Staffordshire pottery and its history
CHAPTER XII.
MODERN MEN AND METHODS.
But the manufacture of tiles, though economically the most important part of Minton’s work, ought not to distract attention from that great artistic development of his school, which gave us from 1855-1885 the halcyon days of the English china trade. With this period the names of Minton, Ridgway, Brown Westhead and Brownfield are chiefly associated, while such old firms as Copelands and Wedgwoods acquired fresh lustre.
John Ridgway of Cauldon Place is reputed to have produced the best china at the 1851 exhibition, and when he died in 1860 the Cauldon Place Works were bought by Messrs T. C. Brown Westhead, Moore and Co., who have continued to this day to produce the china for which Cauldon Place has always been renowned. William Ridgway, the brother of John, had half a dozen factories in Hanley—George Taylor’s, Elijah Mayer’s, Toft and May’s, D. Wilson’s, Hicks’, Meigh and Johnson’s, besides the old Bell Works, and made both earthenware and china.[200] His son Edward John Ridgway built their present Bedford Works in Hanley, where this family still produce china, as well as “Granite” and printed ware for the American trade.
Nor must the name of William Brownfield of Cobridge be omitted from any account of the prosperous days of the china trade. This firm, which has now closed down, made trial recently of a profit-sharing scheme, which deserved well of the community. Unfortunately it fell upon the bad times near the end of the last century and was discontinued.
The success of Minton in majolica, tiles and porcelain led the Wedgwoods at Etruria to depart so far from their special black basalt and jasper as to take up similar lines of manufacture. Their brown majolica glaze, known as “rockingham,” perhaps the most permanently successful form of majolica, was introduced about 1860.[201] (This “rockingham” glaze had been first employed about 1796 near Rotherham on the Marquis of Rockingham’s estate in Yorkshire.)[202] Then, in 1872, they began again to make porcelain, and this time with great success. A Wedgwood china dinner service of 1296 pieces was selected by President Roosevelt for the White House in open competition with the whole world. From 1880 till 1902 Wedgwoods also made encaustic and white-glazed tiles, though without any financial success. This firm now employs about 700 people, and is carried on by Messrs Lawrence, Cecil and Francis Hamilton Wedgwood, the great-grandson and great-great-grandsons of Josiah Wedgwood, making altogether eight generations of master-potters from father to son, probably a unique example in any industry.
While Mintons, Copelands and Wedgwoods were producing the most costly porcelain, the trade in the commoner china had centred more and more at the Longton end of the Potteries. Charles J. Mason with his “ironstone china” at Fenton between 1820 and 1850 was the precursor of this trade, and it was on this export trade that Longton grew so rapidly throughout the 19th century. The manufacture of cheap “jet” and “rockingham” has become of recent years an important branch of manufacture at this Longton end, and very opportunely, for the cheap china trade has suffered more than any other from the German and Dutch competition. Messrs Wileman’s factory at the Foley, now owned by Mr Percy Shelley, is the most important, but the Longton china trade generally is in the hands of small men. A great part of this china trade was formerly with America, and, apart from ornamental potting, it has always been the solid American trade which has made the fortunes of the Staffordshire potters. In the forties the chief exporters of earthenware to America were Enoch Wood of Fountain Place, and Samuel Alcock of the Hill Top Works, both in Burslem. Samuel Alcock had several factories in Burslem, and deserves mention for his “Parian” figures, but his great trade was in plain white and cream colour with the United States.[203] Alcock’s old Hill Top Works, where John Mitchell once used to entertain Wesley, belong now to Samuel Johnson, noted for his tea-pots.
The close of the American war, 1865, saw the rise of another potting firm destined to grow to importance in the American trade. This was the firm of James and George Meakin. They were the sons of James Meakin, who had been a small master-potter in Hanley, and they produced an uniform hard white earthenware called “granite”—serviceable, plain and cheap. James Meakin, a man of great business capacity, financed and gradually came to control a large proportion of the American buyers, and all through the seventies this firm almost monopolized the trade of the United States in cheap earthenware. James Meakin bought Darlaston Hall, and died in 1885. His “Eagle Works” at Hanley are now carried on by his sons Kenneth and Bernard and by his nephew George Meakin of Cresswell Hall. Alfred Meakin started a similar manufacture at the Victoria and Albert Works in Tunstall in 1874, now taken over by Johnson Bros. These Johnsons, too, nephews of James Meakin, began soon after 1880 to rival the Eagle Works in the production of “granite” and plain printed ware. They have now no less than five factories in Hanley, Tunstall and Burslem specially equipped for this trade. The fourth of the firms known as “The Big American Four” (now reduced to three) is that of W. H. Grindley, who began in 1887 to make “granite” at Wood and Challenor’s old Woodland Works in Tunstall. His new factory at Brownhills is said to afford the best example of up-to-date economical manufacture, and stands out in striking contrast to most of the older “artistic” works. Another factory which owes its reputation to strict specialization and the latest economical machinery is that of Samuel Gibson, in the Moorland Road, at Burslem. Here five hundred men and girls make tea-pots for the world—only tea-pots—in jet and brown and rockingham.
James Meakin, Master Potter of Hanley, d. 1855. | +-Sarah. = Robert Johnson d. _c._ 1910 | | | +-Henry Johnson. } | | } | +-Robert Johnson. } Master Potters of Hanley—“Johnson Bros.” | | } | +-Fred. Johnson. } | +-James Meakin of Darlaston, Master Potter of the Eagle Works. | | (1833-1885) = Emily, dᵃ of Ed. J. Ridgway, Master Potter of the | | Bedford Works, Hanley. | | | +-Kenneth Meakin, Master Potter. | | | +-Bernard Meakin of the Eagle Works. | +-George Meakin, Master Potter of the Eagle Works. d. 1891 | | | +-George Elliot Meakin, Master Potter of the Eagle Works. b. _c._ | 1865 | +-William Meakin, Master Potter of the Eagle Works, Hanley. d. 1889 | | | +-Susan = Edward Akroyd Ridgway, Master Potter of Bedford Works, | Hanley. | +-Charles Meakin, Master Potter of Joiners Square. | +-Alfred Meakin, Master Potter of the Victoria and Albert Works, | Tunstall. d. 1904 | +-[symbol indicating ‘had issue’]
The china trade and the American “granite” trade had their best days from 1870 to 1876. No doubt the general expansion of trade and the temporary absence of foreign competition were the chief factors in producing this prosperity. But a great deal was due to the increased use of steam power and the introduction of automatic machinery, and also to the institution of the Potteries Board of Conciliation and Arbitration.
The clay filter press, with its steam slip-pumps—patented by Needham and Kite in 1856—had replaced the old method of evaporating the moisture out of the clay slip; and during the seventies a mechanical steam-driven “blunger” and a similar “pug-mill” did away with the old laborious “blunging” and “wedging” in the preparation of the clay body. Then that form of the thrower’s wheel, known as the plate “jigger”—which revolved the flat plate moulds—came to be driven by steam instead of by a boy at the wheel handle; and instead of the skilled hand of the flat-presser, a mechanical “form” or “jolly” was used to press the “bat” on to the mould, and give the plate the right contour and thickness.[204]
Such machines for making plates had been invented as long ago as 1845, but for twenty years the objections of the workmen and practical imperfections had postponed their introduction. The “form” used to be applied by hand, and the plates consequently varied in thickness, and it required great skill on the part of the presser to make them properly. The machine, on the other hand, made every plate exactly alike, and made them ten times as quickly as the old hand process. This machine did away with the work of the old skilled “flat-pressers,” and was in general use by 1870. A similar machine, with a somewhat more complicated “jolly,” or “form,” made hollow-ware, such as basins and cups, or even bellied ware, such as ewers or chamber-pots. These came into use gradually from 1870 onwards, and replaced much of the work of hollow-ware pressers and throwers. Then in the eighties came a machine for flattening out those bats of clay which were to be pressed on to the “jigger” moulds and “jollied” into flat or hollow ware.[205] About the same time, too, the steam drive came to be used for turning the thrower’s wheel and for the turner’s lathe—fitted with various devices for controlling the speed of revolution. The manufacture of potters’ machinery is now a considerable industry, and, thanks to the energy and inventive readiness of Messrs Boulton of Burslem, this industry also is centred in the Staffordshire Potteries, and has as wide a range of markets as the Staffordshire pots themselves.
