Spanish colonial literature in South America
Canto IV, Oct. 70.
Barros Arana in his _Historia de Chile_, vol. II, 267, n., regarded it of so little value that even if it had been completed and corrected it would have been hardly worth printing. The manuscript in incomplete form is in possession of the Academy of History of Madrid.
In the thirteenth volume of the _Colección de libros españoles raros o curiosos_ appeared in 1879 a number of narratives dealing with South American affairs. The first is an account of the siege of Cuzco, and the second is an account of Girón’s rebellion.
[22] Zárate’s _Historia_ was reprinted in Seville in 1577, and again by Barcia in 1749. An English translation by T. Nicholas was issued in London in 1581; a Dutch translation at Amsterdam in 1596; a French translation at Paris in 1716.
[23] Pedro de Alvarado had served under Cortés in Mexico; had been governor of Guatemala; went southward with five hundred men to take Quito, pretending to believe it was outside of Pizarro’s territory; found Almagro in possession of the region; and agreed to withdraw on condition of receiving a payment of one hundred thousand pesos.
[24] See Markham’s translation of Cieza de León’s _Crónica del Perú_, Hakluyt Society.
[25] Cieza de León, _La Crónica del Perú_, cap. 110.
[26] _Conquest of Peru_, vol. II, 297.
[27] _Tercero libro de las guerras civiles del Perú, el cual se llama la guerra de Quito._ A translation of Cieza de León’s _Guerra de Quito_ into English was made by Sir Clements R. Markham, and published for the Hakluyt Society in London in 1913.
[28] The title of this work is: _Relación ... de los desasosiegos sucedidos en Perú después de la muerte del Sr. Virrey D. Antonio de Mendoza ... por el licenciado Juan Fernández_. It was published by J. F. Pacheco in his _Colección de documentos inéditos del Archivo de Indias_, vol. III, p. 246.
[29] Andrés Hurtado de Mendoza, 1556-1561; Diego López de Zúñiga y Velasco, 1561-1564; Lope García de Castro, 1564-1569; Francisco de Toledo, 1569-1581; Martín Enríquez, 1581-1583; Fernando de Torres y Portugal, 1585-1590; García Hurtado de Mendoza, 1590-1596; Luis de Velasco, 1597-1604.
[30] It was reprinted in Seville in 1591; at Barcelona the same year; at Madrid in 1608 and 1610; in Italian at Venice in 1596; in French at Paris in 1597; in Dutch at Haarlem in 1598; in Latin at Paris in 1598, and in 1600, 1606, and 1616; in Latin at Frankfort in 1602 and 1603; in German at Frankfort in 1601; in English at London in 1604. There is also reported a Flemish translation of 1617.
The following are some of his other works: _De natura novi orbis, ... et de promulgatione evangelii apud barbaros, sive de procuranda Indorum salute_, Salamanca, 1589; _De vera Scripturae interpretandae ratione, ac de Christo in Scripturis revelato_, Rome, 1590; _Sumario del concilio provincial, que se celebró en la Ciudad de los Reyes, el año 1567_, Madrid, 1591; _Concilium limense celebratum anno 1583_, Madrid, 1591; _De temporibus novissimis_, Lyons, 1592.
[31] From the translation by Edward Grimston, London, 1604, Book III, Chap. X; republished by the Hakluyt Society, London, 1880.
[32] _Ibid._ Book IV, ch. XVII.
[33] _Ib._ Book IV, chap. XXII. As to the traffic in coca in the single city of Potosí, our author makes the following statement: “The traffic of coca in Potosí doth yearly mount to above half a million of dollars, for that they use foure score and tenne or foure score and fifteen thousand baskets every year.”
[34] _First Part of the Royal Commentaries of the Yncas_, Markham’s translation, vol. I, 62.
[35] _Royal Commentaries_, Markham’s translation, vol. I, 77. He was, moreover, able to make use of earlier writings, such as those of Cieza de León, Zárate, López de Gómara, and Acosta, and also of the papers of the missionary, Blas Valera, that were afterwards destroyed in 1594 at the sacking of Cadiz by the English.
[36] A mutilated translation into English, by Sir Paul Rycaut, was published in 1688; a French translation, by M. J. Bardouin, in 1798; and a German translation, by G. C. Böttger, in 1798 at Nordhausen.
[37] Barros Arana, _El Inca Garcilaso de la Vega_, in his _Obras completas_, vol. VIII, 151-158; Bancroft, _History of the United States_, ed. 1834, vol. I, 66; Winsor, _Narrative and Critical History_, vol. II, 1921, 290; Julia Fitzmaurice-Kelly, _El Inca Garcilasso de la Vega_, published by The Hispanic Society of America, 1921.
[38] _The Royal Commentaries_, Hakluyt Society, London, vol. II, 305.
[39] _Ibid._ vol. II, 317.
[40] The full title of this part of Sarmiento’s work is _Segunda parte de la historia general llamada índica la qual por mandado del Excelentísimo Francisco de Toledo, Virrey, Gobernador y Capitán General de los reinos del Perú y Mayordomo de la casa real de Castilla, compuso el Capitán Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa_. See reproduction of 2nd title page of Sarmiento’s MS. opposite.
[41] When one was acclaimed sovereign Inca, the _llantu_, or fringe, was placed on his head, this act forming part of a ceremony corresponding to a royal coronation. Other features of the ceremony were fastening over the Inca’s shoulders the _yacolla_, or mantle, and clasping about his wrist the _chapana_ or bracelet.—See Markham, _The Incas of Peru_, 292.
[42] Sarmiento, _History of the Incas_, Hakluyt Society, London, 1907, chap. XVIII.
[43] _History of the Incas_, chap. LXIX.
[44] Markham, _Narratives of the Rites and Laws of the Yncas_, p. 152, Hakluyt Society, London, 1873.
[45] _Ibid._ p. 155.
[46] See the viceroy’s decree in _Colección de libros y documentos referentes a la historia del Perú_, vol. I, 193-195.
[47] _Ibid._ chap. XXIII.
[48] See Markham’s translation in the Hakluyt Society’s volume called _Narratives of the Rites and Laws of the Yncas_.
[49] _Literatura colonial de Chile_, vol. II. Five of these letters are printed in Claudio Gay’s _Documentos_, I, and in _Colección de historiadores de Chile_, I. The dates of these are September 4, 1545, June 15, 1548, October 15, 1550, October 26, 1552, September 25, 1561. A letter written to Charles V, July 9, 1549, and another to Fernando Pizarro, September 4, 1545, are printed in Barros Arana, _Proceso de Pedro de Valdivia_.
[50] Medina, _Historia de la literatura colonial de Chile_, II, 15; Barros Arana, _Hist. de Chile_, II, 437; _Biblioteca de escritores de Chile_, I, 14.
[51] Medina, _Lit. col. de Chile_, II, 14.
[52] Barros Arana, _Hist. de Chile_, vol. II, 436, note.
[53] Marmolejo, _Historia del reino de Chile_, cap. XXIII.
[54] Medina, _Lit. col. de Chile_, vol. II, 22.
[55] _Colección de historiadores de Chile_, vol. VI.
[56] Ducamin, Jean, _L’Araucane_, Paris, 1909, XII. See, however, particularly the volume containing a life of Ercilla in the magnificent edition of the poem published by José Toribio Medina:—_La Araucana.... Edición del centenario ilustrada con grabados, documentos, notas históricas y bibliográficas y una biografía del autor_, 5 vols. Santiago de Chile, 1910-1918.
[57] Figueroa’s account of this affair, _Hechos de Don García de Mendoza_, p. 103, is translated in Ticknor’s footnote, _History of Spanish Literature_, II, 433.
[58] I sing neither of women, nor love, nor the gallantry of enamoured knights, nor the pledges, the delights, the tenderness of amorous passion and solicitude, but the valour, the exploits, the prowess of those intrepid Spaniards who by the sword placed the heavy yoke upon the untamed neck of Arauco.
I shall declare also especially noteworthy acts of a people who never obeyed a king, its daring and memorable enterprises, which with reason merit celebration, its rare stratagems, its praiseworthy resolutions that greatly magnify the Spaniards, since no conqueror is more esteemed than that one where the vanquished is renowned.
[59] And I, who have given to the world without stint the best years of my life, and always by a headlong course have pursued my vain hopes, having seen how little advantage I have derived, how much I have offended God, and, recognising my error, give here the reason why I weep and sing no more.
[60] Medina, in his _Edición del centenario_ of the poem, gives (_Ilustración x_) a detailed account of all the editions which have appeared, and his work should be consulted by all students of the subject. The dates of the first editions of the three parts of the poem are given above. In 1597 a revised and augmented edition of the whole work appeared in Madrid. It is on this edition, which contains 37 instead of 35 cantos, that all subsequent texts have been based. In his _Ilustración xiii_, Medina prints a complete table of variants and additions. It is significant of the contemporary popularity of the poem that it was actually the sixteenth (of one or more parts) to be printed in Spain or the Netherlands. It should be noted that the seventeenth edition mentioned by Medina, which also appeared in 1597 in Antwerp, does not contain the alterations and additions of the Madrid edition of that year. It may be added that Medina notices forty-eight editions of _La Araucana_, the last having the date 1911.
[61] _La Araucana_, Cant. XIII, Oct. 44-57; XIV, Oct. 13.
[62] He was a young and noble warrior, of dignified bearing, a man of authority, grave and severe, a friend and guardian of every right, a rigid and inflexible advocate of justice, of a great stature, massive shoulders and chest, adroit, skilful, powerful and agile, wise, cunning, keen, resolute, and cool and calm in unforeseen exigencies.
[63] “Caciques, defenders of the state, no desire for command persuades me to regret to see you pretenders, to an honour to which I was justly entitled; because, on account of my age, you see, señores, that I am about to depart for the other world; but the love I have always shown you has moved me to give you good counsel.
“Why do we pretend to honourable offices and to be held in high esteem, since we cannot deny to the world that we have been subdued and conquered? And being still oppressed by the Spaniards we do not wish to inquire into this matter. It would be better to turn this vehemence against the proud enemy in battle.
“How great is your fury, O Araucanos, which, without your knowing it, is carrying you on to perdition? Why are you turning your hands against your fellows and not using them in resistance against the tyrant? The Christians are at your gates, and you are turning the sword against yourselves. If the desire to die moves you, let it not be in a state so low and dejected.
“Turn your arms and enraged minds against the breasts of those who have plunged you into dire servitude, and subjected you to an ignominious condition manifest to all the world. Throw off from your neck the shameful yoke; thus show your courage and your strength. Pour out the blood that remains to you only to redeem us from this state.
“It does not grieve me to observe the ardour of your spirit; rather it invigorates me; but I fear that your courage badly governed may depart from the right path; that, discord having come back among us, you may destroy your country with its force, then, if this must be, cut first this old throat.
“This enfeebled body, tormented by the blows of fortune, awaits only the sharp edge of the sword, since no such misfortune has overtaken it. That life is indeed fortunate which is sealed by an early death. But, considering only our public welfare, I wish here to utter my opinion.
