Chapter 38

Chapter 389,724 wordsPublic domain

FROM THE PLAIN OF MIS'HAL TO THE SEA

We joined the camels on the way, and after two hours of stones ascended the very steep Akaba Beva. The view from the hills above--about 2,500 feet--is splendid, all the Yafei mountains and the Goddam range ending at Haide Naab, and giving place to the higher mountains of Rekab and Ghiuda. We descended, but not much, into the lovely Wadi Hadda, full of trees smothered with a kind of vine with thick glossy indiarubber-like leaves; then we went on straight up Akaba Hadda to the huge plain of Mis'hal, full of villages, but ill-supplied with water. There are only some very bad wells for the cattle, and they have to fetch drinking-water from afar, from Ghenab and Lammas. We engaged a Bedou's camel to keep us supplied, while resting our own. The plain is 2,700 feet above the sea. The sheikh's name is Mohommod-bin-Nasr Nakai; this is the first time we heard this pronunciation of the Prophet's name. He was determined to give us a grand reception. Sheikh Seil had gone forward to announce us from Ghiuda, and he came to meet us on his pony down both akabas--a fearful journey.

We always liked Sheikh Seil very much. He was the sheikh of Dirgheg. His hair and his shaggy chest were not white, but a lovely sky-blue. In that part of the world old people's hair is not dyed red with henna, as it is in other parts of Arabia and Asia Minor and in Persia, so the effect of the indigo can be seen.

From a distance we could see the preparations. There was a long line on the sandy plain of between two and three hundred Bedouin, naked save for a blue scarf round their waists, with dagger, powder-horn, &c., stuck in. Some had guns, matchlocks, and some had spears. They mostly had their long hair tied up and sticking out in a fuz behind, as funny a long line of men as ever one saw.

We dismounted, nearly a quarter of a mile off, and all our party advanced hand-in-hand, fourteen besides ourselves and Matthaios, we being the only ones who did not know the words in which to chant our response to the welcoming shout. This they interrupted occasionally by the high gurgling sound they are so fond of, constantly coming out of the rank, one or other, and firing a gun and retiring. The blue-bearded Sheikh Seil galloped up and down in front of us, twirling his spear. We stopped 150 yards from them, and after much more firing the spearmen began to parade before us in a serpentine way, two and two, backwards and forwards, zigzag, and round and round the gunners, gradually getting nearer and nearer to us, and dragging the gunners after them, with a red flag, a seyyid, and their sheikh, Mohommod-bin-Nasr, between them. When they got quite close they welcomed us, and we said 'Peace' to them. They passed us so many times that we could see and notice them well. Some were very tall; one who was very lame led his tiny little boy. The lancers danced very prettily, having a man a little way in front of them executing wild capers and throwing up his spear and catching it, singing all the while songs of welcome. We could not understand more than some allusions, which assured us they were composed for the occasion. After many gyrations they retired to their former place, and then a herald came forward and made a solemn address of welcome.

Then our turn came, and we sent forth a line of men with Sultan Haidar in it to sing and let off guns. When the two lines met they shook hands and kissed, the sultans and seyyids being kissed on the forehead and the upper part of the leg. When they returned to us all our party joined hands to go to our camp, now ready, a good distance off, all keeping step in a kind of stilted, prancing way, singing. The spearmen in front danced with all manner of light and graceful antics, and we were nearly stifled with the dust; and the din was so appalling that we arrived quite dazed at our tents after this welcome, which had lasted fully an hour. We were the first white people who had been at Mis'hal. I tore my camera from its case to take a photograph before the people left us, and it did better than I could have expected in such a crowd, with no sun and so much whirling dust. The town consists of a low square dar and a collection of brushwood arbours, so slight that there is no pretension of concealing anything that goes on inside. We were very thankful for a large pot of coffee and ginger, sent by a sultan, and a fat lamb. The princes ventured to leave us in charge of Abdullah-bin-Abdurrahman, and abode in the tower. Sultan Haidar went home from here.

The tableland of Mis'hal is approached by three akabas: (1) Sauda, to 2,000 feet; (2) Beva, to 2,500 feet; (3) Hadda, to 2,750 feet. The Nakai tribe live here, and are on friendly terms with their neighbours the Fadhli--a sufficiently rare circumstance in this country. The Nakai chief can put four hundred men in the field to help the Fadhli. The Markashi were at war with them; they live in the Goddam range, and had been giving the sultan trouble lately.

The road to Shukra most frequented is the Tarik el Arkob; eastward goes the road to the Hadhramout, over the plain. Northward is the mountainous country of the Aòdeli tribe, where they told us 'it is sometimes so cold that the rain is hard and quite white, and the water like stone.' The plain is ten or fifteen miles long, by about four or five miles at its broadest. If irrigated it would yield enormously. The well is of great depth, but the water very bad. My husband ascended a mountain about 3,000 feet high, but only 400 feet above the plain, with a most remarkable view of the Aòdeli mountains, about twenty miles away, towering up to a great height--far higher than the Yafei range, which Mr. Tate gives as 7,000 feet: these are probably 10,000 feet. The range must run for thirty or forty miles from east to west, with few breaks and no peaks. We were not well the last day at Mis'hal.

The Aòdeli women paint red lines under their eyes and down their noses and round their foreheads with a kind of earth-dye which they call _hisn_. Sometimes there is a round spot on the forehead and red triangles on the cheeks. One woman had her face literally dyed scarlet all over. She had a heavy necklace of beads and carried the sheep-skin coat, that she could not wear in the hot plain, rolled up and laid on her head. It is curious how dissatisfied dark people seem to be with the colour of their skins, so often trying to lighten it; the fairness of the English is in some places attributed to the soap they use.

We took advantage of the curiosity of the Aòdeli, who had just arrived with a _kafila_, to make them stay in our camp and question them. The El Khaur mountains look most fascinating to see only from a distance: they are inhabited by lawless tribes owing allegiance to no man, and, having no wholesome fear of the Wali of Aden before their eyes, would murder any traveller who ventured among them; they are all Bedouin. The Aòdeli are a very large tribe, and say they have 4,000 men for war; the Markashi can put 500 or 600 in the field; and the Fadhli 2,000. Lauda, the chief town of the Aòdeli, is much bigger than Shibahm; there are many Arabs. The sultan is Mohamed-bin-Saleh. It is six hours from Mis'hal--thirty-four miles--and is situated below the mountains. Above it is El Betha--Sultan Saleh. Belad el Megheba, in the upper Yafei country, is under Sultan Hakam Mohamed-bin-Ali. Sabad el Baida Resass (where there must be lead) is not under the Turks; El Aòdeli live there. Neither is Sahib Lauda under the Turks; the inhabitants are Augheri. This has a very soft guttural--the Arabic _ghin_.

Our next stage was Bir Lammas, about four miles off, mostly across the monotonous plain. We passed four dars and villages. In time of war the Fadhli sultan comes and occupies one of these dars. We met sheikhs walking with little battle-axes on long poles--weapons in war, and in peace used for chopping wood, at all times emblems of their rank. The plain at length broke away, and we got into the narrow, and not very deep, wooded Wadi el Mimin. It has very precipitous sides of basalt, brown in colour, and making a very untidy attempt at being columnar. Bir Lammas is a great, and I must add, very dirty, halting-place for caravans going to Shukra, on the Tarik el Arkob, to El Kaur and the Wadi Hadhramout.

We were two nights at Bir Lammas. I was too ill to go about at all, but I could not resist going out to see some baboons which came to look at us from the low cliffs. I am sure their leader must have been 4 feet long without his tail.

My husband, who went for a climb, came to pretty close quarters with a striped hyena.

We were encamped about 380 yards off from the well, and thought it a very pretty place, with acacia-trees and creepers hanging in long trails and making arbours of all of them. The women do all the work here, having to fetch water from Bir Lammas and Ghenab for Mis'hal. The children, up to fourteen years of age, tend the flocks, and the men stroll about or sit in very warlike-looking conclaves, with guns and spears. Young children have wooden jembias to accustom them to their use, and it is funny to see tiny urchins of three or four hurling reeds at each other in imitation of their elders with more deadly weapons. The Bedouin seem born in an element of war; one we heard of had lasted fifteen years, but was happily now stopped for a little while.

On a hill near the plain, about half a mile from Bir Lammas, there are ruins of good style, probably of the Ashabir period of Hamdani.

We were to ride five hours to the next water after Bir Lammas. I felt it would be an awful journey, as I was becoming more and more inert, but I was able to jump on to my camel as usual. I begged my husband to tell me as each hour passed, being quite determined never to ask too soon, but every time I did ask it turned out to be only twenty minutes from the last time.

We were soon out of Wadi Lammas, and went over stony plains with basalt scattered over them, and no possible place to encamp, which I was keenly on the look-out for. We went through a curious little pass, not high, but a very narrow cutting just wide enough for us to ride through, for 300 yards, and then we had to wind down steeply at the other side over rocks. I began to feel that I had no control over my legs and I hardly cared to change my position for going up or down hill, and once when my camel slipped down about 5 feet, I started to fall off headlong, but a Bedou caught me by my leg and held me on. If I had fallen, as the path was very narrow, the camel would surely have stepped on me. I should certainly have cracked my skull first. Camels are not like horses--they do not object to stepping on people.