The introduction of all these labour-saving appliances was facilitated by the co-operation of masters and men on an arbitration board. A Trades Union—the fourth—had been reconstituted in 1863 from a few surviving branches of the old Union. They started a fresh newspaper, “The Potteries Examiner,” under the able management of the new Leader, William Owen, the nephew of Robert Owen, the Socialist. By 1865 they were strong enough to strike against that good old trade custom—the annual hiring. The oven-men’s Union, always the most determined branch of the Potters Trades Unions, refused to give up the fight when the other trades were prepared to go in, and by holding out alone they at last succeeded in abolishing the annual hiring, and secured for the potter the right to give a month’s notice. This was in 1866, and the whole trade shared the benefits of the change.[206]
The Staffordshire Potters Unions seem at each burst of activity to have evolved some special enthusiasm or eccentricity. There was the attempt at co-operative manufacture in 1825; the enthusiastic idealism of Robert Owen in 1833; the attempt to put the unemployed on the land in Wisconsin, and so relieve the labour market, which absorbed the enthusiasm and funds of 1845-6; and now the new Union of 1863, under the guidance of William Owen, originated a far more important and practical movement—arbitration in industrial disputes.
At Nottingham, Mr Mundella had in 1867 established a Board of Arbitration in the stocking trade. Its success made it attractive to both masters and men. William Owen approached Mr Mundella, who brought his influence to bear successfully on the pottery masters also, and in July, 1868, a similar Board of Conciliation and Arbitration was established in the potting industry.[207] On it there were ten representatives of each side, who were wherever possible to decide questions that arose. When they could not agree an umpire was to be appointed, whose decision was to be binding. Such men as H. T. Davenport, M.P., Mr Mundella, Sir Thomas Brassey, “Tom” Hughes, have at different times been umpires.
At first the Board worked well. The introduction of each machine was made the occasion for a readjustment of prices; and, although the struggle over “good-from-oven” goes on to this day, the first step was taken before the Board in 1869 on the motion of one of the masters’ delegates, Mr Francis Wedgwood, to abolish this old trade custom and substitute “good-from-hand.”[208] An arbitration award in 1871 raised wages generally.[209]
But the strain came when the masters tried by arbitration to reduce wages. The award in 1877 went against them; in 1879, however, they were more fortunate, for Lord Hatherton awarded a reduction of 1d. in the shilling.[210] A journeyman potter’s wages may be said to have averaged 30s. a week when in full employ, and what are still remembered as “Lord Hatherton’s pennies” were a great grievance in the Potteries. Probably the Board would have broken down at once had it not been for Owen, and for the hope that arbitration next year would put it all right again. But Sir Thomas Brassey’s award on next year’s arbitration made no change,[211] and the Board broke down. At Martinmas 1881 a strike began. It was an immediate failure, for thirteen years of arbitration had sapped the strength of the Union.
For a short time—1885-91—an Arbitration Board was re-established, but it was tolerated rather than supported by either masters or men. In 1891 another award was given against the men, and the Board was painlessly extinguished by a strike of the fighting oven-men. Since then the Union has gradually gained strength, but even now, after a successful strike in 1900 which raised wages by 5 per cent. all round, the potters in all the Unions do not much exceed 20 per cent. of the adult male workers alone. Trades Unions have special difficulties in the Potteries owing to the large number of small masters employing only two or three people in each trade; owing to the prevailing piecework prices which makes the levelling up process difficult; and owing to the number of small Unions into which the working potters are divided. John Lovatt is at present the secretary of the General Union, while Alderman Thomas Edwards for long looked after the special interests of the oven-men.
Invention of recent years has busied itself mostly with the firing of the ovens. Mr J. P. Holdcroft, of Hanley, patented in 1898 a new thermoscope which directs with far greater certainty the exact heating of the ovens.[212] New methods of firing these ovens are also on trial. Both “Producer” and “Mond” gas have been tried and offer some hope not only of more regular firing, but also of abolishing the columns of smoke which have blackened the Potteries for 200 years. The “Climax Kiln” is another device of quite recent date for regulating the firing, and saving the piling up and unpiling of saggars of ware. The ware is packed in an iron cage on wheels and pulled in and out of the furnace mechanically, without drawing the fire.
Both the “Climax Kiln” and a new method of polychrome printing—whereby one transfer only is used to impart many colours to the piece of ware to be printed—have been introduced within the last six years by Mr Leonard Grimwade, perhaps the most enterprising potter of recent times. Mr Grimwade has specialized for the Colonial markets, and holds in them much the position held by Meakins in the American trade. His factories are in Hanley and Stoke, adjoining the Stoke Railway Station.
An off-shoot of the potting trade which almost amounts to an invention by itself is the manufacture of stilts, spurs and thimbles. These are the small “bits” put between the wares to prevent them sticking together when fired in the saggars, and they used to be made when and as wanted in each separate pot-works. It was Charles Ford of Hanley who, about 1840, first made a special factory for these spurs and stilts. He used metal die-stamps driven by a steam hammer which stamped out stilts by the score at a time. James Gimson followed with the invention of the “thimble.” These conical thimbles fit into and one above each other and have a lug on the rim, so that three pillar-supports are built up on which a whole “nest” of plates can rest while in the oven without touching each other. Stacked in this way, the “bits” make no marks on the face of the plate. Somewhat later Wentworth Buller, a member of the well-known Devon family, started a stilt and spur factory at Bovey Tracy in Devonshire, and, finding the cost of carriage to his market prohibitive, he moved his works about 1865 to Hanley. Here he began in 1866-7 to make telegraph insulators—a new pottery industry. He was joined shortly after by his cousin, Captain Ernest Wentworth Buller, the brother of Sir Redvers and an engineer, who became sole owner in 1869. In 1872 J. T. Harris joined the firm, which is now controlled and carried on by his son, John Harris. Having obtained a foothold in the electrical trade, this firm was naturally called on to do all the early electrical work. Just as they had stamped stilts and spurs so they stamped switches, cut-outs, “roses,” and all manner of electric fittings. In 1896 Captain Buller sold out and retired. The elaborate insulators now used are thrown by hand and then turned and screwed, and nearly half the world’s supply comes from Bullers Limited.
A somewhat similar trade was carried on by James Mackintyre and William Woodall, M.P., at Burslem, in the manufacture of furniture fittings. Door plates, door knobs, knobs and buttons of all sorts for the furniture trade are stamped in dies by the score, as are the stilts and spurs. Messrs. Mackintyre are still the chief makers of furniture pottery, though they have by no means a monopoly.
Saggars in which ware is packed for firing are also made by the direct pressure of a large die or press upon the plastic marl.
