Chapter 9

_Which treats of the direction which the army took, and of how another more direct way might be found, if anyone was to return to that country._

I very much wish that I possessed some knowledge of cosmography or geography, so as to render what I wish to say intelligible, and so that I could reckon up or measure the advantage those people who might go in search of that country would have if they went directly through the centre of the country, instead of following the road the army took. However, with the help of the favor of the Lord, I will state it as well as I can, making it as plain as possible.

It is, I think, already understood that the Portuguese, Campo, was the soldier who escaped when Friar Juan de Padilla was killed at Quivira, and that he finally reached New Spain from Panuco,[555] having travelled across the plains country until he came to cross the North Sea mountain chain, keeping the country that Don Hernando de Soto discovered all the time on his left hand, since he did not see the river of the Holy Spirit (Espiritu Santo) at all.[556] After he had crossed the North Sea mountains, he found that he was in Panuco, so that if he had not tried to go to the North Sea, he would have come out in the neighborhood of the border land, or the country of the Sacatecas,[557] of which we now have some knowledge.

[555] The northeastern province of New Spain.

[556] That is, he travelled from the Quivira province, in the present Kansas, southwestwardly to Mexico.

[557] Zacatecas.

This way would be somewhat better and more direct for anyone going back there in search of Quivira, since some of those who came with the Portuguese are still in New Spain to serve as guides. Nevertheless, I think it would be best to go through the country of the Guachichules,[558] keeping near the South Sea mountains all the time, for there are more settlements and a food supply, for it would be suicide to launch out on to the plains country, because it is so vast and is barren of anything to eat, although, it is true, there would not be much need of this after coming to the cows. This is only when one goes in search of Quivira, and of the villages which were described by the Indian called Turk, for the army of Francisco Vazquez Coronado went the very farthest way round to get there, since they started from Mexico and went 110 leagues to the west, and then 100 leagues to the northeast, and 250 to the north, and all this brought them as far as the ravines where the cows were, and after travelling 850 leagues they were not more than 400 leagues distant from Mexico by a direct route. If one desires to go to the country of Tiguex, so as to turn from there toward the west in search of the country of India, he ought to follow the road taken by the army, for there is no other, even if one wished to go by a different way, because the arm of the sea which reaches into this coast toward the north does not leave room for any. But what might be done is to have a fleet and cross this gulf and disembark in the neighborhood of the Island of Negroes[559] and enter the country from there, crossing the mountain chains in search of the country from which the people at Tiguex came, or other peoples of the same sort. As for entering from the country of Florida and from the North Sea, it has already been observed that the many expeditions which have been undertaken from that side have been unfortunate and not very successful, because that part of the country is full of bogs and poisonous fruits, barren, and the very worst country that is warmed by the sun. But they might disembark after passing the river of the Holy Spirit, as Don Hernando de Soto did. Nevertheless, despite the fact that I underwent much labor, I still think that the way I went to that country is the best. There ought to be river courses, because the necessary supplies can be carried on these more easily in large quantities. Horses are the most necessary things in the new countries, and they frighten the enemy most.... Artillery is also much feared by those who do not know how to use it. A piece of heavy artillery would be very good for settlements like those which Francisco Vazquez Coronado discovered, in order to knock them down, because he had nothing but some small machines for slinging and nobody skilful enough to make a catapult or some other machine which would frighten them, which is very necessary.[560]

[558] This wild tribe inhabited chiefly the region of the present state of San Luis Potosí, Mexico. They were known also as Cuachichiles and Quachichiles.

[559] The dictionary of Dominguez says: "Isla de negros; ó isla del Almirantazgo, en el grande Océano equinoccial; grande isla de la América del Norte, sobre la costa oeste." Apparently the location of this island gradually drifted westward with the increase of geographical knowledge, until it was finally located in the Philippine group. (Winship.)

[560] This would indicate that the bronze cannon which Coronado left at Sia pueblo were worthless.

I say, then, that with what we now know about the trend of the coast of the South Sea, which has been followed by the ships which explored the western part, and what is known of the North Sea toward Norway, the coast of which extends up from Florida, those who now go to discover the country which Francisco Vasquez entered, and reach the country of Cibola or of Tiguex, will know the direction in which they ought to go in order to discover the true direction of the country which the Marquis of the Valley, Don Hernando Cortes, tried to find, following the direction of the gulf of the Firebrand (Tizon) River.[561]

[561] The Gulf of California (which had been navigated by Cortés) and the Rio Colorado.

This will suffice for the conclusion of our narrative. Everything else rests on the powerful Lord of all things, God Omnipotent, who knows how and when these lands will be discovered and for whom He has guarded this good fortune.

_Laus Deo._

Finished copying, Saturday the 26th of October, 1596, in Seville.

INDEX

INDEX

Aays, not to be confounded with Ayas, 225 n.; Moscoso at, 243; Indians of, give battle, 243. _See also_ Ayas.

Açamor, mentioned, 126.

Acaxes, Indians of Culiacan, 345.

Acela, town of, 155.

Acha, _see_ Picuris.

Achese, cacique of, addresses De Soto, 166-167.

Acochis, Indian name for gold, 314, 337 n., 342.

Acoma, identification of Acuco with, 311 n.; visit of Alvarado to, 311; description of, 311-312; visited by Arellano, 316; route to, 316; mentioned, 358; worship of cross at, 384.

Acoma Indians, water supply of, 312.

Acosta, Maria de, wife of Pedro Castañeda, 276.

Acoste, cacique of, comes to De Soto, 180.

Acubadaos Indians, 87.

Acuco, _see_ Acoma.

Adai Indians, 76 n.

Adobe, making of, described, 352.

Aguacay, mentioned, 237; Moscoso at, 238.

Aguar, Indian deity, 118.

Aguas Calientes, pueblos of, 359; identification of, 359 n.

Aguenes Indians, 84, 85.

Alabama, 183 n.

Alaniz, Hieronymo, notary, with Narvaez, 22; objects to abandonment of ships, 23; death of, 57.

Alarcon, Diego de, confusion of, with Alcaraz, 324 n.

Alarcon, Hernando de, expedition of by sea, 294; narrative of, 279, 294 n.; message of, found by Diaz, 303.

Alarcon, Pedro de, 294 n.

Albino, Indian, 332 n.

Alcaraz, Diego de, meeting with Cabeza de Vaca, 112-113; his need of food, 113; returns from incursion, 119; lieutenant of Diaz, 303, 324; inefficiency of, 326; death of, 371.

Aleman, Juan, name given Indian of Tiguex, 317, 321.

Alimamos, overtakes De Soto, 177.

Alimamu, an Indian chief, 195, 200.

Alligators, do harm to Indians, 143; in rivers of New Galicia, 378.

Almirantazgo, or Isle of Negroes, 386 n.

Altamaca, _see_ Altamaha.

Altamaha, 167 n.

Altamaha River, 167 n.

Alvarado, Hernando de, appointed captain, 293; protects Coronado at Cibola, 301; expedition of, to Rio Grande, 311; report of, 279, 311 n.; visits Acoma, 311; imprisons Pecos chiefs, 315; route of, 316 n.; at Braba, 341.

Alvarado, Pedro de, expedition of, to Peru, 288; deeds of, 380.

Alvarez, death of, 6.

Amaye, Moscoso at, 238.

Aminoya, Spaniards hear of, 248; take quarters at, 249; brigantines built at, 250.

Amushungkwa, a Jemez pueblo, 359 n.

Anagados Indians, 71 n.

Anane, a fruit, 140.

Añasco, Juan de, 135; sent by De Soto to explore harbor in Florida, 145; goes to Espiritu Santo, 162; sent in quest of habitations, 171; finds a town twelve leagues off, 171; makes road through the woods, 172; sent on a reconnoissance, 200, 228, 229; advises Moscoso to put out to sea, 260; and does so with him, 261; meets with opposition from those with him, 261-262; again advises putting out to sea, 264.

Anguille River, 215 n.

Anhayca Apalache, De Soto at, 161, 162, 164.

Anhocan, Cabeza de Vaca at, 116.

Anilco, 227, 228, 245, 248, 249. _See also_ Nilco.

Animals, of Apalachen, 29; of Florida, mentioned by the Gentleman of Elvas, 271-272.

Anoixi, De Soto takes many inhabitants of, 222.

Antonio de Santa Maria, Franciscan friar, 288.

Antonio Victoria, friar, accident of, 299.

Apalache, mentioned, 161; has much maize, 156, 226; distance from, to Cutifachiqui, 188; direction and distance of, from Espiritu Santo, 271, 272. _See also_ Apalachen.

Apalachee Indians, war against, by Creeks, 21 n.; by English, 21 n.; overcome by Cabeza de Vaca, 28; attack the Spaniards, 30, 31; eastern tribes of, 330 n.; mentioned, 349 n.

Apalachen, indicated to Narvaez as source of gold, 21-22; taken by the Spanish, 28; region of, described, 29-30; climate of, is cold, 29; animals of, 29.

Apalachicola, town on Savannah River, 21 n.

Appalachian Mountains, origin of name of, 21 n.

Appalachee Bay, origin of name of, 21 n.

Aquiguate, largest town seen by De Soto in Florida, 214; De Soto returns to, 215; country of, described, 215.

Aquixo, 227, 270; direction of, 271.

Aquixo, cacique of, comes to De Soto, 203; loses five or six of his men, shot by crossbowmen, 203; and ten, killed by De Soto's cavalry, 205.

Arache, province of, 365.

Arawakan Indians, 21; dance ceremony of, 52 n.

Arbadaos Indians, 80.

Arche, _see_ Harahey.

Areitos, among Indians of Malhado, held in honor of Cabeza de Vaca, 89.

Arellano, Tristan de, appointment of, as captain, 292; lieutenant to Coronado, 298, 335; at Corazones, 301, 303; arrives at Cibola, 313; route of, 315 n.; at Tiguex, 317, 339; attacks Cicuye, 341.

Arispe, _see_ Arizpe.

Aristotle, quoted, 134.

Arizpe, 347 n.

Arkadelphia, 238 n.

Arkansas city, 227 n.

Arkansas Post, 226 n.

Arkansas River, 222 n., 248 n., 249 n.

Artillery, at Culiacan, 297; used by Indians, 357; usefulness of, in exploration, 386.

Astorga, Marquis of, learns what Cabeza de Vaca relates to the Emperor regarding New Spain, 137.

Astudillo, a native of Çafra, to seek Panuco, 49.

Asturian, the, with Figueroa, 61, 64; seen by the Avavares, 79.

Asturiano, a clergyman, 68, 69.

Astyalakwa, a Jemez pueblo, 359 n.

Atabalipa, lord of Peru, 135, 175.

Atayos Indians, 76, 87.

Atchafalaya, lower course of Red River, 261 n.

Attacapan Indians, 51 n., 363 n.

Audiencia, definition of, 285 n.

Audiencia of Española, report to, 8; edition of report by Oviedo, 8, 10.

Auia, island of, 49; probably not Malhado Island, 49 n.

Aute, town south of Apalachen, 30, 31; reached by Narvaez, 32.

Autiamque, mentioned, 221, 225, 227, 237; De Soto winters at, 222-224; distance to Guacay, 270; direction of, 271.

