Part 19

The fate of Eastern Thrace is still awaiting the conclusion of peace with Turkey and the settlement of the far greater problem--Constantinople. That most tantalizing of questions has gone through some astonishing phases since 1913. Seven years ago the Bulgar was thundering at the lines of Chatalja, and Tsar Ferdinand was said to be ordering the diadem with which he was to be crowned in St. Sophia. Five years ago the Russian solution was at last accepted by England and France, though those states for a century had seemed to believe that the establishment of the Muscovites on the Bosporus would mean the end of everything. Then after the collapse of Russia and of Turkey people talked only of sending the Turk “bag and baggage” back to Asia and of establishing a small international state on the straits, with the United States as mandatory. This project seems now to be beyond the range of possibilities. The next best plan would seem to be to install the Greeks, who from the standpoint of history and of population statistics have at least as good a right to be there as the Turks, and from the standpoint of their general utility in the world an infinitely better right. But the news dispatches of the last month foreshadow that the drama will end with an anti-climax. Since England and France are each unwilling to allow the other to control this coveted position, since both are rather sceptical of Greece’s present fitness for so responsible a rôle, and England moreover is disquieted by certain possible repercussions in India and elsewhere, it now seems to be agreed that the Sultan is to remain in Constantinople. Once more, the Turk is to make good his claim to having nine lives, and from the old cause--the rivalries of the Christians. There will doubtless be elaborate arrangements about neutralizing and internationalizing the straits, and the Sultan will issue whole batches of paper reforms; but I fear that many people will be inclined to echo the words of the late President Roosevelt, that (after the close of the War), “it would be a betrayal of civilization to leave the Turks in Europe.”

* * * * *

I do not wish, however, to end upon a note of pessimism. Whatever mistakes may have been made in connection with the territorial problems of Eastern Europe--and some mistakes were inevitable, in view of the tremendous multiplicity and complexity of the problems raised--the general outcome represents an immense gain for the cause of liberty and nationality. The dream which haunted Mazzini and so many other liberals of fifty years ago--the transformation of the four great despotisms of Eastern Europe--Austria, Prussia, Russia, and Turkey--into a world of free, self-determining national states--has now been in large part realized. The unification of Italy, delayed for half a century, is now virtually finished; and from the Baltic to the Aegean there has been built up a tier of national states, which may perhaps set a check upon any recrudescence of Pan-Germanism, and which some people have called ‘the new bulwark of liberty in the East.’ Of course, fears are expressed as to ‘the Balkanization of Eastern Europe.’ But if that charge implies a disintegration of the older units into a large number of small and permanently feeble states, the complaint is scarcely well founded. After all, in the area considered in these lectures, only two really new states have been created. In the main, the effort has been to round out older ones so as to make their political frontiers coincide with their ethnographic ones, to unite rather than to divide. As a result we have Poland, with about thirty million people; Czecho-Slovakia with twelve to thirteen millions; Roumania with fifteen millions; Yugo-Slavia with twelve to thirteen millions; Greece, which may attain six to seven millions;--results which scarcely fit in with the charge of Balkanization.

Whatever mistakes there may have been, whatever selfish interests have occasionally come unpleasantly to light, I think it may be justly affirmed that on no similar occasion in the past has so earnest and systematic an effort been made to settle territorial questions on the basis, not of the interests or the convenience of the Great Powers, but of the rights and aspirations of the peoples directly concerned; that the Peace Conference at Paris has liberated and unified more nations than any previous European congress, or all the congresses of the last century taken together; and that the principle of nationality has never before won so sweeping and signal a victory.

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTE

In view of the fact that most of the numerous ethnographic maps of the Balkan Peninsula are works of propaganda or else are copied from earlier works so that they often have no independent value, it is a not inessential precaution to consult the article by Haardt von Hartenturm, “Die Kartographie der Balkanhalbinsel im 19. Jht.,” in the _Mitteilungen des k. k. Militär-geographischen Instituts_, xxi, Vienna, 1901. The later maps are enumerated by Jovan Cvijić in his article, “Die ethnographische Abgrenzung der Völker auf der Balkanhalbinsel,” in _Petermanns Mitteilungen_, 1913 (i).

