Part 9

[132] On analysis of the Registrar-General’s returns for England and Wales (1901–1909) C. Singer (_Quart. Journ. Med._, Oxford, 1911–12, v. 33), found that the incidence curves of carcinoma of the lip, face, and breast were exceptional in rising up to the highest age recorded (90).

[133] Laurent, O., _Bull. Acad. de méd._, Paris, 1919, lxxxi. 835.

[134] Gilford, H., _The Disorders of Post-natal Growth and Development_, 1911, London; and _Brit. Med. Journ._, 1913, ii. 1617.

[135] Goodpasture, E. W., _Journ. Med. Research_, Boston, 1918, xxxviii. 127.

[136] Oertel, H., _Ibid._, 485.

[137] Councilman, W. T., _Contributions to Medical and Biological Research_, dedicated to Sir William Osler, 1919, vol. ii. p. 918, New York.

[138] Kissmeyer and With, _Brit. Journ. Dermat. and Syph._, London, 1922, xxxiv. 175.

[139] Pringle, J. J., _System of Medicine_ (Allbutt and Rolleston), 1911, ix. 549, London.

[140] Cheatle, G. L., _West London Med.-Chir. Journ._, 1921, xxvi. 154.

[141] _Letter to a Friend_, in Greenhill’s edition of _Religio Medici_, p. 135, Macmillan, 1898.

[142] Bacon, F., _The History of Life and Death_.

[143] _Autobiography of Sir Charles Cameron_, p. 137, 1920.

[144] Graves, R. J., _Dublin Quart. Journ. Med. Sc._, 1847, N.S., iii. 339.

[145] Quoted by D. Roy, _Thèse de Paris_, No. 110, 1910.

[146] Sinclair, J., _Code of Health and Longevity_, 1807, i. 68.

[147] Boyd, R., _Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc._, 1861, cli. 241.

[148] Monauni, _Arch. d’opth._, 1921, xxxviii. 180.

[149] Nascher, I. L., _Geriatrics_, p. 36, 2nd edition, 1919, London.

[150] Clarke, Ernest, in _Operative Treatment of Intestinal Stasis_, by W. A. Lane, p. 245, 1918, London.

[151] Hollis, W. A., _Brit. Med. Journ._, 1916, i. 677.

[152] Luciani, _Text-book of Physiology_, English translation, vol. v. p. 302, London.

[153] Salimbeni et Gery, _Ann. Inst. Pasteur_, Paris, 1912, xxvi. 577.

[154] Symmers, D., _Arch. Int. Med._, Chicago, 1909, iii. 270.

[155] Roussy, G., et Leroux, R., _Ann. de méd._, Paris, 1921, ix. 161.

[156] Durante, _Manuel d’histologie pathologique_ (Cornil et Ranvier), 1902, ii.

[157] Jewesbury and Topley, _Journ. Path. and Bacteriol._, 1913, xviii. 432.

[158] Weber, F. P., _System of Medicine_ (Allbutt and Rolleston), 1905, i. 185, London.

[159] Charcot, J. M., _Clinical Lectures on Senile and Chronic Diseases_, p. 28, New Sydenham Soc., 1881.

[160] _Loc. cit._

[161] Ophülz, W., _Stanford Univ. Publications, Med. Sciences_, 1921, vol. i. Part I. p. 31.

[162] Turnbull, H. M., _Quart. Journ. Med._, Oxford, 1913–14, viii. 201.

[163] Hansen, K. M., _Ugsek. f. Laeger_, Copenhagen, 1919, lxxxi. 1281.

[164] Macnaughton, F. G., _Brit. Med. Journ._, 1922, ii. 14.

[165] Rolleston, G., _Brit. and For. Med.-Chir. Rev._, 1863, xxxi. 505.

[166] Hammar, A., _Endocrinology_, Los Angeles, 1921, v. 543.

[167] Hale-White, W., _Med.-Chir. Trans._, 1888, lxxi. 181.

[168] Findlay, G. M., _Journ. Path. and Bacteriol._, Cambridge, 1920, xxiii. 482.

[169] Councilman, W. T., _Contributions to Medical and Biological Research_, Dedicated to Sir William Osler, 1919, vol. ii. p. 919, New York.

[170] Walker, K., _Brit. Med. Journ._, 1922, i. 297.

[171] Launois, “Appareil urinaire des vieillards,” _Thèse de Paris_, 1885.

[172] Nemenow, M., _Ztschr. f. Urol._, Berl. und Leipz., 1921, xv. 45.

[173] Hertoghe, “L’Hypothyroidie bénigne chronique,” _Bull. Acad. roy. de Belg._, 1899.

[174] Mott, F. W., _Brit. Med. Journ._, 1919, ii. 658.

[175] Paul, F. T., _Lancet_, 1910, ii. 294.

[176] Haneborg, _Acta Medica Scandinavica_, 1921, Supplement I. p. 117.

[177] Bell, _Lancet_, 1922, i. 715.

[178] MacNider, _Science_, 1917, xlvi. 643.

[179] Rappleye, _Boston Med. and Surg. Journ._, 1918, clxxviii. 191.