Messrs Bullers’ most formidable rival in the making of insulators is the firm of Doulton’s Limited; and this last firm carry on also several other variations of the staple trade. Sir Henry Doulton (1820-97)[213] began by making sewage pipes at Lambeth. His trade increased, and he started branch works for making these things at St Helens and at Rowley Regis and Smethwick in South Staffordshire. Between 1867 and 1873, however, he diverted his attention to the more ambitious “Electric” and “Sanitary” ware, and also to the characteristic stoneware known as “Doulton’s.” This new stoneware caught the public fancy, and to it he devoted his Lambeth works. He continued to make the drain pipes at Rowley Regis, and at Burslem he bought in 1877 Pinder & Bourne’s works in Nile Street for his other manufactures. Here Doulton’s produce high-class china and earthenware as well as sanitary and electric pottery and employ nearly 1,300 hands. Sir Henry Doulton was knighted in 1887, the only potter ever so honoured, and died in 1897. In 1899 his son, Henry Lewis Doulton, converted the business into a limited company.[214]
But the branch of the trade known as sanitary pottery owes most of its development in Staffordshire to Mr Thomas William Twyford. His father Thomas Twyford started making plumbers’ ware about 1860, and when he died in 1872 both the Abbey Works and the Bath Street Works in Hanley were making basins and closet-pans of an elementary kind. But no real advance took place till the eighties. In 1885 the wash-out Pedestal closets were introduced, made entirely of earthenware, and in 1889 the latest “deluge” type followed. Those who can remember the old dirty enamelled iron pans will recognize the debt that sanitary science owes to the enterprise of Twyford.
All Twyford’s sanitary pottery was in 1887 concentrated at the present Cliff Vale Works, and experiments were at once set on foot for yet another branch of manufacture. This was the production of very large clay pieces coated with a smooth white surface and suitable for baths and lavatories. The common or fire clay is coated while in the plastic state with a porcelain enamel, which on firing gives a surface enamel polished as marble and more adhesive than any enamel on metal. Very large pieces are coated in this way, and the earthenware article has since 1890 been replacing alike the enamelled metal of Wolverhampton and the marble of Italy. Messrs Twyford’s chief rivals in Staffordshire are the firm of John Taylor Howson of Hanley.
From an artistic point of view the only improvements of recent times are—beside M. Solon’s pâte-sur-pâte and Doulton’s stoneware—the lustre ware of Mr William Burton and the “flambé” ware of Mr Bernard Moore. Mr Burton’s factory unfortunately lies outside Staffordshire, but much of his work, both public and private, is still done in North Staffordshire. He and Mr Moore are the most enterprising chemists and experimenters of the present race of master-potters, and their efforts have also been accompanied by a marked improvement of taste in enamelled earthenware and porcelain.
There remains one modern improvement to point out. It is in the health of the potters. For generations potter’s asthma and lead poisoning have taken their toll of the workers on the pot-banks, but within the last ten years changes have been made, unfortunately only as a result of State interference, which are very sensibly affecting the rate of mortality in the industry.
It was not till 1864 that the Factory Acts interfered in the potting industry. In that year women, young persons and children in the pottery trade first came under the protection of the State. Their hours were limited to ten a day, and Saturday became a statutory half-holiday. This meant a half-holiday for all workers on the pot-banks. Half-time employment has never been considerable in the Potteries, and since the passing of the Education Acts it has gradually and entirely died out. Later Factory Acts have applied to Potteries as well as to other factories, but it was when the Bill of 1891 got into committee that the potting trade became specially and vitally interested in these Acts.
During the passage of the 1891 Factory and Workshop Bill the working potters managed to get added to it a provision empowering the Home Office to make, after due investigation, special rules for the conduct of “dusty processes” in dangerous trades, including potting. As soon as the Act passed, a committee was appointed, and on their recommendation special rules were drawn up, making for greater cleanliness in the dusty and dangerous processes. The employers objected, and a conference followed in 1894 under the presidency of Mr G. W. E. Russell. Nevertheless the rules, slightly modified, were approved and became law.
These special rules, however, were concerned more with general dusty evils and affected potter’s asthma rather than the lead poisoning question. But in 1898 Prof. Thorpe and Dr Oliver drew up their celebrated report on lead poisoning for the Home Office—a report which for a time threw the whole trade into the most furious excitement. The doctors averred that glaze could be made without lead, or without lead in any but the innocuous “fritted” state. What the employers said was emphatic and contradictory. They threatened to close down the whole trade, and no doubt the report was hasty and ill-considered. For four years the controversy raged, and at last in 1902 an arbitration court was held before Lord James of Hereford. Under his award a new set of special rules were drawn up. These rules, besides enforcing sanitary provisions such as those for monthly medical inspection of workers “in the lead,” compelled those manufacturers who continued to use lead in a dangerous state to compensate those of their workers who suffered from lead poisoning, a liability now generally embodied in the 1907 Workmen’s Compensation Act.
When one remembers the intense hostility to this Home Office interference, it is curious to see how satisfactory and easily the rules have worked in practice. Potter’s asthma is nearly extinct, and lead-poisoning cases in the Potteries have fallen from an average of 362 a year in the period 1896-8 to 93 a year over the years 1905-7.[215] About 5 per cent of the cases result in death. The chief credit for this new departure should be attributed to William Owen of the Potters’ Union, and to the Duchess of Sutherland and Sir Charles Dilke.
The latest statistics of the industry show that in 1901 there were about 400 factories employing some 21,000 adult males, 16,000 adult females, and 13,000 young persons under 18 years of age.[216] The employment of great numbers of married women (some 8,000) and the consequent high rate of infantile mortality are now the most serious features of the industry from the sociological point of view.
In conclusion the official figures are given for the export of china and earthenware, so as to show the prosperity at different times of the staple trade of North Staffordshire.
APPENDIX I.
The Foreign Trade, since 1840. Exports and Imports.
-------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+-------- Year. | 1840 | 1841 | 1842 | 1843 | 1844 Value of Exports | | | | | China, Earthenware | | | | | and Stoneware | | | | | £’000 | 573, | 601, | 555, | 629, | 767, Value of Imports | | | | | -------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+------- Year. | 1845 | 1846 | 1847 | 1848 | 1849 Exports £’000 | 828, | 793, | 834, | 722, | 807, Imports £’000 | | | | | -------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+-------- Year. | 1850 | 1851 | 1852 | 1853 | 1854 Exports £’000 | 999, | 1,121, | 1,152, | 1,338, | 1,306, Imports £’000 | | | | | -------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+------- Year. | 1855 | 1856 | 1857 | 1858 | 1859 Exports £’000 | 1,001, | 1,334, | 1,492, | 1,154, | 1,314, Imports £’000 | | | | | -------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+-------- Year. | 1860 | 1861 | 1862 | 1863 | 1864 Exports £’000 | 1,451, | 1,071, | 1,220, | 1,341, | 1,439, Imports £’000 | | | | | -------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+------- Year. | 1865 | 1866 | 1867 | 1868 | 1869 Exports £’000 | 1,469, | 1,686, | 1,666, | 1,683, | 1,828, Imports £’000 | | | | | -------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+-------- Year. | 1870 | 1871 | 1872 | 1873 | 1874 Exports £’000 | 1,746, | 1,865, | 2,142, | 2,206, | 1,862, Imports £’000 | 165, | 202, | 263, | 383, | 370, -------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+------- Year. | 1875 | 1876 | 1877 | 1878 | 1879 Exports £’000 | 1,859, | 1,771, | 1,853, | 1,794, | 1,800, Imports £’000 | 382, | 399, | 365, | 441, | 433, -------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+-------- Year. | 1880 | 1881 | 1882 | 1883 | 1884 Exports £’000 | 2,066, | 2,204, | 2,309, | 2,333, | 1,956, Imports £’000 | 469, | 555, | 596, | 533 | | | | [217] | [217] | | | | | 603 | 482, | | | | [218] | [218] -------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+------- Year. | 1885 | 1886 | 1887 | 1888 | 1889 Exports £’000 | 1,838, | 1,901, | 1,984, | 2,098, | 2,287, Imports £’000 | 465, | 451, | 472, | 549, | 590, less Re-exports | | | | | -------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+------- Year. | 1890 | 1891 | 1892 | 1893 | 1894 Exports £’000 | 2,251, | 2,165, | 2,057, | 1,985, | 1,759, Imports £’000 | 586, | 620, | 623, | 594, | 594, less Re-exports | | | | | -------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+-------- Year. | 1895 | 1896 | 1897 | 1898 | 1899 Exports £’000 | 1,992, | 1,967, | 1,900, | 1,820, | 2,042, Imports £’000 | 627, | 743, | 724, | 782, | 779, less Re-exports | | | | | -------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+-------- Year. | 1900 | 1901 | 1902 | 1903 | 1904 Exports £’000 | 2,038, | 1,993, | 1,900, | 2,176, | 2,106, Imports £’000 | 777, | 758, | 742, | 788, | 765, less Re-exports | | | | | -------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+-------- Year. | 1905 | 1906 | 1907 | 1908 | 1909 Exports £’000 | 2,098, | 2,382, | 2,649, | 2,344, | 2,315, Imports £’000 | 789, | 845, | 880, | 792, | 735, less Re-exports | | | | | -------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+-------- Year. | 1910 | 1911 | Exports £’000 | 2,780, | 3,030, | Imports £’000 | 746, | 858, | less Re-exports | | | -------------------+--------+--------+
APPENDIX II.