This latter article is accompanied by the author’s own ethnographic map of the Peninsula, which represents the conclusions of the most eminent and one of the most moderate of Serbian scholars. Professor Cvijić has published another map of the same character in the _Geographical Review_, May, 1918.

A large Bulgarian work obviously designed for propagandist purposes is the atlas of forty maps, accompanied by explanatory text, entitled _The Bulgarians in their Historical, Ethnographical, and Political Frontiers_, published at Berlin in 1917, in German, French, English, and Russian, by a group of scholars headed by D. Rizoff. (Cf. the critical observations on this work by Professor Beliċ, _Les Cartes ethnographiques au service de la propagande bulgare_. Paris, 1918.)

A similar historic and ethnographic atlas for Roumania has been referred to in the bibliography for Chapter VII.

The geography of the Peninsula is described by Jovan Cvijić, _La Péninsule balkanique, géographie humaine_, Paris, 1918; and Marion Newbigin, _Geographical Aspects of Balkan Problems in their Relation to the Great European War_, 2d impression, London, 1915.

From the mass of excellent historical works dealing with the Balkans, one would commend especially: N. Forbes, A. J. Toynbee, D. Mitrany, and D. G. Hogarth: _The Balkans, a History of Bulgaria, Serbia, Greece, Rumania, Turkey_, Oxford, 1915; J. A. R. Marriott, _The Eastern Question, an Historical Study in European Diplomacy_, Oxford, 1917; R. W. Seton-Watson, The Rise of Nationality in the Balkans, London, 1917; and (Baron) L. H. C. Courtney (editor), _Nationalism and War in the Near East, by a Diplomatist_. Oxford, 1916.

The aspirations, claims, and policy of Bulgaria have received their most moderate and candid presentation from “Historicus,” _Bulgaria and her Neighbors_, New York, 1917; and G. C. Logio, _Bulgaria: Problems and Politics_, New York, 1919.

There is a fairly detailed map showing the new frontiers of Bulgaria as fixed by the treaty of Neuilly in the _Geographical Journal_, February, 1920.

On the situation and claims of Greece, see Charles Vellay, _L’Irrédentisme hellénique_, Paris, 1913; and “Polybius,” _Greece before the Conference_, London, 1919.

The literature of the Macedonian question is enormous. Among pre-War works on the subject by impartial outsiders, one would name especially: Victor Bérard, _La Turquie et l’hellénisme contemporain_, Paris, 1896, and _La Macédoine_, Paris, 1897; H. N. Brailsford, _Macedonia, its Races and their Future_, London, 1906; and G. Amadori-Virgilj, _La Questione rumeliota_, vol. i, Bitonto, 1908 (also very useful on Albania and Epirus). The Bulgarian claims to Macedonia are set forth notably by “A. Ofeikov” (pseudonym for Šopov), _La Macédoine au point de vue ethnographique, historique et philologique_, Philippopolis, 1887; S. Radeff, _La Macédoine et la renaissance bulgare au XIXᵉ siècle_, Sofia, 1918; and V. Sís, _Mazedonien, eine Studie über Geographie, Geschichte, Volkskunde ..._, Zurich, 1918. The Serbian point of view is presented by T. R. Georgevitch, _Macedonia_, London, 1918; Jovan Cvijić, _Questions balkaniques_, Paris, 1916; and A. Belić, _La Macédoine, études ethnographiques et politiques_, Paris, 1919. For the Greek side of the case, see M. Paillares, _L’Imbroglio macédonien_, Paris, 1907; and S. P. Phocas-Cosmetatos, _La Macédoine, son passé et son présent_, Paris, 1919.