Avavares Indians, receive Cabeza de Vaca, 73; healed by him, 6-7, 78; ignorant of time, 79.

Avellaneda, killed by an Indian, 32.

Avila, Pedro de, leader in rebellion at Suya, 370.

Awatobi, Hopi pueblo, 307 n., 358 n.

Axille, De Soto at, 161.

Ayas, Moscoso crosses river at, 248.

Ayays, not to be confounded with Aays, 225 n.; De Soto at, 225.

Ayllon, Governor-licentiate, death of, 174.

Aymay, named Socorro, 171; De Soto at, 172; location of, 172 n.

Azores, mentioned, 122.

Bacallaos, Spanish name for Newfoundland, 343 n., 360.

Badthing, story of, 78-79.

Baegert, Father Jacob, on Indians of lower California, 346 n.

Bahíos, 108. _See also_ Buhíos.

Baldwyn, Mississippi, 212 n.

Bandelier, A. F., researches on the Seven Cities, 287 n.; on Topira, 290 n.; on Cicuye, 355 n.

Bandelier, A. F. and Fanny, _Journey of Nuñez Cabeza de Vaca_, cited, 22 n., 59, 87 n., 102 n., 103 n.

Baracoa, town in Cuba, 142.

Barbacoa, a store house for maize, 165.

Barbels, native American fish, 349.

Barrionuevo, Francisco de, companion of Coronado, 292; at Tiguex, 319; explorations of, 339-340.

Baskett, James Newton, investigations of, 326 n.

Bastian, Francisco, drowning of, 225.

Batuco, identification of, 376 n.

Báyamo, town in Cuba, 142, 143.

Bayou de Vue, 215 n.

Bayou Macon, 255 n.

Bears, in pueblo region, 357.

Béjar, mentioned, 125.

Bermuda, Cabeza de Vaca at, 121.

Bernalillo, settlement on site of Tiguex, 278, 317 n.

Bidai Indians, 80 n.

Biedma, narrative of, cited, 40 n.; referred to, 130 n.

Big Bayou Meto, 225.

Big Creek, 21, 215 n.

Bigotes, _see_ Whiskers.

Birds, mentioned, 29-30, 272.

Biscayan Indians, 115 n.

Bison, first printed reference to, 68 n.; described by Cicuye Indians, 311; hunted by plains Indians, 330, 362, 363; stampede of, 331; Coronado's army supplied with meat of, 336; piles of bones of, 382; Castañeda's description of, 382-383.

Black Warrior River, 188 n., 189 n.

Blankets, of cotton, 350.

Blizzard, experienced by Coronado, 333.

Bog of Pia, breeds mosquitos, 144.

Boston Mountains, 221 n.; crossed by De Soto, 221.

Boyomo, settlement of, 347.

Braba, _see_ Taos.

Brazos River, 58 n., 244 n., 245 n.

Bread, maize, 271; Indian, 303, 340, 340 n.

Bridge, built by Spaniards across Cicuye River, 329; Indian, across Rio Grande, 340.

Brigantines, built by Spaniards at Aminoya, 250; become separated in the Gulf of Mexico, 263.

Buffalo, _see_ Bison.

Buhíos, Arawak word, 19, 79. _See also_ Bahíos.

Burgos, André de, printer, 134, 272.

Buriel, cloth used by Franciscan friars, 383 n.

Burning of Indians at stake by Spaniards, 320.

Caballos, Bahia de, 37, 162 n. _See also_ Horses, Bay of.

Cabeza de Vaca, Alvar Nuñez, narrative of, 1-126; birth and parentage, 3; significance of name, 3; trades and heals among the Indians, 6-7; line of travel, 7; character of his chronicle, 7; his accomplishment, 8; report to Audiencia of Española, 8; appointed governor of provinces of Rio de la Plata, 8; dies, 9; bibliography of the _Relacion_, 10-11; salutation to Charles V., 12; duration of his wandering, 13; his idea of the value of his narrative, 13; leaves San Lúcar de Barrameda, 4, 14; is treasurer and high-sheriff, 4, 14; reaches Santo Domingo, 14; proceeds to Trinidad and is overtaken by a terrible storm, 15-17; passes winter at Jagua, 17; explores mainland of Florida, with Narvaez, 4, 20; believes it wiser to return to vessels, 22-23; refuses to sail in charge of them, preferring to share risks of march into the country, 24; goes with forty men to seek a harbor, 25-26; enters Apalachen, 28; goes from Aute to find the sea, 33; embarks in open boat, 36; sufferings of his men, 38-40; is assaulted by Indians, 41; deserted by Narvaez, 42; lands on an island among friendly Indians, 5, 44-45; loses three men, in endeavor to re-embark, 46; destitute condition of the survivors, 46; aid given by Indians, 47-48; is overtaken by Dorantes and Alonzo del Castillo, 48; agrees that four of the party shall try to reach Panuco, 49; learns Indians believe the Christians are sorcerers, 50; names island Malhado, 50; heals the sick by breathing on them, and by prayer, 53; on the mainland, 52, 55; his party now numbers fourteen, 55; suffers great hardships, 56; trafficks among the Indians, 56-57; rescues Oviedo from Malhado, 57; is left by him, 59; finds Dorantes, Castillo, and Estevanico, 59-60; waits six months before attempting to escape, 60, 61, 70; is made a slave, 61; is forced to postpone escape another year, 71; succeeds at last, 73; works more cures among the Indians, 74, 77, 78; goes naked, 80, 81; goes among the Maliacones, 80; eats dogs, 80, 81; barters with Indians, 81; performs more cures, 91; reaches a mountainous country, 92; receives presents from the Indians, 92-93; cuts an arrow head out of a wounded native, 96-97; reaches the Rio Grande, 99; is feared by the Indians because of deaths among them, 101; heals the sick, 101; goes among the Jumanos, 102; calls them the Cow nation, 103; starts in search of maize, 105; touches and blesses both sick and well, 106-107; teaches Christian religion, 107; finds news of Christians, 109; checks fear among his Indian companions, 111; is taken to Diego de Alcaraz, 112; joins party of Diego and dismisses his Indian followers, 114-115; is received by Melchior Diaz, 116; arrives at Mexico, 120; at Havana, 121; at Lisbon, 123; mentioned as a survivor of Narvaez's party, 125; disagrees with De Soto, 136; mentioned by the Gentleman of Elvas, 136, 221, 246; returns from expedition, 288; narrative of, 288; in Corazones valley, 301; traces of, found by Coronado, 332; regard of Indians for, 381 n.

Cabeza de Vaca, Teresa, mother of Nuñez Cabeza de Vaca, 3, 125.

Cabo Cruz, 15 n.

Cabo de Santa Cruz, 15.

Cabusto, 194.

Caçabe bread, _see_ Cassava bread.

Cache River, 215 n.

Cactus belt, northern limit of, 70 n.

Cahita, synonymous with Sinaloa, 346 n.

Cahoques Indians, 87.

Calahuchi, 161 n.

Calderon, Captain, 155; at Espiritu Santo, 162; commands a brigantine, 265.

Cale, province of, reported to be abundant in gold, 154; mentioned, 162.

California, Gulf of, 109 n.; explored, 304, 346; natives of peninsula of, 346, 346 n.

Caliquen, reached by De Soto, 157.

Calpista, mentioned by Ranjel, 216 n.

Caluça, in northeastern part of Mississippi, 212.

Camolas Indians, 87 n.

Camones Indians, are reported to have killed Peñalosa and Tellez, 72.

Campo, Andres del, Portuguese companion of Padilla, 365, 373, 385; returns to New Spain, 385.

Canarreo shoals, 18.

Canasagua, De Soto at, 178.

Caney creek, 58 n.

Cannibalism in Culiacan, 345.

Cannouchee River, 170 n.

Cantaloupes, as food of Indians, 348.

Capachiqui, De Soto at, 165.

Capoques Indians, 54 n., 55 n., 65 n., 66 n., 87 n.

Capothan, province of New Spain, 364.

Caravallo, appointed lieutenant to sail with ships of Narvaez, 24; mentioned, 124.

Cardenas, Garcia Lopez, appointed captain, 292; protects Coronado at Cibola, 301; visit of, to Colorado River, 309; attacks Indian village, 319; treachery of Indians towards, 321; accident to, 331; summoned to Spain, 367; flight of, from Suya, 369, 370.

Carlos, leaves his wife at Havana, 145; is killed at Manilla, 193.

Carmona, Alonzo de, 131.

Casa de Contratación, at Seville, 135 n.

Cases, with dead bodies, burned by Xuarez, 21.

Casiste, De Soto at, 187.

Casqui, cacique of, 205; speeches of, to De Soto, 206-207; kneels before the cross, 208; directs De Soto to Pacaha, 208; makes many presents to De Soto, 210; gives his daughter to the governor, 211; begs forgiveness for absenting himself without permission, 212; accepts friendship of the cacique of Pacaha, 212.

Cassava bread, 144, 145.

Castañeda, Pedro de, narrative of Coronado's expedition by, 276, 281-387; facts of life of, 276; value of narrative of, 276; manuscript of, in Lenox library, 277; translations of, 276-277; date of narrative, 282 n.; joins expedition at Culiacan, 296 n.

Castile, mentioned, 124.

Castillo, Doctor, father of Alonzo de Castillo Maldonado, 125.

Castillo Maldonado, Alonzo del, with Cabeza de Vaca, 4, 6; joins in report to Audiencia of Española, 8; returns to New Spain, 9; goes with Cabeza de Vaca to find a harbor, 26; again goes on the same errand, 33; embarks in open boat, 36; loses his boat and overtakes Cabeza de Vaca, 48; on the mainland, 54; returns to Malhado, 55; accompanies Indians to find walnuts, and meets with Cabeza de Vaca, 59-60; stay of, with the Yguazes, 65; mentioned, 72; mentioned by Oviedo, 69, 70; among Lanegados, 71; escapes, 73; cures afflicted Indians, 74, 76, 77; goes to the Maliacones, 80; makes reconnoissance towards Rio Grande, 102; finds evidence of visit by Europeans, 109; rejoins Cabeza de Vaca and attaches himself to a Spanish exploring party, 113; returns to Spain, 125; mentioned by Castañeda, 288.

Catalte, 236.

Catamaya, De Soto at, 222.

Caya River, 216.

Cayas, De Soto at, 217, 219; mentioned, 225, 227, 238; cacique of, is dismissed, 221.

Cebreros, _see_ Zebreros.

Cedar Lake, 58 n.

Cerda, Alvaro de la, left by Narvaez in charge of a vessel, 18, 20.

Cervantes, Spanish soldier, 328.

Chacan, a fruit, 104.

Chaguate, province of, mentioned, 223 n., 236; cacique of, addresses Moscoso, 237.

Chaguete, 237; Indians come to, in peace, 247; Moscoso leaves, 248. _See also_ Chaguate.

Chalaque, province of, 176.

Charles V, emperor, 12 n.

Charruco, Cabeza de Vaca determines to seek, 56.

Charrucos Indians, 87 n.

Chattahuchi, 161 n.

Chattanooga, 181 n., 182 n.

Chauauares Indians, 87 n. _See_ Chavavares Indians.

