Part 11

[4] Both these warblers--the Nashville and the Tennessee--were named by Wilson from the places where the original specimens were shot. Concerning the Tennessee warbler he sets down the opinion that "it is most probably a native of a more southerly climate." It would be a pity for men to cease guessing, though the shrewdest are certain to be sometimes wrong.

[5] _The Auk_, vol. iii. p. 175.

[6] _The Auk_, vol. vi. p. 120.

[7] _Ibid._, vol. v. p. 267.

[8] _The Auk_, vol. iii. p. 315. Of sixty-two species seen by me during the last four days of April, eleven are not given by Dr. Fox, namely, Wilson's thrush, black-poll warbler, bay-breasted warbler, Cape May warbler, black-throated blue warbler, palm warbler, chestnut-sided warbler, blue golden-winged warbler, bobolink, Acadian flycatcher, yellow-billed cuckoo.

[9] See Dr. Fox's list.

A LIST OF BIRDS

FOUND IN THE NEIGHBORHOOD OF CHATTANOOGA FROM APRIL 27 TO MAY 18, 1894.

1. Green Heron. _Ardea virescens._--A single individual seen from a car window. No other water birds were observed except three or four ducks and a single wader, all upon the wing and unidentified.

2. Bob White. Quail. Partridge. _Colinus virginianus._--Common.

3. Ruffed Grouse. "Pheasant." _Bonasa umbettus._--Heard drumming on Walden's Ridge.

4. Carolina Dove. Mourning Dove. _Zenaidura macroura._--A small number seen.

5. Turkey Vulture. Turkey Buzzard. _Cathartes aura._--Common.

6. Black Vulture. Carrion Crow. _Catharista atrata._--Two birds seen.

7. Red-tailed Hawk. _Buteo borealis._--One bird seen from Walden's Ridge.

8. Sparrow Hawk. _Falco sparverius._--One bird, on Walden's Ridge.

9. Yellow-billed Cuckoo. _Coccyzus americanus._--Common. First noticed April 29.

10. Black-billed Cuckoo. _Coccyzus erythrophthalmus._--Seen twice on Lookout Mountain, May 7 and 8, and once on Walden's Ridge, May 12.

11. Belted Kingfisher. _Ceryle alcyon._--A single bird heard on Walden's Ridge.

12. Hairy Woodpecker. _Dryobates villosus._--My notes record seven birds. No attempt was made to determine their specific or sub-specific identity, but they are presumed to have been _D. villosus_, not _D. villosus audubonii_.

13. Downy Woodpecker. _Dryobates pubescens._--A single bird was heard (not seen) on Walden's Ridge,--a noticeable reversal of the usual relative commonness of this species and the preceding.

14. Red-cockaded Woodpecker. _Dryobates borealis._--Found only at Chickamauga, on Snodgrass Hill, in long-leaved pines--two or three birds.

15. Pileated Woodpecker. "Logcock." _Ceophloeus pileatus._--Said to be common on Walden's Ridge, where I heard its flicker-like shout.

16. Red-headed Woodpecker. _Melanerpes erythrocephalus._--One seen near Missionary Ridge and one at Chickamauga. The scarcity of this bird, and the absence of the red-bellied and the yellow-bellied, were among the surprises of my visit.

17. Flicker. Golden-winged Woodpecker. _Colaptes auratus._--Not common. Three birds were seen at Chickamauga, and it was occasional on Walden's Ridge, where I listed it five days of the seven.

18. Whippoorwill. _Antrostomus vociferus._--Undoubtedly common. I heard it only on Walden's Ridge, the only place where I went into the woods after dark.

19. Nighthawk. _Chordeiles virginianus._--Common.

20. Chimney Swift. _Chætura pelagica._--Abundant.

21. Ruby-throated Humming-bird. _Trochilus colubris._--Common in the forests of Walden's Ridge. Seen but twice elsewhere. First seen April 28.