“You are equal in valour and strength; Heaven has accorded to you equality in birth; it has made among you an equal partition of lineage, of station and of riches; and each of you, individually, by his courage and greatness of spirit might govern the world. This precious gift, not recognized by you, has brought you to this present situation.
“I hope that the strength of your arm may soon bring a remedy. There must be a supreme chief by whom all may consent to be governed; this shall be the one who shall be able to bear on his shoulder a great log the longest without interruption; and since fate has made you all equal, let each of you seek to triumph by his superior strength.”
[64] There was generally a lack of biographical information concerning early writers whether in Spain or in America. One had only an imperfect knowledge of his contemporaries. Cristóbal Mosquera de Figueroa wrote in 1596 that Ercilla was writing a poem on the victories of the Marqués de Santa Cruz, but at that time the poet had been dead two years. For more than a hundred years after Cervantes’ death no biography of him had been published. The first one was published in London in 1738. Ercilla, however, in a measure provided against such lack of knowledge concerning himself by recording in _La Araucana_ many of the incidents and circumstances of his life. See volume containing Ercilla’s _Vida_ in Medina’s _Edición del centenario_.
[65] “The sincere goodness and the expression of affection of the simple folk of these regions, make it understood that covetousness had not penetrated these mountains; neither had wickedness, robbery, and injustice, the ordinary support of wars, there found entrance, nor had the law of nature been corrupted.”—This reference is to the island of Chiloé.
[66] Jean Ducamin, _L’Araucane_, LXXXII.
[67] Jean Ducamin, _L’Araucane_, LXXXV, LXXXVI.
[68] _Obras completas_, III, 309.
[69] Figueroa’s book was published in 1613, and was republished in the _Colección de historiadores de Chile_, Santiago de Chile, 1864; see Barros Arana’s Introduction to the fifth volume of this collection, also _Obras completas_, VIII, 210.
Figueroa was born in Valladolid in 1578. In his book _El pasajero_ he narrates the varied vicissitudes of his early life. His father was a lawyer whose family was from Galicia. Envious of the special attention shown his brother and probably for other reasons, he left his home at the age of seventeen, wishing to go to Italy, and expressing in the presence of his parents his determination not to return to Spain while they lived. He studied at Bologna and was there granted an academic degree. From the governor of Milan he obtained the post of auditor of a body of troops operating in Piedmont against France. After the death of his brother and his parents he returned to Valladolid, where instead of an inheritance he found debts and more debts. In Cuellar, as the result of a quarrel, he “was accused of homicide, and long days of imprisonment followed.” He subsequently visited Ubeda, Jaén, and Granada. “Here,” to quote from _El Pasajero_, “I became desperately enamoured of a rich and noble lady, an only daughter, much courted by suitors, but in spite of my humble condition I knew how to make myself accepted. Her unexpected death caused in me such a sentiment that again I saw myself at the point of death.... From Granada I went to Seville, and at Santa María I began a true friendship with Luis Carrillo. I went then to Madrid, where I took my pen, and wrote a number of _borrones_, which the learned with great courtesy honoured.... Tired of life in Madrid, I embarked a second time for Italy from Barcelona.... This time I had not the least sentiment in abandoning my native soil, where my childhood had been nourished, my boyhood and youth had received training and education, as the first time, thinking that to the brave any part of the world might serve as a country and a home.”—Quoted by Medina, _Lit. col. de Chile_, II, 205-208.
The later years of his life Figueroa spent in the public service, particularly in Naples under the viceroy, as auditor; later he was in the department of justice, where his prompt and severe judgments helped very materially to curb the unruly population. The time of his death does not appear to be surely determined. Opinions range over at least three years, 1616, 1621 and 1624.
The prominent position held by _La Araucana_ in the colonial literature of South America has made it the subject of extensive comment. References here may be limited to Jean Ducamin’s critical examination of some parts of the poem, published at Paris in 1900; _Colección de los mejores autores españoles_, tomo XXI; Medina, _Historia de la literatura colonial de Chile_, I, 1-117; Barros Arana, _Obras completas_, VIII, 174-184; Ticknor, _History of Spanish Literature_, New York, 1849, II, 426-432; and especially the noteworthy publication by José Toribio Medina embracing in five volumes the life of Ercilla, the text of _La Araucana_, and notes, documents, and illustrations, Santiago de Chile, 1910-1918.
[70] The university of San Marcos was founded in 1553, and was at first carried on in the Dominican monastery. Its creation was confirmed by Pius V, July 25, 1571. It received students from without the order, and the presence of these students in the monastery became, in the course of time, a source of serious disturbance, and the university found temporary quarters elsewhere. In 1574 it received the name of San Marcos, and three years later, in 1577, it was established at its present site. In 1580 the rector acquired jurisdiction over the members of the institution, whether students or officers, in all causes, offences, and crimes relating to the University, and thus became competent to bring the academic community under discipline. But before the university had attained its full development, the colonial mind became paralysed by the terrorizing activity of the Inquisition, which had been established in Peru by the decree of January 25, 1569.
[71] _Hist. de la Compañía de Jesús en Chile_, cap. viii, § 1.
[72] An elaborate analysis and criticism of _Arauco domado_, by Vicente Chaparro, is printed in Eyzaguirre’s _Historia de Chile_, I, 472-480.
[73] _Historia de la literatura colonial de Chile_, I, 238; see also Jorge Huneeus Gana, _Producción intelectual de Chile_, I, 24. (Bibl. de escritores de Chile), Santiago de Chile, 1910.
[74] Medina, _Historia de la literatura colonial de Chile_, I, 215.
[75] “I sing the long and enfeebling war, so grave, so prolix and so tedious, that it has already broken the force of a rich and powerful kingdom; and also whatever memorable deeds those have performed by the sword who, in spite of the state, have resisted the great valour of Arauco.
“I here shall sing the most noted events that have happened between the unwearied Spaniards and the unconquered Indian rebels.”
The poem was published with an introduction and notes by José Toribio Medina at Santiago de Chile, 1888, under the title _Las Guerras de Chile, poema histórico por el sargento mayor Juan de Mendoza Monteagudo_.
[76] Quoted by Barros Arana, _Hist. de Chile_, III, 27.
[77] Richard Hakluyt, _The principall navigations, voiages and discoveries of the English Nation, etc._, London, 1589, III, 808.
[78] _Ibid._ 809; Medina, _Historia de la literatura colonial de Chile_, I, 264-258.
[79] _El Purén indómito_, edited by Diego Barros Arana, was published in Paris in 1862. Some references to the writer and his work are the following: G. V. Amunátegui, _Fernando Álvarez de Toledo_, in _Anales de la Universidad_, 1866, 204; Medina, _Literatura colonial de Chile_, I, 164; and Domingo Amunátegui Solar, _Don Fernando Álvarez de Toledo_, 1898.
[80] _Historia de la literatura colonial de Chile_, I, 277.
[81] _Ibid._ I, 279.
[82] The complete title is _La Araucana, quarta y quinta parte, en que se prosigue, y acaba, la historia de D. Alonso de Ercilla hasta la reducción del valle de Arauco, en el reino de Chile_. The first edition was published at Salamanca in 1597.
[83] _Historia de la literatura colonial de Chile_, I, 122.
[84] While Quesada’s account has been lost, that of Federmann has been preserved. It appeared under the following title: _Indianische Historia. Ein schöne kurtzweilige Historia Niclaus Federmanns des Jüngern von Ulm erster raise so er von Hispania unn Andalosia auss in Indias, des Oceanischen Mörs gethan hat und was ihm allda ist begegnet biss auff zein widerkunfft in Hispaniam auffs kurtzest beschriben ganz lustig zu lesen_, Hagenaw, 1557. A Spanish translation was published by P. M. Arcaya, Caracas, 1916. See also C. Klunzinger: _Antheil der Deutschen an der Entdeckung von Südamerika_.
[85] The following bibliographical note refers to some of the critics who have recently advanced our knowledge of Castellanos and his writings:
Acosta, Colonel José Joaquín, article in the third number of the _Antología española_, Madrid, 1848.
Vergara, _Historia de la literatura en Nueva Granada_, Bogotá, 1905, Cap. II.
Fernández Espino, _Curso histórico-crítico de literatura española_, Seville, 1871.
Caro, Antonio, three articles in the _Repertorio colombiano_, 1879 and 1880. Caro discovered the will of Castellanos, which is preserved in Tunja.
Paz y Melia, Antonio, _Historia del nuevo reino de Granada por Castellanos_, Madrid, 1886. Introducción.
Jiménez de la Espada, Marcos, _Juan de Castellanos y su historia del nuevo reino de Granada_, Madrid, 1889.
Schumacher, _Lebensbild_, in _Hamburgische Festschrift zur Erinnerung an die Entdeckung Amerikas_, Hamburg, 1892, II, 145-296.
Menéndez y Pelayo, Marcelino, _Historia de la poesía hispano-americana_, Madrid, 1911-1913, in _Obras completas_, Vols. II-III.
[86] Melia calls attention to the fact that the manuscript from which his edition was printed is somewhat more extensive than that used by Piedrahita.—_Introdución_, X.
[87] _Compendio histórico del descubrimiento y colonización de la Nueva Granada_, 377.
[88] _Historia de la poesía hispano-americana_, II, 18.
[89] Supplement to _La Nación_, Buenos Aires, Jan 1, 1907.
[90] J. M. Gutiérrez in edition of poem published in the _Biblioteca de la Junta de Historia y Numismática_, V, 260.
[91] The army of Zapicán came with trumpets and resounding bugles; the dust obscured the sun, the earth trembled under the tramping of many feet; all the soil was covered with blood, and Zapicán’s warriors shouted the songs of the lamentable victory over the sad and sorrowing people.
[92] Stretch out thy hand, O Lord, with mercy; pity those who are sad and afflicted; pity the innocent children, who cry with their eyes made fountains. Pity the women who are sad and afflicted, who are without protection and fellowship; also the sorrowing maidens who have lost their fathers and joy. Canto XI, Oct. 30.
[93] Mendiburu, _Apuntes históricos del Perú_, p. 78.
[94] Medina, _Lit. col. de Chile_, II, 319.
[95] Medina, _Literatura colonial de Chile_, II, 318-21.
[96] Medina, II, 354. In a critical note Barros Arana characterizes Bascuñán’s work as diffuse, commonplace, and heavy, when he enters upon his eternal digressions and moral philosophy, but his style takes on an air of simple animation, when he recalls certain details of domestic life or describes certain localities; and in the critic’s opinion it “ought to occupy an important place in the modest history of our colonial literature.” Introduction to _Cautiverio feliz in Colección de historiadores de Chile_, III.
[97] Medina, _Literatura colonial de Chile_, II, 334.
[98] _Historia de Chile_, I, 491.
[99] The following is the complete title: _Relación de los servicios que hizo a su majestad del rey don Felipe segundo y tercero, don Alonso de Sotomayor del Abito de Santiago, y Comendador de Villamayor del Consejo de Guerra de Castilla, en los estados de Flandes y en las provincias de Chile, y Tierra Firme, donde fué capitán general, etc., dirigida al rey don Felipe III nuestro señor, por el licenciado Francisco Caro de Torres_; Madrid, 1620, 4to.