Regarding the Dobrudja question, the Roumanian claims are set forth by N. P. Comnène, _La Dobrogea: essai historique, économique, ethnographique, et politique_, Paris, 1918; and the Bulgarian standpoint is upheld by A. Ishirkov, _Les Bulgares en Dobrudja; aperçu historique et ethnographique_, Berne, 1919.

On the question of Northern Epirus (or Southern Albania) one may consult, for the Greek side, N. J. Cassavetes, _The Question of Northern Epirus at the Peace Conference_, Boston, 1919; and R. Puaux, _The Sorrows of Epirus_, London, 1918. The Albanian point of view in this and other questions is set forth by C. A. Chekrezi, _Albania Past and Present_, New York, 1919; C. A. Dako, _Albania, the Master Key to the Near East_, Boston, 1919; and in the _Memorandum submitted by the Albanian Delegation to the Peace Conference_ (published by the Association for International Conciliation, American Branch, New York, 1919: no. 138 of their series).

Very little has yet been published on the question of Thrace. The most useful compendium of maps, statistics, and historical and ethnographic data about it is _The Question of Thrace: Greeks, Bulgars, and Turks_, by J. Saxon Mills and M. G. Chrussachi, London, 1919 (primarily based on Bulgarian data, used to refute Bulgarian claims).

On the problem of the Straits, the best treatment--both historical and analytical--is probably to be found in the recent volume by Coleman Philippson and Noel Buxton, _The Question of the Bosphorus and the Dardanelles_, London, 1917. A brief but excellent essay is A. C. Coolidge’s _Claimants to Constantinople_, Cambridge, Mass., 1917.

The London _Times_ of May 12, 1920, contains a rather full account of the terms of the treaty of peace with Turkey, which have just been officially presented to the Ottoman government. These proposed terms have been given out too late to be considered in the text of the present volume.

INDEX

Aabenraa, 42.

Adrianople, 266.

Adriatic question, the, 225, 244-262.

Adriatic Sea, the, 206, 225, 268.

Adriatic territories, 213, 244-262, 280f.

Adriatic-Transbalkan railway, proposed, 280.

Aegean Sea, the, 266, 268, 278, 283, 284, 287.

Africa, 9.

Agram, 248, 257.

Albania, 265, 278-281, 290.

Albanians, 268, 278-281.

Albert of Hohenzollern, first duke of Prussia (1525-68), 162.

Alexander Karageorgevich, prince regent of Serbia, 269f.

Alexandria, 182.

Alföld, plain of the, 231, 232.

Alpine racial type, the, 16, 86, 87, 119.

Alps, the, 20, 211, 222, 225, 244, 268.

Alsace, 12, 16, 76, 77, 78f., 87, 91, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 101, 117, 119, 120, 123, 133. _See_ Alsace-Lorraine.

Alsace-Lorraine, 17, 29, 75-116, 132, 134, 136, 139, 150, 187, 267, 279.

American Geographical Society, the, 23.

Amsterdam, 63.

Anarchy, 5f., 204.

Antwerp, 54, 62, 63, 65.

Arc de Triomphe, the, 4.

Argyrocastro, 278, 280.

Armenia, 226.

Armenians, 166.

Arndt, E. M., 118.

Arva, 188, 213.

Asia, 9, 210, 285.

Asia Minor, 15, 17, 278.

Athens, 282.

Augustus Caesar, 201.

Aulard, F. A., 138.

‘Ausonian Republic,’ 247.

Austria, 3, 11, 33, 38, 39, 67, 91, 93, 94, 159, 171, 201-229, 244, 246, 250, 256, 270, 277, 287.

Austria-Hungary, 6, 14, 17, 188-191, 203-210, 248, 265.

Austrian Netherlands, the, 52.

Austrian Silesia, 158, 212, 216, 219.

Autonomy, 106, 207, 238, 280, 285.

Avlona, 281.

Baden, 12, 76, 121, 122, 123.

Bagdad, 242.

Baker, R. S., 34.

Balkans, the, 15, 17, 20, 238, 245, 263-290.

Balkan wars, the, of 1912-13, 263f., 265f., 267, 282, 285.

