |working people in Mexico is maize or | | | | | | |Indian corn, prepared either as | | | | | | |porridge (atole,) or in thin cakes | | | | | | |(tortillas,) and beans (frijoles,) like | | | | | | |the white beans so much in use in | | | | | | |France, with addition of chile, a | | | | | | |speckle of the hot pepper, of which | | | | | | |they eat enormous quantities by way of | | | | | | |seasoning. In the town wheaten bread | | | | | | |forms a part of the food of the lower | | | | | | |classes, and meat occasionally. | | | | | | | CARTHAGENA DE COLUMBIA, p. 166 |. . . . | |. . . . | | |Per day, town, 2_s._, country, 1_s._ to 1_s._ 6_d._; in | | |year, about 12_l._ | | | |As servants, about one- third a man’s wages. | | | | |Under 16, as servants, about one-third a man’s | | | | |wages. | | | | | |Per year about 50_l._ (supposed to include a | | | | | |man’s wages, but even then apparently | | | | | |excessive.) | | | | | | |Very comfortably; chiefly on animal | | | | | | |food. VENEZUELA, p. 163 |. . . . | |Per day, 1_s._ 6_d._ with usual provisions. | | |. . . . | | | |1_s._ 1½_d._ to 1_s._ 6_d._ per day. | | | | |Under sixteen 1_s._ 1½_d._ to 1_s._ 6_d._ per | | | | |day. | | | | | |15_l._ per year. | | | | | | |Maize cakes, with vegetables and fruit, | | | | | | |form the chief aliments of the peon and | | | | | | |his family; and they can with little | | | | | | |difficulty subsist, if they choose to | | | | | | |work, on their aggregate earnings. | | | | | | | MARANHAM, p. 693 |Per day, 1_s._ | |Generally slaves; where hired they earn about 17_s._ a month, | |and food. | | |. . . . | | | |. . . . | | | | |. . . . | | | | | |. . . . | | | | | | |The necessaries of life are few, and | | | | | | |easily obtained. | | | | | | | BAHIA, p. 731 |2_s._ per day; 25_l._ per year. | |. . . . | | |. . . . | | | |Women and children, | | | |nothing | | | | | |. . . . | | | | | | |. . . . | | | | | | | URUGUAY, p. 723 |. . . . | |Herdsmen, slaves, or guachos, 8 dollars a month, by the year. | | |. . . . | | | |. . . . | | | | |. . . . | | | | | |. . . . | | | | | | |A family may subsist on the labour of | | | | | | |the husband alone, and have a meal with | | | | | | |meat three times a day. | | | | | | | HAYTI, p. 168 |Per day, from 2_s._ 6_d._ to 3_s._; per year, 38_l._ | |Per day, 7_d._; per year, 9_l._ 10_s._ | | |. . . . | | | |As servants, from 10_s._ to 20_s._ a month. | | | | |. . . . | | | | | |. . . . | | | | | | |A family can easily subsist on the | | | | | | |earnings of their parents. Their food | | | | | | |consists of what are termed “ground | | | | | | |provisions,” i. e., plantains, sweet | | | | | | |potatoes, and other vegetables and | | | | | | |fruits, which if not raised by | | | | | | |themselves are obtained at a cheap | | | | | | |rate. | | | | | | | EUROPE: | | | | | | | NORWAY, p. 698 |Per week, 5_s._ 4_d._ to 7_s._ 2_d._, with food and lodging and |tools. | |Per day, 3_d._ to 5½_d._, with food. | | |Per day, in or near Christiania, summer, 10½_d._; winter, | | |8½_d._; per year, 11_l._ 10_s._ 9_d._ | | | |Per week, summer, and occasionally in winter, 3_s._ | | | |6_d._ | | | | |Per week, above 14, and under 16, 17_d._ | | | | | |Per year, about 6_l._ 4_s._ 3_d._ | | | | | | |Except in illness, it can subsist on | | | | | | |its aggregate earnings. The labourers | | | | | | |live on very simple food: salt | | | | | | |herrings, oatmeal porridge, potatoes, | | | | | | |coarse oatmeal bread, may-be twice a | | | | | | |week a piece of bacon or salt beef, and | | | | | | |along the coast, and the rivers and | | | | | | |lakes, on fresh fish. Corn brandy is in | | | | | | |general use. | | | | | | | SWEDEN: STOCKHOLM (Mr. Bloomfield’s Return), p. 374 |Per day, during nine months, 1_s._ 7_d._; winter, indoors, 1_s._ |7_d._ nearly; outdoors, nothing. | |Per day, skilled, 7_d._ to 8_d._, unskilled, 3_d._ to 4_d._; | |average the year, about 11_l._ | | |. . . . | | | |Per day, as agriculturists, in summer, 4_d._ | | | | |Per day, as agriculturists, in summer, 2_d._ | | | | | |Per year, as agriculturists: | | | | | | £. _s._ | | | | | | Wife 5 0 | | | | | | Boy of 14 2 10 | | | | | | Children of 11 and 8 1 0 | | | | | | ---- | | | | | | £8 10 | | | | | |As artisans: | | | | | | £. _s._ | | | | | | Wife 8 0 | | | | | | Boy of 14 4 10 | | | | | | Children of 11 and 8 2 0 | | | | | | ----- | | | | | | £14 10 | | | | | | |It could subsist. The agriculturists in | | | | | | |the southern provinces on potatoes and | | | | | | |salt fish, in the northern, on porridge | | | | | | |and rye bread; the artisans on better | | | | | | |food than the agriculturists, with | | | | | | |coffee, and occasionally fresh meat. | | | | | | | Count Forsell’s Statement, p. 380 |The support of a cottager’s household, consisting of husband, wife, |and three children, in the middle part of Sweden, costs yearly about |146⅔_r.d._, according to the prices of last year; the husband being |occupied during the whole year, and his wife having enough to do with |the care of her children, so that neither she nor her husband can |calculate on any additional earnings. | |The labourer receives 2½ barrels of rye, or in money 16_r.d._ |32_sk._; 1 barrel of corn, 5_r.d._ 16_sk._; half barrel of pease, |3_r.d._ 16_sk._; half ditto of malt, 2_r.d._ 32_sk._; 2 ditto |potatoes, 2_r.d._; 1½ lb. salt, 32_sk._; 4 lbs. herrings, 2_r.d._ |16_sk._; 1 lb. of butter, 4_r.d._ 16_sk._; 3 lbs. of hops, 1_r.d._; |1½ pint of sweet milk per day, 10_r.d._ 16_sk._; 3 pints of sour milk |during the summer, 4_r.d._ 16_sk._; 9 gallons of bränvin (a kind of |whiskey), 5_r.d._ 16_sk._; lodging and fuel, 16_r.d._ 32_sk._; annual |wages in money, 44_r.d._; earnest, 3_r.d._ 16_sk._; contributions, |3_r.d._ 16_sk._; sundries, 6_r.d._ 34_sk._; total banco, 146_r.d._ |32_sk._ That is, on an average, 29_r.d._ 16_sk._ annually for every |individual; and daily, 3_sk._ 10½_rst._ | |On a gentleman’s estate in the neighbourhood of Stockholm, the |following was given last year: Annual pay in money, 33_r.d._ 16_sk._; |¼ barrel of wheat, 2_r.d._ 32_sk._; 4 barrels of rye, 24_r.d._; 2 |barrels of corn, 9_r.d._ 16_sk._; 2 ditto potatoes, 2_r.d._; 10 heads |of white cabbage, 32_sk._; ½ barrel of herrings, 4_r.d._ 32_sk._; 1 |lb. salt, 21 _sk._; 2 lbs. of meat, 2_r.d._; 1 lb. of bacon, 2_r.d._ |32_sk._; 1 lb. of hops, 16_sk._; 2 pairs of shoes, 3_r.d._ 16_sk._; |sweet milk, 10_r.d._; sundry expenses, 5_r.d._; lodging, wood, |earnest, taxes, 25_r.d._; equal to 123_r.d._ 21_sk._ Were that sum |divided among five persons, 25_r.d._ 29_sk._ would accrue to each; |and daily, 3_sk._ 3_rst._ | |The household of a cottager belonging to this estate, about 10 |English miles from Stockholm, was bound, according to a written |contract, for 10 years to perform the following labour for the estate |or landowner; namely, | | _r.d._ _sk._ |208 days’ work for a man, at 21_sk._ 6_rst._ 93 8 | 40 ditto for a woman at 10_sk._ 8_rst._ 8 42 | 14 journeys to Stockholm, 1_r.d._ 14 0 |To mow and get in 14 acres of meadow 10 32 |To cut down and carry home 5 sawn timbers 2 32 |Ditto ... ditto ... 4 fathoms of firewood 5 16 |Ditto ... ditto ... 100 pairs of stakes 2 0 |To put out fishing-lines 3 0 |To keep in order a portion of the main road 2 0 |Ditto ... ditto ... bye-road 6 0 |To spin for wages 2 0 |To gather berries 0 32 |Sundry accidental jobs 3 0 | -------- | Total _r.d._ banco 143 18 | | | |In Stockholm, a poor mechanic’s household, consisting of | |husband, wife, and four children, can hardly be supported on | |less than 546_r.d._ banco annually, as follows: | | | | _R.d._ | |Bread, meal, salad, potatoes and other vegetables 120 | |Meat, butter, cheese, herrings and other fish 176 | |Milk, beer, bränvin (or whiskey) 26 | |Candles, coals, wood 24 | |Clothes 60 | |Rent and furniture 50 | |Taxes, medicines, and sundries 24 | | ---- | | Total _R.d._ 546 | | | |Hence will be seen that the master of such a family must earn | |daily, during the whole year, nearly 2_r.d._ banco, and | |consequently no masons, carpenters, smiths, &c. can be included | |in this class. If the husband, wife, or children are sick for | |any length of time, the state of such a family is far more | |deplorable than that of the agricultural peasantry of Sweden. | | |_Note._--146⅔_rds._ = 11_l._ | 1 lb. = 20 lbs. English. | 1 dollar = 48 skillings. | 1 skilling = 1½ farthing. |A dollar therefore is worth 72 farthings, or 1_s._ 6_d._ | | | | | | | GOTTENBURGH (Consul’s Return), p. 386 |Per day, 1_s._ 6_d._ to 2_s._ | |Per day, 6_d._ to 9_d._; per year, 7_l._ 13_s._ (Few such | |labourers). | | |Per day, 10_d._ to 1_s._ | | | |In towns, per week, summer, 6_s._ to 9_s._; winter, | | | |4_s._ to 6_s._ (This seems too large). | | | | |Under 16, in harvest, per day, 2_d._ to 