Chavavares Indians, 73 n., 80 n., 87.

Chia, _see_ Sia.

Chiaha, province of, 175, 177, 178; nature of the country of, 270; speech of cacique of, 178; cacique of, surrenders himself to De Soto, 180.

Chiametla, death of Samaniego at, 295.

Chicaça, De Soto at, 195, 212 n.; Indians of, make an attack, 197-199.

Chicacilla, 199 n.

Chichilticalli, visited by Fray Marcos, 289; by Diaz, 298; location of, 299 n., 349 n.; Coronado's first view of, 299; description of, 349.

Chichimecas, Mexican name for braves, 357.

Chicot County, Arkansas, 255 n.

Chihuahua, 105 n.

Chilano, mentioned, 249.

Childersburg, 183 n.

Children of sun, Spaniards called, 94.

China, belief in its connection with America, 343, 360.

Chisca, a gold-bearing country, 180, 181, 212; mentioned, 205.

Choctaw Indians, 38 n.

Cholupaha, town of, 157; called Villafarta, 157.

Choualla, _see_ Xualla.

Christianity, taught to the Indians, 107, 117; churches to be built by them, 119.

Churches, to be built by Indians, 119.

Chuse, Bay of, 40 n.

Cibola, reached by expedition of Fray Marcos, 275, 289; Guzman's expedition to, 286; description of, 300; captured by Coronado, 301; army arrives at, 306; Castañeda's description of, 350; pueblos of, 358.

Cicuyc, _see_ Cicuye.

Cicuye, synonymous with Pecos, 329 n. _See_ Pecos.

Cienfuegos, Bay of, 17 n.

Civet-marten skins described by Cabeza de Vaca, 39.

Clark, on Indian sign language, 363 n.

Clark County, 238 n.

Cleburne County, 216 n.

Clothing of Indians, 318, 334, 347, 350, 355.

Coahuiltecan affinities, 61 n.

Coayos Indians, 76.

Coça, province of, 170, 175, 228; speech of cacique of, 183-184; inhabitants of, seized by De Soto, 184; cacique of, taken, 185; is dismissed, 187; distance to Tastaluça, 189; has more maize than Nilco, 226; nature of the country, 270; direction of, 271.

Cocopa Indians, a Yuman tribe, 303 n.

Cocos Indians, 54 n.

Cofaqui, 168.

Cofitachequi, _see_ Cutifachiqui.

Cohani Indians, 59 n.

Coké Indians, 54 n.

Coles, Juan, 131.

Coligoa, De Soto at, 215-216; distance to Autiamque, 270; nature of the country, 270.

Colima, ravines of, 332.

Colorado River, 58 n., 90 n.; visited by Diaz, 303; by Cardenas, 309.

Comos Indians, 80 n., 87.

Compostela, in a hostile country, 120; mentioned, 285 n., 287; rendezvous of Coronado's army, 293; departure of Coronado from, 295.

Comupatrico, settlement of, 347.

Cona, settlement of plains Indians, 333.

Coosa, 183 n.

Copee, used in paying the bottoms of Moscoso's vessels, 263.

Copper, found at Quivira, 337.

Coquite, pueblo of, 356 n., 358 n.

Corazones, Pueblo de los, 108, 115 n.; Coronado's army at, 301; valley of, 347; friendliness of Indians of, 372, 376. _See_ Hearts, town of.

Corn, description of, 350; method of grinding, 354; stores of, kept by Indians, 356. _See also_ Maize.

Coronado, Francisco Vazquez de, on Stake Plains, 7; expedition inspired by journey of Cabeza de Vaca, 8; memoirs of George P. Winship on, 276-277; bibliography of accounts of expedition of, 277-279; Castañeda's narrative of expedition of, 276, 281-387; testimony of companions of, 279; expedition of, mentioned, 97 n., 284, 362 n.; appointed governor of New Galicia, 287; marriage of, 287; accompanies Fray Marcos to Culiacan, 288; makes expedition to Topira, 290; returns to Mexico, 291; friendship of Mendoza for, 291; receives command from Mendoza, 275, 281, 291; Castañeda's criticism of, 291, 293; appointments confirmed by, 292; departure of, from Compostela, 295; receives report of Diaz, at Chiametla, 296; at Culiacan, 297-298; Truxillo brought before, 298; arrives at Chichilticalli, 299; discouragement of, 299; reaches Cibola, 300; letter to Mendoza, 277, 300 n.; attacks Cibola, 300; wounded at Cibola, 301; mention of, 294, 302, 305, 319; finds horn of mountain goat, 306; joined by Arellano, 306; sends Tovar to Tusayan, 307; sends Cardenas to Colorado River, 308; receives report of Cardenas, 310; gifts to, from Cicuye Indians, 311; sends Alvarado to Cicuye, 311; receives message from Alvarado, 312; departure of, for Tiguex, 313; arrives at Tutahaco, 314; at Tiguex, 314; sends Alvarado to Cicuye, 315; joined by army, 317; demands cloth of Indians, 317-318; gives Cardenas orders to attack Indians, 319; orders of, concerning prisoners, 320; besieges Tiguex, 322; attempts of, to make peace, 323; receives news of death of Diaz, 325; sends Tovar to San Hieronimo, 326; messengers from, to Mendoza, 326; letter of, to king, 278, 329 n.; pacifies Cicuye, 329; departure of, for Quivira, 329; bison seen by, 330, 331; experiences blizzard, 333; divides army, 335; arrives at Quivira, 336; route of, 337 n.; returns from Quivira, 338; crosses route of De Soto, 339; reaches Cicuye and Tiguex, 342; winters at Tiguex, 342, 366; receives letters from Mendoza, 367; accident to, 368; schemes of, to return home, 369; request of soldiers to, 370; preparations of, for return, 372, 373; arrives at Cibola, 374; meets Gallego with re-enforcements, 375; feigns illness, 376, 377; at Culiacan, 377; promises of, 378; returns to Mexico, 378; reports to Mendoza, 378; coolness of Mendoza towards, 378; deprived of governorship of New Galicia, 378; route of, 385; inadequacy of equipment of, 386.

Coronado expedition, memoirs of George Parker Winship on, 276-277; Castañeda's narrative of, 276, 281-387; bibliography of other accounts of, 277-280; importance of, 280; date of, 293 n.; reasons given by Mota Padilla for failure of, 366 n.

Corral, death of, 49.

Corrientes, Cape, storm at, 18.

Cortes, Hernando, receives Cabeza de Vaca, 121; mentioned, 283; trial for murder of wife 285 n.; given new title, 286 n.; feats of, 380.

Corvo, mentioned, 122 n.

Coste, speech of cacique of, 182.

Cotton, garments of, presented to Cabeza de Vaca, 104; noted by him, 106; cloth of, made at Tusayan, 308; blankets of, 350.

Council Bend, suggested as the place of De Soto's crossing of the Mississippi, 204 n.

Cow nation, Indians so named by Cabeza de Vaca, 103. _See_ Jumanos Indians.

Cows, _see_ Bison.

Creek Indians, 21 n.

Cremation among Zuñi, 351.

Cross, raised at Casqui, 208; sign of, among the Zuñis, 351; venerated by Indians, 384.

Cruz, Bahia de la, 36. _See also_ Tampa Bay.

Cuachichiles, _see_ Guachichules.

Cuba, De Soto in, 141-145.

Cuchendados Indians, 86.

Cuenca de Huete, mentioned, 124.

Culiacan, mentioned, 115 n.; Cabeza de Vaca at, 116.

Culiacan, San Miguel de, foundation of, by Guzman, 276, 286, 344; arrival of Cabeza de Vaca at, 288; location of, 296 n.; Castañeda's description of, 344; return of Coronado to, 377.

Cultalchulches Indians, 76, 78, 80 n., 87.

Cures among Indians wrought by Cabeza de Vaca, 6-7, 53, 73, 74, 76, 77, 78, 91, 101, 106-107, 117; by Alonzo del Castillo, 74, 76, 77.

Cushing, F. H., on Zuñi breadstuff, 354 n.

Cutifachiqui, 172 n., 178, 180; Indians of, 173-174; speech of kinswoman of the cacica of, 172-173; speech of cacica of, 173; cacica of, furnishes pearls, 174; cacica of, is made a slave, 176; escape of cacica of, 177; distance of, to Xualla, 188, 270; lad of, acts as interpreter, 224; nature of the country of, 270; direction of, 271.

Cuyamunque, a Tewa pueblo, 359 n.

Cuzco, city of, 135.

Dances of the Tahus, 344.

Daniel, Franciscan friar, 288.

Dávila, Pedrárias, governor, 135, 136.

Davis, W. W. H., on the fate of Padilla, 373 n.

Daycao, distance of, to Rio Grande, 247; direction of, 271.

Daycao River, 245, 246.

Dead bodies, eaten by members of party with Cabeza de Vaca, 49; Soto-Mayor eaten by Esquivel, 63.

Deaguanes Indians, 59.

Decubadaos Indians, 87 n.

Deer, 350, 363.

Deer-suet, 105.

Deguenes Indians, 87 n.

Descalona, Fray Luis, settles at Cicuye, 365 n., 373.

Desha County, 227 n., 249 n.

Diaz, Melchior, 116 n.; explains to the natives the coming of Cabeza de Vaca, 117; reports of Fray Marcos investigated by, 277, 296; companion of Coronado, 292; position of, 292; reference to, 299; in command at Corazones, 302; exploration of, 303, 324; death of, 325.

Divorce among Indians, 353.

Dogs, eaten by De Soto's men, 167; used by Indians, 330, 334, 362.

Doguenes Indians, 59 n., 84, 87.

Dorantes, Pablo, father of Andrés Dorantes, 125.

Dorantes de Carrança, Andrés, with Cabeza de Vaca, 4, 6; joins in report to Audiencia of Española, 8; later years and death of, 9; goes to find the sea, 33; embarks in open boat, 36; repulses Indians, 39; loses his boat and overtakes Cabeza de Vaca, 48; on the mainland, 54, 55; returns to Malhado, 55; accompanies Indians to find walnuts and meets with Cabeza de Vaca, 59-60; escapes from slavery, 64; escapes from the Yguazes, 65; mentioned by Oviedo, 69, 70; joins Cabeza de Vaca in escape from Indians, 71, 73; mentioned, 72; performs cures among Avavares, 78; goes to the Maliacones, 80; receives a hawk-bell of copper, 95; is presented with over six hundred open hearts of deer, 108; rejoins Cabeza de Vaca and attaches himself to a Spanish exploring party, 113; returns to Spain, 121, 125; swears not to divulge certain things he has seen in New Spain, 136; a survivor of Narvaez's expedition, 288; traces of, found by Coronado, 332.

Dorantes, Diego, killed by Indians, 58, 64, 69.

Double Mountain fork, 245 n.

Dragoon pass, location of, 349 n.

Dreams, respected by the Indians, 64; citation from Oviedo regarding, 70.

Dulchanchellin, Indian chief, 27.

Eagles, tame, kept by Indians, 348, 348 n.

Earthquakes, near Colorado River, 325.

Elvas, Gentleman of, narrative by, 127-272; may have been Alvaro Fernandez, 130; related narratives, 130-131; bibliography of the Narrative, 131-132.