[100] Caro de Torres’ _Relación de los servicios de Don Alonso de Sotomayor_ is available in the _Colección de historiadores de Chile_, V. It occupies about eighty large octavo pages of that volume.
[101] Churchill, _Voyages and Travels_, III, 154.
[102] _Sol del nuevo mundo_, 88.
[103] Translation in Churchill, _Voyages and Travels_, III, Book V, Chap. XX.
[104] For the history of the cult of Nuestra Señora de Copacabana see Andrés de San Nicolás, _Imagen de N.S. de Copacabana_.
[105] Printed in Claudio Gay’s _Documentos_.
[106] Amunátegui Solar, _Las encomiendas_, I, 317.
[107] Many of the minor Chilean writers of the seventeenth and the early part of the eighteenth century dealt with this question: Pedro Cortés, _Información de la guerra de Chile_; Jorge de Eguía y Lumbe, _Ultimo desengaño de la guerra de Chile_; Domingo de Eraso, _Relación y advertencias_, and later a _Memorial_ in support of active war on the Indians; Fr. Pedro de Sosa, _Memorial del peligroso estado espiritual y temporal del reino de Chile_; Fr. Agustín Carrillo, _Relación de las paces ofrecidas por los indios rebeldes del reino de Chile_; Juan José de Santa y Silva, _El mayor regocijo en Chile para sus naturales y españoles poseedores de él_; Jerónimo Pietas, _Informe al rey sobre las diversas razas de indios que pueblan el territorio araucano_; Martín de Recabarren, _Informe al rey sobre los medios de reducir a los indios y conservar la quietud del reino_; José Ortega, _Método para auxiliar y fomentar a los indios de los reinos del Perú y Chile_.
[108] His _Arte y gramática general que correen todo el reino de Chile con un vocabulario y confesonario_ was published in Lima in 1606; a second edition appeared in Seville in 1684. For other works on the Indian languages of Chile, see Medina, _Historia de la literatura colonial de Chile_, II, 371-388, special reference being made to the notes.
[109] Quoted by Medina, _Lit. col. de Chile_, II, 281.
[110] Medina, _Literatura colonial de Chile_, II, 286.
[111] The title of Rosales’ principal work as issued by Vicuña Mackenna is _Historia general del reino de Chile desde la época aborigen hasta la gran rebelión del siglo xvii_. Valparaiso, 1877.
[112] Medina, _Literatura colonial de Chile_, II, 228.
[113] _Ibid._ II, 229. In his introduction to _Guerra de Chile_ printed in the fifth volume of the _Historiadores de Chile_ Barros Arana writes that Tesillo “composed a book of pretentious form, heavy and difficult to read; nevertheless, those who wish to have a profound knowledge of the history of Chile must not hesitate to make a thorough study of Tesillo’s book. In it they will find not only events referred to with sufficient minuteness, but also the observations of a man of intelligence and experience.” But, as Tesillo enjoyed the special protection of Governor Lazo de la Vega, the reader must expect to find the events of La Vega’s administration especially emphasized. The bulk of the narrative treats of the decade from 1629 to 1639.
[114] Vásquez’s _Relación_ is printed by M. Serrano y Sanz in _Nueva biblioteca de autores españoles_, XV (_Historiadores de las Indias_, II), 423-484.
The full title is _Relación verdadera de todo que sucedió en la jornada de Omagua y Dorado, que el Gobernador Pedro de Orsúa fué a descubrir por poderes y comisiones que le dió el virrey Marqués de Cañete, desde el Perú, por un río que llaman de las Amazonas, que por otro nombre se dice el río del Marañón, el cual tiene sus nascimientos en el Perú, y entra en el mar cerca del Brasil. Trátase ansimismo del alzamiento de don Fernando de Guzmán, y Lope de Aguirre y de las crueldades destos perversos tiranos._
[115] Vol. XV (_Historiadores de Indias_, II) 305-422. The title is:—_Jornada del río Marañón con todo lo acaecido en ella, y otras cosas notables dignas de ser sabidas, acaecidas en las Indias occidentales_.
[116] _Nueva biblioteca de autores españoles_, XV (_Historiadores de Indias_, II), 483.
[117] _Expeditions into the Valley of the Amazons_, 1539, 1540, 1639. Translated and edited by Clements R. Markham; London, Hakluyt Society, 1859, XXIV. The French translation was published in Paris, 1682. In 1698 an English translation from the French was published in London, which has been superceded by Markham’s translation.
[118] Markham’s translation, Section 70.
[119] _Ibid._ Section 71.
[120] _Ibid._ Section 71.
[121] _Ibid._ Section 72. Acuña’s narrative appears in a convenient form as the second volume of the _Colección de libros, raros o curiosos, que tratan de América_, Madrid, 1891.
[122] This second volume is sometimes said to have been written by Padre Torres, and Peralta Barnuevo joins the names of the two writers in the following lines:
Calancha y Torres del Perú esplendores, Que con purezas escribiendo estrellas, Harán que sea para cada ejemplo Cada letra un altar, cada hoja un templo.
_Lima fundada_, Canto VII, Octave 144.
[123] A work entitled _Historiae Peruanae ordinis Eremitarum Sancti Augustini libri octodecim, auctore Joachimo Brulio_, is said to be merely a translation of Calancha’s _Crónica_. Among other works ascribed to Calancha are _De los varones ilustres de la orden de S. Agustín_; _De Immaculatae Virginis Mariae Conceptione_ (_Limae Indorum_, 1629, 4to), an account of the founding of the sanctuaries of Copacabana and of the Prado, and an _Informe al virrey del Perú, sobre los castores que se cazan desde Callao a Chile_.
[124] _Crónica_, p. 747. This reference is to the edition of 1639.
[125] An essay on “Fray Antonio de la Calancha” is found in René Moreno’s _Bolivia y Perú, Notas históricas y bibliográficas_, 2nd ed., Santiago de Chile, 1905.
[126] For the _Historia de Lima_ see also _La revista peruana_, II, 368, 423, 499, 602; III, 65, 112, 215, 306, 368, 442, 518; IV, 13, 230, 381, 445.
[127] Some notion of the extent of the minor writings of the Jesuits in Peru may be obtained from Torres Saldamando’s _Antiguos Jesuitas del Perú_, Lima, 1882.
[128] Markham’s Introduction to Bollaert’s translation of a part of Simón’s work, under the title, _The Expedition of Pedro de Ursúa and Lope de Aguirre in search of El Dorado and Omagua in 1561_, London, Hakluyt Society, 1881, xxx. Vásquez was a soldier under Lope de Aguirre, and according to the notice on the last page of his manuscript, “credit may be given to his account, and to all he writes, because he was an honest and upright man.”—Markham’s Introduction, xxxi.
[129] The first part of the _Noticias historiales_ was issued as a printed volume at Cuenca in 1627. This was reprinted in Bogotá in 1882, and the other four volumes appeared in the latter city in 1891 and 1892.
[130] _Noticias historiales de las conquistas de Tierra Firme, primera parte, sexta noticia_, cap. li. A translation of this _Noticia_, by Clements R. Markham, is printed in Hakluyt Society Publications, London, 1861.
[131] _Historia de la literatura en Nueva Granada_, Bogotá, 1905, 86; Rodríguez de Ocampo’s _Descripción del reino de Quito_ was issued by Marcos Jiménez de la Espada (Madrid, 1897) as an appendix to the third volume of the _Relaciones geográficas de las Indias_, having remained in manuscript since 1650. The Council of the Indies had pronounced it unworthy of publication.
[132] Vergara, _Literatura en Nueva Granada_, 93-108.
[133] _Voyages of Quiros_, Markham’s translation, I, 121.
[134] _Ibid._ I, 121, 122.
[135] _Biblioteca hispano-ultramarina_, Madrid, 1876, I, 200, and in Markham’s _Voyages of Quiros_, I, 161-320. The second volume of this latter work contains a number of documents relating to Quiros and his voyages. Markham’s Introduction and Zaragoza’s _Prólogo_ contain critical notes on the narratives and their authors.
[136] The full title is _Relación del naufragio y Peregrinaciones de Pedro Gobeo de Victoria en las costas del Perú; viajes y riesgos que tuvo en él con sus compañeros_.
[137] Noteworthy among the accounts of the Peruvian saint is Antonio González Acuña’s _Vida de Santa Rosa_, published in Rome in 1665.
[138] Odriozola, _Documentos literarios del Perú_, V. The quotation is from Juan María Gutiérrez’s critical essay on Caviedes and his writings appears, and also (pp. 23-281) the two collections of poems already mentioned.
[139] _Jesuitas del Perú_, 130. Mendiburu says, “Dicese que el padre Buendía cooperó a la redacción de la obra. _Estrella de Lima._” (_Dic. hist. biog._ II, 91.)
[140] Medina, _Lit. col. de Chile_, II, 130.
[141] Medina, _Lit. col. de Chile_, II, 137.
[142] Torres Saldamando, _Los antiguos Jesuitas del Perú_, 109. Oliva’s manuscript is in the British Museum.
[143] _Dic. hist. biog. del Perú_, VI, 120.
[144] Quoted by Vergara, _Literatura en Nueva Granada_, 132.
[145] _Literatura en la Nueva Granada_, 118.
[146] Borda, José Joaquín, _Historia de la Compañía de Jesús en la Nueva Granada_, Poissy, 1872.
[147] Fleuriau, _La vie du vénérable père Claver, de la Compagnie de Jésus_, Clermont-Ferrand, 1834, 62.
[148] Vergara says this book was printed under the false name of Licenciado Jerónimo Suárez Sornoza.—_Literatura en la Nueva Granada_, 126.
[149] See _Anales del Cuzco, Renglones preliminares_, p. VII; also the text 295-297.
[150] Ricardo Palma: _Anales del Cuzco_, 326.
[151] The sub-title is: _Historia de los descubrimientos, entradas, y reducción de naciones. Trabajos malogrados de algunos conquistadores, y dichosos de otros, así temporales, como espirituales, en las dilatadas montañas y mayores ríos de América. Escrita par el Padre Manuel Rodríguez, de la Compañía de Jesús, Procurador general de las Provincias de Indias en la Corte de Madrid. Con Licencia. En Madrid, Año de 1684._
[152] “Alors parut pour la première fois en France ... une copie de la carte gravée à Quito en 1707, et dressée dès l’année 1690 par le Père Samuel Fritz, Jésuite allemand, Missionaire sur les bords du Maragnon, qu’il avait parcouru dans toute sa longueur. Par cette carte, on apprit etc.... Du reste le Père Fritz, sans pendule et sans lunette, n’a pu déterminer aucun point en longitude. Il n’avait qu’un petit demi-circle de bois, de trois pouces de rayon pour les latitudes; enfin il etait malade quand il descendit le fleuve jusqu’au Para. Il ne faut que lire son journal manuscrit, dont j’ai une copie, pour voir que plusieurs obstacles, alors et à son retour à la mission, ne lui permirent pas de faire les observations nécessaires pour rendre sa carte exacte, surtout vers la partie inférieure du fleuve.”—M. de La Condamine, _Relation abrégée d’un voyage fait dans l’intérieur de l’Amérique Méridionale_ (Paris, 1745), pp. 13 et seq.