Ballad literature, of the Macedonian Slavs, 270.

Baltic provinces, the, 17.

Baltic Sea, the, 157, 159, 161, 162, 164, 167, 178, 179, 180, 181, 287.

Banat of Temesvár, the, 240.

Barker, J. E., quoted, 202.

Baruch, B. M., 24.

Basel, 122.

Basque region, the, 90.

Bas-Rhin, department of the, 114.

Bavaria, 79, 121, 124, 132, 144.

Belfort, 104, 105.

Belgian Congo, the, 71.

Belgium, 11, 48-73, 90, 93, 121, 122, 131.

Belgrade, 240, 248, 277.

Belleau Wood, 5.

_Bellum omnium contra omnes_, 205.

Benson, W. S., 25.

Berlin, 140, 145, 191, 192, 207; congress of (1878), 9, 267.

Bernhoft, H. A., 42.

Bessarabia, 276.

Birkenfeld, principality of, 124.

Bismarck, Prince Otto, 38f., 101, 153, 154; quoted, 100, 212.

Black Sea, the, 167, 238, 268, 276, 282, 283.

Blockade, problems of, 5.

Böcking, family, 137.

Böcking, H., 136, 151.

Bohemia, 18f., 93, 211, 212, 213-222, 223.

Bolsheviki, the, 169, 195f.

Bolshevism, 6, 237.

Bosnia, 242, 260.

Bosporus, the, 263, 285.

Botzen, 225.

Bowman, I., 23, 34.

Brandenburg, 79, 162.

Bremen, 182.

Brenner Pass, the, 225.

Brest, 7.

Brest-Litovsk, treaty of (1918), 191.

Breusch, the, 88.

Bridges and bridgeheads, Rhine, 128, 129, 130.

Briey, 13, 103, 104, 112.

Brindisi, 255.

British Isles, the, 11, 17.

Brittany, 90.

Britten, 147.

Brixen, 225.

Brockdorff-Rantzau, Count von, 120.

Bryce, Viscount, 6.

Bucharest, peace of (1913), 264, 266, 267, 275.

Budapest, 237, 242, 246, 258.

Bülow, Prince von, 187.

Buffer state, proposed, on the Rhine, 128f.

Bulgaria, 3, 11, 14, 208, 263-277, 281-285, 288ff.

Bulgarian church, the, 271f.

Bulgarians, 264-277, 280-285.

Bundesrat, the German, 81.

‘Burgundian gate,’ the, 105.

Burgundy, 51.

Butler, R., quoted, 197.

Caesar, Julius, 8.

Carbonari, the, 247.

Carinthia, 229, 244.

Carniola, 13, 244.

Carnot, L. N. M., 118.

Carpathians, the, 157, 163, 164, 188, 191, 211.

‘Carpatho-Ruthenian nation,’ the, 238.

Casimir IV, king of Poland (1447-92), 161.

Castlereagh, Viscount, 5.

Catholics, in Alsace-Lorraine, 77, 113; Croats and Slovenes, 242; French, 129; Poles, 185; in the Rhineland, 129; among the White Russians, 196; in Zealand Flanders, 65.

Cattaro, 247, 254.

Cavour, Count di, 247.

Celtic speech and blood, 17; Celtic character of the Left Bank, 118.

Census-takers, perversions of fact by, 17, 44, 159, 170, 173f., 213, 232f., 249f., 282, 283.

Central Africa, 283.

Central Commission for the Navigation of the Rhine, the, 121ff., 150.

Central Territorial Commission, the, 30.

Ceramic wares, 54, 137.

Cereals, 53.

Champs-Elysées, the, 4.

Charlemagne, 201.

Charles, emperor of Austria, 106, 207, 209.

Charles V, Holy Roman emperor, 51, 78, 201.

Charlotte, grand duchess of Luxemburg, 58, 60.

Chatalja, lines of, 285.

Château-Thierry, 5.

Chemical products, 54.

Chéradame, A., 205, n. 1, 228.

Chiches, the, 250.