22. Kingbird. _Tyrannus tyrannus._--Seen but three times--nine specimens in all. First seen April 29.

23. Crested Flycatcher. _Myiarchus crinitus._--Noticed daily, with two exceptions.

24. Phoebe. _Sayornis phoebe._--Common on Lookout Mountain and Walden's Ridge. Not seen elsewhere.

25. Wood Pewee. _Contopus virens._--Very common. Much the most numerous member of the family. Present in good force April 27, and gathering nest materials April 29.

26. Acadian Flycatcher. Green-crested Flycatcher. _Empidonax virescens._--Common.

27. Blue Jay. _Cyanocitta cristata._--Scarce (for the blue jay), and not seen on Walden's Ridge!

28. Crow. _Corvus americanus._--Apparently much less common than in Eastern Massachusetts.

29. Bobolink. _Dolichonyx oryzivorus._--A small flock seen, and heard singing, April 27.

30. Orchard Oriole. _Icterus spurius._--Common, but not found on Walden's Ridge.

31. Baltimore Oriole. _Icterus galbula._--A single bird, at Chickamauga, May 3.

32. Crow Blackbird. _Quiscalus quiscula?_--Seen on sundry occasions in the valley country, but specific distinction not made out. Both forms--_Q. quiscula_ and _Q. quiscula æneus_--are found in Tennessee. See Dr. Fox's List of Birds found in Roane County, Tennessee. "The Auk," vol. iii. p. 315. My own list of the Icteridæ is remarkable for its omissions, especially of the cowbird, the red-winged blackbird (which, however, I am pretty certain that I saw on the wing) and the meadow lark.

33. House Sparrow. English Sparrow. _Passer domesticus._--Distressingly superabundant in the city and its suburbs.

34. Goldfinch. _Spinus tristis._--Abundant. Still in flocks.

35. White-crowned Sparrow. _Zonotrichia leucophrys._--Seen but once (May 1), two birds, in the national cemetery.

36. White-throated Sparrow. _Zonotrichia albicollis._--Common. Still present on Walden's Ridge (in two places) May 13. Sang very little.

37. Chipping Sparrow. Doorstep Sparrow. _Spizella socialis._--Common.

38. Field Sparrow. _Spizella pusilla._--Common.

39. Bachman's Sparrow. _Peucæa æstivalis bachmanii._--Common. One of the best of singers.

40. Chewink. Towhee. _Pipilo erythrophthalmus._--Rather common. Much less numerous than I should have expected from the nature of the country.

41. Cardinal Grosbeak. _Cardinalis cardinalis._--Seen daily, but seemingly not very numerous.

42. Rose-breasted Grosbeak. _Habia ludoviciana._--A single female, May 11.

43. Indigo-bird. _Passerina cyanea._--Very abundant. For the first time I saw this tropical-looking beauty in flocks.

44. Scarlet Tanager. _Piranga erythromelas._--Common on the mountains, but seemingly rare in the valley.

45. Summer Tanager. _Piranga rubra._--Common throughout.

46. Purple Martin. _Progne subis._--Common.

47. Rough-winged Swallow. _Stelgidopteryx serripennis._--A few birds seen.

48. Red-eyed Vireo. _Vireo olivaceus._--Common. One of the species listed every day.

49. Yellow-throated Vireo. _Vireo flavifrons._--Common. Seen or heard every day except April 27.

50. White-eyed Vireo. _Vireo noveboracensis._--Abundant. Heard every day.

51. Black-and-white Creeper. _Mniotilta varia._--Very common.

52. Blue-winged Warbler. _Helminthophila pinus._--One bird seen at Chickamauga, and a pair on Missionary Ridge.

53. Golden-winged Warbler. _Helminthophila chrysoptera._--Common, especially in the broken woods north of the city.

54. Panda Warbler. Blue Yellow-backed Warbler. _Compsothlypis americana._--Only on Walden's Ridge.

55. Cape May Warbler. _Dendroica tigrina._--One bird seen on Cameron Hill, and a small company on Lookout Mountain--April 27, and May 7 and 8.