The direction of the Foreign Trade in 1911.
£ Exports to the United States 428,000 ” Canada 395,000 ” Australia 309,000 ” the Argentine 279,000 ” India 232,000 ” Brazil 210,000 ” South Africa 133,000 ” New Zealand 125,000 ” France 87,000 ” Germany 81,000 ” all other countries 751,000 --------- Total Foreign Exports. 3,030,000
APPENDIX III.
The nature of the Foreign Trade in 1911.
£ Earthenware, Semi-porcelain and Majolica 1,828,000 Sanitary Ware 461,000 Red Pottery, Stoneware, Brown Ware 307,000 Porcelain, China and Parian 175,000 Tiles (ex floor, roofing and street paving) 116,000 Floor Tiles 86,000 Electric and Chemical Ware, and Furniture Fittings 51,000 Jet, Rockingham and Glazed Terra Cotta Ware 6,000 --------- 3,030,000
APPENDIX IV.
Nature of Total Pottery Production for Home and Foreign Trade of the United Kingdom in 1907. Of this production less than 5 per cent. comes from Scotland and Ireland, and about two-thirds of the whole is produced in North Staffordshire.
----------------------------+---------------+---------------+----------- | Home. | Foreign. | Total. ----------------------------+---------------+---------------+----------- Earthenware, Semi-Porcelain | | | and Majolica | 1,683,000[219]| 1,545,000[219]| 3,228,000 Sanitary Ware | 472,000[219]| 300,000[219]| 772,000 Red Pottery, Stoneware, | | | Brown Ware | 331,000 | 291,000 | 622,000 Porcelain, China and Parian | 830,000 | 195,000 | 1,025,000 Tiles—White, Cream, Glazed | | | or Decorated | 362,000[219]| 80,000[219]| 442,000 Tiles—For Floors, Pavements | | | and Mosaics | 55,000[219]| 78,000[219]| 133,000 Jet, Rockingham and Glazed | | | Terra Cotta Ware | 250,000 | 3,000 | 253,000 Electric and Chemical Ware, | | | Crucibles and Furniture | | | Fittings | 365,000[219]| 181,000 | 546,000 Tobacco Pipes[220] | ? | ? | 90,000 Bricks and Fireclay | | | Goods[220] | ? | ? | 64,000 Potters’ Materials | 213,000 | ? | 213,000 Other processes of partial | | | manufacture | 146,000 | Nil. | 146,000 ----------------------------+---------------+---------------+----------- Total | £4,885,000 | £2,649,000 | £7,534,000 ----------------------------+---------------+---------------+-----------
APPENDIX V.
Average number of persons employed in China and Earthenware Factories and Workshops in England, Wales and Ireland, 1907.
-----------------+----------+----------+-----------+-----------+------- | Males | Females | Males | Females | Total. | over 18. | over 18. | under 18. | under 18. | +----------+----------+-----------+-----------+------- Wage earners | 29,000 | 19,364 | 5,790 | 7,509 | 61,663 Salaried persons | 3,015 | 286 | 299 | 84 | 3,684 -----------------+----------+----------+-----------+-----------+-------
Of these over two-thirds work in the North Staffordshire Potteries.
FOOTNOTES
[1] Staff. Cols. xi. N.S. p. 261-2.
[2] There were only seven monks at Hulton at the dissolution in 1536.
[3] 1671. List of inhabitants of Burslem from the Head-borough’s presentments in the _Tunstall Court Rolls_.
John Muchell Thos. Flecher John Royle Raphe Bech Ric. Edge John Hord Wm. Hord Moses Wedgwood Moses Wedgwood Thos. Lounes Samuel Leigh Fras. Foster Wm. Marsh John Barlow Wm. Hord Wm. Simson Joseph Simson Raphe Simson Thos. Cartlech Arthur Monsfield John Roden Wm. Monsfield Thos. Denyell Wm. Denyell John Clowes Sam. Clowes John Denyell Joseph Malken Wm. Wedgwood John Jones Sam. Cartlech Thos. Marsh John Marsh Thos. Copland Thos. Armstrong Ric. Stonner Rob. Wood Rob. Wood Wm. Twomlow Rob. Simson Ric. Hand Thos. Cartlech Thos. Addames Raphe Borne Jas. Rushen Jossua Leigh Izac Ball Izac Monsfield Raphe Flecher John Flecher Ric. Flecher Wm. Steele Wm. Steele Raphe Steele John Simson John Ward John Cartlech John Lockett Jas. Standley John Rowley Raph Shaw Hen. Bourne Wm. Harrison Rob. Denell Wm. Marsh John Shaw John Sickes John Tonstall Thos. Gratbache Ric. Twomlow Wm. Browne Wm. Edge Fras. Rogers Ric. Borne John Denyell
[4] Shaw, “Staffordshire Potteries,” p. 103.
[5] Solon, “Art of the Old English Potters,” p. 34.
[6] _ibid._, p. 35.
[7] Burton, “Hist. and Descrip. English Earthenware,” p. 31.
[8] Brit. Museum.
[9] This ware turned yellow with the glaze.
[10] The uncoloured lead glaze generally gave a warm yellow tint to the ware.
[11] The manganese lead glaze darkened the ware to a rich brown. It produced the mottled effect by being dabbed or dusted on in patches.
[12] M. Solon explains this method of reckoning as follows: “Art of the Old English Potter,” p. 32. “The unit was represented by a dozen small pieces, and that unit served as the basis of reckoning for all the rest. For instance, a dish might have been worth a ‘dozen’; a very large dish ‘counted 2 dozen’; of bowls, jugs, cups, and other articles of middle sizes it required 2, 3 or 4 to make a dozen. The potter knew at once the value of the contents of his oven by the number or ‘dozens’ put in; while the workman could easily calculate his wages by the number of ‘dozen’ he made in the week.... So convenient was this method of reckoning that it is kept up to this day in many manufactories both in England and on the Continent.”
[13] This Act was passed in 1661, which would make the date of Plot’s visit to the Potteries 1675-7.
[14] Lawton Park is on the Cheshire side of Mow Cop, only six miles from Burslem.
[15] S. Shaw, “Hist. Staffs. Potteries.” p. 109.
[16] “Philosophical Transactions,” vol. xvii, 1693, p. 699.
[17] Burton’s “English Earthenware,” p. 77.
[18] Burton, _op. cit._ 76.
[19] S. Shaw, “Staffordshire Potteries,” p. 119.
[20] S. Shaw, _op. cit._, 118.