Emeralds presented to Cabeza de Vaca, 106, 108.

Enequen, used in making rope, 248.

Enriquez, Alonso, comptroller of Narvaez's fleet, 14; lands on island off Florida coast, 19; joins conferences regarding inland exploration, 22; embarks with Xuarez in open boat, 36; boat of, found bottom up, 61; rescued by Narvaez and loses his commission, 62; is cast away on the coast, 72; is mentioned by Oviedo, 70.

Espejo, Antonio de, on the Rio Grande, 7; cited, 102 n.; Mexican Indians at Cibola found by, 374 n.

Espíritu Santo, Bay, 58 n.; mentioned by Oviedo, 70.

Espiritu Santo, port, 153; adjacent country described, 169; distance to Palache, 188; direction from Apalache, 271; distance to Ocute, 270; land between the two places, 270; direction to Apalache and Rio de las Palmas, 272.

Espiritu Santo River identified with Mississippi, 339 n.

Esquivel, Hernando de, among Indians, 62; informs Figueroa of fate of Narvaez and the others, 62-63; feeds on flesh of Soto-Mayor, 63; is slain because of a dream, 58, 64, 68; mentioned, 72; mentioned by Oviedo, 70.

Estévanico, with Cabeza de Vaca, 4, 6; with Fray Marcos de Niza, 9; put to death by Zuñis, 9; brought by Indians, with Dorantes and Castillo, and meets with Cabeza de Vaca, 59; stay of, with the Yguazes, 65; escapes from Indians, 71, 73; performs cures among Avavares, 78; goes to the Maliacones, 80; cause of death of, 95 n.; accompanies Alonzo de Castillo on reconnoissance towards Rio Grande, 102; is useful in securing information from the Indians, 107; accompanies Cabeza de Vaca in search of Spanish exploring party, 112; acts as guide, 113; mentioned as a survivor of Narvaez's party, 126, 288; guide for Fray Marcos, 275, 288-289; death of, 275, 290.

Estrada, Alonzo de, treasurer for New Spain, 287.

Estremadura, 216, 341.

Estufas, at Braba, 341; at Cibola, 350, 350 n.; description of, 353.

Evora, 272.

Feathers, trade in, 286; use of, in dress, 350; symbolism of, 384 n.

Ferdinand, king of Spain, 287.

Fernandes, Benito, drowned, 166.

Fernandez, Alvaro, a Portuguese sailor to seek Panuco, 49.

Fernandez, Alvaro, may have been the Gentleman of Elvas, 130.

Fernandez, Bartolomé, sailor, 22.

Fewkes, _Aborigines of Porto Rico_, cited, 19 n.

Fifteen-Mile Bayou, 205 n.

Figueroa, a native of Toledo, to seek Panuco, 49; found by the fugitives from Malhado, 58 n., 61; relates his experiences, 62-63, 68; escapes by flight, 64; seen by the Avavares, 79.

Figueroa, Gomez Suarez de, companion of Coronado, 293.

Figueroa, Vasco Porcallo de, _see_ Porcallo de Figueroa, Vasco.

Firebrand, use of, by Indians in travelling, 303.

Firebrand River, _see_ Colorado.

Fish, taken by De Soto, 209-210.

Fisher County, Texas, 245 n.

Fleet of Narvaez, size of, 14; visited by hurricane on southern coast of Cuba, 3-4, 15-17; brigantine bought in Trinidad, 18; another vessel purchased, 18.

Flint River, 164 n.

Florida, eastern limit of grant to Narvaez, 3, 14; fleet of Narvaez sights, 18; grains, fruits, and nuts of, 271; bad character of country of, 386.

Flowers, use of, in Indian ceremonials, 384.

Food of Indians, 312, 333, 348, 354.

Fort Belknap, 244 n., 245 n.

Fort Prince George, 176 n.

Fort Smith, 222 n.

Fowls, domestic, among the Indians, 348, 354.

Franciscans, with Narvaez, 14; in Cuba, 142; in New Spain, 288; elect Marcos de Niza father provincial, 291.

Fruits of Florida, 271; of the great plains, 364.

Fuentes, De Soto's chamberlain, condemned to death, 197.

Galena, 96 n.

Galeras, Juan, explores Grand Cañon, 309.

Galicia, New Kingdom of, in New Spain, 285 n., 286.

Galisteo, pueblo of, 356, 358 n.

Gallego, Juan, companion of Coronado, 292; messenger from Coronado to Mendoza, 302; sword of, found in Kansas, 302 n.; messenger to Coronado, 371, 372; meets Coronado on his return, 375; exploits of, 380.

Gallegos, Baltasar de, is chief castellan, 138; leaves his wife at Havana, 146; at the town of Ucita, 147; sent into the country, 148; returns with a survivor of the party of Narvaez, 149; is sent to the province of Paracoxi, 154; hears speech on part of the absent cacique, asks where gold may be found, 154; sent in quest of habitations, 171; in affray with Indians at Mauilla, 190; responds to De Soto's dying speech, 233.

Galveston Island, resembles Malhado, in certain particulars, 57 n.

Gamez, Juan de, killed at Mauilla, 193.

Gaytan, Juan, takes an Indian boy of Yupaha, 164.

Giant Indians, 302, 304.

Gibraleon, mentioned, 125.

Gifts, exchange of, on Cabeza de Vaca's line of march, 97 n.

Giralda, great tower of Seville, 309 n.

Giusiwá, a Jemez pueblo, 359 n.

Goat, mountain, seen by Spaniards, 304, 305, 348.

Gold, sought by the Spaniards, 21-22, 145, 154, 164, 180, 181, 205, 212; traces of, found, 19, 21, 111; tales of, at Quivira, 328, 329; discovered at Suya, 371.

Gomera, one of the Canary Islands, 139.

Gorbalan, Francisco, companion of Coronado, 293.

Government of Indians, 308, 347, 351.

Granada, Coronado's name for Hawikuh, 277, 300 n.

Grand or Neosho River, 217 n.

Grand Cañon, discovery of, 309.

Grande River, 201, 202, 205, 208, 209, 215, 224, 227, 245, 246, 247, 248, 249, 270, 271. _See also_ Mississippi River.

Grapes, wild, found by Coronado, 334, 338.

Graves, at Tutahaco, 384.

Great plains, Spaniards lost on, 336; description of, 362.

Great River, the, 202. _See_ Mississippi River and Grande River.

Greene County, Alabama, 189 n.

Grey Friars, origin of name, 385 n.

Guacay, distance of, to Daycao, 270-271; nature of the country, 271.

Guachichules, Indians, 385.

Guachoya, De Soto reaches, 227; cacique of, comes to him, 227; makes an address, 228; and assists in attack of Nilco, 231; death of De Soto at, 233; Spaniards leave, 236; mentioned, 245, 248; cacique of, plots against Moscoso, 251; exposes plot of caciques of Nilco and Taguanate, 252; and kills Indians of Nilco, 252; direction of, 271.

Guadalajara, beginning of, 285 n., 287.

Guadalaxara, _see_ Guadalajara.

Guadiana, Spanish river, 341.

Guaes, province near Quivira, 328, 328 n., 364.

Guahate, province, mentioned, 222.

Guaniguanico, storm at, 18.

Guasco, _see_ Waco.

Guatemala, conquered by Alvarado, 380.

Guaxulle, De Soto at, 177; mentioned, 178.

Guayaba tree, 141.

Guaycones Indians, 87.

Guaymas Indians, 108 n.

Guevara, Diego de, captures Indian village, 324.

Guevara, Juan de, appointment of son of, 292.

Guevara, Pedro de, appointed captain, 292.

Guevenes Indians, 59 n.

Gutierres, Diego, appointed captain, 292.

Gutierrez, Juan, _see_ Xuarez, Juan, and 14 n.

Guzman, Diego de, 111.

Guzman, Francisco de, goes away with his Indian concubine, 238.

Guzman, Juan de, made captain of infantry, 164; crosses Mississippi with infantry, 204; sent against Indians, 231, 256; is taken by them, 257.

Guzman, Nuño de, position of, in New Spain, 285; career of, 285 n.; cruelty to natives, 285 n.; expedition of, to the Seven Cities, 286; Culiacan settled by, 276, 287; imprisonment of, 287.

Hacanac, cacique of, gives battle, 239.

Hailstones, in Coronado's camp, 333.

Hair dress, of pueblo women, 350.

Halona, Zuñi pueblo, 358 n.; excavations at, 351 n.

Hano, Hopi pueblo, 358 n.

Hans Indians, 54, 87.

Hapaluya, De Soto passes, 160.

Harahey, identification of, 328 n., 365 n.

Havana, fleet of Narvaez nears, 18; Miruelo to return to, if harbor is not found, 20; Cabeza de Vaca at, 121, 122; mentioned, 125, 142.

Hawikuh, scene of Estévan's death, 275; called Granada by Coronado, 277, 300 n.; history of, 300 n., 358 n.

Haxa or Haya, settlement near Mississippi River, 330, 331.

Hearts, town of, 7, 108 n. _See_ Corazones, Pueblo de los.

Hearts of animals, as food, 301.

Hearts Valley, _see_ Corazones.

Hemes, _see_ Jemez.

Hempstead County, 240 n.

Henry, cardinal, archbishop of Evora, 272.

Hermosillo, 109 n.

Hewett, on Pecos, 355 n.

Hirriga, town of Ucita, 147 n.

Hodge, F. W., 11, 280; on route of Coronado, 337 n.

Hope, camp near, 239 n.

Hopi, tribal name of Indians at Tusayan, 307 n.; as cotton growers, 308 n.; pottery of, 340 n.; tame eagles of, 348 n.; hair dress of women, 350 n.; population of pueblos of, 351 n.; pueblos of, 358 n.

Hornachos, mentioned, 124.

Hornaday, W. T., on wool of bison, 383 n.

Horseflesh, eaten by Spaniards, 27, 35, 36, 253.

Horses, Bay of, 37 n., 162 n. _See also_ Caballeros, Bahia de.

Horses, fear of Indians of, 386.

Houses of Indians, 165, 346, 350, 356, 364.

Huelva, Diego de, killed by Indians, 58, 64.

Huhasene, an Indian chief, 255.

Iguaces Indians, 61 n.

Inca, the, _see_ Vega, Garcilaso de la.

India, believed to be connected with America, 343, 360.

Indian Bay, 253 n.

"Indian giving," 100 n.

Indians, stature and proportions of, 32; fine archery of, 32; customs of, at Malhado, 54; weeping of, 54 n.; as a sign of obedience, 241, 242-243; barter among, 56-57; subsist on walnuts, 59-60; eat prickly pears three months of the year, 60-61; kill even their male children, 64, 70; have great reverence for dreams, 70; call Spaniards children of the sun, 78; marriage relations of, 83; methods of warfare of, 84-86; nations and tongues of, beyond Malhado, 86; peculiar customs of, in drinking a tea of certain leaves, 87-88; method of, in preparing flour of mesquite, 89; plunder those who welcome Cabeza de Vaca, 91, 92; and plunder one another, 97; rabbit hunts of, 98; eat spiders and worms, 98; offer all they have to Cabeza de Vaca, 99; women of, may negotiate in war, 100, 102; chastise children for weeping, 101; have fixed dwellings, 102; go naked, 103; eat powder of straw, 106; languages of, 107; believe Spaniards are from heaven, 107; women of, wear grass and straw, 108; worship the sun, 107-108; promise to be Christians, 118; and to build churches, 119; worship the devil with blood sacrifices, 151; approach, playing on flutes, 158, 183, 189; costumes of, 166; have abundance of meat at Ocute, 168; description of, at Cutifachiqui, 173-174; mortuary customs of, 234, 351; described by the Gentleman of Elvas, 272; use poisoned arrows, 326, 371.