3_d._ | | | | | |Per year, about 3_l._ | | | | | | |Yes; on the following food, viz., 11 | | | | | | |bushels of rye, cost 1_l._ 5_s._; | | | | | | |4¾ bushels of barley, 8_s._; 4¾ | | | | | | |ditto of peas, 5_s._; 4¾ ditto of | | | | | | |malt, 4_s._; 9½ ditto of potatoes, | | | | | | |3_s._ 2_d._; 19 lbs. of salt, 1_s._; 75 | | | | | | |lbs. of herrings, 3_s._ 6_d._; 19 lbs. | | | | | | |of butter, 6_s._ 6_d._; 3 lbs. of hops, | | | | | | |1_s._; 19 lbs. of stockfish, 2_s._ | | | | | | |3_d._; 19 lbs. of pork, 4_s._ 6_d._; | | | | | | |half a cow, 15_s._; about three pints | | | | | | |of sweet milk daily, 15_s._ 2_d._; and | | | | | | |six pints of sour milk, in summer, | | | | | | |daily, 6_s._ 6_d._; 42 bottles of | | | | | | |potatoe brandy, 8_s._ 3_d._; lodging | | | | | | |and wood, 1_l._ 5_s._; taxes, 5_s._; | | | | | | |sundries, 10_s._ Wages, about 3_l._ | | | | | | |10_s._, or in the whole, say, 10_l._ | | | | | | |18_s._ 10_d._ The above statement | | | | | | |applies to a small farmer; reduce it | | | | | | |about one-third, and it may apply to a | | | | | | |common (married) labourer in the | | | | | | |country. | | | | | | | RUSSIA: General Return, p. 334 |(No distinction of classes given). The pay of labourers varies in |different parts of Russia. In Georgia, it is 3½_d._ per day, which |is the lowest; in St. Petersburg, it is 1_s._ 3_d._ per day, which is |the highest. | | | |. . . . | | | | |. . . . | | | | | |. . . . | | | | | | |It would subsist. On rye bread, buck | | | | | | |wheat, and sour cabbage soup, well | | | | | | |seasoned with salt, and occasionally | | | | | | |a little lard. | | | | | | | ARCHANGEL Return, p. 338 |Summer, 10_d._, winter, 8_d._; often doubled. } Per Year: 18_l._ | |Summer, 8_d._, winter, 6_d._; often doubled. } to 30_l._ | | |... | | | |... | | | | |... | | | | | |Per year, 10_l._ to 15_l._ (This is supposed | | | | | |to be the meaning of the answers to queries | | | | | |6 and 7). | | | | | | |Decidedly yes. Their food consists of | | | | | | |fish, rye bread, gruel, kvas, | | | | | | |occasionally meat and turnips. A great | | | | | | |deal of tea is also drunk by the | | | | | | |peasants of this neighbourhood. | | | | | | | COURLAND Return, p. 341 |Per day, skilled, 3_s._ to 4_s._; unskilled, 1_s._ 6_d._ to 2_s._ | |Paid by land for subsistence. | | |Per day, summer, 1_s._; winter, few pence less. | | | |Per week, summer, 3_s._ 6_d._; winter, 2_s._ 6_d._ | | | | |Per week, under 16, summer, 3_s._, winter 2_s._ | | | | | |Per year, 30_l._ to 35_l._, (supposed to | | | | | |include man’s earnings). | | | | | | |They can subsist on the aggregate | | | | | | |earnings, in most cases, however, but | | | | | | |needy; on bread, potatoes, salted fish, | | | | | | |&c., seldom beef. | | | | | | | DENMARK: COPENHAGEN Return, p. 267 |One-third more than agriculturists. | |Per day, 6_d._ to 8_d._ (with, in harvest, provisions of poor | |quality); per year, 15_l._ (Sunday nearly a day of work). | | |. . . . | | | |Per day, 4_d._, all the year. | | | | |. . . . | | | | | |Man, wife, and four children, working on the | | | | | |Sundays, about 12_s._ a week. | | | | | | |It is frequently done. The food | | | | | | |wholesome rye bread, bad milk, cheese, | | | | | | |shocking butter, coffee (as it is | | | | | | |called), profusion of tobacco and | | | | | | |snuff, and too much spirits, which are | | | | | | |unfortunately cheap and very bad. | | | | | | | ELSINORE Return, p. 296 |No subdivision. Per day, summer, 9_d._ to 10_d._, or 6_d._ to 7_d._ |with food: winter, 6_d._ to 7_d._, or 4_d._ to 5_d._ with food; per |year, 12_l._ to 15_l._ | | | |Summer, four months, 2_s._ 6_d._ to 3_s._ per week; | | | |winter, 8 months, 1_s._ 6_d._ to 2_s._ a week. | | | | |. . . . | | | | | |Per year, about 6_l._ | | | | | | |With prudence and economy, which, | | | | | | |however, are no characteristics of the | | | | | | |peasantry of this country, I doubt not | | | | | | |it might be done. Their principal food | | | | | | |consists of rye bread, groats, | | | | | | |potatoes, coffee, butter, cheese, and | | | | | | |milk, in which articles a family | | | | | | |consisting of man, wife, and three | | | | | | |children, would expend about 15_l._ per | | | | | | |annum in this neighbourhood; in other | | | | | | |parts of the country they fare worse. | | | | | | |Food is cheap. | | | | | | | Further