Cisleithania, 203-229.

Civil War, the, 15.

Clémenceau, G., 26, 27, 107, 128.

Cleves, 66, 125.

Coal, 13, 53, 58, 61, 77, 80, 101, 112, 113, 117, 131, 134-148, 152, 186, 197, 221.

Code, German civil, of 1900, 113.

Code Napoléon, the, 126.

Colmar, 89.

Cologne, archbishopric of, 124.

Colonial rivalries, 20.

Comité d’Etudes, the, 23, 35, 115, 116, 151, 152.

Comité de la Rive Gauche du Rhin, 118.

Commissions, 28-31.

Committees, special, 29, 30.

Communication, related to boundary problems, 12.

Concordat of 1801, the, 113.

_Condominium_, in Moresnet, 57; on the Scheldt, 63ff.; suggested, in Lorraine, 112.

‘Congress Kingdom’ of Poland, the, 158, 159, 171, 195, 197.

Connecticut, 76.

Consciousness of kind, 13, 16, 90.

Consistency, Bismarck on, 212.

Constance, Lake of, 122.

Constantinople, 242, 271, 278, 282, 284, 285f., 290.

Constanza, 276.

Constitution of the United States, the, 32.

Convention of 1787, the, 32.

Copper, 113.

Cotton manufacture, 54, 76.

Council of Five, the, 27, 30, 33.

Council of Four, the, 27-30, 33, 50.

Council of Ten, the, 25ff., 29, 30, 33, 42, 50, 68.

Cracow, 164.

Croatia, 233, 241f., 257.

Croats, 233, 241f., 246, 250, 253, 257, 258.

Crown of St. Stephen, lands of the, 214, n. 1.

Crown of St. Wenceslaus, lands of the, 219.

‘Culture,’ propagation of, in Hungary, 233; in Macedonia, 272; in Schleswig, 39.

Currency, depreciation of, 48.

Curzola, 248.

Cyprus, 278.

Cyrillic characters, 241.

Czecho-Slovakia, 12, 156, 188, 210, 213-222, 237f., 287.

Czecho-Slovaks, 207, 208, 209, 212, 228.

Czechs, 166, 202, 213-222.

Dacia, 239.

Dalmatia, 29, 244, 245f., 247, 248, 251-256, 260, 261, 262.

Danish-Americans, letter of President Wilson to, 42.

Danish language, the, 17, 37, 39f.

Dannevirke, the, 42.

Danton, G. J., 118.

Danube, the, 12, 20, 225, 237, 240, 268.

Danzig, 21, 157, 161, 173, n. 1, 180-185, 223.

Darmstadt, 97.

Davis, N. H., 24.

Dedeagach, 266.

Delaware, 37.

Delbrück, H., quoted, 187f.

Demilitarization of the Left Bank, 130.

Denis, E., quoted, 127.

Denmark, 37-47, 48, 72.

Dillon, E. J., 25, n. 1, 34.

Dinaric Alps, the, 244.

Disraeli, B., 154.

District of Columbia, the, 145.

_Divide et impera_, 191, 205.

Dixon, W. M., 23.

Dnieper, the, 157, 161, 164, 182, 196.

Dniester, the, 182.

Dobrudja, the, 266, 276, 290.

Dodecanesus, the, 278.

Doge of Venice, the, 252.

Donon, Mount, 88.

Doubs, the, 105.

Drafting Commission, the, 36.

_Drang nach Osten_, the Germanic, 160.

Drave, the, 223.

Drin, the, 260, 280.

Dualism, in Austria-Hungary, 203f., 234.

Dunkirk, 90.

_Dux Dalmatiae_, 252.

Dvina, the, 157, 164.

Eastern Galicia, 189-195.

‘Eastern Marches,’ the, of Prussia, 173, 187.

Eastern Thrace, 266, 281, 282, 284, 285f.

East Friesland, 66.

East India Company, Austria likened to, 203.

East Prussia, 12, 158, 161, 162, 179, 180, 185.

