PART I

_Growth, Manufacture and Distribution_

WHAT SUGAR IS 3

THE GROWING OF SUGAR CANE 6 SOIL ANALYSIS 8 ENTOMOLOGY 8 PATHOLOGY 9

THE MANUFACTURE OF RAW SUGAR 22 EXTRACTION 22 PURIFICATION 25 EVAPORATION 28 CONCENTRATION AND CRYSTALLIZATION 31 PREPARATION OF CRYSTALS FOR THE MARKET 33

TRANSPORTATION AND DELIVERY OF RAW SUGAR 37 POLARIZATION 39

REFINING OF RAW SUGAR 44 WASHING 50 MELTING 54 DEFECATION 54 BONE-CHAR FILTRATION 59 CRYSTALLIZATION 65 PARTIAL DRYING 69 FINAL DRYING OF CRYSTALS 69 SCREENING 71 PACKING 73 CUBE SUGAR 77 POWDERED AND BAR SUGAR 79 YELLOW SUGARS 81 MECHANICAL DEPARTMENT 84 LABORATORY 87 COST OF REFINING 88

SHIPPING DEPARTMENT 91

MARKETING 93

BEET SUGAR 100 THE SUGAR BEET 102 SELECTION OF THE SOIL 103 PLANTING 104 THINNING 106 CULTIVATION 107 HARVESTING AND TOPPING 107 MANUFACTURE OF BEET SUGAR 110 TRANSPORTATION AND CLEANING 110 EXTRACTION OF JUICE, SLICING AND DIFFUSION 111 PURIFICATION OF JUICE, CARBONATION AND FILTRATION 112 CONCENTRATION OF JUICE 113 SULFITATION 114 FORMATION OF GRAIN 115 STEFFEN PROCESS 115