[21] Burton, “English Earthenware,” p. 74.
[22] Burton, “English Earthenware,” p. 74.
[23] A list of those who joined the “Association to defend and avenge King William” in 1696 is preserved at the Record Office. Among 100 names given in Stoke-on-Trent, which included Hanley, Shelton, Longton, &c., occur side by side the names of Joshua Twiford and Robert Astbry. Is it possible that even then they had their pot-banks side by side, as tradition says, on the knoll where Shelton Church now stands?
[24] Wedgwood’s Letters II, 367-70.
[25] Shaw, _op. cit._, pp. 108-9.
[26] Aikin, “Manchester,” 526.
[27] Shaw, _op. cit._, p. 121.
[28] Burton, _op. cit._, p. 86.
[29] See page 87 for the relationship of the various potters of the Wedgwood family.
[30] The Christian name of the first Astbury was probably Robert, but see _Dict. Nat. Biog._ under Astbury.
[31] Shaw, _op. cit._, p. 130.
[32] Shaw, _op. cit._, p. 126.
[33] “Wedgwood’s Letters, II,” p. 368.
[34] The incident referred to, which Shaw says occurred to Astbury, and Wedgwood to Heath, was as follows:—One of them was on a business journey to London, then naturally taken on horseback; before reaching Dunstable or Banbury, his horse’s eyes became inflamed. The ostler of the Inn put a piece of flint into the fire; when it was red-hot he quenched it with water and pounded it to a fine powder, a little of which was blown into the horse’s eye, relieving the inflammation. The potter, noticing the extreme whiteness of the calcined flint, and also the ease with which it was powdered, was led to try this material to improve the whiteness of his ware, and with the most successful results.
[35] Shaw, _op. cit._, p. 141.
[36] “Wedgwood Letters,” III, p. 190.
[37] “Monthly Magazine,” November 1823.
[38] A family of Adams lived and potted at the Brick House in Burslem for over 200 years. In 1762 Josiah Wedgwood rented the Brick House works for seven years during the minority of the then Adams of Brick House. The family became extinct early in the nineteenth century.
[39] Wedgwood MSS.
[40] Burton, _op. cit._, p. 86.
[41] Shaw, _op. cit._, p. 126.
[42] But there are several places called Delf or Delves in Staffordshire, and they took their name from spots where men delved or dug turf for peat.
[43] Burton, _op. cit._, p. 83.
[44] Aikin, “Manchester,” p. 527.
[45] Shaw, _op. cit._, p. 145.
[46] Aikin, _op. cit._, p. 528.
[47] Burton, _op. cit._, p. 89.
[48] Burton, _op. cit._, p. 88.
[49] Shaw, _op. cit._, p. 147.
[50] Ward, “Stoke-on-Trent,” p. 227.
[51] Shaw, _op. cit._, p. 163.
[52] Shaw, _op. cit._, p. 150, 151.
[53] Shaw, _op. cit._, p. 153.
[54] Ward, _op. cit._, p. 230.
[55] Shaw, _op. cit._, pp. 152, 153.
[56] Shaw, _op. cit._, p. 161.
[57] Wedgwood’s Letters, II, 24.
[58] Burton, _op. cit._, p. 102.
[59] Shaw, _op. cit._, p. 161.
[60] Shaw, _op. cit._, p. 157.
[61] Shaw, _op. cit._, p. 176; and Ward, _op. cit._, p. 49.
[62] Shaw, _op. cit._, p. 201.
[63] Shaw, _op. cit._, p. 93.
[64] Ward, _op. cit._, p. 283.
[65] Shaw, _op. cit_., p. 179.
[66] Shaw, _op. cit._, p. 168.
[67] Burton, _op. cit._, p. 104.
[68] J. H. Nightingale, “Old English Porcelain,” _passim_.
[69] Burton, “History and Description of English Porcelain.”
[70] Shaw, _op. cit._, 155.
[71] Burton, “English Earthenware,” p. 111.
[72] Burton, _op. cit._, p. 114-5.
[73] L. Jewitt, “The Wedgwoods,” pp. 112-7.
[74] “Earnest money” was the lump sum paid to a workman on his entering into his servitude.
[75] An example of truck wages.
[76] It is recorded of the Rev. J. Middleton, Master Potter and Curate of Hanley, _c._ 1750, that he refused to hire men by the year, deeming it slavery. It was not till 1866 that the Trade Unions put an end to the annual hiring of grown men by a year’s binding agreement.
[77] Burton, “English Earthenware,” p. 119.
[78] Shaw, _op. cit._, p. 157.
[79] Ward, “Stoke-on-Trent,” p. 372.
[80] Shaw, _op. cit._, pp. 148-9.
[81] This makes 6s. 8d. a ton delivered at the Pot Bank.
[82] Professor Church quotes the following memorandum, done in red enamel on the back of a large dish of Wedgwood’s Queen’s Ware in the possession of Mr Sidney Locock:—“This dish was made at Etruria by Messrs Wedgwood & Bentley, the first year after Messrs Wedgwood & Bentley removed from Burslem to Etruria. Ric. Lawton served his apprenticeship at turning with them, and has had it in his house more than fifty years. It is my brother William’s modelling. It was turned on a hand lathe, as plates were at that date. I preserve this to show the quality of common cream ware before the introduction of growan or Cornwall stone. This body is formed of flint and clay only, the same as used for salt-glazed ware at that time, and flint and lead only instead of salt glaze, and it is fired in the usual and accustomed way and manner, as usual for glazed tea-pots, tortoiseshell, mottled, and agate, and cauliflower, &c. Also sand from the Mole Cop and Baddley Edge was used either in the body or glaze. N.B. Before flint was used they used a certain proportion of slip for the body in the glaze to prevent crazing, and to make it bear a stronger fire in the glaze oven. I was the first person that made use of bone in earthenware when in my apprenticeship at Mr Palmers at Hanley Green.
Burslem, Sept. 26th, 1826.
ENOCH WOOD.”
Church, “English Earthenware,” pp. 81-82.
[83] Shaw, _op. cit._, p. 184.
[84] Many “lives” of Wedgwood have been written, and this is not the place to repeat them. Miss Meteyard has two large volumes on him; Jewitt has one; Smiles holds him up in a recent work as a model of self-help; Professor Church has written a monograph on him and his Jasper Ware; and lastly, Mr Elbert Hubbard, of New York, has made his courtship and marriage the subject of an exhaustive and wholly imaginary study. But many of these works, and some of the Histories of Potting too, are marred by indiscriminating eulogy and a fertile imagination. Simeon Shaw, for instance, within 120 pages, manages to distinguish no fewer than 47 favoured manufacturers by name with praise of this stereotyped character:—“of whom we may observe that great professional ability is in him joined with philanthropy, and a readiness to accelerate every meritorious enterprise.” This, however, is perhaps preferable to the style:—“Wedgwood, poor dear, old soul, got terribly worried,” which distinguishes another of these Histories.
[85] Wedgwood MS., Bills for carting goods to the “new works.”
[86] Wedgwood’s Letters, II, 24.
[87] Meteyard’s “Wedgwood,” I, 486.
[88] Meteyard’s “Wedgwood,” II, 235.
[89] Wedgwood’s Letters, I.
[90] The converting of a road into a turnpike road was the only way in which it could be kept in really good repair. Tolls were charged and used partly to repair the road and to attract more traffic.
[91] Wedgwood’s Letters, I.
[92] Jewitt, _op. cit._, pp. 162-3.
[93] Wedgwood’s Letters, I.
[94] A. Young, “Tour thro’ the North of England,” iii, 433.
[95] Meteyard, _op. cit._, I, 273.
[96] Wedgwood’s Letters, III, 249.