A late sultan of Shukra fell from his camel and was trampled on, and 'though the Koran was read to him, and _herris_ or talismans were put on him, his breath would not stay in him, but came out in half an hour.' _Herrises_ are put on camels to make them strong; my husband's camel had one, of which its master was very proud.

At last we came to the Wadi Samluf, and I begged that we might stop and have a camel fetched for water. I had to be dragged from my camel, and laid in the cinder-like sand till the tent was pitched, for, as my malarial fever was constant, and I had no tertian intervals, I lost my strength completely. Both my husband and I, and several others were very ill, and we were not strong enough to get at our medicine chest. The water was very bad. The Sultan Salem and other grandees camped at the more dangerous open mouth of the valley.

The place where we pitched the tents was very pretty. There were trees and very fantastic peaky rocks against the sky, and a great step about 3 feet high, which had once been a wave of basalt, black on the yellow sand.

The camel-men used to spread their beds and light their fire on this sort of stage by night, but they spent the day under the trees.

The last night we were in the Wadi Samluf there was a great noise--guns firing, parties going out to reconnoitre, and shouting--but it turned out that the new-comers who arrived at such an unseasonable hour were sent by the sultan of Shukra to welcome and escort us.

From this spot I had to be carried to the sea, seventeen miles, on my bed, which was strengthened with tent-pegs and slung on tent-poles. From the little sultan downwards there was not one who did not help most kindly. We went down gently 3,000 feet. I cannot describe this journey, except that it was so very winding that I seemed to see the camels meeting and passing me often. Fortunately the crossing of the low hot Abyan was short.

I dreaded the journey, as I thought my bearers would not keep step, but they did wonderfully well, though of course they had no path to walk in, for two men and the bed were far too wide for any path there was. I saw one man double up his legs and go over a boulder 3 feet or 4 feet high; and they kept me very even too, and only dropped my head once; the bearers changed as smoothly as if they were accustomed to it, and were always saying something kind to me.

I was not pleased at first at being carried off very suddenly head first, but it was certainly sweeter not having all those men in front of me, and I rejoiced in a delicious sea-wind, which blew stronger and stronger, and just seemed to keep me alive. I was very grateful to them, and took good care never to ask if we had still far to go.

How glad I was to find myself in a rushing, roaring, rabble rout of men, women, and children tearing along beside me!--not a thing I generally like, but now it told me of the end of my weary journey. I was deposited on my bed in a tower, tent-pegs and poles removed, and left with a spearman on the doorstep to keep off intruders. The rest of our miserable fever-stricken party came in half an hour later. The sultan of the Fadhli came to our tent to see us--a pleasant-faced mustard-coloured man; and also his wife, the daughter of an Aden sheikh, a very handsome woman. They were very kind in sending milk, watermelons, and any little luxury they could. The sultan lived in a fine brown building with a stunted tower, a glorified Arab house, but nothing like those in the Hadhramout. They send sharks' fins to China from here, as well as from Sokotra and the Somali coast. This is probably Ptolemy's Agmanisphe Kome. It is just the right distance from Arabia-Emporium, _i.e._ one day; so we found it. There was the greatest difficulty in getting a boat, for none of the ships wished to go to Aden, for fear of quarantine, as they would be supposed to be coming from the plague-stricken Bombay. My husband promised 100 rupees for every day, and the sultan compelled a captain whose baggala was loaded for Mokalla to take us to Aden, by refusing to give him his papers otherwise.

Our last moments at Shukra were spent lying on the sand with our heads on a bag, and sheltered by a little bit of sacking on three sticks. The sultan sat over us on a high chair, saying very polite things. We were lifted on board our ship at three o'clock, and from the ship admired Shukra, which looked very picturesque in the evening haze, with its towers, its few trees, and its many-peaked Goddam mountains behind. We reached Aden at three next afternoon. This is all I can write about this journey. It would have been better told, but that I only am left to tell it.

APPENDICES

_LIST OF PLANTS FROM DHOFAR MOUNTAINS, SOUTH-EAST ARABIA, COMMUNICATED BY J. THEODORE BENT, ESQ., TO KEW GARDENS, MAY 1895._

209. Farsetia near longisiliqua, Dene. 12. Farsetia? (too young) 193. Diplotaxis Harra, Boiss. Dipterygium glaucum, Dene. var. 163. Ochradenus baccatus, Delile 195. Capparideæ 132. Ionidium, n. sp. 186. Polygala near hohenackeriana, F.& M. 114. Polygala near javana, DC. 201. Tammarix mannifera, Ehrenb. 5. Frankenia pulverulenta, L. 155. Cleome brachycarpa, Vahl 1. Cleome quinquenervia, DC. 65. Gynandropsis pentaphylla, DC. 60. Capparis spinosa, L. 201. Cadaba (incomplete) 136. Cadaba longifolia, R.Br. 208. Polycarpea spicata, W. & A. 156. Gypsophila montana, Balf. fil. 173. Gossypium Stocksii, Mast. 82. Pavonia Pavonia near glechomoefolia, Ehrenb. 39. Abutilon graveolens, W. & A. 61, 225. Abutilon indicum, Don. 232. Abutilon near indicum, Don. 127, 135. Abutilon fructicosum, G. & P. 212. Sida humilis, Willd. 151. Hibiscus vitifolius, L. 102. Hibiscus micranthus, L. 142. Hibiscus Trionum, L. 66. Senra incana, Cav. wild cotton 46. Malvaceæ, cfr. Senra 206. Cochorus antichorus, Raesch Cochorus trilocularis, L. 80. Grewia asiatica, L. 181. Grewia populifolia, Vahl 54. Boswellia Carteri, Birdwood 118. Acridocarpus orientalis, A. Juss. 194. Dodonæa viscosa, L. 92. Vitis quadrangularis, Willd. 137. Balsamodendron Opobalsamum, Kunth 93. Indeterminable 128. Moringa aptera, Gaertn. 3, 79. Zizyphus Spina-Christi, Lam. 185. Celastrus senegalensis, Lam. 30, 199. Ruta tuberculata, Forsk. 116. Tribulus alatus, Delile 4. Tribulus terrestris, L. Zygophyllum album, L. 17. Fagonia arabica, L. Fagonia Luntii, Baker 68. Fagonia, n. sp. near Luntii and latifolia 157. Acacia Senegal, Willd. 205. Acacia verugera, Schweinf. 69. Cassia, n. sp., near C. holosericea, Fres. 22. Indigofera? (incomplete) 16. Indigofera arabica, J. & S. 36. Indigofera paucifolia, Delile 9, 103. Indigofera argentea, L. 226. Psoralea corylifolia, L. 213. Argyrolobium roseum, J. & S. 170. Rhynchosia minima, DC. 74. Sesbania punctata, Pers. 13, 84. Tephrosia purpurea, Pers. (Muscat) 47. Papilionaceæ, not determinable 146. Oldenlandia Schimperi, T. And. 122. Anogeissus 143. Woodfordia floribunda, Salisb. 48. Pimpinella Tragium, Vill. 182? Cephalandra indica, Naud. 200. Cucurbitaceæ (flowers racemosa, male) 11. Cucumis prophetarum, L. (Muscat) 222. Mollugo hirta, Thunb. (M. Glinus, A. Rich.) 15, 175. Trianthema near T. pentandra, L. 158, 223. Eclipta erecta, L. 25, 232, 220. Vernonia cinerea, Less. 51, 3. Vernonia atriplicifolia, J. & S. 196. Conyza stricta, Willd. 37, 9. ex parte Blumea Jacquemonti, Clarke 9. ex parte Pluchea 7. ex parte Pluchea 190. Gnaphalium luteo-album, L. 40. Microrhynchus nudicaulis, Less. 228. Pulicaria arabica, Cass. 171. Pulicaria leucophylla, Baker 81. Pulicaria sp. 192. Carthamus (Kentrophyllum) 188. Echinops spinosus, L. 35. Centaurea near Calictrapa, L. 221. Lactuca (Ixeris) 235. Lactuca orientalis, Boiss. 233. Lactuca cretica, Desf.? 160, 234, 109. Lactuca? (too incomplete) 149. Solanum nigrum, L. 23. Solanum melongena, L. 6. Solanum xanthocarpum jacquinii, Dunal 73, 150. Withania somnifera, Dunal (Muscat) 16. Hyoscyamus muticus, L.? (Muscat) 140. Dæmia extensa, R.Br. 71. Dæmia cordata, R.Br. 230. Pentatropsis cynanchoides, R.Br. 154. Adenium obesum, R. & S. 104. Azima tetracantha, Lam. 141. Salvadora persica, L. 162. Plumbago zeylanica, Linn. 97. Vogelia indica, Gibs. (V. arabica, Boiss.) 199. Anagallis latifolia, L. 106. Jasminum officinale, L. 13. Statice axillaris, Forsk. 115. Trichodesma 168. Hyoscyamus n. sp. 15. Arnebia hispidissima, Forsk. 126. Cordia Rothii, R. & S. 1. Heliotropium undulatum, Vahl 86. Heliotropium ovalifolium, Forsk. 12. Heliotropium drepanophyllum, Baker 121. Heliotropium zeylanicum, Lam. 21. Lithospermum callosum, Vahl 125. Ipomæa blepharosepala, Hochst. 214. Ipomæa (indeterminable) 112. Ipomæa purpurea, Lam. 227. Ipomæa hederacea, Jacq. 144. Ipomæa obscura, Ker. 119. Ipomæa palmata, Forsk. 61. Ipomæa biloba, Forsk. (Pescapræ) Ipomæa Batatas, Lam. 229. Ipomæa near Lindleyi, Choisy 147, 148. Ipomæa (Capitatæ) sp. 63. Convolvulus arvensis, L. 55. Convolvulus (Rectæ) 64. Cressa cretica, Linn. 113. Hypoestes verticillaris, R.Br. 83. Ruellia? 107. Ruellia patula, Jacq. 50, 184. Ruellia spp. 110. Acanthus sp. 87. Barleria acanthoides, Vahl 96. Barleria Hochstetteri, nus 95, 174. Barleria spp. 166. Neuracanthus? 100. Neuracanthus? 108. Ruttya (Haplanthera speciosa Hochst.) 224. Justicia debilis, Vahl 91. Justicia simplex, D. Don. 145. Justicia sp. 14; 72. Lippia nodiflora, Rich. 187. Striga. 11. Striga orobanchoides, Benth. 237. Striga hirsuta, Benth. 167. Scrophularia? 2. Linaria macilenta, Dene. 76, 85. Lindenbergia fruticosa, Benth. 78. Orobanche cernua, Loefl. 183. Lantana salviæfolia, Jacq. 111. Lindenbergia? (incomplete) 238. Herpestis Monnieria, H. B. K. 164. Lavandula setifera, T. And. Coleus aromaticus, Benth.? 152. Orthosiphon near Kirkii, Baker 79. Orthosiphon tenuiflorus, Benth. 191. Ocimum menthæfolium, Hochst. 198. Teucrium (Stachyobotrys)? 169. Teucrium (Pohlium) 10, 27. Digera arvensis, Forsk. 177, 178. Celosia trigyna, L. 34. Achyranthes aspera, L. 98. Pupalia lappacea, Moquin 5. Boerhaavia ascendens, Willd. 14. Boerhaavia elegans, Choisy 24. Boerhaavia plumbaginea, Cav. 89. Boerhaavia (leaves only) 4. Cometes abyssinica, R.Br. 67. Euphorbia n. sp. (cultivated at Kew from Hadhramout) 236. Euphorbia cuneata, Vahl? 42. Euphorbia cactus, Ehrenb. 197. Euphorbia adenenis, Deflers 129. Euphorbia sp. 2, 53. Euphorbia indica, Lam. 37. Aristolochia bracteata, Retz. 88. Forskohlea tenacissima, L. 4. Ficus salicifolia, Vahl 51, 70, 130. Chenopodium murale, L. 38. Amarantus Blitum, L. 161. Polygonum glabrum, Willd. 4. Suæda baccata, Forsk.? 20, 215. Suæda fruticosa, Forsk. 44. Salsola verrucosa, M. B. 61. Halocnemum fruticosum, Moquin Cornulaca monacantha, Delile 101. Chrozophora obliqua, Vahl 139. Dalechampia scandens, L. 57, 131. Acalypha indica, L. 231. Croton near C. sarcocarpus, Balf. fil. 90. Euphorbia arabica, H. & S. 120. Jatropha spinosa, Vahl Jatropha villosa, Mull. Arg. Jatropha lobata, Mull. Arg. 165. Phyllanthus sp. 9. Phyllanthus sp. (Muscat) 172. Phyllanthus, sp. rotundifolius, Linn. 81. Phyllanthus (Muscat) 180, 105, 133. Phyllanthus 159, 210. Ceratopteris thalictroides, Brong. 75. Cheilanthes farinosa, Kaulf. 59. Adiantum caudatum, Linn. 59. Nephrodium odoratum, Baker 56. Pteris longifolia, Linn. 218. Chara hispida, Linn. 71, 123. ex parte Commelyna Forskalie, Vahl 123. ex parte Commelyna albescens, Hassk. 203. ex parte Scirpus littoralis, Schrad 203. ex parte Juncellus laevigatus, C. B. Clarke 138. Eleocharis capitata, R.Br. 41, 134. Cyperus rotundus, Linn. 28. Cyperus conglomeratus, Rottb. 189. Asparagus racemosus, Willd. 217. Naias minor, All. 219. Naias major, All. 153. ex parte Pancratium tortuosum, Herb. 153. ex parte Hæmanthus arabicus, Roem.? 94. Typha angustifolia, Linn. 31. Juncus maritimus, Linn. 216. Potamogeton pectinatus, Linn. 211. Potamogeton natans, Linn. Panicum Crus-galli, Linn. 176. Cynodon Dactylon, L. 204. Phragmites communis, Trin. 52. Latipes senegalensis, Kunth. 49. Aristida caloptila, Boiss. 45. Pennisetum cenchroides, Pers. 32, 202. Sporobolus spicatus, Vahl 29. Eleusine ægyptiaca, Pers. 26. Panicum geminatum, Forsk. 18. Æluropus litoralis, Parl. var. repens. 32. Heleochloa dura, Pers. 43. Apluda aristata, Linn.