56. Yellow Warbler. Golden Warbler. _Dendroica æstiva._--Common, but not observed on Walden's Ridge.

57. Black-throated Blue Warbler. _Dendroica cærulescens._--Common, April 27 to May 14.

58. Myrtle Warbler. Yellow-rumped Warbler. _Dendroica coronata._--Noted April 27 and 28, and May 7 and 8.

59. Magnolia Warbler. _Dendroica maculosa._--Not uncommon, May 1 to 12.

60. Cerulean Warbler. _Dendroica coerulea._--One bird, a male in song, on Lookout Mountain.

61. Chestnut-sided Warbler. _Dendroica pensylvanica._--Listed on six dates--April 27 to May 12.

62. Bay-breasted Warbler. _Dendroica castanea._--Seven or eight individuals--April 27 to May 10.

63. Black-poll Warbler. _Dendroica striata._--Common to May 13.

64. Blackburnian Warbler. _Dendroica blackburniæ._--Seven birds--May 1 to 18.

65. Yellow-throated Warbler. _Dendroica dominica._ (_Albilora?_)--Found only at Chickamauga (Snodgrass Hill), where it seemed to be common.

66. Black-throated green Warbler. _Dendroica virens._--Common.

67. Pine Warbler. _Dendroica vigorsii._--Not numerous, but found in appropriate places.

68. Palm Warbler. _Dendroica palmarum._--The specific--or sub-specific--identity of this bird was not certainly determined, but I judged the specimens--seen on four dates, April 29 to May 11--to be as above given, rather than _D. palmarum hypochrysea_.

69. Prairie Warbler. _Dendroica discolor._--Very common.

70. Oven-bird. _Seiurus aurocapillus._--Common on Lookout Mountain and Walden's Ridge. Seen but once in the lower country.

71. Louisiana Water-thrush. _Seiurus motacilla._--A few birds seen on Walden's Ridge.

72. Kentucky Warbler. _Geothlypis formosa._--Very common, and in places very unlike.

73. Maryland Yellow-throat. _Geothlypis trichas._--Common.

74. Yellow-breasted Chat. _Icteria virens._--Very common.

75. Hooded Warbler. _Sylvania mitrata._--Common, especially along the woodland streams on Walden's Ridge.

76. Wilson's Blackcap. _Sylvania pusilla._--A single bird on Walden's Ridge, May 12, in free song.

77. Canadian Warbler. _Sylvania canadensis._--Seen on three dates--May 6, 11, and 12.

78. Redstart. _Setophaga ruticilla._--Common. Not seen after May 14.

79. Mocking-bird. _Mimus polyglottos._--Rare. Not found on the mountains.

80. Catbird. _Galeoscoptes carolinensis._--Very common, both in the city and in the country round about.

81. Brown Thrasher. _Harporhynchus rufus._--Common.

82. Carolina Wren. Mocking Wren. _Thryothorus ludovicianus._--Common.

83. Bewick's Wren. _Thryothorus bewickii._--Not common. Seen only on Missionary Ridge.

84. White-breasted Nuthatch. _Sitta carolinensis._--Common at Chickamauga and on Walden's Ridge. A single bird noticed on Lookout Mountain.

85. Tufted Titmouse. _Parus bicolor._--Common.

86. Carolina Chickadee. _Parus carolinensis._--Common.

87. Blue-gray Gnatcatcher. _Polioptila cærulea._--Common.

88. Wood Thrush. _Turdus mustelinus._--Very common. A bird with its beak full of nest materials was seen April 29, at the base of Missionary Ridge.

89. Wilson's Thrush. Veery. _Turdus fuscescens._--Rare.

90. Gray-cheeked Thrush. _Turdus aliciæ_, or _T. aliciæ bicknelli_.--Two birds, May 2 and 13.

91. Swainson's Thrush. Olive-backed Thrush. _Turdus ustulatus swainsonii._--In good numbers and free song. Seen on four dates, the latest being May 12.