[180] _A Discourse Of The Preservation Of The Sight: Of Melancholic Diseases: Of Rheums and Of Old Age_, composed by M. Andreas Laurentius, Ordinarie Phisition to the King and Publike Professor of Phisicke in the Universitie of Montpelier. Translated out of the French into English according to the last Edition by Richard Surphlet, Practitioner in Phisicke, p. 170, London, 1599.

[181] Aub and Dubois, _Arch. Int. Med._, Chicago, 1917, xix. 823.

[182] Gray, A. A., _Diseases of the Ear_, p. 335, 1910.

[183] _The Gray Room_, p. 261, 1922.

[184] Rivers, W. H. R., _Instinct and the Unconscious_, p. 148, 2nd edition, Cambridge University Press, 1922.

[185] Dupuis, _Journ. de psychol._, Paris, 1921, xviii. 481.

[186] Arnold, M., _Essays in Criticism_, Preface, p. x. 1886.

[187] Day, G. E., _Domestic Management and Diseases of Advanced Life_, p. 5, 1849, London.

[188] _The Adventure of Death_, p. 63, 1916, London.

[189] Hooker, D. R., _Amer. Journ. Physiol._, 1916, xl. 43.

[190] Thompson, R. J. C., and Todd, R. E., _Lancet_, 1922, ii. 503.

[191] Spence, J. C., _Quart. Journ. Med._, Oxford, 1920–21, xiv. 314.

[192] Carrel and Ebeling, _Journ. Exper. Med._, Baltimore, 1921, xxxiv. 599.

[193] Nascher, I. L., _Geriatrics_, p. 60, London, 1919.

[194] Williams, L., _Minor Ailments_, p. 332, 1920.

[195] _The Gentle Cynic, being a Translation of the Book of Koheleth, commonly known as Ecclesiastes, stripped of later Additions, also its Origin, Growth and Interpretation_, by Morris Jastrow, junior, 1919, J. B. Lippincott Co.

[196] Laurentius, A., _A Discourse of the Preservation of the Sight; of the Melancholic Diseases; of the Rheums; and of Old Age_, translated out of French into English by Richard Surphlet, 1599.

[197] Lowe, P., _The Whole Course of Chirurgerie_, 1612.

[198] Hall, J., _Paraphrase upon the Hard Texts of the Whole Divine Scripture_, 1633.

[199] _Loc. cit._, _vide_ p. 8.

[200] Mead, R., _Medica Sacra_, translated from the Latin by Thomas Stark, 1775.

[201] Moon, R. O., _The Relation of Medicine to Philosophy_, p. 217, 1909, London.

[202] Paget, J., _Studies from Old Case Books_, p. 93, 1891, London.

[203] Charcot, J. M., _Clinical Lectures on Senile and Chronic Diseases_, New Sydenham Society, 1881, p. 33.

[204] Leclercq, A., _Les maladies de la cinquantaine_, 5 vols., 1922, Paris.

[205] Gowers, W. R., _System of Medicine_ (Allbutt and Rolleston), 1910, viii. 473, London.

[206] Maclachlan, D., _A Practical Treatise on the Diseases and Infirmities of Advanced Life_, p. 213, London, 1868.

[207] Clarke, J. M., _Brit. Med. Journ._, 1915, ii. 665.

[208] Andrewes, F. W., _St. Barth. Hosp. Rep._, London, 1912, xlviii. 9.

[209] Dupré, E., _Nouv. iconograph. Salpêt._, Paris, 1905, xviii. 88.

[210] Clouston, T., _System of Medicine_ (Allbutt and Rolleston), London, 1910, viii. 935.

[211] Marie, P., et Léri, _Séméiologie nerveuse, Traité de médecine_ (Gilbert et Thoinot), p. 450.

[212] Quesnel, M., _Thèse de Paris_, 1920, No. 258.

[213] Charcot, J. M., _Clinical Lectures on Senile and Chronic Diseases_, New Sydenham Society, 1881, p. 239.

[214] Roussy, G., et Leroux, R., _Ann. de méd._, Paris, 1921, ix. 161.

[215] Allbutt, Clifford, _System of Medicine_ (Allbutt and Rolleston) London, 1909, vi. 455.

[216] Nunneley, F. P., _Aneurysm of the Abdominal Aorta_, p. 8, London, 1906.

[217] Peabody, _Trans. Assoc. Amer. Phys._, Washington, 1891, vi. 170.

[218] Osler, W., _Journ. Canad. Med. Assoc._, 1911, N.S., i. 919.

[219] Fenwick, W. S., _Lancet_, 1909, ii. 1346.

[220] Hollis, W. A., _Brit. Med. Journ._, 1916, i. 677.

[221] Miles, W. E., _Surg., Gyn., and Obstet._, 1919, xix. 497.

[222] Roberts, W., _System of Medicine_ (Allbutt and Rolleston), 1907, iii. 124, London.

[223] Llewellyn, L. J., _Gout_, 1920, London.

[224] Jardini, _Nouv. iconograph. Salpêtr._, Paris, 1906, xix. 553.