Intoxication, among Indians, 66.

Iron, 93 n., 95 n.

Isleta, 358 n.

Jacona, 359 n.

Jagua, Cabeza de Vaca at, 17 n.; Narvaez reaches with a pilot, 18.

Jaramillo, Juan, narrative of, 279, 337 n., 365 n.

Jefferson County, 225 n.

Jemez, pueblos of, 339 n., 352, 359 n.; visited by Barrionuevo, 339.

Jeréz de la Frontera, 3.

John III., king, 272 n.

Juamanos Indians, 102 n., 103 n.; know something of Christianity, 102 n.; the Cow nation, 103; method of cooking among, 104-105; have fixed residences, 112.

Juana, Queen of Spain, 292.

Kansas, description of, 364.

Karankawan Indians, 51 n., 57 n., 61 n.

Kaw or Kansa Indians, 328 n., 364 n.

Kiakima, Zuñi pueblo, 358 n.

Kyanawe, Zuñi pueblo, 358 n.

Lacane, Moscoso at, 242.

Lake Michigamia, 214 n.

Lakes, near Apalachen, 29.

Lanegados Indians, hold Castillo captive, 71.

Lara, Alonso Manrique de, companion of Coronado, 293.

Las Navas de Tolosa, battle of, 3.

La Vaca, Bay, 58 n.

League, Spanish, 22 n.

Lee County, Arkansas, 214 n.

Lenox Library, manuscript of Castañeda in, 277.

Leopard, _see_ Wildcat.

Lewis, T. Hayes, 132.

Lions, _see_ Mountain lions.

Lisbon, 123.

Little Red River, 216 n.

Little River, 240 n.

Little Tennessee River, 177 n.

Little Valley, settlement of, 347.

Llano River, 95 n.

Lobillo, Juan Rodriguez, at court, 135; sent by De Soto into the country, 148; returns with four Indian women, 149; sent in quest of habitations, 171; overtakes De Soto, 172.

Lopez, Diego, death of, 49.

Lopez, Diego, appointed captain, 292; succeeds Samaniego, 296; adventure of, at Tiguex, 319; visits Haxa, 331.

Lopez de Cardenas, G., _see_ Cardenas.

Lowery, Woodbury, _Spanish Settlements_, 1513-1561, cited, 19 n.

Luis, Friar, _see_ Descalona.

Lusitanians, characterized, 134.

Mabila, _see_ Mauilla.

Macaco, 150 n.

Macanoche, presented to De Soto, 213.

Maçaque, _see_ Matsaki.

McGee, W. J., account of Seri Indians, 301 n.

Magdalena River, 33.

Mago, a poisonous tree, 108 n.

Maize, shown by Indians to Narvaez, 21; found under cultivation, 22, 25; little seen by Cabeza de Vaca on march to Apalachen, 28; is found growing in that place, 28, 29; secured with difficulty from Indians, 35; mentioned, 94, 96, 102, 103, 104, 105, 108, 110, 113, 114, 247, 248, 271. _See also_ Corn.

Malapaz, town, 156.

Maldonado, Doña Aldonça, 125.

Maldonado, Alonzo del Castillo, _see_ Castillo Maldonado, Alonzo del.

Maldonado, Francisco, ordered to the coast, 163; sent to Havana, 163; at Ochuse, 193; mentioned, 175, 204.

Maldonado, Rodrigo, appointed captain, 292; visits seacoast, 301; Indians attack camp of, 323; receives gift of buffalo skins, 332; horse of, injures Coronado, 368.

Malhado Island, Spaniards at, 5-6; named by Cabeza de Vaca, 50; identification of, 57 n.; Christians leave, losing a part of their number, 61; mentioned, 72.

Maliacones Indians, 80, 87. _See also_ Malicones Indians.

Malicones Indians, 76 n. _See also_ Maliacones Indians.

Mallery, Garrick, on sign language, 363 n.

Mallets, use of, as weapons by Indians, 321.

Mamei, a fruit, 141.

Mançano, is lost, 186.

Mantelets of thread, found at Apalachen, 28.

Marcos, Fray, _see_ Niza.

Margaridetos, a kind of bead, 226.

Mariames Indians, kill even their male children and cast away their daughters, 64; mentioned, 87.

Marian Indians, 61.

Marjoram, wild, 338, 349, 364.

Marquis, Isle of the, name of, given to lower California, 304, 304 n.

Marriage, among the Tahus, 344; at Cibola, 350; at Tiguex, 353.

Mats, used in building houses, 346, 357 n.

Matsaki, Zuñi pueblo, 315 n.; description of, 315-316, 350; mentioned, 358 n.

Mauilla, De Soto at, 189; encounter with the Indians at, 190-193; mentioned, 195.

Mayayes Indians, 54 n.

Maye, cacique of, gives battle, 239.

Mayo Indians, 346 n.

Meal, sacred, use of, 307 n.

Meat, scarcity of, among De Soto's men, 167-168.

Meirinho, _see_ Tapile.

Melgosa, Pablo de, appointed captain, 293; explores Colorado River Cañons, 309; at Tiguex, 319.

Melons, native American, 348.

Memphis, near place of De Soto's crossing of the Mississippi, 204 n.

Mendez, to seek Panuco, 49; taken by Indians, 58, 62.

Mendica Indians, 87.

Mendoza, Antonio de, first viceroy of New Spain, 121 n., 281 n.; learns of the arrival of De Soto's men at Panuco, 267; receives them at Mexico, 269; appoints Coronado governor of New Galicia, 287; plans expedition to Cibola, 275, 281; gives command to Coronado, 275, 281, 291; names Compostela as rendezvous, 293; addresses soldiers at Compostela, 294; returns to New Spain, 295; mentioned, 296, 297, 302, 326; letter of, relating progress of expedition, 277; Coronado receives messages from, 367; mentioned, 377; disappointment of, over failure of expedition, 378.

Mesa, Spanish soldier, 538.

Mesquite flour, 89.

Mestitam, Mexico, 268.

Mexico, 97 n.; Cabeza de Vaca at, 120, 121; Moscoso at, 269.

Miakka River, 150 n.

Michoacan, province in New Spain, 286; journey of Mendoza through, 294.

Mico River, 228.

Mills, at Tiguex, 354.

Mindeleff, V., on pueblo architecture, 354 n.

Miruelo, pilot, 18, 20.

Mishongnovi, Hopi pueblo, 358 n.

Mississippi River, reached by Narvaez and Cabeza de Vaca, 41; the Great River, 202; De Soto crosses, 204; nature of country of, from Aquixo to Pacaha and Coligoa, 270; described by Indians, 330; reference to, 339; description of, 365; mentioned, 385, 386. _See also_ Grande River, Great River, and Espiritu Santo River.

Mobile, 40 n.

Mochilagua, settlement of, 347.

Mochilla, presented to De Soto, 213.

Mocoço, town of, 150 n.; speech of cacique of, to De Soto, 153.

Moçulixa, 194 n.

Monroe County, Arkansas, 253 n.

Monroe County, Mississippi, 195.

Montejo, feats of, in Tabasco, 380.

Mortar, substitute for, among Indians, 352.

Moscoso de Alvarado, Luis, direction pursued by, 131; mentioned, 135; joins De Soto at Seville, 137; is master of the camp, 146; lodges with Ucita, 147; at Cale, 156; overtakes De Soto, 157; sent forward to Tastaluça, 187; advises a halt, 189; fails to keep a careful watch over the Indians at Chicaça, 197; succeeds De Soto as governor, 233; holds a conference, 235-236; leaves Guachoya, 236; at Chaguate, 236-237; at Aguacay, 238; at Naguatex, 240-242; reaches the Red River, 241; hangs his Indian guides, 242; marches from Nondaco, 243; encounter with Indians at Aays, 243; hears of other Europeans seen by the Indians of Soacatino, 243; decides that reports are false, 244; holds a council and decides to return to Nilco, 245-246; causes resentment among his followers, 247; reaches Nilco, 248; goes to Aminoya, 249; directs the building of brigantines, 250; learns of Indian plot, 251; commands that right hands of thirty Indians be cut off, 252; mutilates other Indians, 252; proceeds against Taguanate, 253; embarks with his followers, 253-254; is attacked by Indians, 255-259; puts out to sea, 261; is separated from the other brigantines, 263; after fifty-two days reaches the river Panico, 265-266; is received at the town of the same name, 267; and at Mexico, 269.

Mosquitos, 67, 263.

Meta Padilla, M. de la, cited, 356 n., 365 n., 366 n.

Mountain lions, in Chichilticalli, 349; in Cibola, 350.

Mountains seen by Cabeza de Vaca, 92 n.

Mud Island, 57 n.

Mulberries, wild, 334, 364.

Musetti, Juan Pedro, book merchant, 126.

Musical instruments of Indians, 312, 354.

Muskhogean tribes, 21 n.

Naçacahoz, Moscoso at, 244.

Naguatex, mentioned, 238; Indian advance at, 239; cacique of, addresses Moscoso, 241; found full of maize, 247; pottery made at, 247.

Najera, birthplace of Castañeda, 276.

Nambe, Tewa pueblo, 359 n.

Napetaca, engagement at, between De Soto and the Indians, 158.

Naquiscoça, Moscoso at, 244.

Narvaez, Pámfilo de, receives grant, 3; sets sail, 3, 14; failure of his expedition, 7; size of his fleet, 14; reaches Santo Domingo where one hundred and forty men desert, 14; arrives at Santiago de Cuba, 15; loses ten of his ships and sixty men in storm at Trinidad, 3-4, 15-17; major portion of his fleet reach Trinidad and winter there, 17; at Xagua, 17; sights Florida, 18; reaches the mainland, 19; takes possession of country in the royal name, 4, 19-20; explores inland, 20, 21; holds conference regarding further penetration of interior, 22; takes up march into country, with three hundred men, 4, 25; accepts Indian allies against the Apalachees, 26-27; takes Apalachen, 28; departs for Aute, 31; attacked by Indians, 31; reaches Aute, 32; departs from Aute, 33; calls a council, which decides to build vessels in which to get away, 34-36; loses ten men killed by Indians, and forty, who die of disease, 36; leaves Bay of Horses, and meets with many privations, 37-38; lands and is wounded by Indians, 38-39; embarks once more and proceeds along the coast, 39-41; reaches the Mississippi, 41; exhibits selfishness in saving his life, 42; fate of, narrated by Esquivel, 62; mentioned by Oviedo, 70; is carried out to sea, 72; fate of his voyage foretold, 124; his Panuco fleet, 124-125; mentioned, 157, 288; skulls of his horses found at Ochete, 162; his disaster frightens the followers of Moscoso, 248; survivors of his expedition return to New Spain, 288.