[97] “Dict. Nat. Biog.”: “Jas. Brindley.”
[98] Wedgwood’s Letters, I.
[99] Wedgwood’s Letters, I, pp. 85-7.
[100] Ward, _op. cit._, p. 154.
[101] Wedgwood’s Letters, III, p. 31.
The original proposition was for a canal 3 feet deep in general, but at the fords only 30 inches; and the original estimate of cost, excluding the tunnel, was £700 a mile south of Harecastle and £1,000 north of that place. The tunnel, a single one, was to cost £10,000.—Wedgwood’s Letters, III, p. 290.
[102] Wedgwood’s Letters, III, p. 30.
[103] Wedgwood’s Letters, III, p. 206.
[104] Burton, “Porcelain, a Sketch,” p. 251.
[105] Burton, “Hist. Porcelain,” p. 135.
[106] Burton, “English Earthenware,” p. 128.
[107] Meteyard, _op. cit._, II, 118.
[108] Jewitt, _op. cit._, p. 319, etc.
[109] See his Will, Jewitt, _op. cit._, pp. 413-9.
[110] Burton, “English Earthenware,” p. 151.
[111] See Wedgwood’s Letters, _passim_.
[112] See Wedgwood’s Letters, II, 30-2.
[113] Shaw, _op. cit._, p. 127.
[114] H. Wedgwood, “Romance of Staffordshire,” III, 72, but see Shaw, _op. cit._, p. 172.
[115] Shaw, _op. cit._, p. 170.
[116] Wedgwood MSS.
[117] Shaw, _op. cit._, p. 171-2.
[118] Shaw, _op. cit._, p. 206-8.
[119] Wedgwood MSS.
[120] Burton, “English Earthenware,” 152-3.
[121] Meteyard, “Wedgwood,” II, 198.
[122] Shaw, _op. cit._, p. 201.
[123] Ward, _op. cit._, p. 373.
[124] Shaw, _op. cit._, p. 205.
[125] Burton, “English Earthenware,” p. 162.
[126] Shaw, _op. cit._, 199, 204.
[127] Shaw, _op. cit._, 209-10.
[128] Ward, “Stoke-on-Trent,” p. 367.
[129] “Dict. Nat. Biog.”: “William Adams.”
[130] Burton, “English Earthenware,” p. 163.
[131] Ward, “Stoke-on-Trent,” p. 103.
[132] “Carey’s Atlas,” 1787.
[133] “Wedgwood’s Letters,” II, 140.
[134] Ward, “Stoke-on-Trent,” p. 152.
[135] “Cat. of English Figures,” Falkner and Sidebotham, p. 13, etc.
[136] “Romance of Staffordshire,” H. Wedgwood, III, 67.
[137] Ward, “Stoke-on-Trent,” p. 152.
[138] H. Wedgwood, _op. cit._, III, p. 53.
[139] Scarratt, “Old Times in the Potteries,” pp. 46, 47.
[140] Shaw, _op. cit._, p. 170.
[141] One part is at present in the Royal Museum at Dresden, uncatalogued, and much of the rest has found its way into the Victoria and Albert Museum at South Kensington, though Mr Wood’s catalogue, if it ever existed, is not there to illustrate and explain the pieces.
[142] Shaw, _op. cit._, p. 223.
[143] A. H. Church, “English Earthenware,” p. 96; and Burton, “English Earthenware,” p. 166.
[144] Shaw, _op. cit._, p. 215; and Burton, _op. cit._, 160-1.
[145] Shaw, _op. cit._, p. 212.
[146] “Gent.’s Magazine,” 1797, p. 802.
[147] Shaw, “Staffs. Potteries,” p. 216-7; and “Dict. Nat. Biog.”: “Spode.”
[148] Prof. Church attributes the first manufacture of bone-paste porcelain to the Bow Factory (1749-75). “English Earthenware,” p. 82.
[149] Burton, “Porcelain,” p. 19-20.
[150] “Dict. Nat. Biog.”: “Herbert Minton.”
[151] Church, _op. cit._, p. 85.
[152] Burton, “English Earthenware,” p. 150.
[153] Ward, “Stoke-on-Trent,” 476.
[154] Shaw, _op. cit._, p. 63.
[155] Aikin, “Manchester,” p. 522.
[156] H. Wedgwood, “Romance of Staffordshire,” I, 2.
[157] Wedgwood, _op. cit._, p. 7.
[158] Wedgwood, _op. cit._, p. 14.
[159] Wedgwood, _op. cit._, p. 24.
[160] H. Wedgwood, _op. cit._, p. 15.
[161] Ward, _op. cit._, p. 159.
[162] Ward, _op. cit._, p. 286.
[163] Church, “English Earthenware,” p. 97, and Ward, _op. cit._, p. 552.
[164] Shaw, _op. cit._, p. 225.
[165] Sleigh, “Leek,” p. 46, 47.
[166] Ward, “Stoke-on-Trent,” pp. 156, 157.
[167] Brongniart, “Traité des Arts Ceramiques,” vol. II, p. 453.
[168] Church, “English Earthenware,” p. 84.
[169] Wedgwood MS.
[170] Figure-makers.
[171] Burton, “English Earthenware,” p. 176.
[172] Furnival, “Leadless Decorative Tiles,” p. 361.
[173] Ward, “Stoke-on-Trent,” p. 266.
[174] Shaw, _op. cit._, p. 235-6.
[175] Ward, “Stoke-on-Trent,” p. 103.
[176] H. Wedgwood, “Romance of Staffordshire,” I, p. 9.
[177] Ward, “Stoke-on-Trent,” p. 389.
[178] London “Star” Nov. 26, 1792.
[179] Ward, “Stoke-on-Trent,” pp. 66-67.
[180] Harold Owen, “Staffordshire Potter,” p. 16.
[181] Harold Owen, “Staffordshire Potter,” p. 19.
[182] Harold Owen, _op. cit._, p. 26.
[183] Harold Owen, _op. cit._, p. 34.
[184] Harold Owen, _op. cit._, p. 43.
[185] Owen, _op. cit._, p. 57.
[186] Harold Owen, _op. cit._, p. 64-6.
[187] Owen, _op. cit._, p. 98.
[188] Dict. Nat. Biog.: “W. T. Copeland.”
[189] _Ex information_ W. D. Phillips, Genl. Manager N.S.R.
[190] “Dict. Nat. Biog.”: “Herbert Minton.”
[191] L. Jewitt, “Ceramics,” II, 195.
[192] Jewitt, _op. cit._, II, 195-8.
[193] Jewitt, “Ceramics,” II, 202.
[194] Report of Trial, “Hollins _v._ Campbell,” 1871.
[195] M. L. Solon, Pamphlet “A Century of Potting.”
[196] M. L. Solon, Pamphlet “Leon Arnoux.”
[197] “Dict. Nat. Biog.”: “H. Minton”
[198] Furnival, “Leadless Decorative Tiles,” p. 126.
[199] Furnival, “Leadless Decorative Tiles,” p. 203.
[200] Ward, “Stoke-on-Trent,” p. 374.
[201] Furnival, _op. cit._, p. 189.
[202] Burton, “English Earthenware,” 174.
[203] Ward, “Stoke-on-Trent,” p. 264-5.
[204] Paper read by Mr Frank Harris before the Ceramic Society, 1905.
[205] Paper read by Mr F. Harris before the Ceramic Society, 1905.
[206] Harold Owen, _op. cit._, p. 112, 113.
[207] Harold Owen, _op. cit._, p. 115.
[208] Harold Owen, _op. cit._, p. 124.
[209] Harold Owen, _op. cit._, p. 144.
[210] Harold Owen, _op. cit._, p. 160.
[211] Harold Owen, _op. cit._, p. 177 _et seq._
[212] Furnival, “Leadless Decorative Tiles,” p. 411-12.