_A LIST OF THE LAND AND FRESHWATER SHELLS COLLECTED IN SOKOTRA BY MR. AND MRS. THEODORE BENT_

By Edgar A. Smith, F.Z.S., Assistant Keeper of Zoology, British Museum.

Previous to the researches of Mr. and Mrs. Bent, only forty-eight land and freshwater molluscs had been recorded from Sokotra. In addition to twenty-three of these species, they were fortunate in obtaining eleven new forms, some of them very remarkable. These have been described and figured by the writer in the 'Journal of Malacology,' vol. vi. pp. 33-38, plate v., figs. 1-9. and in the 'Bulletin of the Liverpool Museum,' vol. ii. No. 1, p. 12. The British Museum is much indebted to Mrs. Bent for the donation of this valuable collection.

A. Terrestrial Species

1. Buliminus Passamaianus 2. Buliminus Balfouri 3. Buliminus mirabilis, n. sp. 4. Buliminus Bentii, n. sp. 5. Buliminus rotundus, n. sp. 6. Buliminus socotorensis 7. Buliminus semicastaneus 8. Buliminus Balfouri 9. Buliminus hadibuensis 10. Buliminus fragilis 11. Buliminus fusiformis 12. Buliminus acutus, n. sp. 13. Buliminus innocens, n. sp. 13_a._ Buliminus Theodoræ, n. sp. 14. Stenogyra socotrana 15. Stenogyra enodis 16. Stenogyra insculpta, n. sp. 17. Stenogyra decipiens, n. sp. 18. Stenogyra Jessica 19. Stenogyra adonensis 20. Ennea cylindracea, n. sp. 21. Succinea sp. 22. Otopoma Balfouri 23. Otopoma complanatum 24. Otopoma clathratulum 25. Otopoma conicum 26. Tropidophora socotrana 27. Lithidion marmorosum 28. Lithidion Bentii, n. sp. 29. Cyclotopsis radiolata 30. Auricula socotrensis, n. sp.

B. Freshwater Species

31. Melania tuberculata 32. Planorbis sp. 33. Planorbis sp.

III

We bought in Aden a fragment of alabasteroid limestone, said to have come from the Hadhramout. It is broken on all sides. It is part of a perpendicular series of sunken square fields, on each of which is represented in flat relief a sitting or lying goat or chamois with enormous horns. My fragment has two complete goats and parts of another above as well as below. The goats look to the right, and there are some cuttings which may have been part of an inscription on the surface of the stone to the right of the column of goats. The squares are 4 inches high by 3½ inches wide--10 centimetres by about 9.

That these goats must have some significance is clear from their likeness to the following objects in the Hof Museum at Vienna, and figured in 'Süd Arabische Alterthümer,' by Prof. Dr. D. H. Müller. The first is the lower part of a slab, complete on three sides with a plain surface down the middle, and columns of goats in squares just like that described above, on either side, the goat facing inwards. In neither of these cases can one know how many goats were originally represented.

The second is an architectural fragment composed of alabasteroid limestone (yellowish in colour), 0.120 centimetres high, 0.202 long, 0.15 thick (so far as it remains).

It represents seven chamois (or goats) lying in a row. The heads are coarsely formed, the eyes like knobs, and the bodies of the two animals which are outside are indicated in profile. The original use of the object is uncertain, but, in any case, it must have been a topmost ornament, for the under-side, though regularly smoothed, is not polished like the other surfaces, and therefore cannot have been meant to be seen.

The trough which we brought from Al Gran is of the same stone as the former objects. It is 2 feet long by 11 inches wide and 4 inches high. It has an inscription containing a dedication to the God Sayan or Seiyin running all round it and finishing on one side of the top. In the top there is a depression sloping towards a spout, which is now broken off all but an inch. The depth of the depression is from one quarter to half an inch, and the channel in the spout runs down to three-quarters of an inch. Prof. Dr. D. H. Müller has kindly translated this inscription, which appears to represent it as an altar. He thinks it must be for frankincense, but I think it must have been for some liquid. The inscription on the end opposite the spout is worn by marks of ropes being dragged against it.

We bought an object of fine alabaster in Aden. It was said to come from the Hadhramout. It seems like a seal or stamp and has a hollow round the back, with spouts in either of the short sides. It had been used as a lamp when we obtained it. There is a kind of handle or tube pierced through to the front, probably for suspension.