[153] Vergara, _Hist. de la lit. en N. Granada_, 163-167.
[154] See ‘Un escritor colombiano del tiempo de la Colonia’, by Federico González Suárez, in the _Revista de Quito_, 1890.
[155] Some of the writers were Joseph Ossorio de Paz (_Sermones_), Joseph Ortiz de Morales (_Coronas de oro del patriarca San José_), Felipe Romana y Herrera (_Tractatus de poenitentia_), Juan de Olmos (_La Vida de la Madre Jerónima del Espíritu Santo_) Pablo de Villamor (_La Vida de la Madre Francisca del Niño Jesús_), and Pedro de Tobar y Buendía (_Verdadera histórica relación del origen, manifestación y prodigiosa renovación por sí misma, y milagros de la Imagen de Chiquinquira_.)
[156] _Historia de la literatura en N. Granada_, 194.
[157] These are the titles of some of Peralta’s writings: _Desvíos de la naturaleza u origen de los monstruos_; _Tratado físico-médico-teológico_; _Lima triunfante_; _Imagen política, o gobierno del virrey-obispo de Quito_; _Causa académica_; _Jupiter Olímpico_; _Observaciones astronómicas_; _Panegírico del Cardenal Alberoni_; _Templo de la fama_; _Diálogo de la justicia y de la verdad_; _Historia de España vindicada_; _Alegaciones jurídicas_; _La gloria de Luis el Grande_ and _El Triunfo de Astrea_ (in French); _Lima fundada, o conquista del Perú_; _Gobierno del Conde de la Monclova_; _Tratado físico-matemático_; _Defensa política y militar de Lima_; _Gobierno del Virrey Castel-Fuerte_; _Tratado músico-matemático_; _Nuevo sístema astrológico demostrativo_; _Geometría especulativa, y aritmética_; _Pasión y triunfo de Cristo_; _Obras poéticas, líricas y cómicas_ (in two volumes).
[158] An analysis of _Armas antárticas_, by Dr. Felix C. C. Zegarra, is printed in _La Revista peruana_, III, 292, 340, 414, 506.
[159] “I sing of arms and the military prowess of valiant Catholic Spaniards, who, over unknown and raging seas, went to dominate distant peoples, placing the Eternal Word on altars which formerly, with the insolent voices of the heathen oracles (now silent) were the terror of the Indian.”
[160] “Immediately the Inca dispatched messengers to different parts of the kingdom, in order that all people might bring quickly the shining gold; and there was no noble, no chief, no son of a chief, no child, no woman, no servants, who thus, like the provident ant, did not carry his grain to the storehouse.”
[161] Vergara, _Hist. lit. en N. Granada_, 109; Medina, _Bibl. hisp. amer._ IV.
[162] These are some of the titles of his works: _Historia eclesiástica_; _Curso de filosofía antigua y moderna_; _De matrimonio_; _De la voluntad divina_; _La obra de los seis días_; _Historia de la renovación del templo de Jerusalén_; _Lecciones parafrásticas sobre el maestro de las sentencias_; _Oraciones latinas_; _Panegíricos y sermones morales_.
[163] Churchill, _Voyages and Travels_, IV, 645.
[164] Schmidel’s account of his journey has the curious title: _Warhafftige und liebliche Beschreibung etlicher fürnemen Indianischen Landtschafften und Insulen, die vormals in keiner Chronicken gedacht, und erstlich in der Schiffart Ulrici Schmidts von Straubingen mit grosser Gefahr erkündigt, und von ihm selber auffs fleissigst beschrieben und dar gethan_. It was first printed in 1567 at Frankfurt am Main at the end of a book of travels issued by Schmidel with the title _Neuwe Welt: Das ist wahrhafftige Beschreibunge, etc., etc._ This book with a new title page but otherwise unchanged was issued in the same year as the second part of a book of travels published by Sebastian Franck (_Erst Theil dieses Weltbuchs von neuwen erfundenen Landschaften. Warhafftige Beschreibunge, etc._) The second Edition appeared in 1597 in Theodor de Bry’s Collection of voyages (_America_, VII Theil) and a Latin translation by Gothard Artus was issued in 1599 in the Latin version of de Bry’s Collection (_Americae Pars VII_). In this year Levinus Hulsius in his collection of voyages issued a revised and somewhat abridged version of Schmidel’s narrative under the title _Warhafftige Historien einer wunderbaren Schiffart welche Ulrich Schmidel ... in Americam ... gethan_, and, also in 1599, a Latin version of the same revised text (_Vera historia, etc._). The first Spanish translation is said to have been made and published in 1731 by Gabriel Cárdenas (Z. Cano) (probably a pseudonym of Andrés González de Barcia: note the anagram involved); one was certainly issued by Barcia in 1749 in his _Historiadores primitivos de las Indias occidentales_. The text used is that of Hulsius. This version was reprinted with some corrections by Pedro de Angelis in his _Colección de obras y documentos relativos a la historia antigua y moderna de las Provincias del Río de la Plata_ in 1836. The first edition in French was that published by Ternaux-Compans.
[165] Mondschein, J., _Schmidels Reise nach Süd-America in den Jahren 1534-1554_, Straubing, 1893; also Bartolomé Mitre in _Anales del Museo de la Plata_, Buenos Aires, 1890, vol. I; _The Conquest of the River Plate_, London, 1891, Hakluyt Society, English translation.
[166] Luis L. Dominguez’s translation, Hakluyt Society, London, 1891.
[167] _Ibid._ 52.
[168] Churchill, _Voyages and Travels_, London, 1732, IV, 642.
[169] _Historia de la Compañía de Jesús en la provincia del Paraguay_, Madrid, 1912, I, xxi.
[170] _Anales de la Biblioteca_, V, Introduction. Buenos Aires.
[171] See Pablo Hernández, _El extrañamiento de los Jesuitas del Río de la Plata_, 306-315, in _Colección de libros y documentos referentes a la historia de America_, vol. VII, Madrid, 1908.
[172] A few of the works of these men have been printed, but the bulk exists in MS., have been incorporated in the books of other authors, or have been lost. An abbreviated version of Cardiel’s _Breve relación_ was printed at the end of Muriel’s _Historia del Paraguay_ under the title _Costumbres de los Guaraníes_; Jolís’ _Saggio_ was printed in Faenza in 1789; the _Annus patiens_ of Peramás appeared in a French translation in A. Carayon’s _Documents inédits concernant la Compagnie de Jésus_, vol. XVI; for his _Vidas_ see _De vita el moribus sex sacerdotum Paraguaycorum_, Faventiae, 1791, and _De vida et moribus tredecim virorum Paraguaycorum_, Faventiae, 1793; Muriel’s _Historia_ forms vol. XIX of the _Colección de lib. y doc. rel. a la hist. de Amér._, Madrid, 1919.
[173] Medina, _Literatura colonial de Chile_, II, 71-73.
[174] Lizárraga’s _Descripción y población de las Indias_ is said to have been extensively used by Padre Juan Meléndez in writing _Tesoros verdaderos de las Indias_ (Rome, 1681). Meléndez was a Dominican born in Lima. After holding various offices in his order he was sent on a mission to Spain and left Callao September 2, 1673. He wrote also a chronicle of his order in Peru, and _Descripción de las fiestas hechas por la beatificación de Santa Rosa_. He was the first member of his order, born in Lima, to attain the office of bishop. The _Descripción breve de toda la tierra del Perú, Tucumán, Río de la Plata y Chile_ is printed in _Nueva biblioteca de autores españoles_, XV (_Historiadores de Indias_, II), 485-661. See also Eyzaguirre, _Historia de Chile_, Valparaiso, 1850, I, 454-559.
[175] Cárdenas, Gabriel de, _Ensayo cronológico para la historia general de la Florida_, Madrid, 1723, 181, see Medina, II, 89, n.
[176] The full title of the book is: _Rituale seu Manuale Peruanum et forma brevis administrandi apud Indos sacrosancta Baptismi, Poenitentiae, Eucharistiae, Matrimonii, et Extremae Unctionis Sacramenta iuxta ordinem Sanctae Romanae Ecclesiae ... et quae indigent versione vulgaribus idiomatibus Indicis, secundum diversos ritus omnium Provinciarum novi orbis Peru, aut per ipsum translata, aut ejus industria elaborata_, Naples, 1607.
[177] Medina has considered the question whether Oré went to Florida or remained in Spain, and reached the conclusion that the Franciscan’s commission was fulfilled when his companions had left the port, and that he did not accompany them.—_Lit. col. de Chile_, II, 95, n.
[178] Concerning Oré’s life and family, reference may be made to _Crónica de la religiosísima provincia de los Doce Apóstoles del Perú de la Orden de N.P. San Francisco, compuesta por Fr. Diego de Córdoba Salinas_ (Lima, 1651, see page 421, cap. 3, lib. 1), and two manuscripts: _Cronicón sacro imperial de Chile_, by Fr. Francisco Javier Ramírez, and _Relación de la fundación de la santa Provincia de los Doce Apóstoles del Perú_, by Fr. Diego de Córdoba.
[179] _Ensayo sobre la historia de la literatura ecuatoriana_, 37.
[180] Eyzaguirre, _Historia de Chile_, I, 465.
[181] “I was born in Quito in a humble dwelling, my mother not having swaddling clothes in which to wrap me; as my father had gone to Spain, I became a friar, without having the spirit of a friar; I became vain, and although I studied much, I had less knowledge than was attributed to me by others.”
Villaroel’s letter containing this statement was dated at Arequipa August 8, 1654, and is printed in _El suelo de Arequipa convertido en cielo_, by Dr. Ventura Trabada. This work is now available in print in Odriozola’s _Documentos literarios del Perú_, X, 1-324. It contains an account of the foundation of Arequipa, the cathedral, and the monasteries, and describes the lives of the bishops and other noted ecclesiastics, who have lived and laboured in the city. Among less important works, there appeared about the middle of the seventeenth century _Epítome de la vida y muerte del ilustrísimo señor doctor don Bernardino de Almansa ... Arzobispo de Santafé de Bogotá_, by Pedro de Solís y Valenzuela, published in Lima in 1646; _Lengua eucarística del hombre bueno_, by Cristóbal de Torres, issued in Madrid in two folio volumes, containing an exposition of the doctrines of Thomas Aquinas; and various other purely religious works by Torres.
[182] _Historia de la Literatura en Nueva Granada_, 111.
[183] _Ibid._, 187 n.
[184] Vergara, _Hist. de la lit. en N. Granada_, 188 n.
[185] Early appreciative reference to Alloza are contained in the _Biblioteca de la Compañía de Jesús_; in Antonio José Pastrana, _Jardín ameno de San José_, and _Empeños del poder y amor a Dios_, in Firmín de Irisarri, _Vida de Alloza_ and in Mendiburu, _Dic. hist. biog. del Perú_.