statement, by Cons. Macgregor, p. 299 |Per week, with food, 4_s._ 6_d._ to 6_s._ 9_d._; without food, 11_s._ |to 11_s._ 6_d._ In manufactories, per week, male, 4_s._ 6_d._ to |12_s._; female, 4_s._ 6_d._ to 5_s._; children above 14, 3_s._ 6_d._ |to 4_s._, or under 14, 1_s._ 9_d._ to 2_s._ 3_d._; ropemakers, 1_s._ |9_d._ to 2_s._ 3_d._ per day. | |Per year, with food and lodging, males, 4_l._ to 5_l._; females, | |3_l._ 10_s._ to 3_l._ 15_s._; boys, 2_l._ 10_s._ to 3_l._ 15_s._ | | |Per day, in towns, 1_s._ to 1_s._ 6_d._ Agriculture, males, | | |6_d._ to 10_d._; females, 5_d._ to 7_d._; with food, | | |one-half less. | | | |. . . . | | | | |. . . . | | | | | |. . . . | | | | | | |. . . . | | | | | | | HANSEATIC TOWNS: BREMEN, p. 413 |No subdivision. Per day, in the country, summer, 1_s._, winter, |9_d._; per year, 17_l._ 10_s._ to 22_l._ In towns, about 25 per cent. |higher; per year, 17_l._ 10_s._ to 25_l._ | | | |Per day, country, summer, 6_d._; winter, 4_d._, town, | | | |4_d._ | | | | |Per week, from 12 to 16, in tobacco | | | | |manufactories, 3_s._ 6_d._ | | | | | |. . . . | | | | | | |Can very well support itself. They can | | | | | | |subsist upon potatoes, beans, buck | | | | | | |wheat or grits, and rye bread, and | | | | | | |twice a week meat or bacon. | | | | | | | LUBECK, p. 415 |Per week, 7_s._ to 14_s._, or if constantly employed, and with board |and lodging, 2_s._ 4_d._ to 4_s._; per year, 30_l._ | |Per day, summer, 9_d._; winter, 7_d._; harvest, 1_s._ Per year, | |12_l._ | | |Per day, in the town, 14_d._; per year, 18_l._ | | | |Town, 7_d._ a day; country, in harvest, 7_d._ a day. | | | | |. . . . | | | | | |. . . . | | | | | | |Even comfortably, on the usual food of | | | | | | |the poorer classes here, namely, coarse | | | | | | |rye bread, potatoes, bacon, fat or | | | | | | |dripping, milk, porridge made of peas, | | | | | | |groats or peeled barley, herrings or | | | | | | |other cheap fish, butter and lard, but | | | | | | |very seldom meat. Greatest luxury, a | | | | | | |cup of coffee in the morning. | | | | | | | MECKLENBURG, p. 422 |Per week, in towns, 7_s._ to 10_s._ 6_d._, and free boarding. In the |country, about two-thirds. | |Per week, in country, 3_s._ 6_d._, a dwelling, garden, and | |pasture for a cow and two sheep in summer, and provender for | |them in winter. | | |Per week, in towns, 5_s._ 3_d._ to 7_s._ | | | |. . . . | | | | |. . . . | | | | | |. . . . | | | | | | |Could subsist on good sound food, and | | | | | | |occasionally meat. | | | | | | | DANTZIG, p. 465 |Per day, summer, 13½_d._; winter, 23_d._ | |Per day, summer, 4⅔_d._ to 7_d._; winter, 3½_d._ to | |4⅔_d._, besides a dwelling, either free of, or at a small rent, | |pasture for a cow in summer, and a small load of hay in winter, | |and fuel. | | |Per day, summer, country, 8¼_d._ to 11¾_d._; town, | | |8½_d._ to 16_d._ Winter, country, 4¾_d._ to 7_d._; | | |town, 7_d._ to 12_d._ Yearly, country, 8_l._ 10_s._ to | | |9_l._; town, 10_l._ to 10_l._ 10_s._ | | | |Per day, country, summer, 3½_d._ to 4⅔_d._; | | | |winter, 2½_d._, to 3_d._ Towns, 4⅔_d._ to 7_d._ | | | | |Per day, from 12 to 16, country, 2⅓_d._ to | | | | |3_d._; towns, about 2½_d._ | | | | | |Per year, country, woman, 3_l._ 15_s._; boy, | | | | | |12 to 16, 3_l._ Towns, women, 4_l._ 10_s._; | | | | | |boy, 12 to 16, 3_l._ | | | | | | |Very well; living in the country on rye | | | | | | |bread, potatoes, and other vegetables, | | | | | | |fruit, food of wheat, flour, lard, | | | | | | |milk, meat once or twice weekly, and | | | | | | |fish; but chiefly on rye bread and | | | | | | |potatoes. | | | | | | | SAXONY, p. 481 |The average amount of wages is not more than 9_d._ a day. | | | |A woman can earn on an average 3_d._ daily, a child, | | | |1_d._ | | | | |. . . . | | | | | |. . . . | | | | | | |Parents with four children, with | | | | | | |management, abstemiousness and | | | | | | |diligence, can earn their livelihood. | | | | | | | WURTEMBERG (Mr. Wellesley’s Return), p. 510 |Per week, in towns, 1 to 2½ _fl._, fed and lodged. In villages, |20_kr._ to 1 _fl._, fed and lodged. | |_Note._--1 _fl._ is equal to 60_kr._, |or to 20_d._ sterling. | |Per year, with food and lodging, in towns, 50 to 60 _fl._; in | |villages, 20 to 40 _fl._; without food and lodging, 150 _fl._, | |but with food and wood under market price in winter. | | |. . . . | | | |Per week, 42 _kr._ to 1_fl._ 30 _kr._; in | | | |manufactures, 1 _fl._ 40 _kr._ to 2 _fl._ 30 _kr._ | | | | |Per week, 20 to 40 _kr._; in manufactures, 1 | | | | |_fl._ 12 _kr._ to 2 _fl._ | | | | | |Per year, from 40 to 50 _fl._ The children | | | | | |too much in school to earn much (supposed to | | | | | |include man’s wages.) | | | | | | |They could. In the morning, soup and | | | | | | |potatoes and bread; dinner, vegetables | | | | | | |or pudding; between dinner and supper, | | | | | | |bread; supper, potatoes and milk or | | | | | | |soup; once or twice a week, meat. | | | | | | | Government Return, p. 525 |_A_) A grown-up female-- | | _a_) By spinning and ordinary knitting can seldom gain more than 4, |6, or 8 _kr._ daily; by finer knitting, embroidery, lace-making, and |other such female work, which are paid by the piece, can seldom gain |more than from 10 to 25 _kr._ one day with another. | | _b_) A sempstress receives, in the country, in small places, from 4 |to 6 _kr._, in larger places and towns, from 12 to 15 _kr._; in the |capital, a dress-maker, an ironer, a plaiter, from 24, 36 to 48 _kr._ |daily, besides board. | | _c_) A washerwoman or charwoman receives in the country only 8, 10, |12, 15 to 18 _kr._; in the capital, 36 _kr._ daily, with board; or |without board, from 1 _fl._ to 1 _fl._ 12 _kr._ | | _d_) A maid servant receives, in money and money’s worth, annually, |besides board, in the country only 16, 18, 20, to 24 _fl._; in the |capital, 24, 30, 36 to 40 _fl._; to which, according to |circumstances, vails are to be added, especially in the capital. | |_B_) A male adult receives, namely-- | | _a_) A journeyman workman-- | | _aa_) In the country, with the shoemakers and tailors, 20, 24, to |30 _kr._; with the bakers, 48 _kr._ to 1 _fl._; with the smiths, 48 |_kr._ to 1 _fl._ 12 _kr._; with calendrers and tanners, 48 _kr._ to 2 |_fl._ weekly, with board; a journeyman carpenter or bricklayer, from |30 to 36 kr. daily, with bread and something to drink. | | _bb_) In the capital, with board, from 1 _fl._ 12 _kr._ to 2 |_fl._ 42 _kr._ weekly; without board, 36 _kr._ to 1_fl._ daily; on |Sunday, nothing. | | _b_) A man servant receives, in the country, 20, 30, 36, to 40 |_fl._; in the capital, 50 to 60 _fl._ and more per annum, with board. | | _c_) A farmer’s labourer or other day labourer in the country, 12, |15, 18, 20, to 24 _kr._ daily, with board, or, instead of the latter, |10 or 12 _kr._ in money; in the capital, in winter, from 24 to 30 |_kr._; in summer, from 36 to 48 kr. for everything. | | _d_) A wood-cleaver can gain daily in all only from 20 to 24, and |at the most, 30 _kr._ | |All these rates of wages rise or fall according as the work requires |more or less dexterity or exertion, as the individual workman is more |or less distinguished by skill, strength, or diligence, as the |scarcity and the supply of workmen is greater or less, as the days |are longer or shorter, &c. | | | | | | | BAVARIA, p. 556 |. . . . | |Good labourers, 8_d._ per day; generally provisions at harvest | |time. There are very few day labourers in the country. | | |In towns, from 8_d._ to 16_d._ a day. | | | |. . . . | | | | |. . . . | | | | | |. . . . | | | | | | |. . . . | | | | | | | FRANKFORT, p. 567 |Per day, summer, 1_s._ 4_d._ to 1_s._ 6_d._; winter, 2_d._ less; |2_d._ a day extra for drink-money. Per year, 14_l._ to 28_l._ | |. . . . | | |Per day, 10_d._ to 1_s._ | | | |Per day, 8_d._ to 1_s._ 4_d._ | | | | |Per day, under 16, 2_d._ to 4_d._ | | | | | |. . . . | | | | | | |Yes. Meat twice a week; soup, | | | | | | |vegetables, potatoes, bread, coffee | | | | | | |and beer daily. | | | | | | | HOLLAND (General Return), p. 585 |Not classified. From 150 to 225 florins, or from 12_l._ 10_s._ to |18_l._ | | | |15_s._ a year. | | | | |. . . . | | | | | |From 20 to 30 florins, (from 1_l._ 13_s._ | | | | | |4_d._ to 2_l._ 10_s_.) | | | | | | |They could subsist thereon, and live | | | | | | |upon bread, principally rye, cheese, | | | | | | |potatoes, vegetables, beans and pork, | | | | | | |buttermilk, with buck wheat, meal, &c. | | | | | | | AMSTERDAM Return, p. 586 |Per day, summer, 1_s._ 6_d._ to 2_s._ 8_d._; winter, 1_s._ 3_d._ to |2_s._ 8_d._ Shoemakers and tailors, from 8_s._ 4_d._ to 20_s._ per |week. | |. . . . | | |. . . . | | | |. . . . | | | | |. . . . | | | | | |. . . . | | | | | | |. . . . | | | | | | | HAARLEM, p. 587 |Per