_Echo de Paris_, the, 128.

Economic problems, commissions on, 28.

Egypt, 14, 212.

Eider, the, 37, 42, 43, 44.

Eiffel, mountain range of the, 55.

Elector Palatine, the, 133.

Elsenborn, camp of, 55, 130.

Enclaves, 78, 134, 159, 176, 282.

England, 25, 27, 47, 67, 71, 87, 120, 129, 153, 172, 241, 248, 281, 285, 286. _See_ Great Britain.

Enos-Midia line, the, 265.

Epinal, 105.

Epirotes, 279.

Epirus, 278ff.

Eteimbes, 88.

‘Ethnographic Poland,’ 158f., 164.

‘Ethnographic rights,’ 212.

Eugene, Prince, 201.

Eugénie, Empress, 100.

Eupen, 55, 56.

Exarchist church, _see_ Bulgarian church.

Farnese, Alexander, 51.

Federal republic, the Polish, 166.

Felix of Bourbon-Parma, Prince, 60.

Ferdinand I, II, III, Holy Roman emperors, 201.

Ferdinand, king, later tsar of Bulgaria, 269, 285.

Finance, commission on, 28.

Finno-Ugrian stock, 232.

Fiume, 9, 28, 223, 248, 251, 256-262, 280.

Flanders, 60, 65f.

Flemish language, in Belgium, 48; spoken about Dunkirk, 90.

Flensburg, 37, 42, 46.

Flensburg fiord, the, 37, 42.

Florida, 14.

Foch, Marshal, 25.

Fortresses of the French frontier, demanded by Germany, 104f.

_Fortwusteln_, 203.

Fourteen Points, the, 21f., 42, 170, 171, 177, 207, 209.

France, 11, 16, 25, 27, 50, 51, 52, 67, 71, 131, 153, 154, 170, 248, 259, 280, 285, 286; problems of her eastern frontier, 75-152.

Francis I, emperor of Austria, 93; quoted, 204f.

Francis II, Holy Roman emperor, _see_ Francis I, emperor of Austria.

Frankenholz, 142.

Frankfort, treaty of (1871), 75, 80, 103, 108, 109, 110, 120.

Frankish empire, the, 51, 119.

Frederick the Great, king of Prussia, 178.

Freeman, E. A., 120, 254.

French Foreign Office, the, 24.

French Revolution, the, 5, 52, 57, 63, 85, 92, 95f., 99, 120, 124, 125, 133, 134, 138.

Frisian islands, the, 37.

Frisians, 38.

Frontiers, geographical elements of, 11ff.; human elements in frontier-making, 13-20; as affected by hopes of the future, 20f.; bibliography, 35.

Fustel de Coulanges, N. D., 115; quoted, 96.

Galicia, 158, 159, 160, 188-195, 199, 210, 238.

Gaul, Roman, 118.

Gauls, 86, 88.

Geislautern, 136.

‘Geographic Poland,’ 158.

German Austria, 209f., 213, 217, 218, 222-229.

German Bohemia, proposed republic of, 216.

German colonies, the, 14, 21.

German East Africa, 71.

German Gate, the, at Metz, 83.

Germanic invasions, the, 119.

Germanization, 39, 173, 174f.

German minorities, in Austria, 203-206; in the Baltic provinces, 17; in the Banat, 240; in Belgium, 18; in Bohemia, 15, 18, 215, 216-222; in Hungary, 233; in Moravia, 216; in North Schleswig, 46; in Poland, 15, 166, 172, 173-188; in Transylvania, 239; in Upper Silesia, 212, 216.

Germany, 3, 6, 7, 8, 11, 14, 16, 21, 33, 48f., 50, 51, 61, 70f., 154, 157, 160, 191, 197, 198, 206, 207, 218, 226-228, 243, 264; adjustment of Danish frontier, 37-47; of Belgian frontier, 49, 54-57; of French frontier, 75-152; of Polish frontier, 172-188.

Ghent, 64.

Gibraltar, 281.