[186] Some of Menacho’s works are: _Summa theologiae Sancti Thomae_, six volumes; _Theologiae moralis tractatus_, two volumes; _Tractatus de preceptis ecclesiae_; _Privilegios de la Compañía de Jesús_; _Privilegios de los Indios_; _Rentas eclesiásticas_; _Preeminencias de las iglesias catedrales respecto de sus sufragáneas_; and a considerable number of works dealing with the doctrines and administration of the Church. Among the historical references to Menacho are those found in the _Mercurio peruano_, No. II, by José Rosi y Rubi; in _Vida de Alloza_, by Padre Irisarri; in _De virtute fidei divinae_, by Padre Leonardo Peñafiel; in _Del amor de Dios_, by Adrián Alesio; in _Vida de Santo Toribio_, by León Pinelo; in _El sol del Nuevo Mundo_, by Montalvo; in the _Estrella de Lima_, by Echave y Assu; in the _Crónica franciscana_ by Córdoba Salinas; and in _Varones ilustres_, by Juan Anello Oliva.
[187] Vergara says, “la muerte de diez y ocho hijos y de su esposa.”—_Historia de literatura en N. Granada_, 188.
[188] The following are some of the works of Fernando de Vergara: _Resoluciones morales, o explicación de los contratos en común y en particular_; _Cuestiones canónicas_; _Sermones de la santísima Virgen y de los santos_; _Breve noticia de la congregación de Nuestra Señora del Socorro_; _Dictamen de prudencia de nuestro padre San Ignacio de Loyola_; _Novena de San Agustín, doctor de la Iglesia_. The following are titles of José de Vergara’s works: _El sacerdote instruido_; _Historia de las capellanías fundadas por laicos y religiosos en este arzobispado_; _Sermones morales y doctrinales_; _Historia de Gedeón, Ester y la casta Susana_; _De las reliquias y veneración de los santos_; _Cuestiones del cabildo de Santafé_; _Reparos dignos de atención en la erección de parroquias_.
[189] _Historia de Santiago_, II, 161 n.
[190] _Tratado de la importancia y utilidad que hay en dar por esclavos a los indios rebelados de Chile._
[191] Mendiburu, _Dic. hist. biog. del Perú_, III, 81-84.
[192] Two of Carrasco’s works are _Interpretatio ad aliquas leges recopilationis regni Castellae_ (Seville, 1620), and _De casibus Curiae_ (Madrid, 1630).
[193] On this earthquake see Barros Arana, _Historia de Chile_, II, 415, 426-442; Moses, _Spanish Dependencies in South America_, II, 172-174.
[194] Other works by Pinelo are: Printed: _Aparato a la historia ... de la Ciudad de los Reyes, Lima, etc._, Madrid, 1631. _Diálogos de la pintura, etc._, Madrid, 1633. _Aparato político de las Indias occidentales, etc._, Madrid, 1653. _Vida del ... D. Toribio Alfonso Mogrovejo_, Madrid, 1653. _Autos, acuerdos y decretos del ... real consejo de las Indias_, Madrid, 1658. MSS.: _El paraíso en el Nuevo Mundo, commentario ... de las Indias occidentales_ (1656). _Historia de la villa imperial de Potosí, descubrimiento y grandeza de su rico cerro_; _El patriarcado: historia eclesiástico-política del Nuevo Mundo_; _El gran canciller de las Indias_; _Anales ... de Madrid, hasta el año 1658_.
[195] Concerning these abuses and excesses Juan and Ulloa in their _Noticias secretas de América_ give an extended account.
[196] Some of these are: _Vida de Santa Margarita_, Madrid, 1629; _El predicador de las gentes, San Pablo_; _Ciencia, preceptos y obligaciones de los predicadores_; _Panegírico de Felipe IV_; _El martirio de los que han padecido en las Indias por la fe_; _Viajes de los galeones de las Indias en 1607 con descripción de los puertos en que entraron_; _Parecer sobre la pintura_, Madrid, 1633; _El prudente confesor_, Valencia, 1645.
[197] The date of this book as given at the end of the dedication is Madrid, April 30, 1747.
[198] Some of the more noteworthy are: _Memorias de los virreyes que han gobernado el Perú durante el tiempo del coloniaje español_, Lima, 1859 (6 vols., ed. by M. A. Fuentes); _Relaciones de los virreyes y audiencias que han gobernado el Perú_, Lima, 1867-1872 (3 vols, ed. by Sebastián Lorente); _Memoria del virrey del Perú, Marqués de Avilés_, Lima, 1901 (ed. by Carlos Alberto Romero); _Relaciones de los virreyes del nuevo reino de Granada_ (ed. by García), New York, 1869; _Relaciones de mando_ (Bibl. de Hist. Nacional, VIII), Bogotá, 1910, a reprint of García’s publication with additions; See also Zinny, _Historia de los gobernadores de las provincias argentinas_, Buenos Aires, 1879, I, XLVII-XCVI.
[199] Rezabal y Ugarte, _Tratado del real derecho de las medias anatas seculares y del servicio de lanzas a que están obligados los títulos de Castilla_, Madrid, 1792.
[200] The full title of this book is _Itinerario para párrocos de Indios, en que se tratan las materias más particulares tocantes a ellos, para su buena administración_. It was published in Madrid in 1668, 1771; Lyons, 1678; Antwerp, 1698, 1726, 1737, 1754.
[201] See _Mercurio peruano_, No. 42, May 26, 1791. Mendiburu, _Dic. hist.-biog. del Perú_, V, 109-114.
[202] Medina, _Lit. col. de Chile_, II, 407.
[203] Medina, _Lit. col. de Chile_, II, 415; see also pp. 504-520.
[204] Medina, _op. cit._, II, 404.
[205] _Revista chilena_, I.
[206] Carvallo’s work was published (1875) about sixty years after his death in the _Colección de historiadores y documentos de Chile_, with an introduction on the life of Carvallo by M. L. Amunátegui; see also Barros Arana, _Obras completas_, IX, 222, 264, and Medina, _Historia de la literatura colonial de Chile_, II, 489-508.
[207] Vicuña Mackenna, _Relaciones históricas_, 40.
[208] See _The Spanish Dependencies in South America_, II, chap. 1.
[209] Among the notes made by General Mitre in his copy of this book is found the following remark: “Whoever may be the author, the journey is real and contains data and ‘noticias preciosas’ which can be found only in this work. The traveller was in Montevideo and Buenos Aires in 1749, and gives many details of the condition, customs, and inhabitants of these cities. Critical and humorous anecdotes are scattered throughout the work, and on arriving at Cuzco he inserts four discussions in the form of dialogues between the author and the visitador on the condition of the Indians, of whose character he makes a very sad picture.”
[210] A partial list of his writings is printed by Vergara in his _Historia de la literatura en Nueva Granada_, 234, 235.
[211] Marroquín, J. M., _Biografía de don Francisco Antonio Moreno_, in _El Mosaico_, iv, No. 7.
[212] _Papel periódico_ de Santafé de Bogotá, No. 22.
[213] For some account of Bravo’s writings see Lavalle in _Revista de Lima_.
[214] _Estudios biográficos y críticos_, 247.
[215] Medina, _Literatura colonial de Chile_, I, 314.
[216] _Ibid._ II, 324.
[217] The rest of the title is as follows: _en que se refiere el nacimiento, crianza y principales hechos del célebre don Plácido Arteta, compuesta por un íntimo amigo suyo, tan ignorante de las cosas del Parnaso que jamás ha subido a este monte, y aún apenas llegó alguna vez a sus faldas_.
[218] A diffuse discussion of the early Ecuadorian poets is found in Juan León Mera’s _Ojeada histórico-crítica sobre la poesía ecuatoriana_, 2nd ed. Barcelona, 1893.
[219] Gutiérrez, J. M., _Estudios biográficos y críticos_, p. 63, Buenos Aires, 1860.
[220] _Estudios biográficos y críticos_, 67-89.
[221] Gutiérrez, _Estudios biográficos y críticos_, 94.
[222] An available copy is found in the sixth volume of _Documentos literarios del Perú_ collected and arranged by Manuel de Odriozola, Lima, 1874.
[223] A biographical essay on Dr. Hipólito Unánue is printed in Odriozola’s _Documentos literarios del Perú_, VI, 535-548. That volume contains many of his discourses.
[224] A treatise on _quina_, by Sebastián Bado, was published in Genoa in 1663, entitled _Anastasis corticis peruvianae seu chinae defensio_, dealing also with its introduction into Europe.
[225] See Medina’s extended account of _El telégrafo mercantil_ in his _Historia y bibliografía de la imprenta en América española: Imprenta en Buenos Aires_, La Plata, 1892.
[226] _Anales de la biblioteca_, I, 48, 54. Buenos Aires.
Other known manuscripts by Haenke are:—_Descripción del reino de Chile_; _Observaciones sobre el volcán de Arequipa_; _Estudios de las aguas termales de Yura_; _Descripción de las montañas de indios yuracarées_; _Artículos sobre el molle y sobre un arbusto alcanforado_; _Itinerario de Oruro a Jujui_; _Planos de Chulamani y Omasuyos_.
INDEX
Abipones, 419
Academy, viceregal, 16; of history, 49; Royal Spanish, 267
Acosta (José de), 102-112; in Lima, 106, 107; provincial, 106; works, 108, 109; in Spain, 108; in Mexico, 108; Pliny of New World, 109; quoted on Panama canal, 109-111; on kinds of food, 111
Acosta (Joaquín), 218
Acosta (José), 346
Acuña (Cristóbal), 295, 358
Aguiar (Antonio), 391
Agüeros (P. G.), 512
Águila (Jufré del), 257, 497
Aguilar (Juan Bautista), 289
Aguirre (Francisco de), 159, 162
Aguirre (Juan B.), 545, 547
Aguirre (Lope de), 290, 292; his death, 317
Aguirre (Miguel de), 271, _et seq._, 509
Alcazava, 130
Alcedo (Antonio), 473, 515
Alcedo y Herrera (Dionisio), 514, 515
Alcocer (Hernando de), 182
Alderete (Jerónimo de), in England, 151, 159, 162
Alfonso de Aragón, 42
Alloza (Juan de), 449, 450
Almagro (Diego de), 58, 72, 79, 81, 114
Altamirano, S. V, 478
Alvarado (Pedro de), 78, 113
Álvarez de Acevedo (Tomás), 507
Amantes del país, 559, 569
Amat y Juniet, 496, 580
Amazon, exploration of, 290, 298; tributaries, 359
Anales del Cuzco, 355
Andagoya (Pascual de), 29, 55
Andrade (Alonso de), 353
Angelis (Pedro), 228, 416
Anglés y Gortari (M.), 426
Antequera, 413, 426
Antigua (Santa María del), 43
Antomas (Domingo), 456
Apolinar (Francisco), 454
_Araucana (La)_, see Ercilla y Zúñiga, (Alonso de)
_Araucana_ (of Toledo), 207
Araucanians, 145; war, 153, 161, 171, 186, 199, 252, 430
Arauco, 193; Indians of, 251
_Arauco domado_, 192
Arbieto (Ignacio de), 339
Arequipa, 70; earthquake at, 236
_Argentina (La)_, see Barco Centenera (Martín del)
Aristio, see Unánue
Artieda (Andrés), 295
Astete (Miguel de), 62
Asunción, 18, 224, 225, 226, 388; founded, 400; Vaca’s arrival, 401
Atahualpa, his capture, 62-64; his ransom, 65, 114, 116, 129; informed of Spaniards’ arrival, 132; ordered Huascar killed, 135; gathering the ransom, 387
Atienza (Juan de), 346
Audiencias, 2, 126, 470; of Chile, 279
Auditor de guerra, 553
Austria (Don John of), 117, 165
Auto de fe of 1639, 328
Aymará, Translations into, 436
Baides (Marqués de), 281
Balboa (Cabello de), 144
Bandier (Padre), 426
Baños y Sotomayor (Diego de), 377
Baquijano y Carrillo (J. de), 572
Barcia (Andrés González de), 359, 478
Barco Centenera (Martín del), 4, 222, _et seq._
Barnuevo, see Peralta Barnuevo (Pedro de)
Barrasa (Jacinto), 340
Barrenechea y Albis (Juan), 331, 548
Barros Arana (Diego de), 76, 96, 150, 184, 197; on Bascuñán, 250; on Tesillo, 287, n.