week, summer, 4_s._ 4_d._ to 10_s._ 10_d._; winter, one-fourth |less. Weavers, from 10_s._ to 13_s._ 4_d._ | |. . . . | | |. . . . | | | |Per week, summer, 4_s._ 4_d._ to 5_s._; winter, | | | |one-fourth less. | | | | |Per week, summer, 8_d._ to 3_s._; winter, | | | | |one-fourth less. | | | | | |. . . . | | | | | | |. . . . | | | | | | | NORTH HOLLAND, p. 587 |Per week, 3_s._ 4_d._ to 15_s._; firewood free. | |Per year, 3_l._ 6_s._ 8_d._ to 8_l._ 6_s._ 8_d._, with board and | |lodging. | | |Per day, first class, 20_d._ | | | |. . . . | | | | |. . . . | | | | | |. . . . | | | | | | |. . . . | | | | | | | VRIESLAND and GRONINGEN, p. 587 |Per week, 2_s._ 6_d._ to 10_s._ | |Per year, 3_l._ 6_s._ 8_d._ to 8_l._ 6_s._ 8_d._ with board and | |lodging. Per day, summer, 10_d._ to 20_d._; winter, 8_d._ to | |1_s._ | | |. . . . | | | |. . . . | | | | |. . . . | | | | | |. . . . | | | | | | |. . . . | | | | | | | BELGIUM: BOOM, p. 634 |Per year, brickmakers, summer, 10_l._ 16_s._ 8_d._; winter, 3_l._ |10_s._ 10½_d._; total p’ year, 14_l._ 7_s._ 6½_d._ | |Per year, farming labourers, summer, 4_l._ 14_s._ 6_d._; winter, | |1_l._ 19_s._ 4½_d._; total, 6_l._ 13_s._ 10½_d._, with food. | | |Per week, waterman, 5_s._ 8¾_d._, with food. | | | |Per week, in the brick manufacture, summer, 3_s._ | | | |1½_d._ | | | | |Per week, under 16, summer, 2_s._ 9½_d._ | | | | | |. . . . | | | | | | |Such family can subsist by their | | | | | | |earnings only, bread, potatoes, and | | | | | | |milk. | | | | | | | OSTEND, p. 639 |Per day, skilled, summer, 1_s._ 2_d._ to 1_s._ 5_d._; winter, 10_d._ |to 1_s._ 2_d._ Yearly, 20_l._ in a town. Unskilled, summer, 7_d._ to |1_s._; winter, 5½_d._ to 8_d._ | |Per day, summer, 1_s._; winter, 10½_d._; when boarded, | |5½_d._ is deducted. Yearly, 14_l._ | | |. . . . | | | |Per day, in towns, 10½_d._, with food, 1_s._ 5_d._ | | | |without. In the country, summer, 8½_d._, winter, | | | |7½_d._, without food; summer, 4¼_d._, winter, | | | |3½_d._, with food. | | | | |Per day, of 11, summer, 1½_d._ and food; winter | | | | |nothing. | | | | | |Yearly, women and two eldest children, food | | | | | |in summer, and from 6_l._ 8_s._ to 7_l._ | | | | | |4_s._ in the year; the third child its food. | | | | | | |It can, in the towns, eating only | | | | | | |potatoes and rye bread; the father | | | | | | |being an unskilled artisan, and the | | | | | | |towns possessing no manufacture. In the | | | | | | |country, the same family would consume | | | | | | |a little butter, some vegetables, and | | | | | | |perhaps sometimes a piece of pork. | | | | | | | GAESBECK pp. 7, 8 |. . . . | |Per day, summer and winter, 6_d._ with beer, and sometimes | |coffee and bread and butter, of the value of 1_d._ more. | |Occasional labourers, 1_d._ more. | | |. . . . | | | |Per day, 6_d._ in summer, and 5_d._ in winter, without | | | |food. | | | | |Same as a woman. | | | | | |. . . . | | | | | | |Rye bread, cheese, butter or fat, | | | | | | |bacon, vegetables, coffee, and very | | | | | | |weak beer. | | | | | | | FRANCE: HAVRE, p. 181 |Labourers (not stated of what description) per day, town, 2_s._; |country, summer, 1_s._ 6_d._; winter, 1_s._ 2_d._ | | | |Per day, 10_d._ with food. | | | | |. . . . | | | | | |. . . . | | | | | | |Families do subsist, and are | | | | | | |respectable upon these earnings. Their | | | | | | |food is bread, a few vegetables, and | | | | | | |cider; never animal food, or very | | | | | | |rarely. Coffee and treacle are also | | | | | | |used. | | | | | | | BRITTANY, p. 726 |Per day, summer and winter, 15_d._ per year 18_l._ | |Per day, summer, 10_d._; winter, 7_d._ per year, 11_l._ | | |. . . . | | | |Per day, as artisans, 5_d._ to 7_d._; as | | | |agriculturists, 3_d._ | | | | |Per day, as artisans, 2½_d._; as agriculturists, | | | | |during at other times very little. | | | | | |Per year, as artisans, 10_l._; as | | | | | |agriculturists, 8_l._ | | | | | | |Artisans.--Yes; bread and a small | | | | | | |quantity of meat (perhaps 5 lbs. a | | | | | | |week), vegetables and fish, which are | | | | | | |very cheap. Agriculturists.