Natividad, departure of Alarcon from, 294.

Nebraska, description of, 364.

Negroes, island of, 386.

Negroes, with Coronado, 333.

Neosho River, 217 n.

New Albany, 200 n.

Newfoundland, Spanish name for, 343 n., 360.

New Galicia, province of New Spain, 113, 285 n., 286, 344; Coronado appointed governor of, 287; Coronado deprived of governorship of, 378.

New Spain, mentioned, 124, 254; direction from Rio de las Palmas, 272.

Nicalasa, an Indian chief, 195 n.

Nilco, mentioned, 224, 225, 228, 230, 231; De Soto at, 226; most populous town that was seen in Florida, 226; attacked, by orders of De Soto, 230-232; cacique of, plots against Moscoso, 251; and comes to make excuses, 252.

Nilco, river of, De Soto crosses, 227.

Nissohone, a poor province, 242; a woman of, acts as guide to Moscoso, 242.

Niza, Marcos de, expedition of, to Cibola, 9, 275, 288-290; narrative of, 277, 290 n.; reports of, verified by Diaz, 277, 296; made father provincial of Franciscans, 291; sermon of, 298; mentioned, 300; return of, to Mexico, 302.

Nondacao, reported to have plenty of maize, 242; mentioned, 243.

North Carolina, 176 n.

Nuñez Cabeza de Vaca, Alvar. _See_ Cabeza de Vaca, Alvar Nuñez.

Nuño de Guzman, 116, 119, 120.

Nut pine, 96.

Nuts, 271.

Oaxaca, Marqués del Valle de, title given to Cortes, 286 n.

Ochete, skulls of horses found at, 162.

Ochus, province, 163; mentioned, 175.

Ochuse, Maldonado at, 193.

Ocilla River, boundary of Muskhogean territory, 21 n.

Oçita, _see_ Ucita.

Ocmulgee River, 166 n.

Oconna-Luftee River, 176 n., 177 n.

Oconee River, 167 n.

Ocute, described to De Soto, 167; De Soto at, 167, 168; mentioned, 179; land is fertile, 270; distance to Cutifachiqui, 270.

Ogechee River, 170 n.

Ohoopee River, 170 n.

Oñate, Christobal de, governor of New Galicia, entertains Coronado, 294.

Oñate, Count of, nephew of, appointed captain, 292.

Oñate, Juan de, settlement made at Yukiwingge by, 340 n.

Opata Indians, 305 n., 348 n.; poisoned arrows of, 326 n.; mentioned, 376 n.

Opossum, first allusion to, 29 n.

Oraibi, Hopi pueblo, 358 n.

Ortiz, Juan, rescued by De Soto, 10; found by De Gallegos, 149; his adventures among the Indians, 149-152; reports Indian plan to attack De Soto, 158; acts as interpreter, 170; not to speak of Maldonado's proximity, 193; secures release of Osorio and Fuentes, 197; dies at Autiamque, 224.

Osorio, Antonio, ascends river at Pacaha with five men, 210, 211.

Osorio, Francisco, condemned to death by De Soto, 197.

Otter, 350, 357.

Ovando, Francisco de, companion of Coronado, 292; treatment of, by Indians, 354.

Oviedo, Gonzalo Fernández de, edits report to Audiencia of Española, 8, 10; edition cited, 21 n., 25 n., 31 n., 39 n., 68-70, 92 n., 112 n.

Oviedo, Lope de, at Malhado, 6; deserts, 6; among the Indians, 44-45; rescued by Cabeza de Vaca, 57; returns, through fear, 59.

Oxitipar, district of, in New Spain, 285.

Oyster creek, 57 n.

Oysters, found by Cabeza de Vaca, 33.

Pacaha, sought by De Soto for its gold, 205, 208; probably to be located in the vicinity of Osceola, in Arkansas, 209 n.; De Soto at, 209-213; cacique of, flees from De Soto, 210; is brought to the governor and submits to him, 211; and accepts friendship of the cacique of Casqui, 212; distance to Aquiguate, 215; mentioned, 227, 270; direction of, 271.

Pacaxes, a tribe in Culiacan, 345.

Padilla, Juan de, companion of Alvarado, 279; accompanies Tovar to Tusayan, 307; remains in Quivira, 372; death of, 364, 373, 385.

Pafalya, 194.

Pajarito Park, 340 n.

Palachen, 22 n.

Palacios, death of, 49.

Palisema, De Soto in, 216.

Palmas, Rio de las, western limit of grant to Narvaez, 3, 14; mentioned, 22, 260, 264, 265, 266; direction from, to New Spain, 272; direction of, from Espiritu Santo, 272.

Palmitos, sustenance of Narvaez and his men, 25.

Palos, Juan de, friar, with Narvaez, 25.

Panico, 268. _See also_ Panuco.

Pantoja, Juan, ordered by Narvaez to proceed to Trinidad, 15; possibly the Pantoja killed by Soto-Mayor, 15 n.; advises Narvaez, 42; made lieutenant, 62; killed by Soto-Mayor, 63.

Pánuco, Narvaez orders ships to find, 4; mentioned, 63; to be sought by four men of Cabeza de Vaca's party, 49; Guzman, governor of, 285 n.; mention of, 385. _See also_ Panico.

Pánuco River, 265 n.

Papa, title given priests at Zuñi, 351.

Papagos, tribe of Sonora, 348 n.

Paracoxi, province, 153, 154, 155.

Partidos, seduce one hundred and forty men from Narvaez, 14.

Pasquaro, visited by Mendoza, 294.

Patent, to Narvaez, 3.

Pato, Moscoso at, 238.

Patofa, speech of, 168-169.

Patoqua, Jemez pueblo, 359 n.

Pawnee Indians, mention of, 328 n., 337 n., 365 n.

Paz, Augustin de, printer, 126.

Peace, form of making, at Acoma, 312; at Tiguex, 319.

Pearls, found by De Soto, 174; burned at Mauilla, 193.

Pecos, identification of Cicuye with, 329 n.; visit of Indians from, 310; visited by Alvarado, 312; visit of Coronado to, 327; siege of, 341; route of army to, 361 n.; description of, 355-356; history of, 355 n.; mention of, 359.

Pecos River, crossed by Spaniards, 99 n., 329, 338.

Pedro, Don, lord of Tescuco, killed, 31.

Pedro, Indian guide, is baptized, 174; regarded with suspicion, 176.

Pemmican, used by Indians, 363.

Peñalosa, embarks in open boat, 36; repulses Indians, 39; overtaken by Cabeza de Vaca, 43; reported killed by the Camones, 72.

Pensacola, Muskhogean territory, 21 n.

Pensacola Bay, 38 n., 40 n. _See also_ Chuse, Bay of.

People of the Figs, 79, 87.

Peru, exploration of, 380.

Petachan River, _see_ Petlatlan.

Petates, or mats used for houses, 346, 377 n.

Petlatlan, description of Indian settlement of, 346; houses at, 346, 377 n.; mention of, 376.

Petlatlan, Rio, identification of, with Rio Sinaloa, 346 n.

Petutan River, 111, 117 n.

Philip II., king of Spain, 288.

Philippine Islands, location of isle of negroes in, 386 n.

Piache, _see_ Piachi.

Piache River, 188, 189.

Piachi, 188 n.

Picardo, Juan, printer, 126.

Picones, catfish, 349 n.

Picuris, pueblo of, 352 n.

Pima Indians, 115 n., 348 n.

Pimahaitu Indians, 115 n.

Pine Bluff, 225 n., 248 n.

Pine nuts, used as food, 96, 349, 350.

Piraguas, built by De Soto, 225.

Piros Indians, 104 n.; villages of, 341 n.

Pizarro, Hernando, mentioned, 135.

Plot, against Narvaez, 34.

Pobares, Francisco, death of, 322.

Pojoaque, Tewa pueblo, 359 n.

Pontotoc county, Mississippi, 195.

Porcallo de Figueroa, Vasco, offers provisions to Narvaez, 15; keeps his slaves from hanging themselves, 142; mentioned, 143; is made captain-general, by De Soto, 145; is resisted by Indians, 146; lodges with Ucita, 147; is unable to make seizures of Indians, as slaves, 154; and returns to Cuba, 154.

Pork, allowance of, to De Soto's men, 171.

Portuguese, with Hernando de Soto, leave Elvas, 138; Spanish seek to get among the Portuguese, 139.

Potano, town, 156, 162.

Pottery, glazed, of Indians, 340; where found, 340 n.; made by Indians, 355, 361.

Prairie de Roane, 239 n.

Prairie dogs, seen by Coronado on great plains, 338.

Prentiss County, Mississippi, 212 n.

Prickly pears, 61 n., 66-67, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75-76, 77, 78, 80, 81, 93, 94, 96, 246. _See also_ Tuna.

Primahaitu Indians, 114.

Prostitution among the Tahus, 344-345.

Puaray, settlement upon site of Tiguex, 317 n.

Pueblo Indians, 90 n., 104 n.; rabbit hunts among, 98 n.; ceremonials of, 384.

Pueblos, method of building, 352.

Puerto de Luna, 338 n.

Puerto Principe, town in Cuba, 142, 143, 144.

Puje, ruin of pueblo of, 340 n.

Quachichiles, _see_ Guachichules.

Quachita River, 238 n.

Qualla, _see_ Xualla.

Querechos Indians, mode of life of, 330; description of, 362-363.

Queres, pueblos of, 327 n., 352, 358 n.

Quevenes Indians, 59, 62, 85, 87.

Quigaltam, 227; cacique of, sends message to De Soto, 229; arouses the latter's suspicions, 230; mentioned, 235.

Quigualtam, Indians of, attack Moscoso, 255.

Quiguate, 213, 215, 216. _See_ Aquiguate.

Quince juice, use of, as poison antidote, 376, 381.

Quipana, near plains, 222 n.

Quirex, province of, visited by Spaniards, 327.

Quitok Indians, 80 n., 87 n.

Quitoles Indians, 87 n.

Quivira, stories of, told by Turk, 313, 314; mention of, 327; departure of Coronado for, 328; stories of Xabe of, 329; arrival of Coronado at, 336; route to, 337 n.; Indians of, identified with Wichita Indians, 337 n.; Coronado returns from, 341, 342; description of, reference to, 362, 365, 366, 367; return to, planned, 368; Padilla remains in, 372, 373 n.; death of Padilla at, 385; route to, 378, 385.

Quizquiz, De Soto at, 202; Indians of, present skins and shawls, 202; direction of, 271.

Rabbits, on the great plains, 363; skins of, used for garments, 350.

Rafts, use of, in crossing Colorado River, 304; method of making, 304.

Ramirez, Fray Juan, establishes mission at Acoma, 311 n.

Ranjel, Narrative by, 130; cited, 161 n., 165 n., 166 n., 167 n., 172 n., 175 n., 177 n., 178 n., 185 n., 188 n., 189 n., 194 n., 215 n., 216 n., 217 n., 222 n.

Rau, Charles, translator of Baegert's narrative, 346 n.

Redland, 195.

Red River, 225 n., 261 n.; Moscoso at, 241 n.; identification of, with Zuñi River, 299 n.