Bascuñán (Pineda y), see Núñez de Pineda y Bascuñán (Francisco de)
Benalcázar, 84, 213
Benzoni (Girolamo), 96, _et seq._
Bertonio (Ludovico), 107
Bogotá, founding of, 9; Jesuits in, 353; Royal library, 532; intellectual centre, 534; theatre of, 545
Bollo, see Torres Bollo (Diego de)
Books, 3; making and selling of, 10; importation of, 10; to be sent to the Council of the Indies, 11; printed in Spain, 12; on America, 13
Born (Prof. J.), 574
Bravo de Lagunas y Castilla (Pedro José), 543
_Brevísima relación_, see Las Casas (Bartolomé de)
Brunswick (Duke of), 166
Buendía (José), 341
Buen Gusto (Society of), 544
Buenos Aires, 9, 18, 23, 211, 225, 226; founded, 235, 246, 260, 400, 422; charge against, 571
Bustamante Carlos (Calixto), 526, _et seq._
Cabello (Francisco Antonio), 570
Cabello de Balboa (Miguel), 144
Cabeza de Vaca (Alvar Núñez), See Núñez Cabeza de Vaca (A.)
Cabo de la Vela, 214
Cajica (Juan), 452
Calancha (Antonio de la), 300, 304-307; prior in Trujillo, 304; in _Lima fundada_, 305, n.; Barrasa refers to, 340; judged, 307; on Cajica’s MSS., 452
Calderón (Melchor), 463
Calero y Moreyra, 559
Callao, 106, 384
Campo (Francisco del), 200
Canary Islands, 96, 381
Cañete (Marqués de), 126, 162
Caracas (town of), 380
Carbajal (Francisco de), 86, 437
Cárdenas (Santiago), 580
Cardiel (José), 421
Caro (M. Antonio), 215, 448
Carrasco del Saz (Francisco), 465
Cartagena, 29, 83, 97, 214, 217; Jesuit house of, 302, 316; in seventeenth century, 352; slaves at, 352; fleet of, 373; inquisition at, 390
_Cartas, anuas_, 312
_Cartas edificantes_, 312
Carrión de Lavandera (Alonso), 527
Carvallo y Goyeneche (Vicente), 500, 503; O’Higgins opposes, 504; life of, 505; in Madrid, 506, 507; at Buenos Aires, 507; death and legacy, 508
Casa de Contratación, 1
Cassani (José), 390
Casteldosríus (Marqués de), 16, 514
Castel-Fuerte (Marqués de), 426
Castellanos (Juan de), 213, 214; quoted, 215; works, 217; his verses, 218; on Drake, 220; _Elegías_, 292
Castel Rodrigo (Marqués de), 240
Castilla de Oro, 46, 57
Castillo (Francisco del), 341
Castillo y Guevara (Josefa), 382
Castro (Teresa de), 190
Castro (Vaca de), see Vaca de Castro
Catoldino (José de), 405
Caupolicán, 173
Caupolicán II, 209
_Cautiverio feliz_, see Núñez Pineda y Bascuñán (F.)
Cavanilles (Antonio José), 309
Cavendish (Thomas), 203, 255
Censorship, 11
Césares (Ciudad de los), 510
Chalco Chima, 134
Charcas (prov. of), 68, 225
Charles III, 449, 485
Charles V, 151
Charlevoix (P. F. X. de), 423
Charrúas, 233
Chibchas, 211
Chile, towns of, 24; state of, 145, 163, 430; progress in, 145; frontier of, 145; wars in, 169, 244; Jesuits in, 245, 246, 250, 257, 258; audiencia of, 279, 481, 486; embraced in prov. of Paraguay, 303
Chilean history, Chap. IX; wars, 218; affairs, 252, 279, 284
Chillán, 203, 205
Chimpa Ocllo, 114
Chinchona, (bark), see Quina
Chiquitos, 425
Chiriguanos, 106, 129, 471
Chuquisaca, 224, 339
Church, Influence of, 12, 13; Council of Lima, 107; Spanish, in sixteenth century, 236; on dress reform, 238; Fathers of, 442, 500; in the State, 487, 488
Cieza de León (Pedro), 83, 84; writings, 85; journey, 85-87; Potosí fair, 87-89; Inca history, 92-94, 114, 158, 398
Cisneros (José Luis), on Venezuela, 379; trade of Venezuela, 380-382
Cisneros (Padre), 560
Clara (Doña), 522
Claver (Padre Pedro), 352
Clergy, immorality of, 367
Cobo (Bernabé), 307, _et seq._
Colocolo, 174, _et seq._
Colonies, Brit. and Span. compared, 25-27; Spanish, 25, 245; British, 245, 246
Columbus (Christopher), 42, 325
Columbus (Diego), 45
Commerce, 22
Comuneros, 426, 538
Concepción, 258; destruction of, 268, 270, 286, 332; See of, 430; fortified, 344, 439, 499
Concolorcorvo, see Bustamante Carlos (Calixto)
Condamine (La), see La Condamine (C. M.)
Contreras (Jerónimo de), 7
Corral Calvo de la Torre (Juan del), 481
Corregidores, 2, 362
_Cortés valeroso_, 210
Cosme Bueno (Dr.), 568
Council of the Indias, 1, 9, 21, 12, 40, 61, 246, 296, 321, 330, 462, 471, 479, 484; on Moreno’s schools, 537
Court (viceregal), 127
Creoles, 17, 21; in Lima, 104
Crespo (Nicolás), 553
Crusada (Tribunal of the), 103, 466
Cruz (Francisco de la), 451
Cueva Ponce de León (Alonso de la), 542
Cusi Yupanqui, 134
Cuzco, 56, 80, 81, 114, 115, 116, 118; buildings at, 122-124; fortress of, 123, 128, 136; clergy of, 225; Jesuit college at, 393; University at, 451; Audiencia of, 489; compared with Lima, 528
Darien, 44
_Diario erudito_, 559
Díaz del Castillo (Bernal), 398
Dobrizhoffer (Martin), 419
Domínguez Camargo (Hernando), 322
Drake (Francis), 130, 333; _Discurso_ on, 220, 336; as a divine agent, 433
Dress, decrees on, 238
_Droits de l’homme_, 540
Durán (Rodrigo), 83
Durán (P. Nicolás), 406
Dutch invade Chile, 271; exped. against, 272; expeditions, 274, 285
Earthquakes, (1575), 155; (1647), 466
Echave y Assu (Francisco), 342
Education, 14, 492
_El Carnero_, see Rodríguez Fresle
Enciso, see Fernández de Enciso
Encomenderos, 34
Enríquez de Guzmán (Alonso), 73
Ercilla y Zúñiga (Alonso de), 4; quoted, 76, n., 159; Fortunio, father of, 160; knowledge of languages, 161; in Chile, 162, 163; condemned by García de Mendoza, 164; marriage, 164; first part of _La Araucana_ published, 164; second part published, 165; third part published, 168; in Italy, 165; Portuguese war, 167; melancholy, 167; _Araucana_ quoted, 175-178; character, 179; limited knowledge of Indians, 180; his philosophy, 180; quoted, 181; view of, 183-189; _Araucana_ continued, 208, 209; stage character, 210, 217, 218, 229, 497
Escalona y Agüero, 473, _et seq._
Escobar (Bartolomé de), 154
Escobedo y Alarcón (Jorge), 484, _et seq._
Escudero (Padre), 550
Espada (Jiménez de la), see Jiménez de la Espada
_Estado político del Perú_, 482
Estrella (Cristóbal Calvete de), 76, n.
“Eutropélica,” 543
Eyzaguirre (José Ignacio Victor), 252
Falcón (Francisco), 464
Falkner (Thomas), 419
Federmann (Nicolaus), 213
Feuillée (Louis), 361
Fernández (Diego), 75
Fernández (José), 353
Fernández (Juan), 101
Fernández (Juan Patricio), 425
Fernández de Campino (José), 497, 512
Fernández de Enciso (Martín), 54
Fernández de Oviedo (Gonzalo), 37, 41, _et seq._
Fernández de Madrid (José), 545
Fernández de Piedrahita (Lucas), 212, 348, _et seq._
Fernández de Quiros (Pedro), 322
Fernández Duro (Cesáreo), 376
Fernández Ortelano (Manuel), 551
Figueroa, see Suárez de Figueroa
Flood, tradition of, 142
Flores de Valdés (Diego), 131
Flórez, viceroy of N. G., 538
Flórez de Ocáriz (J.), 353
Fresle, see Rodríguez Fresle
Frezier, 361, 497
Frías Herrán (Juan de), 346
Fritz (Samuel), 358
_Gaceta de Lima_, 560
Gaetano, nuncio in Spain, 273
Gallinato, see Ojeda Gallinato
Garay (Juan de), 223, 235
García (Ignacio), 457
Garcilaso de la Vega, 82, 86, 105; on his ancestry, 113; at Cuzco, 115; sources of his history, 116; in Spain, 117; his works, 118-124; Markham on, 120; his memory, 120; accuracy, 121; Prescott on, 122; on destruction by Spaniards, 124, 158, 328; visited by Oré, 437
Garzón de Tahuste (A.), 321, _et seq._
Gasca (Pedro de la), 78, 85, 97, 102, 153
Gil de Taboada Lemus, 558, 576
Girón (Francisco Hernández), see Hernández Girón (Fr.)
