Part 1

Produced by Brian Coe, Ernest Schaal, and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images generously made available by The Internet Archive/American Libraries.)

SOUVENIR ALBUM _of the_ GREAT EUROPEAN WAR

WITH PICTORIAL MAP _of the_ BATTLEGROUNDS

COPYRIGHT 1914 THE OSBORNE COMPANY GENERAL OFFICES AND WORKS NEWARK N.J. OSBORNE ART CALENDARS

Introduction.

The pictures in this album are reproduced from actual photographs taken in Europe, many of which have already appeared, in more or less crude form, in the newspapers.

Believing that these photographs of men and events in the most stupendous war of the world's history possess a world wide interest, and will be of permanent historical value, we have reproduced them in the actual colors of life, and in form which is more worthy of preservation than the mere half tone newspaper cuts.

The pictures were published for sale in post cards. But when we saw how attractive they were, it occurred to us to gather them together in this album and present it to our customers.

Please accept it with our compliments, and as an expression of our appreciation of your confidence in us and of the business we have received from you.

THE OSBORNE COMPANY Osborne Art Calendars NEWARK, N. J. Largest Calendar Sales in the World

French Cuirassiers Helping a Wounded Comrade at St. Quentin

The cuirassiers are heavy cavalry for charging, not scouting. The French and German armies have each twelve regiments, and the Russians four. They are a survival of the 17th century, wearing steel cuirasses and helmets with horsehair plumes. Napoleon III's bodyguard, "Les Cents-Gardes," wore aluminum. They carry a long double-edged stabbing sword. St. Quentin was on the French route of retreat to Paris in the first stage of the war.

The Terrible Turcos--Native Algerians in the French Army

These are not negroes, but men of Berber origin with black beards and tanned faces. They are recruited in Algiers and are called "tirailleurs algieriens." Their headgear is the characteristic fez. The object resembling a football which they carry on the hip is a water bottle.

In the war of 1870 these troops became greatly feared and hated by the Germans, because of their trick of "playing possum" until the enemy passed and then springing up and striking from the rear. They are impetuous fighters, and the difficulty the French generals find in their employment is to hold them back at times when to charge the enemy is foolhardy.

Sharp Shooters of France

There are thirty battalions of "chausseurs alpins," who spend half each year in the French Alps. Each carries an alpenstock and a pack. They are among the hardiest and best trained French infantry, skilled with the rifle and in mountain warfare. Among the Vosges Mountains they tied themselves in trees, so when wounded they would not drop and betray their position.

The mule is a useful creature in time of war--especially in the commissary department, to carry pots, pans and provisions. Like the burro of the American southwest, the Alpine mule is a sure-footed climber.

The Famous Scots Greys

The Royal Scots Greys were the first regiment of dragoons raised in Great Britain (1681). There are now half a score of dragoon guard and dragoon regiments, all mounted and equipped as medium heavy cavalry. They are armed with carbine and sabre, and wear metal helmets (except the Scots Greys). This noted regiment has served with distinction in all parts of the world, and has already counted big in the British defense in France and Belgium. The "Grey" does not refer to the uniform, but to the horses, which all have their tails trimmed half-short.

The Grenadier Guards--British Veterans of the Boer War

In the Boer War the Grenadier Guards shared the brunt of the fighting, and it was in South Africa that their leader lost his arm.

The Prince of Wales is a second lieutenant in this regiment.

The building on the right of the picture is Buckingham Palace.

British Field Artillery at the Marne

This 18-pound ordnance is of English make, and will shoot both faster and farther than the Krupp guns. Its caliber is 3.3 inches, and the muzzle velocity 1,600 feet per second. The gunners are able to get away 29 shots per minute, while the German rate of fire is only twenty. The maximum effective range is 6,300 yards against 6,000 for any other gun of its class. Each gun and carriage weighs 2,690 pounds. There are six guns in a battery, and the number of rounds of ammunition normally issued is 176 per gun.

Canadian Troops Off for the War

The loyalty and enthusiasm of the Dominion at this critical time is very impressive. The picture shows the Ninetieth Winnipeg Rifles on the march from the training camp at Valcartier, eighteen miles north of Quebec--the largest practice encampment ever established in America. Many of Canada's soldiers are veterans of the British army; some saw service in South Africa; the rest are intelligent farmers' sons or young business men from the cities. Thirty-three thousand Canadians disembarked at Plymouth on October 14, with more to follow.