Gladstone, W. E., 154.

Gorizia, 244, 247, 248, 249, 251.

Governing Commission, the, in the Saar district, 144-150.

Governing Commission, for the Rhenish territories, _see_ Inter-Allied Rhineland High Commission.

Gradisca, 244.

Grand Trianon, treaty of the (1920), 3, 237, n. 1.

Great Britain, 122, 131, 132, 170, 280. _See_ England.

Greater Greece, 156.

Greater Roumania, 156.

Greece, 28, 156, 264, 265, 266, 267, 277-287, 289f.

Greek church, the, 271.

Greeks, the, 16, 266, 268, 269, 272, 278-287.

Gribble, F., quoted, 209.

Grodno, province of, 196.

Guelders, Prussian, 125.

Guizot, F. P. G., 154f.

Gypsies, 268.

Halicz, principality of, 160.

Hamburg, 54, 182.

Hapsburg, house of, 51, 78, 79, 94, 98, 201ff., 209, 219, 222, 249, 256.

Haskins, C. H., 29.

Haut-Rhin, department of the, 114.

Hawaii, 14.

Headlam-Morley, J. W., 29.

Heligoland, 47.

Hellenic nation, the, 278f.

Henderson, A., 207.

Hesse, 121, 124.

High German, the official language in Germany, 90.

Historical Section of the British Foreign office, the, 23.

‘Historic rights,’ 211f.

Hoboken, 7.

Hofer, Andreas, 225.

Hohenzollern, house of, 94, 98, 162.

Hohe Tauern, the, 225.

Holland, 11, 49, 51, 52, 54, 57, 60-70, 93, 118, 121, 122.

Holstein, 38.

Holy Roman Empire, the, 78, 84, 92ff., 120.

Homburg, in the Palatinate, 146.

Hoover, H., 5, 25.

Hostenbach, 142.

House, E. M., 23.

Hugo, Victor, 154.

Hundred Days, the, 135.

Hundred Years’ War, the, between Poland and the Teutonic Knights, 161.

Hungary, 3, 6, 210, 212, 213, 226, 231-243, 244, 246, 256, 257, 258, 259, 277.

Ill, the, 76.

Immanent justice, idea of an, 153.

Imperial Colonization Commission, the, 174.

Indemnities, 6, 111.

India, 212, 286.

Industrialism, modern, 12.

‘Inquiry,’ the, 23.

Intendant, the, 95.

Inter-Allied Rhineland High Commission, the, 131, 150.

International administration, 21, 285.

International Commission, on the Schleswig plebiscites, 44.

International servitudes, 68.

Ireland, 14, 15, 212, 241.

Iron, 13, 54, 58, 59, 77, 84, 85, 101-104, 106, 112, 113, 116, 137, 197.

Istria, 244, 247, 248, 249, 250, 251.

_Italia Irredenta_, 156.

_Italianità_, 245.

Italy, 11, 25, 27, 50, 90, 93, 122, 153, 158, 170, 210, 213, 224f., 244-262, 278, 280, 281, 287.

Japan, 25, 50.

Japanese, at the Peace Conference, 25, 28.

Jefferson, Thomas, quoted, 154.

Jena, battle of, 187.

Jews, 15, 19, 113, 159, 166, 189, 194, 268.

Joseph II, Holy Roman emperor (1765-90), 201.

Julian Alps, the, 244, 249.

Jutland, 37.

Kamieniec, 164.

Kansas, 158.

Karl, _see_ Charles.

Károlyi, Count, 236, 237.

Karst Mountains, the, 244, 249.

Kehl, 122.

Key deposits of minerals, disposal of, 18, 140f.

Keynes, J. M., 27, n. 1, 34, 148f.

Kiel Canal, the, 37, 46f.

Kiev, 163.

Klagenfurt, 213, 223f.

Kléber, J. B., 96.

Königsberg, 180, 182.

_Komitadjis_, 272, 277.

Koritza, 278, 279, 280.

Kosciuszko, T., 165.