Gobeo de Victoria (Pedro), 327
_Gobierno eclesiástico pacífico_, 12
Gómez de Vidaurre (Felipe), 513
Góngora Marmolejo (Alonso de), 147, 150
González (Roque), 405
González de Agüeros (Pedro), 512
González de la Rosa (Manuel), 92, 309
González de Nájera (A.), 247
González Gutiérrez (Juan), 447
González Holguín (Diego de), his Quichua grammar, 107
González Laguna (Padre F.), 564
González Suárez (F.), 378
Granja (Conde de la), 333
Groussac (Paul), 416
Gruesso (José María), 543
Guaraní, Translation into, 230
Guadalcázar (Marqués de), 239, 276
Guatemala, 80, 97, 98, 113; audiencia of, 479
Guerra (Alonso, Bishop of Paraguay), 225
Guevara (José), 415
Guill y Gonzaga, 505
Guipuzcoa Co., 379
Guirior, viceroy, 536, 538
Gutiérrez (J. M.), on Caviedes, 337; on Aguirre, 547; on “Siripo,” 557; on _Telégrafo mercantil_, 572
Guzmán (Alonso Enríquez de), see Enríquez de Guzmán (A.)
Guzmán (Fernando de), 290
Haenke (Tadeo), 579; crosses America, 575; joins Tafalla, 576; long Pacific voyage, 577; remains in America, 577; his writings, 578; last years and death, 579; judgment on, 579
Hakluyt Society, 62, 92, 131, 137, 141, 323, 329
Haro (García de), 442
Harrisse (Henry), 49
Heredia (Gov.), 83
Herrera (Antonio de), 497
Hernández (Custodio), 320
Hernández Girón (Francisco), 75; rebellion of, 126, 161, 437
Holguín, see González Holguín (D.)
Huascar, 129, 134
Huayna Capac, 114, 129
Hurtado de Mendoza (Andrés), 75, 103, 126, 159, 162
Hurtado de Mendoza (García), 159, 162, 178, 185, 189, 301, 429
Imola, Jesuits at, 496
Incas, kingdom, 56, 137; administration of, 138, 139, 327; history, 92; origin of, 116, 128; coronation of, 133, n.; rites and laws, 142; marriage, 143; rule of, 289, 345; tribute, 465
Indians, 2; languages, 13, 17, 436; work of, 30, 40; Chiriguana, 106, 129, 471; Tallanas, 133; Customs, 142; Paraguay, 223; Araucanians, 162, 257; Policy, 277, _et seq._; in Peru, 289, 365, 479; of the Llanos, 387; Chilean, 463, _et seq._
Inquisition, 3, 7, 13, 390
Jacquin (Nicolas), 574
Jaquijaguana, battle of, 115
Jauja, 68, 85; valley of, 429
Jerez (Francisco de), 61
Jesuits, 6; printing by, 8; as educators, 15; founder of, 196; as missionaries, 280, 408, 426; writings, 312; in Paraguay, 404; expulsion, 15, 418, 531, 536
Jesuit’s Bark, see Quina
Jiménez de la Espada (M.), 92, 213, 305
Jiménez de Quesada (Gonzalo), 211; his march, 213; writings, 216; _Compendio historial_, 375
Jodar (Luis), 353
Jolís (José), 421
Juan (Jorge), 361, 369, 515
Juana (Queen), 43
Juárez (Gaspar), 422
Jufré del Águila (Melchor), 497
Juli, press at, 8; Jesuits at, 106, 301
Julián (Antonio), 392
Koenig (Dr. Juan Ramón), 568
Labrador (Padre José Sánchez), see Sánchez Labrador (J.)
La Condamine (Charles Marie), 359, 361
Lacunza (Manuel), 456
Ladrón de Guevara, 514
La Paz, 517, 521
Larrea (A. and J.), 552
Lartain (Bishop), 225
Las Casas (Bartolomé de), 29, _et seq._, 493
Lasso de la Vega (Gabriel), 210
Lavarden (Juan Manuel de), 553
Lazo de la Vega (Gov.), 279
Lecuanda, José Ignacio, 564
Lemos (Conde de), 354
Lemos (Jerónima de), 205
León y Bezerra (Antonio de), Bishop, of Arequipa, 354
León y Garabito (Andrés de), 410
León (Cieza de), see Cieza de León (P.)
León (Gregorio de), 276
León Pinelo (A. de), 477
León Pinelo (D. de), 479
León Pinelo (Juan de), 480
Lerma (Duque de), 301
Libraries (National), Bogotá, 212; Lima, 142; Madrid, 142
Lima, 13, 15, 69; Gonzalo Pizarro, 77, 103; under early viceroys, 127; capital, 145, 191; court at, 225; dress reform, 238; compared with Cuzco, 528
_Lima fundada_, see Peralta Barnuevo (P. de)
Lisperguer (Pedro de), 148; sent to Lima, 202
Lizárraga (Bishop), 428, _et seq._
Llano y Zapata (José Eusebio de), 491
Loaysa (Gregorio de), 449
Lope de Vega, 210
López (Padre), 550
Louis XIV, 360
Louis XV, 370
Lovera, see Mariño de Lovera (Pedro)
Loyola (Gov.), 430
Lozano (Francisco), 568
Lozano (Pedro), 411, 426
Lozano, Archbishop of Lima, 432
Lugo (Gov.), 212
Luque (Padre), 58
Lyra (Gonzalo), 346
Machado de Chávez (Pedro), 454, 467
Mackenna (Vicuña), see Vicuña Mackenna (B.)
Madrid (José F.), see Fernández de Madrid (José)
Magellan (Strait of), 130
Mainas, Mission of, 358
Malaspina exped. of, 564, 573, _et seq._
Mamelucos, 425
Mancera (Marqués de), 271
Manco Capac, 128
Mapa de Chile, 276
Mapocho (Flood of the), 551
Maracaybo, 379
Marcellos (Bishop), 356, 492
Margarita (Island of), 97, 214, 381
Marín (Domingo), 391
Mariño de Lovera (Pedro), 147, 150, _et seq._
Markham (Sir Clements R.), 55, 92; Introduction to _Rites and Laws_, 120, 131, 142, 296, 323
Marmolejo, see Góngora Marmolejo
Martel (Julián), 434
Martínez de Bernabé (Pedro Usauro), 510
Martínez de Irala (D.), 402, 404
Martínez de Vela (Bartolomé), 519, 522
Martín García (Island of), 223
Matienzo (Juan), 106, 467, 470
Maturana (Julián), 356
Mbayas (Lang. of), 424
Medina (J. T.), on Valdivia’s _Cartas_, 147; on editions of _La Araucana_, 168, n.; on Oña, 195; on Álvarez de Toledo, 206; on Osorio’s work, 208, 251; on Tesillo, 286, 497
Medina del Campo, 96, 105
Medina Sidonia (family of), 275
Medrano (Francisco de), 378
Meléndez (Juan), 391, 434, n.
_Memorias_ by viceroys, 483, 484, n.
Menacho (J. P.), see Pérez de Menacho (J.)
Mendaña, adelantado, 186, 323, 325
Méndez (Andrés), 277
Mendiburu, 239, 384, etc.
Mendieta (Alonso), 195
Mendoza (Antonio de), 103, 153
Mendoza (Andrés Hurtado de), see Hurtado de Mendoza (Andrés)
Mendoza (García Hurtado de), see Hurtado de Mendoza (García)
Mendoza Monteagudo (Juan de), 197; quoted, 198
Mendoza (Pedro de), 400
Menéndez y Pelayo, 382
Meneses (Francisco de), gov., 285
“Mercurio peruano,” 560, 568, _et seq._
Mercy (Order of), 275, 333, 359
Mesía Venegas (Alonso), 313, _et seq._
“Mexicana (La),” 210
Millaleubu (Pancho), 548
Mira Montes Suasola (Juan de), 386
Missions to Spain, 247
Mogrovejo (Archbishop), 225, 236, 342
Mojos and Chiquitos, 578
Molina (Cristóbal de), of Santiago, 71, 139
Molina (Cristóbal de), of Cuzco, 71, 139
Molina (Juan Ignacio), 185, 512
Montalvo (Francisco Antonio de), on Ovalle, 267
Montenegro, see Peña Montenegro (Alonso de la)
Montesinos (Fernando), 328
Montoya (Ruiz de), see Ruiz de Montoya
Morelli (Cyriacus), see Muriel (Domingo)
Moreno (Dr. Gabriel), 567, 568
Moreno (José Ignacio), 568
Moreno (Pedro de), 509
Moreno (René), 307, n. 12
Moreno y Escandón (Francisco Antonio), 536-538
Morgan, Invasion of, 354; and Piedrahita, 350
Muriel (Domingo), 37, 422
Mutis (J. C.), 532, 538; on Quina, 567, 582
Nájera, see González de Nájera
Nariño (José Antonio Ignacio Vicente), 534, 539; disciples, 543, 583
New Granada, 243; Jesuits in, 245, 302; printing in, 322; viceroyalty of, 378, 392
News-sheets, 6
Nicaragua, 46, 97
Nicolas (Alex.), 185
Nicolás de la Rosa (José), 392
Nieremberg (Juan Eusebio), 8
Nombre de Dios, 46, 97, 106
Noronha (Governor), 295
Nuix (Giovanni), 37
Núñez Cabeza de Vaca (Alvar), 395
Núñez de Pineda y Bascuñán (Francisco), 249, 331, 548
Núñez de Vela, 77, 95, 115
Obando (Baltasar de) (Bishop Lizárraga), 429
Obando (Nicolás de), 31
Ocampo, see Rodríguez de Ocampo (D.)
Odriozola (M. de), 335, 341
O’Higgins (Ambrosio), 497, 504, 506
Ojeda (Tomás Thayer), 140
Ojeda Gallinato (Diego), 347
Olavarría (Tomás de), 205, 277
Olavarría (Miguel de), 276
Olavarrieta (F. A.), 569
Oliva (Padre Anello), 345
Olivares (Miguel de), 193; career, 494, _et seq._
Olmos (Juan de), 378, n. 3
Oña (Pedro de), 190, _et seq._
Oñate (Pedro de), 261
Ondegardo, see Polo de Ondegardo
Orders, religious, 535; military, 257
Oré, (Luis Jerónimo de), 435
Orejuela (M. J. de), 512
Orinoco, 379, 388
_Orlando Furioso_, 182
Orosz (Ladislaus), 421
Orozco (José), 552
Orozco (Manuel), 553
Ortal (Gov.), 96
Ortega (Manuel de), 405
Ortega Sotomayor (Pedro), 440
Ortega Texada y Contreras (José de), 279, n. 15
Ortelano (Fernández), see Fernández Ortelano (M.)