Exhausted French Dragoons Camping in Village Street

Dragoons were originally trained to fight either on horseback or afoot. Many of them carry bamboo lances, said to be even stronger than steel. The term "dragoon" probably comes from the dragon worked on the muzzle of the old carbine they used to carry, as dragons were supposed to spout fire. The bivouac on piles of straw, with weapons stacked ready for instant service, suggests vividly the condition of soldiers in the intervals of hard fighting. This is an actual scene on the line of retreat toward Paris.

German Field Artillery

The splendid "fitness" of the German artilleryman is illustrated by these vigorous, intelligent fellows, smiling at the photographer as he snapped them. They might be riding to a picnic, instead of to awful war. Their helmets are tipped with a brass ball instead of a spike such as the infantry have, in order that the eyes may not be injured when the men bend over the guns to aim them. The box, or caisson, on which two men are sitting, contains projectiles and equipment for use in serving the gun.

The Famous 75 Millimeter French Guns at the Marne

The French guns, by many military experts, are said to be superior to any other field artillery. Their bore is only 2.95 inches, but the initial velocity and accuracy are greater than the German guns, and their lightness makes them more mobile in action. A battery has about the same effect on an advancing line as a mowing-machine on a harvest field.

French Hussars at Rouen

The Hussars are light cavalry intended for scouting, and use much smaller horses than the cuirassiers. Many French race-horses were seized by the government for the use of these troops, and a maximum price of $200 was paid, though some of the thoroughbreds were valued at $10,000 by their owners.

In the background are seen the towers of the cathedral at Rouen, which is a quaint, old Norman town, the capital of William the Conqueror, before he crossed the Channel.

French Line Infantry Passing Monument of Napoleon

The monument is near the village of Vauchamps, where the French defeated Blucher and the Prussians on February 14, 1814. It is in the Department of the Marne: scene of the first victory of the allies in the present war.

Red caps and trousers have been the uniform of French soldiers since Napoleon's day, but they provide the enemy with a good target, and are poorly suited to modern campaigning. The Germans, however, gave France no time to equip her army with khaki, and the French soldiers took the field in their historic garb.

Terrible Uhlans

This variety of light cavalry was introduced into central Europe by the Tartars of Asia in the middle ages. They were armed with sabre, pistol and lance, at first carried in the left hand. The pennon is intended to frighten the enemy's horses, and identifies the men as Prussians. The Poles, Austrians, and Russians also adopted uhlans. In the Franco-Prussian War of 1870 they led the invasion of northern France, and won great fame by their fearless activity.

Feeding the Men in the Trenches--A German Field Bakery

Napoleon said "An army travels on its stomach." This is part of the wonderful German organization for supplying the men in the field with daily bread. Each wagon supplies 1,600 men--there are twenty-five with each army corps of 40,000. The war ration includes bread, biscuit, eggs, meat, beans, rice, dried vegetables, salt and coffee.

The German Defense Against the Airship--Krupp Gun on Motor

This is one of the deadly Krupp aeroplane guns, mounted on a Mercedes auto truck. The rear wheels are braced to steady the gun from vibration under the heavy shock of firing.

An aeroplane is a very difficult target, not only on account of its rapid flight, but also because the only vital spots are the engine and the passengers.

Crack Austrian Regiment from Vienna

Austrian military traditions are equal to any in Europe. In the sixteenth century they turned back the tide of Turkish conquest and saved Europe. Military service is compulsory on all able-bodied males from 20 to 42, and totals twelve years--three in the line, seven in reserve, and two in the "Landwehr." The long trousers worn by these troops show that they are recruited from the Germanic part of the empire--for the Austrian army, like the empire itself, contains men speaking twenty-six different languages.

Cossacks--The Rough Riders of Russia

The Cossacks of the river Don pay no taxes, but are liable to military service from eighteen to fifty, and each must furnish his own horse. They are wonderful riders, and excellent scouts or skirmishers. Their hollow circle formation is a favorite one for defense.

The government is so arranged as to furnish the largest military array on the shortest notice. In personal appearance, the Cossacks are more slender and handsomer than the Russians.