--Yes; the | | | | | | |principal articles of food are buck | | | | | | |wheat made into porridge and cakes, | | | | | | |barley bread, potatoes, cabbages, and | | | | | | |about 6 lbs. of pork weekly. A little | | | | | | |grease for the cabbage soup, which is | | | | | | |poured on barley bread. | | | | | | | LA LOIRE INFERIEURE, p. 176 |Per day, summer and winter, 1_s._ 8_d._ to 2_s._ 6_d._ Per year |26_l._ 10_s._, in Nantes. | |Per day, summer and winter, 7½_d._ to 10_d._ Per year, 12_l._ | |to 12_l._ 10_s._ If lodged and boarded, from 5_l._ to 8_l._ | |6_s._ 8_d._ | | |Per day, summer and winter, 1_s._ ½_d._ to 1_s._ 3_d._ Per | | | year, 13_l._--_s._ 5_d._ to 15_l._ 12_s._ 6_d._ in Nantes. | | | |Per day, summer and winter, 4_d._ to 8_d._ in the | | | |country, 6_d._ to 10_d._ in towns. | | | | |Per day, summer and winter, 3_d._ to 6_d._, under | | | | |16, in Nantes. | | | | | |Per year, in Nantes, sometimes from 15_l._ | | | | | |to 16_l._ 13_s._ 4_d._; in the country | | | | | |considerably less. | | | | | | |If the father obtains constant | | | | | | |employment and applies the whole of his | | | | | | |earnings to the support of his family, | | | | | | |and his wife and children are enabled | | | | | | |to add 200 or 300 francs thereto, he | | | | | | |may have in his power to buy a little | | | | | | |bacon or other meat now and then, and | | | | | | |maintain his family without assistance | | | | | | |from the bureau de bienfaisance, but | | | | | | |that allows only 70 francs to provide | | | | | | |fuel and clothes for the whole family, | | | | | | |after the hire of a room. The bread and | | | | | | |vegetables had been paid for out of the | | | | | | |father’s wages. | | | | | | | BOURDEAUX, p. 235 |Per day, 1_s._ 7½_d._ to 2_s._ 5_d._ | |Daily labourer, 1_s._ 4½_d._ | |Yearly labourer: | | Money £17 0 | | Other advantages, 4 12 | | ------ | | Annual inc. £21 12 | | |. . . . | | | |Per week, 3_s._ 4½_d._; in harvest, 4_s._ 2½_d._; | | | |in the vine districts, except during harvest, 2_s._ | | | |10_d._ | | | | | |Per year, 12_l._ | | | | | | |Certainly. The food varies in different | | | | | | |districts. Throughout the district | | | | | | |called Landes (heath) occupying alone | | | | | | |one-third of this department, the food | | | | | | |consists in rye bread, soup made of | | | | | | |millet, cakes made of Indian corn, now | | | | | | |and then some salt provision and | | | | | | |vegetables, rarely if ever butchers’ | | | | | | |meat; their drink water, which for the | | | | | | |most part is stagnant. | | | | | | | BAYONNE, p. 261 |Per day, average workmen, 1_s._ 3_d._ to 1_s._ 6_d._; best workmen, |2_s._ 6_d._ to 3_s._ | |Per day, town and country, 1_s._ Very few in the country. | | | |. . . . | | | | |. . . . | | | | | |. . . . | | | | | | |The food of the proprietor or working | | | | | | |farmer chiefly consists of vegetable | | | | | | |soups, potatoes, salt fish, pork, | | | | | | |bacon, &c., &c., seldom or ever | | | | | | |butchers’ meat, and invariably Indian | | | | | | |corn bread, home-baked. | | | | | | | MARSEILLES, p. 188 |Labourers (of what description not stated) per day, 15_d._ to 18_d._; |by the year, 7_l._ to 8_l._, with board and lodging; 16_l._ to 20_l._ |without board and lodging. | | | |Per day, 7_d._ to 9_d._, all the year. | | | | |Per day, aged 11 and under 16, same as woman; | | | | |under 11, nothing. | | | | | |. . . . | | | | | | |They could subsist on the aggregate | | | | | | |earnings of the father, mother, and | | | | | | |children. Their food is generally | | | | | | |composed of vegetables, bread, and | | | | | | |farinaceous substances made into soup, | | | | | | |&c.; and meat soup or bouillie probably | | | | | | |once a week. | | | | | | | PIEDMONT, pp. 657, 658 |From 1_s._ 8_d._ to 4_s._ 2_d._ The first sum forming the wages of a |carpenter or mason, the second those of a clever goldsmith. | |Per day, summer 10_d._ to 12_d._; winter 6_d._ to 7½_d._; | |intermediate seasons, 7½_d._ to 10_d._ Per Year, 8_l._ to | |12_l._ The piece labourer obtains about 20 or 30 per cent. more | |than the day labourer. Almost every family earns from 1_l._ | |13_s._ 4_d._ to 2_l._ 8_s._ 4_d._ by breeding silk-worms. | | |Something more than those of the country. | | | |During eight months, 2_s._ 6_d._ a week; other four | | | |months (winter) 1_s._ 8_d._ per week, at most. | | | | |Per day, 5_d._ in silk-mills; little other | | | | |employment. | | | | | |Per year, inclusive of produce of | | | | | |silk-worms, rather less than 10_l._ to | | | | | |12_l._ | | | | | | |I think it can, but on the simplest and | | | | | | |coarsest food; no meat, little