In the same illustration are also part of an earthenware stamp and the seal of _Yarsahal, the younger of Shibahm_, with its golden setting, and a copper seal with _Sabota_ on it.

_SOKOTERI AND MAURI WORDS COLLECTED BY THEODORE BENT IN THE ISLAND OF SOKOTRA, HE ASKING THE QUESTIONS IN ARABIC_

_The transliteration of the second, fourth, and fifth columns is according to the system of the Royal Geographical Society._

+----------------+----------------+----------------+------------ |Dialect used in | | | | South Arabia | | | English | but not in all | Literary | Mahri | Sokoteri | instances | Arabic | | | confined to it | | | -----------+----------------+----------------+----------------+------------ Fort |[H.]isn |[H.]isn |Hazn |Husn Spring - |'Ain |'Ain |Mayou |Neshodehin fountain | | | | Pickaxe |Kismah | -- |Kasm |Esher Friend |[H.]ab[=i]b |[H.]ab[=i]b |Mahabba sidi |Mahabba habiba Moon |Kamar, Bedr |Qamar, Badr |Kubkob, Warra |Kubkob, Ehri Funeral |Ghin[=a]zah |Gan[=a]zah |Ghinozet |Ghineza Game (prey)|[S:]aid |[S.]aid |Nehàmel melbetzà|Tahari Give me |A[t:]ini |'A[t:]ini |Zemi |Endakhemu Glass |Kiz[=a]z |Qaz[=a]z |Logut |Arashi Glorious |Gal[=i]l |Gal[=i]l |Anno |Lubak Hair |Sha'r |Sha'r |Shuf |Thlef Half |Ni[s.]f or Nus |Ni[s.]f |Nuss |Nuss Where |Fein |Fein |Fein |Fein What |Eish or Ei |Esh |Heshendi |Inimdi No matter |Mal'eish | -- |Laktlela |Bithiokhthi Thank you |Katter[kh=]airak|Ka[th=]ar[kh=]airak|Katerkhairak |Tarmunkete Stand here |Stanni hinna | -- |Sarbuhun |Takozha'a Straight |Dogri |Du[gh=]r[=i] |Hebkalazerom |Torrnà | | | (or Hepka) | Blessed |Umb[=a]rrak |Mub[=a]rak |Umbarrak |Umbarak | _or_ | | | |Mub[=a]rrak | | | Stop |Wakkaf |Waqqaf |Solop |Tzullebaha Hammer |Sh[=a]koush, | -- |Efeie |Taferra | Hafir | | | Hang |Shanak |Shanaq |Azab |Khlanak Hand |Yad |Yad |Hed |Ed Anchorage |Mérsa |Mars[=a] |Moïsi |Moïsi Headache |Wagà er ras |Waga'-ar-r[=a]s |Abkos erayhe |Ellak ade Often |Ketiran-Tamèlli |Ka[th=][=i]ran |Yehoda mekin |Denafakin Oil |Zeit |Zait |Shigar |Shigar Onion |Ba[s.]al | -- |Bosalet |Basahal Water |Moya |Miy[=a]h |Hamou |Diho Riho Mountain |Ghebel |Gabal |Ghebel |Fèdehan Milk |Leben |Laban |Khlof |Khlof Stone |[H.]agar |[H.]agar |Hoben |Oben Bread |Khubs |Khubz |Khobs |Eshere Date |Nakhl |Na[kh=]l |Nakelet |Tamari Man |Ragul |Rajal |Reigh |Eik True |Shagara |[Sh=]ajar |Shighered |Sherehom Far |Baïd |Ba'[=i]d |Dahak |Sherehek Near |Gar[=i]b |Qar[=i]b |Garib |Sheiki Well |Bir |Bir |Bir |Abahur Sheep |Ghanem |Ghanam |Kheoz |Oz Horse |Khail |Khail |Ferehe |Khail Camel |Gemel |Gamal |Berr[15] |Berr Sea |Bahar |Ba[h.]r |Dorum |Denhem Sand |Raml |Raml |Battar |Shimeh Garment |Toub | -- |Beraka |Farak berekà Move |Shihl | -- |Shilleil |Tizàminha Before |Kabl |Qabl |Ksobba |Goddam shei Name |Ism |Ism |Hemukom[=o]n |Mormùkshom Bed |Ferash |Fir[=a]sh |Juderi |Gudere Sun rises |Sherug esh shems|Shar[=u]g-ush- |Skerkot Nayoum |Sherkot Nashom | | shams | | Light |Kaf[=i]f |[Kh=]afif |Dernekfif |Manghena Gold |Dahàb |Tahab |Deheb |Deheb Iron |[H.]ad[=i]d |[H.]ad[=i]d |Hadid |Hadìd Silver |Fadda |Fa[d.][d.]a[d.] |Derehem |Derahin Cloth |Kamash |Qum[=a]sh |Dizhid |Shöd'hem Cloud |Sahal |Sa[h.][=a]bah? |Afoùr |Hehour Judge |Kadi |Q[=a]d[=i] |Kadi |Kaldi Take |Emsak or Emsik |Ims[=a]k |Elkof |Telö Satan |Shai[t:][=a]n |Shai[t:]an |Shaitan |Markush Difficult |Sabi |Sabi' |Sabi |Marhere Evening |Asher |'Ash[=a] |Izhhè |Teloimö meal | | | | Midday |Dohr |[Dh=]uhr |Tohr |Vohr Place |Makan |Mak[=a]m |Mèkon |D'half Face |Wagh |Wajh |Weggi |Fenè Faith |Din |D[=i]n |D[=i]n |Izal[=i]hen Family |Ahl |Ahl |Oher |Dehihkag'-haiho Fat |Semen |Samn |Mahar |Hammi Feast |Eid |'[=I]d |Eid |Ayed Fever |Humma |[H.]umm[=a] |Dighilo |Ghiohör Little |Khalìl |[Kh=]al[=i]l |Ihnil (or Eint) |Herèrhen, or | | | | (Ererihen) -- |Melane |-- |Millè |Millì Finger |A[s.]bu' |U[s.]bu', |Asba |Esba asali | a[s.]abe' | A[s.]ba | | Flea |Barghùt |Bargauth |Gheròse |Gheroz Fool |Khailak |A[h.]maq |Khailak |Diddo Saddle |Sarga |Sarga |Zmel |Zmel Dog |Kelb |Kalb |Kelb |Not known; no | | | | word Sheep |Khar[=u]fa |-- |Tiwit |Te'eh Salt |Mel[h.] |Mal[h.] |Milhoda |Milh Knife |Sikk[=i]n |Sikk[=i]n |Ais |Sari Fish |Semek |Samak |Seit |Zode It is |L[=a]zim |L[=a]zim |Lazerom |Na'ah necessary| | | | --you must| | | | Enough |Bas |Bas |Bas |Ta'ad One |W[=a][h.]ad |W[=a][h.]ad |Tat |Tat Two |Itnein |I[th=]na[=i]n |Tro |Tra Three |Tal[=a]ta |[Th=]al[=a][th=]a|Saratit |Talele Four |Arba' |Arba' |Arbote |Arbaa Five |[Kh=]amsa |[Kh=]amsa |Khams |Khamse Six |Sitta |Sitta |Itìt |Sitta Seven |Saba' |Saba' |Ibeìt |Saba Eight |Tamania |[Th=]am[=a]nia |Timminè |Tamania Nine |Tissa' |Tisa' |Zeit |Testa Ten |'Ashera |'Ashara |Aserait |Ashera Twenty |'Ishrin |'Ishr[=i]n |Asherin |Ishrin One hundred|Mia |Miat |Mieit |Mia Work |Shugh |Shaghl |Fìsa |Mahalèh Wound, sore|Gurrèh |Gar[=u]h |Sob |Gourèh Pain |Waggà |Waga' |Debkhos |Erlakh Medicine |Dàwa |Daw[=a] |Dewar |Tofin-i-dewar Sun |Shems |Shams |Hayoum |Shehem Ready |[T:]a[=i]r |[T:]a[=i]r |Akabìt |Souèdon Butter |Zùbda |-- |Makozo |Gotomìne I |Àna |-- |Hèmukomòn |Evumuksham You |Enta |Antam |Minesmuk |Minmuksham He |H[=u] |H[=u] |Hou |-- Rope |[H.]abl |[H.]abl |Keit |Enkhar Son, boy |Welèd |Walad |Aghi[=en] |Mukshin Daughter |Bint |Bint |Aghinot |Fèrhin Woman |Horma |[H.]urma |Haremet |Azhè Wood |Hattab |[H.]a[t.]ab |Hatab |Tirob Strong |Kawi |Qav[=i] |Musireh |Musirak War |Harb |[H.]arb |Harb shehen |Harb shehen More |Kamàn |Kam-min Lawa |Ashishfisa, |Ta'alt'hefisa, | | | Fileh'niciteh,| Feleh'ntodèh | | | Riàh | D[=a] Price |Tamàn |[Th=]aman |Soueh |Tetenà Meat |La[h.]m |La[h.]m |Tiwë |Tà Leg |Rigl |Rijl |Serein |Thlaub Blood |Dam |Dam |Douri |Durr