[213] “Dict. Nat. Biog.”: “Henry Doulton.”
[214] Furnival, “Leadless Decorative Tiles,” p. 200-1.
[215] Official Returns.
[216] Harold Owen, “Staffordshire Potter,” p. 334.
[217] Gross Imports, including goods re-exported.
[218] Net Imports, excluding goods re-exported.
[219] These manufactures are not at all specialized in the Potteries.
[220] Estimated figures.
INDEX TO PERSONAL NAMES
Adams, Benjamin, 152, 160 John, 51 Percy, W. L., 161 Richard, 5, 112 Robert, 51 Thomas, 10, 123 William, 5, 8, 41, 119, 122, 132, 133, 139, 154, 161
Adams Pedigree, 162
Alcock, Samuel, 192
Alders, John, 80, 86 Thomas, 80, 86
Allen, John, 112 Samuel, 157
Alsager, —, 57
Anson, Lord, 96 Mr, 97
Armstrong, Thomas, 10
Arnoux, Leon, 184, 185
Arrowsmith, Thomas, 60
Astbury, Margaret, 48 Robert, 37, 44, 46, 48, 83 Thomas, 47, 48, 58, 66, 71 Thomas, Jun., 55, 56
Aynsley, John, 139
Bacchus, William, 121
Baddeley, E., 121 John, 64, 81, 114, 121, 133 William, 144, 153
Baddeley & Fletcher, 117
Bagguley, William, 119, 155, 156
Bagnal, —, 52, 121 Sampson, 120
Bagot, Mr, 97
Bagshaw, Samuel, 152
Ball, Isaac, 11, 51
Barker, John, 76, 111, 121, 134, 155 Richard, 121 William, 121
Barlow, John, 10
Beech, H., 52, 153 Ralph, 10
Bell, Sarah, 121
Benson, —, 57
Bentley, Thomas, 38, 41, 90, 105
Bird, Daniel, 80
Blashfield, J. M., 182
Blackwell, John, 120, 152 Joseph, 120 Robert, 120, 152
Boden, John, 152
Boon, Edward, 121 Joseph, 120
Boote, Charles E., 187 Richard, 187 Richard L., 187 Thomas Latham, 187 T. & R., 187
Booth, Enoch, 56, 66, 67, 75, 84, 115 Hugh, 121, 139 J. & T., 155
Boulton, Mr, 157, 197
Bourne, Charles, 155 Edward, 146 Henry, 11 John, 112, 119 Mr, 57, 132, 144, 155 Ralph, 10 Richard, 11 William, 152
Boyle, Robert, 181
Bradshaw, Joseph, 152, 154
Brassey, Sir Thomas, 199, 200
Breeze, Jesse, 152, 160 John, 161
Bridgewater, Duke of, 95, 96
Bridgwood, Maria, 155 Sampson, 111
Brindley, James, 95, 96, 97, 98, 121 John, 146 Taylor, 121
Brown, William, 11
Brownfield, William, 154, 190
Brough, Thomas, 155
Bucknal, Robert, 52, 112
Buller, E. W., 203 Wentworth, 203
Burke, Edmund, 99
Burrows, Joseph, 155
Burton, William, 159, 207
Byerley, Thomas, 105, 106, 149
Caldwell, James, 128, 154
Campbell, Colin Minton, 185, 186 John, 187
Cartlich, James, 152 John, 11, 50, 53, 119, 153 Richard, 152 Samuel, 10, 57, 119, 122 Thomas, 10
Cartwright, Thomas, 51
Challenor, Edward, 126
Champion, Richard, 99, 100, 101, 115
Chandler, John, 29, 30, 31
Chatterley, Charles, 118, 120 Ephraim, 118, 120 Samuel, 112, 117
Cheetham, M., 155
Child, Thomas, 66 —, 152
Chisholm, Alex., 41
Clive, —, 152
Clowes, John, 10, 153 Samuel, 10
Clowes, William, 73, 121
Cobb, John, 112
Cobden, Richard, 178
Coghill, Archibald, 129 Douglas, 129
Colclough, John, 9
Collinson, James, 152
Cookworthy, —, 99, 109
Cope, William, 76
Copeland, Alderman, 180 Richard Pirie, 180 Thomas, 10 William, 134, 136 William Taylor, 136, 178 W. T. & Sons, 180 & Garrett, 180
Cyples, Joseph, 121 Lydia, 155 Mary, 145
Dale, —, 155
Daniel, Henry, 160 John, 10, 11, 112, 114, 116, 119 Ralph, 61, 69 Richard, 6 Robert, 11, 50, 52 Thomas, 8, 10, 112, 114, 119 Timothy, 119 Walter, 119, 146 William, 10
Davenport, Henry, 147 Henry T., 147, 199 John, 132, 146, 147, 153 William, 147
Davenport Pedigree, 148
Dilke, Sir Charles, 210
Dillon, Frank, 153
Doulton, Henry Lewis, 206 Sir Henry, 205, 206
Duesbury, —, 72
Dwight, John, 28, 29, 31, 32, 36
Edge, Richard, 10 Samuel, 51, 54 William, 11
Edwards, W., 70, 121
Elers, David, 42, 44, 55, 60, 61, 73, 83 John Philip, 26-39 Paul, 38
Ellis, John, 52
Evans, William, 177
Flaxman, —, 103, 104
Fletcher, John, 11 Mr, 117 Ralph, 11 Richard, 11 Thomas, 10
Ford, Charles, 203 Hugh, 155 Samuel, 143
Forrester, George, 155
Foster, Francis, 10
Furnival, Mr, 159
Gallimore, —, 57
Garner, Joseph, 121 Matthew, 24, 29-33, 36, 42 Robert, 48, 76, 111, 122, 125, 155
Garrett, Thomas, 178
Gibson, Samuel, 195
Gimson, James, 203
Ginder, S., 155
Glass, John, 120, 144, 154 Joseph, 13, 52
Goodfellow, Thomas, 68, 153
Goodwin’s, 144, 153
Gower, Lord, 96, 101
Graham, John, 119
Greatbach, John, 85 Thomas, 11 William, 76, 113
Green, John, 119 Thomas, 122
Grey, Lord, 97
Grimwade, Leonard, 202
Grindley, W. H., 126, 194
Hackwood, —, 103, 154
Hales, —, 120
Hall, J. & R., 153
Hamilton, Robert, 139, 154
Hand, Richard, 10
Harper, Thomas, 30
Harris, John, 204 J. T., 204
Harrison, John, 86 William, 11, 50
Harvey, Charles, 145, 155
Hassells, John, 121
Hatherton, Lord, 200
Heath, John, 153 Joshua, 112 —, 47, 120 Thomas, 54, 55, 109, 153
Henshall, Hugh, 97, 98, 153
Hobson, Ephraim, 153
Holdcroft, J. P., 153, 201
Holland, Thomas, 119, 153
Hollins, Michael Daintry, 182, 185, 186, 187 Sam, 116, 121, 154
Hord, John, 10 William, 10
Howson, John Taylor, 207
Hughes, “Tom”, 199 Thomas, 148, 155
Hulme, Thomas, 184
Ingestre, Lord, 178
Jackson, Samuel, 77
James of Hereford, Lord, 210
Jarvis, Richard, 153
Jeanest, 185
Johnson, Fred, 193 Henry, 193 Joseph, 112 Ralph, 153 Reuben, 154 Robert, 193 Samuel, 193 Thomas, 112
Jones, John, 10
Keeling, Anthony, 68, 116, 119, 121 Edward, 120 James, 154
Lakin, —, 125
Lawton, Richard, 84
Leigh, John, 8 Josiah, 11 Ralph, 81 Samuel, 10
Lessore, 185
Littler, William, 70, 71, 72