92. Robin. _Merula migratoria._--Five birds in the national cemetery, April 29.

93. Bluebird. _Sialia sialis._--Common. Young birds out of the nest, April 28.

INDEX.

Arbutus, 137. Azalea:-- flame-colored, 178. pink, 182. white, 132.

Baptisia, blue, 14, 93. Blackbird:-- crow, 99. red-winged, 215. Bluebird, 9, 13, 78, 99, 111, 207. Bobolink, 205, 209. Buzzard, turkey, 6, 188.

Catbird, 6, 17, 25, 43, 47, 78, 99, 111, 183, 207. Catchfly, scarlet, 15, 85, 109. Cedar-bird, 207. Chat, yellow-breasted, 3, 6, 9, 13, 17, 19, 27, 47, 55, 99, 110, 121, 135, 204. Chewink, 6, 13, 207. Chickadee, blackcap, 98. Chickadee, Carolina, 13, 25, 71, 88. Cowslip, 85. Cranesbill, 34, 85. Creeper, black-and-white, 6, 12, 33, 42, 117, 204, 207. Cross-vine, 23, 137, 181. Crow, 42, 189. Cuckoo:-- black-billed, 31, 42. yellow-billed, 19, 24, 71, 99, 111, 117.

Dogwood, flowering, 136. Dove, mourning, 24.

Fern:-- cinnamon, 148. maiden-hair, 47. Finch:-- Bachman's, 2, 6, 9, 13, 25, 66, 78, 81, 110, 118, 193, 194, 210. purple, 194. Flicker, 66, 78, 190. Flycatcher:-- Acadian, 17, 24, 26, 62, 117. crested, 9, 13, 67, 71, 87. yellow-bellied, 206. Fringe-tree, 135.

Ginger, wild, 137. Gnatcatcher, blue-gray, 6, 13, 18, 55, 99, 110. Goldfinch, 13, 17, 24, 25, 47, 78, 111. Gromwell, 85, 92. Grosbeak:-- cardinal, 6, 13, 23, 26, 42, 135, 146, 162. rose-breasted, 119, 194. Grouse, ruffed (pheasant), 167.

Hawk:-- red-tailed, 169, 187. sparrow, 174, 187. Hieracium, 122. Houstonia, 23, 61, 85, 93. Humming-bird, ruby-throated, 109, 178, 191.

Indigo-bird, 6, 9, 13, 17, 47, 55, 72, 78, 110, 111, 121, 204.

Jay, blue, 178, 189.

Kingbird, 13, 87. Kinglet, golden-crowned, 97.

Lady's-slipper, yellow, 178. Lizard, 43, 55. Locust, seventeen-year, 55, 70, 83, 114, 149.

Magnolia, 136, 148. Martin, purple, 6, 185. Maryland yellow-throat, 6, 13, 47, 61, 70, 185. Milkweed, 92, 142. Mistletoe, 110. Mocking-bird, 6, 78, 82, 94, 183. Mountain Laurel, 132, 135, 147, 169, 173, 176.

Nuthatch, white-breasted (Carolina), 58, 61, 82.

Oriole:-- Baltimore, 78. orchard, 13, 78, 99, 111, 185. Oven-bird, 31, 33, 42, 122, 196. Oxalis:-- violet, 34, 61, 85. yellow, 85.

Pentstemon, 61, 122. Pewee, wood, 6, 17, 33, 62, 71, 78, 99, 117, 135. Phlox, 23, 34, 61, 85, 122. Phoebe, 28, 41, 207. Pink, Indian, 15.

Quail, 6, 71, 122.

Ragwort (Senecio), 93, 122. Raven, 130. Redstart, 6, 13, 25, 108, 117. Rhododendron, 135-137, 147, 169, 173, 176, 181. Robin, 96, 207, 210. Rue anemone, 62, 85.