Allah |Allah |Allah |Allah |Allah Deaf |Toursh |[T.]ursh |Yehomallah |Doufé Houses |Bouyo[=u]t |Buy[=u]t |Bouyout |Keke Seaweed, |[H.]ash[=i]sh |Ha[sh=][=i][sh=]|Mareh |Röd grass | | | | Servant |'Abd |'Abd |Hoyur |Embaha Slave |Gulam |[Gh=]ulam |Gulma |B'thlekum Tall, long |[T:]aw[=i]l |[T:]aw[=i]l |Taw[=i]l |Ep (Plural) | Atwàl | A[t:]w[=a]l |Tawil |Dihom Stars |Nagoùm |Nag[=u]m |Negoun |Kabkap Lesson |Dars |Dars |Kerì |Mukerè Truth |Hak |[H.]aqq |Hak |Hak Without |Bidùn hak |Bid[=u]n haqq |Hammuk hak |Ekmunk hak truth | | | | In the |fi'l beit |fi'l bait |be beit |Tofok, diè min house | | | | kar In the |fi'l leil |fi'l lail |be leil |billeilhe night | | | | In the road|fi'l tar[=i]k |fi'l tar[=i]q |be haron |orun Heal |Sh[=a]f[=i] |Sh[=a]f[=i] |Bekhairgh |Bekhaeraghe Heart |Kalb |Qalb |Kalb |Elbi Heaven |Sam[=a] |Sam[=a] |Simma |Simma Heavy |Takil |T[h.]aqil |Takil |Eddak Heel |Akab |'Aq[=i]b |Akonosh |Konosh Pig |Khansir |-- |Khansir |Khansir Horn |Karn |Qurn |Kon |Kon Ready |[H.]adir |[H.]a[dh=]ir |Hader |Hader Imperfect |N[=a]kis |N[=a]qis |Nakuss |Biziankazank | | | | bidinya Impossible |[Gh=]air mumkin |[Gh=]air mumkin |Ghair numkin |Ghair numkin Possible |Yimkin |Imk[=a]n |Yumkin |Yumkin Indigo |N[=i]l [n.]edal |N[=i]l |Nihl |Nil Infant |[T:]ifl |[T:]ifl, |Atfal |Atfal | (i[t:]f[=a]l | I[t:]fâl | | | pl.) | | | Infidel |K[=a]fir |-- |Koffer |Keffer Ink |Hibr |Hibr |Indud |Medad Intellect |Akl |'Aql |Okul |Akal Interpreter|Tergumàn |Targum[=a]n |Makaddam |Dehane makaddam Island |Gez[=i]ra |Gaz[=i]rah |Gezeira |Gezeira Jew |Zaho[=u]di |Yah[=u]d[=i] |Yahoude |Yahoude Kick |Rafos |-- |Erkella |Taràkad Intelligent|Fah[=i]hm |Fah[=i]m |Fehemdi |Fehem Kill |Katal |Qatal |Ilbedda |Talata Kind |La[t:][=i]f |La[t:][=i]f |Altehf |Altuiphin Arms |Sillah |Sil[=a][h.] |Shki |Shko Soldier |'Askar |'Askar |Ask[e:]r |Asker King |Malik |Malik |Moli |D'hemmel Arrive |Wa[s.]sala |Wa[s.]ala |Wassel |Gidda Matting-bag|Zamb[=i]l |-- |Z[a.][m.]bil |Zambil Wise |'Alamah |'[=A]lim |Alamah dimondi |Dimondish alemah Cut |Ightsal |-- |Hanmel kosorn |Nerdober Journey |Safar |Safar |Nehassol |Insofar Tired |Ta'b, Ta'ban |Ta'b-Ta'b[=a]n |Ketlak |Resak Tribe |Kab[=i]la |Qab[=i]lah |Kabila |Kabela Now |Dilwakhti |[Dh=]i'l waqti |Leasar |Leasar Learn |Ta'alem |-- |Mollum |Ma'alem Tent |[Kh=][=i]mah, |[Kh=][=i]mah |Arzhlìt |Stirìht | Kheim | | | Sword |Seif |Saif |Keit |Keòttaha Summer |Shitta |-- |Kazem |Kébhor Right, South|Yemèn |Yam[=i]n |Gez[)e]mhine |Tiozeminhah Left, North|Shemàl |Sham[=a]l |Shem[=i]n |Shemin East |Shark |Sharq |Shurakot haioum |Shom West |Garbis |[Gh=]arb |Ghizote |Attabon Late |Mogreb |Mu[gh=]rib |Mogareb |Mogareb evening | | | | How are you|Kheifalak |-- |Besherhelt |Alghiorg To walk |Masha |-- |Mehèklazerom |Entòholnà Yes |Ewa |Ayyaw[=a] |Herrì |Herrì No |L[=a] |L[=a] |-- |Deh Key |Mifta |Mift[=a]h |Mìftàh |Miftàh To tie |Urbut |Yarbu[t:] |Urbut |-- Come here |Ta'al hinna |-- |Assab |Tazùm Give me |Gibli, atini |-- |Inkalbo, Atini |Tadidbo | | | | Habondishoelae Take hold |Khod |-- |Shelùs |Tza Kneel down |Baraka |Baraka |Hebrekaber |Terburuk (to a | | | | camel) | | | | To-morrow |Bukara |Bukara |Bukarèd, |Elli | | | Bukerade | Afterwards |Badèn |Ba'den |M'gori |Enzat Before |Goddam |Qudd[=a]m |Fenouni |Adminlefeni Inside |Da[kh=]l |D[=a][kh=]il |Keb |Dakhl or Turko Outside |Barra |Barr[=a]n |Khareg or |Sheraga or | | | Barr[=a]n | Tcherogehte Door |B[=a]b |B[=a]b |Bob |Terr Year |Sanna |Sannah |Senate |Ehno Week |Shahr |Shahr |Warrakh |Tadkleher Drunk |Sherab |Sharib |Hamontikè |Nerou Road |Tarìk |[T:]ar[=i]q |Haurim |Haurim Dead |Mut |Mat |Maut |Zami To-day |El yom |Al Yaum |Imor |Hair Day after |B'ad Bukra |Ba'd bakarah |Bad gehìn |Dishinzomen to-morrow | | | | Yesterday |Ems |Ams |Imshi |Imshi Mosque |Mesjid |Masjid |Masjid |Masjid Priest |Mollah |Mull[=a] |Ma'alim |Ma'alim Friday |Gumma |Gama' |Ghimata |Gumma Cross |Salìb |M[=i]s[=a]n |Mison |Mison Happy |Mahs[)o]ud |Ma[h.]sûd |Laef |Halut Together |Saw[=a] |Saw[=a] |Nehanakafakhari |Entafakhari Buy |Ishteri |Ishtar[=a.] |Hamilthtòr |Intergyer Above |Fok |Fauq |Hàkala |Minali Below |Ta[kh=]t |Ta[h.]t |Hamenkerat |Inkodediemen Everything |Kul shei |Kull shai |Haltikalla |-- Evening |Asser |'A[s.]ar |-- |Dinofari Wild beast |Wa[h.]sh |Wa[h.]sh |Deshìt |Shodhìhm How much |Kam |Kam |B'kam |Binemshuon Dom-tree |Nebek |Naba' |Dom |Firehem Good |Tayib |[T:]aiyab |Ghet |Dìa Bad |Battal |Ba[t:]l |Khiob |Dià Nice |Zein |Zain |Ghit |Shikèro Great |Kebir |Kab[=i]r |Aghus |Shibìb Greatest |Akbar |Akbar |Aghusa |Shibìhb White |Abaid |Abya[d.] |Lebanèd |Lebìne Black |Asoud |Aswad |Hawa |Khalak Ha-he Old |Kad[=i]m |Qad[=i]m |Dewìl |Tahan New |Ghedid |Gad[=i]d |Hidin |Gedìd Cold |Bard |Bard |Gazùn |Habahur Hot {|Har |[H.]arr |Hehen |Shehem or {|Hami |[H.]umm[=a.] |Hanan Hark |Dio denarher Red |Ahmar |A[h.]mar |Ufer |Afer Green |Akdar |Akdar |-- |-- Yellow |Asfar |A[s.]far |Hat'hor |Shedhor Much |Ghali |[Gh=]al[=i] |Zeboun |Ghali Cheap |Rak[=i]s |-- |Rakis |Rakis Rich |Ghani |[Gh=]an[=i] |Togìr |Tag Poor |Fakir |Faq[=i]r |Faker |Faker Wretched |Meskin |Misk[=i]n |Meskin |Meskin Father |Ab[=u] |Ab[=u] |Hebe |Bebe Mother |Om |Umm |Hamme |Beo Eat |Akul |Akal |Hamkout |Gebenganeo Fear |[Kh=][=a]f |-- |Linkhaf |Sherboton Angry |Nehm |-- |Shuhkof |Daime Sick |Ayyan |-- |Bithell |Giore Broken, |Maks[=u]r |Maks[=u]r |Tiber |Sheteghen Injured | | | | News |Kabar |[Kh=]abar |Kobber |Kabr Early |Bèdri, Subba |Sab[=a]h |Ksobba |Kasaibeya Peace |Salaan |Sal[=a]m |Subbaellah |Alburr Dirty |Wasakh |Wasa[kh=] |Mithkal |Haidek Clean |Nod[=i]f |Na[dhdh=]af |Ghihdi |Nodeif Boat |Merkab |Markab |Merkab |Merkab Ride |Yerkab |Yarkab |Hamle