Lockett, John, 11, 119, 155 Thomas, 51 Timothy, 119
Lounes, Thomas, 10
Lovatt, John, 201
Lowe, John, 112 Thomas, 112 William, 155
Machin, Joseph, 143, 153 —, 153
Machin & Bagguley, 156
Mackintyre, James, 204
Malkin, Burnham, 119 Isaac, 51 Joseph, 10 Richard, 50 Thomas, 50, 51, 126
Malkin Tile Co., 188
Mansfield, Arthur, 10, 154 Isaac, 11 William, 10
Marsh, Jacob, 155 John, 10 Moses, 51 Richard, 52 Samuel, 153 Thomas, 10 William, 10, 11, 77, 152
Mason, Charles J., 144, 155, 169, 176, 191 Miles, 144 William, 155
Massey, Richard, 153
Mayer, Elijah, 116, 120, 141, 154 Hugh, 52 John, 52, 113, 120 Richard, 120
Mayer & Moss, 34
Meigh, Job, 154, 159
Meir, John, 124, 152, 161 William, 113
Meakin, Alfred, 193 Bernard, 193 George, 193 James, 193 Kenneth, 193
Meakin Pedigree, 194
Middleton, Richard, 8 Rev John, 70, 78
Miles, Thomas, 24, 41
Miller, William, 120
Minton, Herbert, 137, 181, 182, 184, 185 Herbert, & Co., 186 Hollins & Co., 186, 187 Thomas, 111, 132, 137, 154 Messrs, 184
Mitchell, John, 10, 57, 62, 64, 192 Thomas, 51, 126
Moore, Bernard, 207
Morley, James, 29, 30, 31, 32
Morris, Daniel, 95, 154
Moss, Thomas, 152
Moseley, John, 122, 153 William, 153
Mountford, John, 41
Mundella, Mr, 199
Myatt, Benjamin, 152, 156 Joseph, 156
Neale, Henry, 108, 109, 120
Nixon, —, 152
Nutt, William, 156
Oliver, Dr, 125, 209 —, 153
Owen, Robert, 169, 198 William, 198, 199, 200, 210
Palmer, Humphrey, 108, 109, 127
Parrott, William, 112
Perry, Samuel, 120
Phillips, W. D., 179
Platt, John, 122
Pool, Nicholas, 113
Poole, —, 125
Pottere, John, 5 Robert Le, 4, 5 William the, 5
Potinger, Thomas, 4
Powis, H., 152
Pratt, F. & R., 109, 156 John, 156
Poulson, Joseph, 137 William, 156
Poulson’s, 53, 155
Pownall, Mr, 137
Prosser, Richard, 182
Protat, 185
Rathbone, W. S. & I., 152
Richards (Henry) Tile Co., 188
Ridgway, Edward John, 109
Ridgway, George, 140 Job, 140, 141, 142, 143 John, 118, 132, 141, 154, 176, 189 Ralph, 140 William, 141, 154, 189
Ridgway Pedigree, 142
Rigg, Charles, 14
Riley, J., 41, 153
Robinson, John, 119, 153, 155 J., 187 Sam, 97
Roden, John, 10
Rogers, Francis, 11 George, 119, 143 John, 119, 143, 153 Spencer, 143, 153
Roosevelt, President, 191
Rowley, John, 11
Royle, John, 10
Rushton, James, 10
Russell, G. W. E., 209
Saddler & Green, 89, 131
Salt, Ralph, 125
Sandford, Moses, 52
Sans, Thomas, 12 William, 12
Shaw, Aaron, 51, 54 John, 11 Moses, 51, 54 Ralph, 11, 58 Simeon, 41
Shelley, Percy, 192 Thomas, 122, 156
Sheridan, J. H., 156
Shrigley, —, 64
Sickes, John, 11
Simpson, John, 11, 17 Joseph, 10, 113 Ralph, 8, 10, 12 Richard, 51 Robert, 10
Simpson, William, 10, 50, 52
Smith, —, 97 Ambrose, 119 John, 119 Joseph, 112, 119 Theophilus, 161 William, 113
Solon, M., 183, 185, 207
Sparrow, T., 97
Spode, Josiah I, 73, 76, 77, 78, 121, 132, 134, 155 Josiah II, 134, 136 —, 180, 181
Standley, James, 11
Stanley, William, 153
Steel, —, 41, 51, 153 William, 11 Ralph, 11
Stephens, Joseph, 112
Stevenson, Andrew, 153 Charles, 119 John, 52 Ralph, 153
Stirrup, Thomas, 156
Stonier, Richard, 10
Straphan, Joseph, 121
Sutherland, Duchess of, 210
Talbot, Luke, 32
Taylor, George, 120 John, 81, 112, 154 Robert Minton, 186 Thomas, 50, 51, 53, 154 William, 12
Thorpe, Prof., 209
Throgher, Thomas the, 5
Throware, Richard le, 4
Thrower, Thomas le, 5
Toft, Ralph, 11 Thomas, 11, 12
Tunnicliffe, William, 118
Tunstall, John, 11
Tunstals, 51
Turner, John, 83, 100, 101, 109, 110, 116, 121, 122 John, 110, 111 William, 110 (Worcester), 133
Twemlow, Mr, 121, 173 William, 10 Richard, 11
Twyford, Joshua, 37, 44, 48 Thomas William, 206 Thomas, 206
Unett, John, 156
Walklate, Mark, 122
Walton, John, 125, 154
Warburton, Ann, 113, 114 Jacob, 112, 114, 115, 116, 120, 154 John, 52, 64, 66, 69, 83, 100, 102, 114, 154 Thomas, 113, 114
Warburton & Stone, 112
Ward, —, 53, 136, 137, 155 John, 11
Weatherby, John, 113
Wedgwood, Aaron, 29, 33, 70-73 Cecil, 191 Francis, 150, 200 Francis Hamilton, 191 John, 13, 51, 64, 65, 88, 91, 96, 125 John, 105, 126, 130 Josiah I, 38, 41, 47, 48, 66, 75, 78, 79, 80, 85, 86, 88, 93, 97, 100, 102, 104, 105, 106, 114, 115, 120, 121, 123, 126, 137, 159 Josiah II, 105, 106, 149, 150, 155 Lawrence, 191 Moses, 10 Ralph, 157 Richard, 13, 24, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 36, 42, 51, 54 Dr Thomas, 10, 13, 24, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 36, 42, 44, 46, 50, 54, 83, 86 Dr Thomas, Jun., 44, 50, 51, 53, 62, 64, 65, 88, 90 Thomas, 105, 120, 121 William, 10
Wedgwood Pedigree, 87, 151
Wesley, John, 128
Weston, George, 155
Wheildon, Edward, 79 Thomas, 24, 62, 73, 74, 75, 76, 78, 79, 86, 126, 132 (?), 183
Whitehead, Charles, 81, 118, 121, 154 Christopher, 87, 114, 121
Whitehead, James, 118
Williamson, Robert, 146, 153
Wilson, David, 108, 120, 154 James, 120
Woodall, William, 204
Wood, Aaron, 62, 75, 126 Edward, 128, 129 Enoch, 41, 85, 120, 124, 127, 154, 192 Ephraim, 154 Isaac, 50, 51 John, 120, 124, 125, 152 John Wedg, 126 Ralph, 62, 79, 120, 124, 126, 128 Robert, 10 William, 126 Kuntz & Co., 159
Wood Pedigree, 130
Woodall, William, 184
Woods, Roger, 111
Woolfe, Thomas, 121, 139, 146, 155
Woolliscroft & Son, G., 188
Wright, Samuel, 181 Thomas, 120
Yates, John, 120, 121, 154
Letchworth: At the Arden Press.