Ortiguera (Toribio de), 291, 316
Osorio (Diego de Santistevan), see Santistevan Osorio (Diego de)
Ovalle (Alonso de), 260, _et seq._
Oviedo Herrera y Rueda (Antonio Luis), 333
Oviedo y Baños (José de), 376
Pachacamac, 62
Padilla y Pastrana (Juan de), 479
Páez (E.), 302, 346
Palata (Duque de), 337
Palma (Ricardo), 226; on Caviedes’ poems, 337; _Anales de Cuzco_, 355, 581
Panama, 45, 71, 97; canal, 110; Audiencia of, 255, 411
Paraguay, Chap. XIII; Indians in, 223, 407, 425; system in Llanos, 387; govt. of, 397; missionaries, 408, 425; natural hist. of, 424
Paredes (García de), 319
Pastells (Padre Pablo), 413
Pastor (Juan), 408
Pastrana (Antonio José), 450, n. 13
Pauke (Florian), 419
Paul V, 439
Pavón (Pedro), 562
Pearl-fishing, 50
Pedrarias Dávila, 43, 55
Peña Montenegro, bishop of Quito, 144, 488
Peñalosa Mondragón (Benito), 70
Peralta Barnuevo (Pedro de), 4, 16, 383, _et seq._
Peramás (José Manuel), 421
Pérez de Menacho (Juan), 453
Pérez de Salazar (Alonso), 320
Pérez García (José), 500
Peru, 2, 5; printing in, 6; discovery of, 57; in 1557, 126; history, 144, 161; Jesuits in, 245, 250; viceroyalty of, 485; upper, 519
Peruvians, ancient sacrifices, 69
Philip (Prince), 78, 151
Philip II, 160, 167, 190, 225, 429
Philip III, 438, 471
Philip IV, 296, 471
Philip V, 360; elegy on death of, 546
Philippines, 323, 576
Piedrahita, see Fernández de Piedrahita (L.)
Pietas (Jerónimo), 279, n. 15
Piñas (Baltasar de), 280, 346
Pineda y Bascuñán, 249, 331
Pineda (Juan de), 164
Pinelo, see León Pinelo (Antonio de), (Diego de) and (Juan de).
Piñeres, Q., 538
Pinuer (Ignacio), 511
Pizarro (Francisco), 48, 56, 61, 67, 78, 114; Huascar’s dispute, 134; his invasion, 385
Pizarro (Gonzalo), 75, 77, 85, 115; rebellion, 126; exped., 292; execution, 95, 437
Pizarro (Hernández), 62
Pizarro (Pedro), 70
Poetry, nature of, 240
Polanco de Santillana, 466
_Política indiana_, 471
Polo de Ondegardo (J.), 106, 135, _et seq._
Ponce de León (Francisco), 275, 359
Ponce de León (Alonso de la Cueva), see Cueva Ponce de León (Alonso de la)
Popayán, 55, 85, 217
Portillo (Ruiz), 106, 346
Porto Bello, 371
Porto Rico, 97, 381
Potosí, 23; fair at, 87; diagnosed according to astrology, 306
Prescott (W. H.), 136
Printing, 5, _et seq._; obstacles to, 13, 462
Pueblo de los Angeles, 480
Quesada (Jiménez de), see Jiménez de Quesada (Gonzalo)
Quesada (V. G.), 520
Quevedo (Bishop), 54
Quevedo, the Chilean, 550
Quichua, Translations into, 141; _Rituale_, 436
Quilacán, 205
Quina, 566, _et seq._
Quiroga (Jerónimo de), 343
Quiroga (José), 421
Quiroga (Rodrigo de), 148
Quiros, see Fernández de Quiros (P.)
Quito, printing at, 9, 18; Alvarado’s exped. to, 114; insurrection, 191
Ramírez (Francisco Javier), 392
Ramón (García), 200
Ramusio (Giovanni Battista), 65
Recabarren (Martín de), 279, n. 15
_Revista chilena_, 140, 142
Rezabal y Ugarte (José), 486
Ribera (Governor), 259
Ricardo (Antonio), 5
Rimac (Valley of), 311
Río de Janeiro, 131, 223
Río de la Plata, prov. of, 224; explorers, 233, 243; viceroyalty of, 485, 578
_Río Lima al río Tibre_, 194
Ríos (Pedro de los), 46
Rivero (Juan), 388
Rodríguez (F. Antonio), 543
Rodríguez (Manuel S.), _El Marañón_, 357, 543
Rodríguez de Ocampo (Diego), 321, n. 18
Rodríguez Fresle (Juan), 320
Rojas (A.), 379
Rojas y Fuentes (José Basilio), 499
Romana y Herrera (Felipe), 378
Romero (C. A.), 139
Romero (Juan), 346
Rosa (González de la), see González de la Rosa (M.)
Rosales (Diego de), 281
Rudolph, king of Hungary, 165
Ruiz (Hipólito), 564
Ruiz (Pedro), 581
Ruiz del Prado, 225
Ruiz de Montoya (Antonio), 407
Saint Augustine (Order of), 255
Salamanca, 302, 567
Salas (J. P.), 496
Salazar (Alonso Pérez de), see Pérez de Salazar (A.)
Sánchez (Juan Bautista), 393
Sánchez Labrador (José), 422
Sancho (Pedro), 64
San Cristóbal (hill), 581
Sandoval (Vásquez de), see Vásquez de Sandoval (Fr.)
San Gabriel (port), 232
San Marcos, University of, 7, 383, 568
San Martín (Tomás), 67
San Martín (college), 339
San Miguel, 57
San Nicolás (Andrés de), 447
Santa Catalina, island, 223, 229, 396
Santa Cruz (Marqués de), 254
Santa Marta, 43, 212, 214, 217, 351; trade of, 379
Santamaría de Manrique (Manuela), 544
Santa Rosa (Vida de), 333
Santa Teresa, 382
Santa y Silva (Juan José de), 279
Santiago (Molina of), see Molina (Cristóbal de)
Santiago (Order of), 152, 165
Santiago, vision of, 154
Santiago de Chile, 16, 18; its society, 261; Ayuntamiento, 343
Santistevan Osorio (Diego de), 208
Santo Domingo, 28, 31, 45, 47, 50; audiencia of, 62, 68, 71
Sarmiento de Gamboa (Pedro), 105, 125, _et seq._; on Atahualpa, 132, 134, 204, 328
Schirmbeck (Adam), 406
Schmidel (Ulrich), 398, _et seq._
Sebastián (Juan), 346
Segurola (Sebastián de), 517
Serrano (Joseph), 8
Sesa (Duke of), 326
Seville, 254
Silva (José), 451
Simón (Pedro), on Ursúa’s exped., 291; life and work, 314, 392, 535, _et seq._
Solano (Francisco), 194; vida de, 438
Solís Valenzuela (Pedro de), 447
Solomon Islands, 325
Solórzano Pereira (Juan), 471, _et seq._
Sorata, 518
Sosa (Pedro de), 279, n. 15
Soto (Hernando de), 55
Soto (Capt.), 80
Sotomayor (Alonso de), 199, 205, 254, 331
Spanish, rule, 13, 158; colonies, 248; goods in S. A., 290, 478; Sp. Am. sentiment, 569; absolutism, revolt against, 583
Suárez (Francisco), 339, 378
Suárez de Figueroa (Cristóbal de), 185, _et seq._
Tafalla (Juan), 564
Tahuste, see Garzón de Tahuste
Talavera (Manuel Antonio), 9
Tapia (Francisco de), 47
Techo (Nicolás de), 396, 408, 497
_Telégrafo mercantil_, 570
Ternaux-Compans, 144, 329, 346
_Tertulia poética_, 560
Tesillo (Santiago de), 285, 497
Texeira (Pedro de), 295, 358
Tierra Firme, 29, 43, 50, 97, 217; _Conquista_, 291, 354
Timbu (tribe of), 554
Titicaca (Lake), 87, 106; Indians of, 273
Toledo (Álvarez de), 199, 204, _et seq._
Toledo (Francisco de), 103, 106, 130, 136, 141, 429
Toledo y Leiva (Pedro de), Marqués de Mancera, 271
Toribio (Santo), 342
Toro (Juan Bautista de), 448
Torre (Juan del Corral Calvo de la), see Corral Calvo de la Torre, (Juan del)
Torres (Bernardo), 391, 446
Torres (Cristóbal de), 447, n. 9
Torres (José), 456
Torres (Archbishop M. N.), 349
Torres Bollo (Diego de), 300; _Breve relación_, 406
Torres de Vera y Aragón, 224
Torres y Portugal (Fernando de), 254
Trujillo, 354, 565
Tucumán, 303
Tula Bazán (Padre de), 458
Tunja, 214, 389
Tupac Amarú, 429, 485
Ullauri, Juan, 553
Ulloa (Antonio de), 361, 369, 497
Unánue (Dr. José Hipólito), 561, 572
Urquiza (Juan de), 314
Urrea (Jerónimo de), 182
Ursúa (Pedro de), 127, 290
Vaca de Castro (Cristóbal), 69
Vaca de Vega (Diego), 358
Vadillo (Juan de), 83
Valdés (Flores de), 131, 198, 200
Valdés (José María), 543
Valdez de la Vanda (Diego), 260
Valdivia (Luis de), 259, 266, 280
Valdivia (Pedro de), 146, 151, 158, 260, 270
Valdivia, 145; earthquake, 155, 163, 191, 275
Valladolid, 49, 395
Valle y Caviedes (Juan del), 335
Vargas (Hinestrosa de), 113
Vargas Machuca (Bernardo de), 36
Vásquez (Francisco), 290; on Lope de Aguirre, 292, 316
Vásquez (Tomás), 126
Vásquez de Contreras (Diego), 182
Vásquez de Sandoval (Padre Francisco), 443
Vega (Lazo de la), see Lazo de la Vega
Vega Carpio (Lope Felix de), 210
Velasco (Juan de), 552
Velasco (Martín), 347
Venegas (Alonso Mesía), see Mesía Venegas (A)
Venezuela, 217; Aguirre in, 290; trade of, 380; Cisneros on, 379
Vera y Aragón (Torres de), see Torres de Vera y Aragón
Vergara Azcárate (Fernando de), 454
Vergara Azcárate (José), 455
Vergara y Vergara, 213; on Castellanos, 218, 351; on Madre Castillo, 383; on San Nicolás, 447
Velásquez (Gov.), 31
Viceroys, 2, 16, 239; decree on dress, 237; in Lima, 238; Memorias, 484
Vicuña Mackenna (Benjamín), 456
Viescas (Ramón), 552
Vieytes (J. H.), 573
Villagra (Francisco de), 159, 162
Villar (Count), 313
Villarroel (Gaspar de), 12, 435, 439, _et seq._
Villegas (Capt.), 77
Viracocha, 133
Virgin (of Copacabana), 271
Volador (El), see Cárdenas (Santiago)
Welsers (Company of), 29
Winterling, 185
Yapuguay (Nicolás), 8, n. 2
Yupanqui (Inca), 114, 134
Zamacola (Juan Domingo de), 516
Zamora (Alonso de), 213, 322, 375; works, 392, 535
Zapata (Llano), see Llano y Zapata (J. E.)
Zapicán, 234
Zaragoza (Justo), 323
Zárate (Agustín de), 76, 328
Zárate (Ortiz de), 222, 229, 234
Zaratina de San Salvador, 223
Zea (Francisco Antonio), 538, 540
Zeballos, 518
Zevallos (Padre Javier), 459
Zinny (Antonio), 484, n. 8
Zúñiga (Juan de), 165