rekhob |Nirerkab Rain |Matar |Ma[t.]ar |Lehamed |Messer Crooked |Awwaz |'Awwaj |Nehanellom |Netògher Finished |Khalas |[Kh=]ala[s.] |Burneghessen |Tettin Thus |Kidda |Ka[d.][=a] |-- |-- Go { |Yemshi |Yamsh[=i] |Suè |Toïke { |Rua |R[=a][h.] |Ghen[=i] |Toher Prison |Habs |[H.]abs |Habs |Habs Present |Bakhshis |Bakh[sh=][=i][sh=]|Bakhshesh |Bakhshish Prophet |Nebi |Nab[=i] |Nebe |Nebe Open |Maft[=u]h |Maft[=u][h.] |Bob fitàh |Ghinatten Orphan |Yat[=i]m |Yat[=i]m |Aytìm |Esmediafore Bucket |Dalu |Dal[=u] |Dolu |M'l'hia To paint |Lauwan, Laun |Lawwan |Laun |Sourah Palm |Saóuf nakhl |-- |Safe |Hes el timeri branches | | | | Parents |Walidein |W[=a]lidain |Hebe wahami |Bebe wavubeyah Fowl |Dakika |-- |Karoun |Ent Liver |Kabid |Kabid |Kabid |Kabid Thirsty |A[t:]chan |'A[t:]sh[=a]n |Hailuk |Toimek Hungry |Goàn |G[=i]'[=a]n |Göak |Sottak Praise |[H.]amd |[H.]amd |Hamd |Hamd Slow |Ba'ati |-- |Aden abatayah |Aden nau Christian |Nàzari |Na[s.][=a]r[=i] |Nazari |Nazari Immediately|Hàlan |[H.][=a]lan |Lazerom |Na'ah Myrrh gum |Lobàn |Lub[=a]n |Tlahas |Tlahas Myrrh tree |Leben |-- |Mogherate |Emiïdu Knee |Rukbah |-- |Bark |Berk Lame |A'rag |'Arag |Tibere |Gushel To laugh |[D.]a[h.]ik |Qa[h.]qa[h.] |Istahalk |N'dlahak Laughter |[D.]i[h.]k |[D.]i[h.]k |Ethelhalk |Entlahak Leg |Sa[k.] |S[=a]q |Tharem |Ihlop Leper |Abra[s.] |Ibr[=a][s.] |B'hohg |Behehok Lift |Urfa |-- |Urfah |Dza(minha) Like (same |Mitl-shibh |Mi[th=]l |Izdah |Toàha as) | | | | Lion |As[=a]d; plural,|Asad |Gailar |(No word, because | uso[)u]d | | | they say | | | | 'we none in | | | | Sokotra') To dwell |Sakan |Sakan |Nehamel |N'zohn henna | | | Entowelboum | Lungs |Riah |Ri, ah |Gil't'hori |Geha Mad |Magn[=u]n |Magn[=u]n |Haiw[=a]l |Mankaina Mankind |Beni Adam |Ban[=i] [=A]dam |Beni Adam |Makuloka (cf. | | | | Makalaka, | | | | South Africa) Magic |Sihr |Si[h.]r |Saghir |Sahire Naked |'Aryán |'Ury[=a]n |Harket el binad |Esoufai libineben Napkin |Fòu[t:]a |Fau[t:]h |Foutah |Fotere | _or_ | | | | F[=u][t:]ah | | | Neck |'Unk-Ra[k.]abah |'Unq Raqabah |Ghoti |Rokoba Needle |Ibrah; plural, |Ibrah |Makaite |Makite | ubàr | | | Noble |Sharìf |[Sh=]arìf |Sharif |Sharìf Noise |[S.]aut |[S.]aut |Aroumekin |Metdelhin | | | _or_ | _or_ | | | Saut | Ta'ad'hin None |Lâ a[h.]ad |L[=a] a[h.]ad |Hadelabun |Balheh Nose |Anf, manakhìr, |Anf |Nakarinya |Nahare | khoshim | | | Hurry |Ishtagil |-- |Deghodum |Denofer A quarter |Rub' |Rub' |Erbeit |Töman Bone |'Azm |'Azm |Athail |Sahilla Feather |R[=i]shah |-- |Thluf |Nefereri Quilt |Lahàf |Li[h.][=a]f |Guderi |Miskal Lamb |Arnab _or_ |-- |Arnab |(They have no | Erneb | | | word) Rat |Gard'hom |Gur[dh=]um |Gihreit |Zadahin Ruined |Kharàb |[Kh=]ar[=a]b |Khaiob |Kharbeni Purse, bag,|Gaib _or_ |Gaib, jaib |Kies |Kies pocket | Kies | | | Idle |Kesl[=a]n |Kasl[=a]n |Fohsel |Aghizdè Do your |Amel Shuglak |'Aml shu[gh=]lak|Amal hagil de |Tenofar dishberi work, | | | felene | _or_| | | | Mind your| | | | own | | | | business | | | | Book |Kit[=a]b |Kit[=a]b |Nektib |Inkotub Writing |Mekt[=u]b |Makt[=u]b |Berklub |Berklub Honey |'Asal |'Asal |Assal |Assal Behind |Wàra |War[=a] |Manghirek |Minherrin Bitter |Murr |Murra |Hermet |Ajhi Wielding |Arouz |'Urs |Arouz |Arouz But |L[=a]kin |L[=a]kin |Lakin |Yakaïta Caravan |Kàfila |Q[=a]filah |Shikfilèla |Beghishekfil Load |Huml |[H.]aml |Hamul |Hamul Begin |Ibtida |'Ibtid[=a] |Bedihn |Bedehn Kitchen |M[=u][t:]b[=u]kh|Ma[t:]ba[kh=] |Mutabukh |Mulbakt Bird |Dik |-- |Dik |Dik Dig |Hafar |-- |Nehamel hafere |Nehafar Rest |Rahah |-- |Rahah |Tareharhinnaha Doctor |[H.]akim |[H.]ak[=i]m |-- |-- Cup |Finj[=a]n |Finj[=a]n |Finjan |Finjan | K[=u]bayet | | K[=u]bàyet | K[=u]bàyet Skin |Gild |Gild, jild |Geld |Geld Eggs |Bei[d:], Degade |Bai[d:] |Degaghe |Degaghe Never |Abadan |-- |Abadàn |Abadàn Stream |Ghail |-- |Dihib |Thlab Paper |Warak |Waraq |Werkart |Warraka Sit |Ghisel Gitez |-- |Towel |Tsalleh Dry |Nashif |Na[sh=][sh=]af |Dehar |Terahat Read |Karà |Qar[=a] |Ktub |Kteb Scarce |N[=a]dir |N[=a]dir |Kalèd |Khlahrohb Roast |Shawa |Shawa |Hamtiwi |Tè Rob |Sarak |Saraq |Hirrik |Seirek Room |O[d.]a |O[d.]ah |Hod |Hod Round |[H.]aul |[H.]aul |Hagìr |Haghia Root |A[s.]l |A[s.]l |Asali |Asl Run |Raka[d.] |Raka[d.] |Houeh |Tshà Ripe |Mustawi |Mustawi |Mushtawi |Mushlawi Seal |[Kh=]at[=i]m |[Kh=]atam |Khatini |Houleh Riches |Mal |-- |Molshè |Inoshinia Reap |[H.]a[s.]ad |[H.]a[s.]ad |Hazad |Hazd Beat |[D:]araba |[D:]araba |L'bedi |Toghì Nut |Brandouk |-- |Brandouk |Brandouk Obey |A[t:]a |A[t:]a' |Atawa |Naddub Order |Amr |Amr |Amr |Amar Old woman |'Agouz |'Ag[=u]zah |Agouz |Khlibip Ornament |Zena |Z[=i]nat |Git |Tchera Owl |Boum |B[=u]m |Tlarhitin |Tlarhiten Castle |Ka[s.]r |Qasr |[H.]az[a.]r ed |H[)a]zar _or_| | | Dowlet | S[=a]dahan palace | | | | Palm of the|Kaf-fusa |Kaff |Dehòte |Dehò hand | | | | Pardon |[Gh=]afar |[Gh=]afar |Netur min el |Beligiter min | | | habs | el habs A little |Shwaya |Shuwaiyah |Musted |Einoshedèhe Where is |Fein el Beled |Fi ain al balad |Hoddehabed del |Hodde belad the town | | | Felani | People |N[=a]s |N[=a]s |Haboa |Hohafon Head |R[=a]s |R[=a]s |Ras |Ras Blood |Dam |-- |-- |Musailo Disordered |Dam Kholeil |-- |Douri |Durr blood | | | | Pen |Kalam |Qalam |Kalam |Kalam Anger |[Gh=]adab |[Gh=]adab |Ghatitali |Hetterhinhi Pay |Waffa |Waf[=a.] |Woffehinki |Waffie Pepper |Filfil |Filfil |Filfil |Tiflfarlo Perfume |'I[t:]r |'I[t:]r |Attar |Hal Perspire |Arak |'Ariq |Deanghalen |Ikimen Pin |Dabb[=u]s |Dabb[=u]s |Dabous |Dabous Plague |Ta'[=u]n |[T:][=a]'[=u]n |Duinhaufal Eikeo|Eiked Ouìhafel Ugly |Ba'in |-- |Behimet |Behimah Plant |Nab[=a]t |Nabat |Nebhat |Nebout -----------+----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------