Russian Regulars on the March Through Galicia

Contrary to popular impression, the number of trained men in the Russian army is no greater than in the German. The number of recruits available is, of course, much larger.

The Russian infantry is famous for close fighting with the bayonet, which is made a part of the gun and cannot be removed. The faces of the men are a distinctively Slavic type. They are patient, enduring, brave, and fight with a stubborn tenacity which has wrecked the hopes of every general in history who attempted the invasion and conquest of their territory.

The Black Watch

"Faithful, constant, generous in the hour of victory, and endued with calm perseverance under trial and disaster," the Highlanders of Scotland have won conspicuous honor on England's many battlefields.

These are the men who are said in the present war to have repeated the famous charge made by their ancestors at Waterloo a century ago. Each infantryman, grasping the stirrup of a cavalryman of the Scots Greys, kept pace with the horses, as the two regiments rushed with terrific momentum against the hostile lines.

German Hussars in Brussels

Not all German cavalrymen are Uhlans. The Hussars also are light cavalry, adapted for reconnoitering. Both Uhlans and Hussars carry lances over ten feet long, made of a single steel tube drawn to a tempered point, with a pennon fluttering from it. In actual conflict these are usually removed. The color of the pennon shows from what state of the Empire the troopers come--the black-and-white ones in the picture show that they are Prussians.

England's Indian Regiment

Here is the pride of India's contingent, 70,000 native troops--Sikhs and Ghurkas from the Himalayas, Bengal lancers from the Ganges, and Mahrata infantrymen from the torrid central plains. They wear their turbans even in Europe, where the remainder of the uniform is khaki.

The helmeted officers are Englishmen. The Indians have already proved their courage and skill against the Germans. Like all the regulars of the British army, they are wonderful bayonet fighters.

A Detachment of the French Aviation Corps

The aeroplane is one of the factors that have revolutionized modern warfare. Its use for dropping bombs on hostile cities gives it a spectacular place in the news columns of to-day, but its real military value consists in scouting, getting the range for artillery, and preventing surprises by the enemy.

The French army is thoroughly equipped with the swiftest monoplanes in Europe, and the French are wonderful aviators--skillful, fearless, and resourceful.

One of Germany's Mammoth Zeppelins

These great dirigible airships, hundreds of feet long, were invented and perfected by the aged Count Zeppelin. They are effective within a range of one thousand miles. The German Empire has unquestionably surpassed all its rivals in Europe in the thorough application of the inventions of modern science to the making of war.

In the right background is seen the hangar, or shed, in which the craft is housed. The sheep have become accustomed to the hovering giant and feed quietly under it.

Ready for the Uhlans--Belgian Armored Motor Cars

The flat lowlands of Belgium and northern France are networked with perfect roads, making possible very rapid movement of troops. Armored motor cars have been much used by all the armies, especially as escorts for aviators. The car on the left carries a machine gun; the one on the right is simply armored with sheet steel to stand heavy fire.

The Belgians employed these cars extensively in the first month of the war, in their attempt to prevent the raids of the German cavalry.

The Prussian Crown Prince's Regiment

The Crown Prince is always colonel of the Death's Head Hussars, and when he had a "difference" with his father a few years ago, the Kaiser exiled him to his command at Danzig, where the regiment was permanently stationed. In state reviews the Crown Princess often appears in her Death's Head uniform as honorary colonel. Naturally, German noblemen are eager to join this regiment, which is one of the "crack" organizations of the Prussian army.

British Artillery Embarking for France

This is one of the barges used to carry horses and guns to the transport ship. The horses are then lifted into the vessel by means of a belt around their bellies. Some of the jackies have taken off their shoes and stockings and rolled up their trousers. The artilleryman, partly hidden behind his mount, is dressed in khaki.

Part of the Russian Steam Roller--One of the Czar's Crack Regiments

There are twelve regiments of Grenadiers of the Guard, all composed of big men. The picture shows a formal review, the regimental band playing parade music as the Guard marches by.

Only a few days before the war broke out, President Poincare, of France, reviewed these famous troops of the Czar in St. Petersburg--now Petrograd.

Canadian Royal Horse Artillery Mobilizing

This is part of Canada's splendid contribution to the defense of the motherland. The Royal Horse were among the first contingent of 33,000 to embark--Canada pledged 200,000 altogether.