_Relación del Suceso_, 278; cited, 337 n., 365 n., 367 n.

_Relación Postrera de Síbola_, 278.

Riberos, el Factor, companion of Coronado, 293.

Rio Grande, 99 n., 102, 103 n., 104 n.; Indians attempt to cross, 323; pueblos near, 327 n., 335 n.; disappearance underground of, 341; mention of, 339 n., 340 n.; direction of, 359 n., 360.

Ritchey, W. E., cited, 302.

River, the, 228.

River Grande, _see_ Grande River.

Rodriguez, Men., killed at Mauilla, 193.

Rojas, Juan de, made governor's lieutenant of Cuba, 146.

Romo, Alfonso, sent in quest of habitations, 171; overtakes De Soto, 172.

Ruiz, Gonçalo, death of, 49.

Saabedra, Fernandarias de, appointment of, 297.

Saabedra, H. de, mayor of Culiacan, 297, 371, 372.

Sacatecas, _see_ Zacatecas.

St. Clement's Point, landing of Narvaez at, 19 n.

St. Francis County, Arkansas, 205 n., 214 n.

St. Francis River, 213 n., 214 n.

St. Marks, seat of the Apalachee, 21 n., 30 n.

St. Marks Bay, 33 n., 37 n.

St. Marks River, 33 n.

Saline County, 236 n.

Saline River, 236 n.

Salt, made by Spaniards, 218, 238; natural crystals of, in Arizona, 310; lakes of, on great plains, 338, 362.

Salvidar, Juan de, companion of Coronado, 292; explorations of, 296; mentioned, 299; at Tiguex, 319; captures Indian village, 324; escape of Indian woman from, 339.

Samaniego, Lope de, appointed army-master, 292; death of, 295.

San Antonio Bay, 58 n.

San Antonio Cape, 143.

San Antonio River, 74 n.

San Bernardo River, 58 n.

Sanbenitos, described, 334 n., 347.

Sancti Spiritus, town in Cuba, 142, 144.

Sandia Mountains, 352.

San Gabriel de los Españoles, settlement of, 340 n.

San Hieronimo de los Corazones, founding of, 301; dispatches from, 324; disturbance in, 326; transferred to Suya, 301, 326.

San Ildefonso, Tewa pueblo, 359 n.

San Juan, Tewa pueblo, 340 n., 359 n.

Sanlúcar, Bay of, 139.

Sanlúcar, muster of De Soto's forces at, 139.

San Lúcar de Barrameda, port in Spain, 3, 14 n.

San Luis, island, 57 n.

San Marcos-Guadalupe River, 74 n.

San Miguel, village, 120.

San Miguel Culiacan, 113 n.

San Pedro, river in Sonora, 371 n.

Sant Anton, Cape, westernmost point of Cuba, 18 n.

Santa Clara, Tewa pueblo, 359 n.

Santa Fé, seat of provincial government, 340 n.

Santa Maria, Rio, 105 n.

Santander River, called Rio de los Palmas, 14 n.

Santiago, use of, as war cry, 300 n., 308.

Santiago de Cuba, described by the Gentleman of Elvas, 140-141; bread there made of a root, 141; natural products of, 141.

Sant Miguel, strait, 37.

Santo Domingo, Narvaez reaches, 14; mentioned, 19 n.

Saquechuma, burned by Indians to deceive De Soto, 196.

Savannah River, 21 n., 172 n.

Sebastian, king, 272 n.

Seminole Indians, 19 n.

Senora, _see_ Sonora.

Seri Indians, 108 n., 301 n.

Seven Cities, _see_ Cibola.

Sheep, Rocky Mountain, 305, 348.

Shongopovi, Hopi pueblo, 358 n.

Shupaulovi, Hopi pueblo, 358 n.

Sia, identification of, 327 n., 359 n.; mention of, 359.

Sichomovi, Hopi pueblo, 358 n.

Sierra, dies, 49.

Sierra Madre Mountains, 106 n.

Sign language, used by Querechos, 330; by plains Indians, 363, 363 n.

Silos, Pueblo de los, 356, 358 n.

Silveira, Fernando da, epigram by, 133.

Silver, reports of, at Quivira, 313, 314, 329; use of, in glazing, 340, 355, 361; mine of, at Culiacan, 345.

Silver Bluff, 172 n.

Sinaloa, settlement of, 347.

Sinaloa River, 113, 117 n., 346.

Sipsey River, 194 n.

Slavery, Spanish, among the Indians, 64; Indian, among the Spaniards, 110, 114, 116, 312, 329, 339; Indians sought by Vasco Porcallo de Figueroa, 154; taken by De Soto, 160, 181, 184-185, 186, 195, 205, 206, 208, 209, 215, 216, 217, 218, 219, 222, 223, 225, 227, 232; by Moscoso, 238, 239, 242, 254; five hundred men and women abandoned, 254.

Smith, Buckingham, _Relation of Alvar Nuñez Cabeza de Vaca_, cited, 19 n., 24 n., 25 n., 30 n., 31 n., 71 n., 79 n., 90 n., 92 n.; translation of Oviedo's _Letter_, 68-70; _Coleccion de varios Documentos para la Historia de la Florida_, edited by, 130.

Snakes, worship of, 344.

Soacatino, guide to, furnished to Moscoso, 243; Indians of, report seeing Europeans, 243; Moscoso at, 244.

Sobaipuri, 349 n., 371 n.

Socorro, _see_ Aymay.

Sodomy, among Pacaxes, 345; at Petlatlan, 346; at Suya, 348; absence of, at Cibola, 351.

Solis, Alonso de, distributor and assessor, with Narvaez, 14; enters Apalachen, 28; embarks in open boat, 36; is drowned, 46.

Sonora, Spanish settlement in valley of, 301, 302; San Hieronimo abandoned for, 301, 326; description of, 347; rebellion at, 370-371.

Sonora Indians, 106 n.

Sorcery, among Pacaxes, 345.

Soti, brothers, die at Aminoya, 249.

Soto, Hernando de, wishes services of Cabeza de Vaca, 8, 136; Narrative of expedition of, by the Gentleman of Elvas, 127-272; geographical knowledge afforded by the Narrative, 129; Indian tribes described, 129; places mentioned, 129; parentage of, 135; captain of horse in Peru, 135; marries Doña Ysabel de Bobadilla, 136; is made governor of Cuba, and Adelantado of Florida, 136; members of his company, 136-138; sails with six hundred men and seven ships, 139; reaches Santiago de Cuba, 140; goes to Havana by land, 143; lands in Florida, 146; lodges with Ucita, 147; loses his Indian interpreters, 147; sends vessels to Cuba for provisions, 154; moves toward Cale, in search of gold, 155; finds the town abandoned, 155; orders all the ripe grain in the fields to be secured, 156; loses three men, 156; reaches Caliquen and hears of the distress that overtook Narvaez at Apalache, but decides to go onward, 157; takes cacique, and is attacked by Indians at Napetaca, 158; divides some of the captives among his men and orders execution of the rest, 160; seizes a hundred Indian men and women, 160; starts in search of gold, reported to be at Yupaha, 164; tells the cacique of Achese that he is the child of the Sun, 167; plants a cross, 167; receives four hundred tamemes from the cacique of Ocute, 168; leaves the province of Patofa, 169; an exorcism cures his guide, 169; receives seven hundred tamemes, 170; suffers many privations, 171-172; orders an Indian burned, 172; hears speech of a kinswoman of the cacica of Cutifachiqui, 172-173; hears speech of the cacica, 173; leaves Cutifachiqui, 175; takes the cacica as a slave, 176; distances traversed, 177; begs maize of the cacique of Chiaha, 178; hears speech of cacique of that place, 178; sends men to see if there is gold at Chisca, 181; hears speech of cacique of Coste, 182-183; and speech of cacique of Coça, 183-184; rests at Coça twenty-five days, 185; hears speech at Tallisi, 186-187; hears speech of cacique of Tastaluça, 188; distances traversed to Tastaluça, 188-189; wounded in encounter with Indians at Mauilla, 191; hears that Maldonado is at Ochuse, 193; his losses in the Florida expedition, 194; leaves Mauilla, 194; reaches Chicaça and takes some Indians, 195; cuts off an Indian's hands for theft, 196; repulses Indians, 197-199; leaves Chicaça and sustains two more attacks made by the natives, 199-201; sets out for Quizquiz, 202; crosses the Mississippi, 204; hears speeches of the cacique of Casqui, 206-207; preaches Christianity to the Indians, 207-208; finds many shawls and skins at Pacaha, 209; makes friendship between the caciques of Casqui and Pacaha, 212; burns part of Aquiguate, 214; takes one hundred and forty-one Indians, 215; makes other captures at Coligoa, 216; at Tanico, 217; subdues cacique of Tulla, 218-220; has now been gone three years, 221; has lost two hundred and fifty men, 221; winters at Autiamque, 222-224; goes to Nilco, 226; and thence to Guachoya, 227; sends a message to cacique of Quigaltam, 229; is taken ill, 230; sends expedition against Nilco, 230-231; farewell speech to his men, 232-233; names Moscoso to be his successor, 233; dies, 233; and is secretly buried, 234; sale of his property, 235; reference to discoveries of, 313, 339, 365; crosses route of Coronado, 339; mentioned, 362, 366; route of, 386.

Soto-Mayor, Juan de, companion of Coronado, 293.

Soto-Mayor, kills Juan Pantoja, 15 n., 63; dies and is eaten by Esquivel, 63.

Soto-Mayor, Pedro de, chronicler of Cardenas' expedition, 310.

South Carolina, 176 n.

South Sea, 105, 108, 111, 238. _See also_ California, Gulf of.

Staked Plains, 7, 97 n., 245 n., 361 n., 362 n.

Stevens, John, dictionary of, 300 n.

Susola Indians, 76, 80 n., 87.

Suwannee, river, crossed by Narvaez, 27 n.

Suya, _see_ Sonora.

Swain County, 176 n.

Tabasco, mention of, 380.

Tabu, among Indians of Malhado, 51-52.

Taguanate, cacique of, plots against Moscoso, 251; comes to make excuses, 252; town assaulted by Moscoso, 252-253.

Tahu Indians, a tribe in Culiacan, 344.

Tali, De Soto at, 182; speech of cacique of, 182-183.

Taliepataua, 194.

Talise, nature of the country, 270. _See also_ Tallise.

Talladega County, 183 n.

Tallahassee, seat of the Apalachee, 21 n.

Tallahatchie River, 200 n.

Tallapoosa County, 186.

Tallapoosa River, 186.

Tallimuchose, without inhabitants, 185.

Tallise, 186; cacique of, lends forty men to De Soto, 186; presents the tamemes needed, 187. _See also_ Talise.

Tamemes, Indians who carry burdens, 168, 170, 176, 182, 184, 186, 187, 213.

Tampas Bay, reached by Narvaez, 20; mentioned, 36 n., 125 n.

Tanico, De Soto at, 217.

Tanto River, 143.

Taos, identification with Braba, 340 n.; visit of Spaniards to, 340; Valladolid Spanish name for, 340; mention of, 359.

Tapatu River, 228.

Tapile, equivalent of meirinho, 269.

Tarasca, a district in Michoacan, 286.