FOOTNOTES:

[Footnote 15: When they wish to warn the camel not to knock against anything in a narrow place they cry 'Berri! Berri!']

LIST OF SOME OF THE ARABIC AND OTHER WORDS EXPLAINED IN THE TEXT

abba, 193 abr, 409 afrit, 199 ailb, 109 attar, 141 awwal, 41

batil, 277 b'dom, 109 brinjol, 141

ghail, 86 ghasl, 109 ghatrif, 248 ghi, 37, 260 gohb, 247[A] gourod, 306

habat-assoba, 141 halwa, 221 hárami, 116 horma, 212 helf, 141 herris, 426

jembia, 199

kabila, 140 kadhlb, 108 kafila, 85 kahwa, 34 kattira, 230 kayya, 116 kazbah, 120 kei, 245[A] kharrad, 145 khawah, 57 kho, 275[A] kourzan, 117 kutcha, 149

lahaf, 245 loess, 128 luthba, 86

medakdak, 81 madhar, 83 madibash, 19 majilis, 34 mangola, 336 masabam, 129 merghazi, 414 mersa, 291 miet, 248[A] mis'hap, 128 munkala, 336

nakhoda, 281

ohma, 245 ouft, 275[A]

rack, 85 reis, 281 rezai, 245

saap, 145 salang, 19 sambuka, 220 shabib, 93 shur, 275[A] sirah, 19 siyar, 104 siyara, 104

tara, 21 tarsla, 336 tawilah, 5

whabba, 69

yusur, 294

zamouta, 141 ziara, 132 ziaret, 97

FOOTNOTES:

[Footnote A: These words are used by the Gara.]

INDEX

Ababdeh tribe, 290, 296, 305 Abr Shebba, 409 Abyan, plain of the, 401, 407, 427 Abyssapolis, 269 Abyssinia, 91, 101, 314-6 Abyssinians in Sokotra, 354 Adab, 106 Adahan, 388 Addites, 242, 265-6; legends of, 105, 130 Aden, 46, 393; difficulties at, 72; departure from, 228, 346, 399; return to, 284, 398, 428 Adulis, ruins at, 241 Aelius Gallus, 247, 253 Africa, exploration in, 287 Akaba, the, 88 &c., 164, 166 Akhmed Orab, 305 Alagoum, 130 Al Agran, 124 Al Balad, 240-1 Al Hafa, 232, 235 Al Kaiti, family of, 75, 76 &c., 97, 144, 206, 282 Al Kara, 403 Al Koton, 111 &c. Al Madi, 190, 191, 194 Albuquerque, in the Persian Gulf, 10; commentaries of, quoted, 6, 40, 50 Ali, mounds of, 20 &c. Allaki, mines of, 323 Aloes, 194; in Sokotra, 376, 381 Amara tribe, 301 Ambergris, 344 Amri tribe, 139, 171, 277 Aòdeli tribe, 424; mountains of, _ib._ Apes, 271 Arab games, 4, 333 Arad, 2 Armenians, 230 Ascites, 247 Asses, 3, 20 Aydab, 300-1, 305, 325

Baboons, 412 Baggala, 8, 205 Bahrein, Islands of, 1 &c.; asses of, 3; coffee-pots, 5; pearl fisheries, 6; boats, 8; history, 9; wells in, 20, 40; springs, 14, 41; British protectorate, 13 Bahrein, Isa, Sultan of, 13. _See also_ El Khalifa Bahr-Safi, 129 Bakhrein, 82 Balfour, Professor, 343, 382 Barahout. _See_ Bir Borhut Basra, 83 _Batil_, 8, 229, 277 Batran, 298 Bazahel, 166 Bedja tribes in the Soudan, 301, 323, 354 Beni, 302 Bedouin, attack Maskat, 59; of the Hadhramout, 74, 73 &c., 93, 128, 213; the name, 128; religion of, 133, 261, 274; origin of, 249; of the Gara, 239 &c.; of the Soudan, 301 &c., 350; of Sokotra, 365 &c.; in Arabia, 426; dances, 129 Berenice, 291-2, 294, 296 Bir Baokban, 190 Bir Borhut, 138, 228, 282 Bir Lammas, 425 Bir Mighar, 401 Bisharin, tribe of, in the Sudan, 298, 301, 304 &c. Boats, Arabian, 215, 220, 230, 277-8, 284, 288, 293. _See Batil_, _Baggala_, _Houra_, _Sambuka_ British. _See_ Maskat, Persian Gulf, Sokotra Bushire, 2 Butter-making in Sokotra, 336, 346 Buttra, 17, 35, 46, 66

Camels, in the Hadhramout, fed on fish, 81; in Dhofar, 244; in the Soudan, 330; in Sokotra, 368-9 Camel marks, 369, 438 Camoens, 254 Campbell Bey, 289 Carrei tribe, 247 Carter, Dr., 254 Cholmley, Mr. A., 288 Coral, 294

Darour, 290 Date-palms, stories concerning, 19; uses of, _ib._; in the Hadhramout, 116 Derbat, 272 Dervishes in the Soudan, 293, 299, 304, 311-12, 326, 338 Dhofar, plain of, 233 &c.; products of, 235; antiquities in, 239; camels of, 244 _Dianæ Oraculum_, 266 Diodorus quoted, 318, 324 Dioscorides, name of Sokotra, 344, 363 Dirgheg, 407 Dis, 211 Dollars, Maria Theresa, 208, 239, 285, 414 Dragon's-blood tree, 344, 379 Dress of women, 95, 100, 110, 119, 136, 237, 349, 405, 424 Durand, Sir M., 9, 29

Eber, the prophet, 130, 132 Egyptians, ancient, in Arabia, 270; trade in frankincense, 234; in the Red Sea, 293; gold mines, 313, 318, 320 &c. Egyptians, modern, on the Red Sea 293; in the Soudan 307, 309 El Hasa, 1; products of, 5, 38, 42 El Khalifa, family of, 12, 31, 35, 39 El Matra, 58, 68 Emerald mines, 296 Eratosthenes, 21 Erba, Mount, 314, 330 Eriosh, 354 Ethiopians, 302; in Sokotra, 354 Euphrates Valley Railway, 9

Fahdli tribe, 399, 400, 408 &c. Farash, 169 Fereghet, 383 Frankincense, 224; in the Hadhramout, ancient trade in, 89 &c.; in Dhofar, 234, 245, 252 &c.; in Sokotra, 344, 380 French in the Persian Gulf, 60 French, Bishop, 68

Gara, mountains, 234; scenery of, 256 &c, 262 &c.; tribe, 244, 246 &c.; weapons of, 247; customs of, 257; women of, 258; religion, 260; language, 275 Gebaniti, tribe of the, 152 Geological notices, 211-12 Ghaida, 185 Ghail Omr, 170 Goddam, mountains of, 412, 421 Gold mines, Egyptian, 301, 313, 318 &c., 338 Graffiti, 333, 354

Hadai, 315 Hadendowa, 317 Hadhramout, valley of the, 71 &c.; population of, 79; meaning of the word, 71; plants of, 85, 108; physical features, 90, 108; castles, 106; Seyyids of, 115, 227, 280-2, 423 Hadibo. _See_ Tamarida Hagarein, 96, 98 &c., 103 Hagarein, Abdul, Sultan of, 98 &c., 103, 141, 282 Hagheri Ask, 401, 408 Haghier, Mount, 351, 368, 378 Haibel Gabrein, 90 Halaib, 290, 298 Hami, 210 Hamoumi tribe, 168 &c., 177, 186, 207, 283 Hamoumi, Sultan of the, 214 Hamram, 275 Hatasou, Queen, 270, 293 Haula, 362 Haura, 106 Haura, Sultan of, 282 Hazarmaveth, 72, 89, 95, 133 Herodotus, quoted, 21 Himyaritic remains, 49, 104, 166, 242, 402, 405, 413; civilisation, 71, 143 inscriptions, 71 Hirsch, Herr Leo, 72 Hormuz, 10 _Houri_, 68, 292

Ibadhuyah. _See_ Ibadiet Ibadiet, sect of the, 50 Interpreters, 2, 209, 288, 317, 345-6, 364. _See_ Saleh Hasan

Jabberi tribe, 151, 155 &c., 165 Jayaker, Dr., 69, 228 Jebel Akhdar, 229, 284 Jebel Erba. _See_ Erba Jebel Gabeil, 405 Jebel Sarrar, 407 Jedda, Consuls murdered at, 283 Jedid, 281; Sultan of, 277 _Jinni_, 219, 260, 273, 361, 415

Kabr Houd, 130, 139, 282 Kabr Saleh, 130, 139 Kadhoup, 357 Kaidoun, 97 Kalenzia, 346 Kamour, 150 Kanfar, 401-2 Karachi, 228 _Kattira_, 300 Kattiri tribe, 119, 127, 130, 139, 146-7, 277 Khaila, 93, 109 Khalifa, the, 287, 296 Khatiya, 270 Kho Rouri, 270 Khor Shinab, 307 Khoreba, 91, 92 Kilab tribe, 310, 316-7 Kishin, 277, 280; Sultan of, 280, 362 Koloe, ruins at, 241 Kosseir, 214, 220, 290; Sultan of, 282 Kufic remains, 300, 313, 316 Kurbab tribe, 311 Kutch, 284