Canadian horses are noted for their strength and beauty. They play a large part in the development of Canada's rich agricultural resources, and the Royal Artillery took the finest of Canadian horses across with them.

The Surprise of the War--The New German Siege Gun

These are the guns that battered Namur into ruins, reduced Meubeuge, and were employed in the capture of Antwerp. The Germans demonstrated their marvelous efficiency in the "art of war" by keeping the existence of these fort-destroyers a complete secret until they were ready to use them against Belgium and France.

The guns are transported in sections by rail as far as possible, and then by great traction engines. The block of wood in the cannon's mouth protects the chamber from dust and rust.

Belgian War Dogs

One of the most interesting sidelights of the war is the use of dogs to draw the Belgian "mitrailleuses." All who have visited Belgium have been surprised at the amount of work, such as hauling market wagons, performed by these animals. The rubber-tired gun carriage is in strange contrast with the bizarre appearance of the "dogs of war"--tired out after a stiff march.

Military and Naval Statistics of the European Powers at the Outbreak of the War

==================================================================== | Area | Population | Army | Men | | Square | | Regulars | | | Miles | | and Reserves | | -------------------------------------------------------------------- GREAT BRITAIN | 121,380 | 45,000,000 | 730,000 | 137,500 | FRANCE | 207,218 | 39,300,000 | 4,000,000 | 60,621 | RUSSIA | 8,650,000 | 160,000,000 | 5,500,000 | 52,463 | GERMANY | 208,830 | 64,900,000 | 5,200,000 | 66,783 | AUSTRIA | 115,903 | 49,400,000 | 2,000,000 | 17,581 | SERVIA | 23,661 | 4,000,000 | 240,000 | | BELGIUM | 11,373 | 7,300,000 | 222,000 | | NETHERLANDS | 12,582 | 5,900,000 | 180,000 | 11,164 | ITALY | 111,000 | 33,900,000 | 1,200,000 | 33,095 | SPAIN | 196,200 | 19,700,000 | 350,000 | 10,165 | NORWAY | 124,200 | 2,400,000 | 115,000 | 1,003 | SWEDEN | 172,900 | 5,400,000 | 450,000 | 5,715 | DENMARK | 15,582 | 2,700,000 | 70,000 | 4,000 | PORTUGAL | 34,600 | 5,400,000 | 150,000 | 6,000 | TURKEY | 11,100 | 2,000,000 | 700,000 | 30,000 | GREECE | 25,000 | 2,600,000 | 150,000 | 4,000 | SWITZERLAND | 15,976 | 3,300,000 | 275,000 | | ==============+============+==============+==============+=========+

==================================================================== NAVAL STRENGTH AIR FLEET ---------+---------+----------+-------+--------+--------+----------- | Battle- | Cruisers | Other | Diri- | Aero- | National | ships | | Craft | gibles | planes | Debt | | | | | | (1000s) | | | | | | ---------+---------+----------+-------+--------+--------+----------- GREAT | 67 | 122 | 380 | 9 | 400 | $3,695,854 BRITAIN | | | | | | FRANCE | 32 | 31 | 356 | 22 | 1,400 | 6,283,675 RUSSIA | 17 | 19 | 184 | 18 | 800 | 4,553,488 GERMANY | 39 | 61 | 225 | 40 | 1,000 | 1,177,418 AUSTRIA | 13 | 12 | 89 | 8 | 400 | 1,051,346 SERVIA | | | | | 60 | 128,078 BELGIUM | | | | 2 | 100 | 759,632 NETHER- | 6 | 11 | 53 | | | 467,709 LANDS | | | | | | ITALY | 16 | 20 | 133 | | | 2,706,609 SPAIN | 4 | 9 | 23 | | | 1,815,691 NORWAY | | 5 | 52 | | | 97,232 SWEDEN | | 1 | 75 | | | 162,428 DENMARK | 1 | 1 | 25 | | | 94,330 PORTUGAL | 1 | 6 | 30 | | | 968,324 TURKEY | 5 | 4 | 22 | | | 554,441 GREECE | 3 | 1 | 35 | | | 183,886 SWITZER- | | | | | | 23,614 LAND | | | | | | =========+=========+==========+=======+========+========+===========

DISTANCES IN MILES BETWEEN EUROPEAN CITIES.