Tascaluça, De Soto seeks, 185; cacique of, addresses De Soto, 186-187; distance to Mississippi, 215; nature of the country, 270; direction of, 271. _See also_ Tastaluça.

Tastaluça, cacique of, sends a chief to De Soto, 186-187; dwelling of, 187; speech to De Soto, 188; is taken by De Soto, 188; asks to be allowed to remain, 189; at Mauilla, 189. _See also_ Tascaluça.

Tatalicoya, De Soto at, 217.

Tattooing, among Indians, 348 n.

Tavera, one of Cabeza de Vaca's party, death of, 48-49.

Tejas, _see_ Teyas.

Tejo, stories told by, 285-286; death of, 287.

Tellez, captain, embarks in open boat, 36; repulses Indians, 39; overtaken by Cabeza de Vaca, 43; reported killed by the Camones, 72.

Tennessee River, 181 n., 212 n.

Teocomo, settlement of, 347.

Tepoca Indians, 108 n.

Terceira, island, 123; produces batata, 141.

Ternaux-Compans, Henri, translation of Castañeda by, 277, 290 n., 341 n.

Tesuque, Tewa pueblo, 359 n.

Tewa Indians, pottery of, 340 n.; pueblos of, 359 n.

Teyas, tribe of plains Indians, 333; identification with Tejas, or Texas, 333 n.; guides of Coronado to Quivira, 335, 338; Cicuye besieged by, 357; name of, synonymous with braves, 357; mentioned, 362; cannibalism among, 363 n.

Theodoro, a Greek, makes resin, 35; deserts, 40.

Tietiquaquo, chief of, comes to De Soto, 223.

Tiguas, 317 n.; pueblos of, 358 n.

Tiguex, visited by Alvarado, 312; identification of, 317 n.; demands of Spaniards at, 318; revolt of Indians of, 319; Indians of, distrust Spaniards, 321, 328; siege of, 322; description of, 352; pueblos of, 358.

Timucuan Indians, 19 n., 25 n.

Timuquanan or Timucuan Indians, 19 n., 25 n.

Tishomingo County, Mississippi, 212 n.

Tison, Rio del, reason for name of, 301. _See_ Colorado River.

Toalli, De Soto at, 165, 166; houses made of grass, 165.

Toasi, 185 n.; De Soto at, 186.

Tobar, Nuño de, at court, 135; accompanies De Soto, 137; is deprived of his rank as captain-general, 145; leaves his wife at Havana, 146; sent against Nilco, 231.

Tobosos Indians, 103 n.

Tocaste, town, 155 n.

Tombigbee River, 189 n., 194 n., 195 n.

Tomson, Robert, cited, 334 n.

Tonala, settlement of, 287.

Tonkawa Indians, Texas tribe, 363 n.

Topia or Tapira in Durango, 290 n.

Topira, expedition of Coronado to, 290.

Torre, Diego Perez de la, replaces Guzman, 287.

Torrejon de Velasco, death of Guzman at, 285 n.

Tovar, Fernando de, position of, 292.

Tovar, Pedro de, appointed ensign-general, 292; visits Tusayan, 307; sent to San Hieronimo, 326; joins Coronado at Tiguex, 367.

_Traslado de las Nuevas_, 278.

Travois, dog saddles used by plains Indians, 362.

Trees, near Apalachen, 29; of Santiago de Cuba, 140-141; named by Gentleman of Elvas, 206.

Trigeux, _see_ Tiguex.

Trinidad, storm at, 15-17; town in Cuba, 144, 145.

Truxillo, adventure of, 298.

Tuasi, _see_ Toasi.

Tuckaseegee River, 176 n.

Tula, direction of, 271.

Tulla, De Soto's encounter with Indians at, 218-219; cacique of, offers presents, 220; is dismissed, 221.

Tuna, native American fruit, 347; preserves made from, by Indians, 305 n., 348.

Tunica County, Mississippi, 204 n.

Turk, Indian slave at Pecos, 313, 372; stories of, 314; bracelets of, 315; mentioned, 326, 329, 330, 331; Spaniards grow suspicious of, 328, 334; put in chains, 335; motive of, in misleading Spaniards, 336-337.

Turkeys in pueblo regions, 354.

Turquoises, presented to Cabeza de Vaca, 106,117; found at Waco, 246; collected by Estevanico, 288, 289: how obtained by Indians, 308 n.; gifts of, made by Indians, 308, 312; of pueblo Indians, 350.

Tusayan, description of, by Zuñi Indians, 307; visited by Tovar, 307; cotton cultivated at, 308 n.; description of, 351; names of pueblos of, 358 n.

Tutahaco, visit of Coronado to, 314; problem of name of, 314 n.; eight pueblos of, 358.

Tutelpinco, De Soto at, 225.

Tyronza River, 206 n., 208 n.

Ucita, an Indian chief, 146 n.; town of, 146, 147; temple thrown down, 147.

Uitachuco, burned by Indians, 161.

Ullibahali, chiefs of, approach De Soto, 185; a fenced town, 185; cacique of, offers tamemes to De Soto, 186.

Union County, Mississippi, 200 n.

Upanguayma Indians, 108.

"Upper Cross Timbers," 244 n.

Urine, use of, as a mordant, 354 n.

Urrea, Lope de, companion of Coronado, 293; envoy of peace to Indians, 323.

Utinama, town, 156.

Uzachil, much food found at, 160.

Uzachil, cacique of, sends embassy to De Soto, 158; presents him with deer, 160.

Uzela, De Soto at, 161.

Vaca, Cabeza de, _see_ Cabeza de Vaca.

Vacapan, province crossed by Coronado, 305.

Vacas, Rio de las, 103 n.

Valdevieso, killed by Indians, 58, 64; mentioned by Oviedo, 69.

Valençuela, captain, ordered by Narvaez to follow river to the sea, 26.

Valladolid, Spanish name of Braba, 340, 359.

Valley of Knaves, rebellion of Indians in, 326.

Vargas, Juan de, killed by Indians, 257.

Vargas, Luis Ramierez de, companion of Coronado, 293.

Vasconcelos, André de, of Elvas, 137, 138; commands a ship in De Soto's expedition, 139; slave of, espouses cacica of Cutifachiqui, 177; dies at Aminoya, 249.

Vasconyados Indians, 115 n.

Vazquez, Juan, killed at Mauilla, 193.

Vazquez de Ayllon, Lucas, 21 n.

Vega, Garcilaso de la, "the Inca," author of _Florida del Yunca_, 131; gives distance of Moscoso's journey down the Mississippi, 259 n.

Vegetation of the great plains, 362.

Velasco, island, possibly to be identified with Malhado, 57 n.

Velazquez, Juan, first man of Narvaez' exploring party to be lost, 27; his horse affords supper to many, 27.

Venison, a thing little known, 74.

Vera, Francisco de, father of Nuñez Cabeza de Vaca, 3, 125.

Vera, Pedro de, conqueror of the Canaries, grandfather of Nuñez Cabeza de Vaca, 3, 13 n., 125.

Vera Cruz, Cabeza de Vaca at, 121; mentioned, 265 n., 268.

Vessels, built by men under Narvaez, 34-36; by Spaniards at Aminoya, 250.

Vicksburg Bluffs, 255 n.

Villafarta, named by De Soto, 157.

Villalobos, R. L. de, voyage of, 360, 360 n., 378.

Virgins, treatment of, 355, 356.

Voth, H. R., studies on Oraibi marriage customs, 353 n.

Waco, Moscoso at, 244 n., 245; turquoises and shawls of cotton found at, 246.

Walnut Bend suggested as the place of De Soto's crossing the Mississippi, 204 n.

Walnuts, found by Coronado, 334.

Walpi, Hopi pueblo, 358 n.

Watercress, native American, 349.

Whiskers, captain of Cicuye Indians, 310, 312; taken prisoner by Alvarado, 315; release of, 329.

White Oak shoals, Red River, 242 n.

White River, 216 n., 217 n., 253 n.

Wichita Indians, identified with Indians of Quivira, 337 n.

Wildcat, native American, 349, 350.

Wine, of pitahaya, 348.

Winship, George Parker, memoirs on the Coronado expedition, 276-277, 337 n., 341 n., 360 n., 366 n., 374 n., 386 n.

Witchcraft practised by Pacaxes, 345.

Withlacoochee River crossed by Narvaez, 25 n.

Wolves on great plains, 363.

Women, work of, in pueblo building, 352; functions of, 353.

Woodruff County, Arkansas, 216 n.

Xabe, Indian from Quivira, with Coronado, 329, 342.

Xagua, _see_ Jagua.

Xalisco, establishment of, 287; Alarcon's destination at, 294.

Xeréz de Badajóz, 135.

Xeréz de la Frontera, 126.

Ximena, _see_ Galisteo.

Xuala, direction of, 271.

Xualla, mentioned, 176 n., 177; distance to Tastaluça, 188; distance to Coça, 189.

Xuarez, Juan, commissary of Narvaez' fleet, 14; burns cases containing dead men, 21; approves the plan for Spanish to continue inland exploration, 23; joins inland march, 25; one of party that goes to look for the sea, 33.

Yaqui Indians, 118 n., 346 n.

Yaqui River, 376 n.

Yaquimi, settlement of, 347.

Yeguaces Indians, 87 n.

Yguases Indians, _see_ Yguazes Indians.

Yguazes Indians, 61, 87; manners and customs of, 65-66; marriage among, 65.

Young County, Texas, 244 n.

Ysabel de Bobadilla, wife of Hernando de Soto, 136; receives a waiting-maid from the governor of Gomera, 140; and a mule from a gentleman of Santiago de Cuba, 140; sails for Havana, 142; is in much danger, 143; remains in Havana, 145; receives twenty women, sent by Añasco, 162; has not heard from De Soto in three years, 221.

Ysopete, Indian of Quivira, with Coronado, 331; supplants Turk in confidence of Coronado, 334, 337.

Ytara, town, 156, 162.

Ytaua, De Soto at, 185.

Yukiwingge, visited by Barrionuevo, 340; location of, 340 n.; pueblos of, 359 n.

Yuma Indians, description of, 303.

Yupaha, governed by a woman, 164; reported to have much gold, 164.

Yuqueyunque, _see_ Yukiwingge.

Zacatecas, Mexican province, 385.

Zamora, printing press at, 126.

Zebreros, an alcalde, acts as guide to Cabeza de Vaca, 115; goes to Culiacan, 116.

Zuñi Indians, pueblos of, 300, 358 n.; pottery of, 340 n.; tame eagles of, 348 n.; dress of women of, 350 n.; population of pueblos of, 351 n. _See also_ Cibola.

Zuñi River, crossed by Coronado, 299.

* * * * *

Transcriber's note:

Text enclosed by underscores is in italics (_italics_).

Small capital text has been replaced with all capitals.

Variations in spelling, punctuation and hyphenation have been retained except in obvious cases of typographical error, and in the following cases: Castaneda has been changed to Castañeda and Relacion to Relación.

The cover for the eBook version of this book was created by the transcriber and is placed in the public domain.

Page 71: N[)a]dáko indicates breve over "a".

In the index for Mesa, "Spanish soldier", the transcriber has changed the page number 538 to 376.