Leprosy, 105 Locusts, 303, 306

Maaber, 219 Mahri tribe, 139, 236, 252-3, 277-8; in Sokotra, 343, 346, 362; language, 363-4, 366, 389, 393, 434 Makalla, 74 &c., 142, 224 Makalla, Manassar, Sultan of, 75 &c., 145, 224 Manamah, 3 &c. Mandob, 161 Mansura, 241 Manteion Artemidos, 241 Marco Polo quoted, 50, 344, 355, 362 Maria Theresa dollars, 208, 239, 414 Marriage ceremonies, 101 Mashonaland, 317, 337, 373 Maskat (_See also_ Oman), 45 &c. description of, 46, 63; harbour of, 47; bazaars, 64; Portuguese at, 50 &c.; British in, 54, 55, 58; Sultans of, 54, 227, 358 Maskat, Feysul, Sultan of, 56, 61; visit to, 57, 229 Maskat, Tourki, Sultan of, 55 Massawa, 313 Maundeville, Sir John, 8 Medical experiences, 85, 110, 117, 136, 258, 282, 303, 348, 415-6 Merbat, 230 &c., 268-9 Merbat, Suleiman, Wali of, 231 &c., 268, 277 Mersa Halaib, 288 Meshed, 101-2, 105, 141 Miles, Colonel, 234 Minhali tribe, 139, 151, 155, 172, 277 Minqui, 266 Mirage, 401 Mis'hal, plain of, 421, 423 &c. Mohammed Gol, 296, 301, 309 Moharek, 2; visit to, 13 Money of Oman, 61, 284 Morghani, sect of the, 298 Moscha, 253, 269, 270 Myos Homos, 290. _See_ Kosseir Myrrh in the Hadhramout, 77, 91; in Dhofar, 254

Naab, 412 Nahadi tribe, 105, 155 Naida, 184-5 Nearchus, Periplus of, 6, 21, 49, 259, 269, 344, 392 Nejd, 39, 142, 236, 264, 361 Nezweh, 47, 49

Oman, 8; History of, 49 &c.; Imams of, _ib._; kingdom of, 235, 278; coins of, 284. _See also_ Maskat Omr, tomb of, 171

Parsees in the Hadhramout, 75, 77 Pearl fisheries, 6 &c., 54, 292 Periplus. _See_ Nearchus Persians at Bahrein, 11, 17; in Dhofar, 242 Persian Gulf, British influence in, 13, 45 &c., 54, 59 &c. _See_ Slavery, Maskat, Bahrein, Portuguese, Phoenicians Phoenicians in Bahrein, 21 &c.; origin of the, 22 Piracy, suppression of, 55-6; in Sokotra, 344 Pliny, quoted, 21, 88, 92, 152, 293 Polygamy, 114 Portuguese, pearl fisheries, 6; at Bahrein, 10 &c.; at Maskat, 50 &c.; in Dhofar, 254; in Sokotra, 357, 363, 391-2 Portuguese buildings, 11, 17, 18, 49, 63 Ptolemaic period, 291-6 Ptolemy quoted, 88, 92, 241, 266, 272 Punt, land of, 234, 270, 344

Raida, 216-7 Rakhiout, 278 Ramazan, 218, 221, 224, 292 Ras Bagashwa, 220 Ras Bernas, 292, 295 Ras Dis, 220, 281 Ras Fartak, 281 Ras Hamar, 279 Ras Momi, 356, 368, 372, 375-6 Ras Risout, 245, 269 Red Sea, coast of, 290 &c., 340; slave trade in, 294 Riadh, 304 Risout, 233, 279 Rizat, 275 Robat, 240-1 Roe, Sir Thomas, 355 Rostok, 47 Rufa'a, 21; visit to, 33

Sa'ah, 162, 173 Sabæan trade in spices, 253-4; inscriptions, 125, 129, 135, 333; ruins, 49, 240, 265, 269 Sadler, Colonel Hayes, 228 Safi, King, 129 Sagan, 125 Saièhen, 371 Saihan, 373 Saihut, 142, 207, 233, 280-1 Salaka, 333 Saleh, the prophet, 132. _See_ Kabr Saleh Saleh Hasan, 73, 96, 102, 106, 109, 157, 182, 186 &c., 223 _Sambuka_, 220 Sarrar, 214-7 Sawakin, 290, 341 Sawakin Kadim, 300 Schweinfurth, Dr., 343, 391 Sedad, 67 Sellala, 331-4 Seyyids of the Hadhramout, 80 Shabwa, 91, 129, 142, 152 Shafi, sect of, 154 Sheher, 163, 171, 175, 200, 202 &c., 205 &c., 210, 281 Sheher, Hussein, Sultan of, 202, 222, 280, 281, 283 Shellal, 298, 303 Shendeh, 304 Shibahm, city of, 126, 142 &c.; castle of, 146 Shibahm, Salah-bin-Mohammad, Sultan of, 107, 111 &c., 162, 204, 282 Shukra, 425-7 Sief, 94, 101, 109 Siwoun, 119, 146 Siyar, Siyara, 104, 178, 202, 209, 283 Slave trade, 232; in the Persian Gulf, 60; in the Red Sea, 293, 308, 311 Slavery, Arab, 60, 80, 404, 408 Smyth, Captain, 288, 303, 320-2, 341-2 Snow, 423 Sobar, 49 Sokotra, inhabitants of, 280, 363, 369; history of, 343 &c., 391-2; geographical position, 345; language, 345, 357, 363-5, 439; antiquities of, 373-5, 379, 384; Christianity in, 344, 354; Portuguese in, 357, 363, 384, 391-2; English in, 363, 392-3; Greeks in, 392; scenery of, 368, 385, 396 Sokotra, Salem, Sultan of, 280, 362, 394 Solomon, 293 Somali, 89 Soudan, 287 &c.; Egyptian garrisons in, 290; slave trade in, 293, 311; gold, 325; population of, 301-2; mountains of, 315 Spain, annexations of Portugal, 49, 51 Sprenger, Aloys, quoted, 241-2, 247 Strabo, quoted, 293 Suakim. _See_ Sawakin. Sufeila, 186 &c. Suk, 391, 394

Takha, 240, 268 Talismans, 426 Tamarida, 347, 361, 391 Tamimi tribe, 139, 151, 155 &c., 171, 177, 277 Terim, 119, 146 Terre Pleine, 289 Thumna, 152 Todin, 315 Tokhum, 83 Torisi, quoted, 49 Tourki, Sultan of Maskat, 235, 238 Turks, in Bahrein, 13; in the Persian Gulf, 51, 54; in Arabia, 235, 425

Uttubi, 11

Wadi Addattereh (Soudan), 335 Wadi Adim (Hadhramout), 90-1, 159, 169, 170 &c., 189 Wadi al Ain (Hadhramout), 144, 158 Wadi al Aisa (Hadhramout), 90 &c. Wadi Ambaya (Soudan), 334 Wadi Banna (Fahdli), 401-6 Wadi bin Ali (Hadhramout), 159, 163 &c. Wadi Doan (Hadhramout), 72, 90-1, 94, 104 Wadi Gabeit (Soudan), 310, 318, 320, 328, 333 Wadi Ghafait (Hadhramout), 84 Wadi Gherid (Hadhramout), 210 Wadi Ghersid (Gara), 256 &c. Wadi Gumatyewa (Soudan), 315 Wadi Hadai (Soudan), 310, 316 Wadi Hadda (Fahdli), 421 Wadi Hadira (Hadhramout), 163 Wadi Hassan (Fahdli), 407, 409-10 Wadi Hayet (Soudan), 311, 328 Wadi Howeri (Hadhramout), 85-6, 163 Wadi Iroquis (Soudan), 315 Wadi Kasr (Hadhramout), 96 Wadi Khonab (Hadhramout), 130 Wadi Khur (Soudan), 330 Wadi Koukout (Soudan), 335 Wadi Latat (Hadhramout), 130 Wadi Mosila (Hadhramout), 219, 281-282 Wadi Nahast (Gara), 265 Wadi Reban (Fahdli), 418 Wadi Samluf (Fahdli), 427 Wadi Ser (Hadhramout), 126 Wadi Shekheri (Hadhramout), 219 Wadi Sherwin (Hadhramout), 218 Wahabi, sect of, 5, 12, 34, 54, 63, 361 Wali Abdullah-bin-Amr, feud of, 402 &c. Wali Suleiman. _See_ Merbat. Wellsted, Lieutenant, 358, 393 Wingate, Colonel, 288 Wrede, Herr v., 72, 97, 129, 130, 155

Xavier, Francis, 355

Yafei (tribe in the Hadhramout), 75, 139, 143, 402 &c. Yafei Boubakr-bin-Said, Sultan of, 402 &c., 408 Yarsahal, seal of, 151 Yehazahaz, 387

Zanzibar, 55-6, 229 Zimbabwe, ruins of, 407 Zoko. _See_ Suk Zufar. _See_ Dhofar

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