wine, | | | | | | |and twice as much maize flour as wheat | | | | | | |flour. And with all possible economy, | | | | | | |if there has been a bad harvest, and | | | | | | |consequently dear provisions, he must | | | | | | |apply to the charity of his neighbours | | | | | | |or of the inhabitants of his parish. | | | | | | |If his character is good, he cannot | | | | | | |fail of obtaining it. | | | | | | | GENOA, p. 660 |In fine manufactures, from 25_l._ to 28_l._ a year; in ordinary |manufactures, from 16_l._ to 20_l._ a year. | |. . . . | | |From 12_l._ to 14_l._ a year, without food. | | | |A little. | | | | |. . . . | | | | | |. . . . | | | | | | |. . . . | | | | | | | SAVOY, p. 661 |. . . . | |Per day, 15_d._ in summer; 12_d._ or 10_d._ in winter, without | |food, or 6_d._ with food, and a pint of wine. | | |. . . . | | | |One-third of a man’s earnings. | | | | |. . . . | | | | | |. . . . | | | | | | |. . . . | | | | | | | PORTUGAL, p. 642 |. . . . | |In the cultivation of the vine and in the vintage, from 1_s._ | |6_d._ to 2_s._ 6_d._ per day, with food. | | |. . . . | | | |In harvest, from 3½_d._ to 6_d._ per day, with coarse | | | |food. | | | | |. . . . | | | | | |. . . . | | | | | | |Salt fish, vegetable soup with oil or | | | | | | |lard, and bread made of maize. | | | | | | | THE AZORES, p. 645 |Per day, skilful, 15_d._ to 20_d._ | |Per day, 6_d._ to 8_d._; or yearly, 6_l._ to 8_l._, with | |breakfast and dinner on certain occasions, such as harvest, | |vintage, hoeing corn, or cutting wood on the mountains. | | |. . . . | | | |Children under 16; field to 5_d._ per day; boys from | | | |10 to 14, 3_d._ to 4_d._ per day; boys from 7 to 10, | | | |2_d._ to 3_d._ per day. | | | | | |If employed for 250 days, 13_l._ 10_s._ | | | | | | |With the above earnings they may | | | | | | |subsist pretty well with sufficiency | | | | | | |of Indian corn, bread, vegetables, | | | | | | |potatoes, and fruit; seldom any meat, | | | | | | |but in the summer time fish, when | | | | | | |abundant, such as mackerel, sardinhas, | | | | | | |smelts, bonitas, abacore, and dolphin. | | | | | | | THE CANARY ISLANDS, p. 687 |Per Day, 3_s._ | |Per day, 14_d._ to 18_d._ | | |. . . . | | | |Per day, as sempstresses, at Santa Cruz, 6_d._ with | | | |food; 10_d._ without. | | | | |. . . . | | | | | |. . . . | | | | | | |They are satisfied with the commonest | | | | | | |food and their other wants are very | | | | | | |limited from the nature of the climate. | | | | | | | GREECE, p. 666 (General Return) |Labourers not distinguished. Per day, 17_d._, without food; per year, |18_l._ 1_s._ 2_d._ | | | |Children under 16, per week, 4_s._ 9½_d._ | | | | | |. . . . | | | | | | |. . . . | | | | | | | PATRAS, p. 668 |Per day, 1_s._ 6_d._ to 2_s._ 3_d._ | |Per day, summer, 1_s._ 2½ _d._, winter, 11_d._ without food; | |per year, 12_l._; with food and shoes, per month, 9_s._ | |N.B. Only 248 working days. | | |. . . . | | | |Children under 16, per day, in harvest, 6_d._; | | | |something less in winter. | | | | | |23_l._ (supposed to include the man’s | | | | | |wages.) | | | | | | |They do so, living temperately, as | | | | | | |these persons almost all do, using both | | | | | | |maize and wheaten bread, olives, pulse, | | | | | | |vegetables, salt fish, and occasionally | | | | | | |meat on great festivals. Their usual | | | | | | |drink is water, but the men take wine | | | | | | |also moderately. | | | | | | | EUROPEAN TURKEY, p. 671 |Near Towns: Skilled, per month, 1_l._ with provisions; 1_l._ 10_s._ |without provisions; unskilled summer, per month, 9_s._ with |provisions; 1_l._ without provisions; winter, one-third less. | |Distant from Towns, a little more than half. Common labourer, near |towns, per year, about 18_l._; in other districts, about 8_l._ | |Wages of artisans, about double those of common labourers. | | | |Per week, spinners and weavers, and in the field, | | | |2_s._ | | | | |Under 16, apprenticed labourers and shepherds, | | | | |about half as much as women. | | | | | |Wife, 4_l._; eldest child, 2_l._; together | | | | | |6_l._; (the children under 14 being employed | | | | | |at home.) | | | | | | |Such a family can subsist on their | | | | | | |aggregate earnings. Their food | | | | | | |principally consists of bread, rice, | | | | | | |greens, dried beans and peas, olives | | | | | | |and onions, and meat about once a week. | | | | | | |