Saxifrage, 34. Sparrow:-- Bachman's (see FINCH). chipping, 6, 13, 26, 99, 111, 193, 207. field, 6, 13, 17, 25, 47, 55, 62, 67, 70, 87, 117, 135, 193. house (English) 93, 183, 185. song, 4, 194, 205, 210. vesper, 194, 207, 210. white-crowned, 96. white-throated, 6, 26, 95, 135, 142, 208. Specularia, 122. Spring beauty, 61, 85. Stonecrop, white, 34. Swallow:-- rough-winged, 22, 87, 88, 187. tree (white-bellied), 187, 205, 207. Sweet bush, 137. Swift, chimney, 189.

Tanager:-- scarlet, 20, 24, 33, 41, 118, 131, 135, 162. summer, 3, 6, 13, 17, 20, 47, 70, 78, 120, 131. Thrasher (brown thrush), 6, 7, 13, 17, 33, 82, 99, 111, 183, 207. Thrush:-- gray-cheeked, 141. hermit, 207. Louisiana water, 163. olive-backed (Swainson's), 7, 13, 14, 19, 20, 22, 24, 133, 208. Wilson's (veery), 13, 14, 25, 111. wood, 6, 13, 14, 17, 33, 47, 87, 99, 117, 120, 135. Titmouse, tufted, 13, 14, 61, 70. Tulip-tree, 178, 193. Tupelo, 23. Turkey, wild, 81, 130, 140.

Viburnum, maple-leaved, 34. Violet, bird-foot, 34, 85. Vireo:-- red-eyed, 6, 13, 33, 42, 47, 55, 70. solitary, 207. white-eyed, 6, 9, 13, 17, 47, 110, 121, 204, 207. yellow-throated, 9, 13, 33, 70, 99, 117. Vulture:-- black (carrion crow), 111, 188. turkey, 6, 188.

Warbler:-- bay-breasted, 6, 28, 32, 38, 49, 208. Blackburnian, 30, 31, 38, 204. black-poll, 6, 12, 19, 28, 32, 38, 42, 49, 61, 81, 96, 117, 198, 204, 208. black-throated blue, 12, 31, 32, 37, 135, 157. black-throated green, 28, 31, 135, 156, 202. blue-winged, 20, 22, 71, 79, 80. blue yellow-backed, 21, 134, 135. Canadian, 21, 22, 23, 117, 135, 204. Cape May, 32, 37, 39, 198, 200, 204, 208. cerulean, 53. chestnut-sided, 12, 25, 117, 204. Connecticut, 14. golden-winged, 13, 110, 120, 195. hooded, 7, 48, 135, 146, 156, 203. Kentucky, 9, 13, 14, 19, 24, 35, 47, 49, 109, 110, 116, 122, 132, 135, 156, 202-204. magnolia, 19, 30, 32, 37, 117, 204. mourning, 206. myrtle (yellow-rumped), 6, 12, 32, 39, 198, 204, 207, 208. Nashville, 195. palm (red-poll), 32, 38, 117, 204, 207. pine, 25, 175, 207. prairie, 6, 21, 25, 110, 121, 203, 207. Tennessee, 195. Wilson's blackcap, 136, 204. yellow (golden), 12, 99, 108, 185, 203, yellow-throated, 72, 73, 75, 80. Water-thrush, Louisiana, 163. Whippoorwill, 143. Wintergreen, striped, 34. Woodpecker:-- downy, 191. golden-winged, 66, 190. hairy, 30, 190. pileated, 191. red-cockaded, 67, 73, 80, 191. red-headed, 80, 190, 191. Wren:-- Bewick's, 4. Carolina (mocking), 6, 13, 17, 25, 26, 28, 42, 47, 55, 71, 109, 162.

End of Project Gutenberg's Spring notes from Tennessee, by Bradford Torrey