[225] Garrod, A. E., _Brit. Med. Journ._, 1904, ii. 8.

[226] Hale-White, W., _Quart. Journ. Med._, Oxford, 1907–1908, i. 47.

[227] Lannelonge, _Bull. Acad. de méd._, Paris, 1903, 3^e sér., xlix. 299.

[228] Fournier, _Ibid._, 1903, 3^e sér., xlix. 522.

INDEX

Abernethy, J., 84

Abiotrophy, 139

Acquired characters, 35, 75, 79

Activity. _See_ Functional; Muscular

Adam, age of, 14

Adami, J. G., 87

Adolescence, termination of period of, 17

Adrenals, 110

Age, the “critical,” 140 the “dangerous,” 26 exaggeration of, by elderly people, 20, 21

Albuminuria, 126

Alcohol, abuse of, 57 action of, on the tissues, 57 influence on longevity, 33, 34, 57

Alimentary canal, lymphoid atrophy of, 109

Allbutt, Clifford, 37, 55, 59, 150

Allen treatment of diabetes, 56

Amputation, for diabetic gangrene, 142

Anabolism, cellular, 67

Anaemia, secondary, 108

Anal orifice, narrowing of, 152

Anatomical changes, 60, 63, 90–114

Andrewes, F. W., 145

Aneurysms, 150, 151

Angiomas, 108

Animal life, duration of, 17, 18 experimental modification of life cycle and growth of, 11 natural death in, 13, 14 rejuvenation and senescence in, 9–11

Aortic stenosis, 149

Aphasia, transient attacks of, 151

Appetite, 56, 118

Arcus senilis, 98

Arnold, M., 123

Aron, 75

Arteries, degenerative changes in, 97, 105–107 “pipe-stem,” 106

Arteriosclerosis, 97, 105–107, 149 age incidence of, 105, 140 causes of, 105, 142 hereditary transmission of, 37 influence of smoking on, 59 prostatic hypertrophy and, 112 spasm associated with, 151 thyroid prevention of, 73

Arthritic affections, 154

Arthritis, chronic infective, 155

Atheroma. _See_ Arteriosclerosis

Athyroidism, 73

Atkinson, Edward, nonagenarian, 51

Atrophy-- brown, 103, 105 cardiac, 104, 140, 149 degenerative, 46 general, 62, 91, 139 causes of, 137, 138 genital, 114 lymphoid, 108 muscular, 103 of auditory nerve, 118 of skin and secretory glands, 141 of thymus, 109 precocious, 138 renal, 111 splenic, 109 testicular, 113

Atropine, 127, 128

Aub and Dubois, 116

Auditory nerve, atrophy of, 118

Auto-suggestion, 48

Bacon, Francis, 17, 95

Bacon, Roger, 17

Baddeley, J. J., 51

Baldness, 95 causes of, 96 thyroid extract in, 96

Barclay-Smith, E., 82

Baronsdale, W., 5

Bell, B., 75

Bell, J. R., 115

Benjamin, H., 77

Berman, L., 71

Biedl, A., 71

Biochemistry of old age, 64–68

Biological aspect of old age, 10, 11, 23, 63

Biotripsy, 93

Birth, expectation of life at, 13, 41, 42

Birth control, 24

Bladder, 133, 153

Blane, G., 142

Blood, condition of, 108, 115 increase of urea-nitrogen in, 115

Blood pressure, 125 and heredity, 37 high, 55, 124 longevity in relation to, 37 senile, 104, 124, 125

Blood supply, diminished, 106

Blood transfusion, 66

Bodily vigour, sex gland activity as manifestation of, 69

Body, cells of. _See_ Cells conformation of, 60 fibrous framework of, 92 structural changes in, 90 temperature of, 116 water content at birth and adult life, 64

Boerhaave, 91

Bone marrow, atrophy of, 108

Bones, injuries to, healing of, 126, 127 Paget’s disease of, 156 rarefaction and absorption of, 99 arterial degeneration with, 107

Bony changes, 98, 99

Bouin and Ancel, 73

Brain, changes in, 96, 146 degeneration of cells of, 97 organic changes in, 145 senile atrophy of, 139 shrinkage of, 100 weight of, 97

Brain cells, activity of, influence on longevity, 35, 36

Brampton, Lord, nonagenarian, 51

Bromides, intolerance to, 128

Bronchiectasis, simulating tuberculosis, 149

Bronchitis, disposition to, 147 simulating tuberculosis, 149

Bronchopneumonia, 148 and pneumonia, confusion between, 148 tendency to, 103

Brown atrophy, 103, 105

Brown-Séquard, 70

Browne, T., 14, 47, 95

Brownlee, J., 33

Buffon, 17

Butler, Samuel, 35

Calcification, of arteries, 106–107 of cartilage, 100

Calendar, length of, in the patriarchal era, 15

California, centenarians in, 41

Cambridge University, influence of John Haviland on the study of medicine, 6

Cameron, C., 95

Campbell, H., 65

Cancer. _See_ Carcinoma

Carcinoma, 141 age and sex incidence of, 86, 140 and senescence, 86–89 rarity of, in extreme old age, 87

Cardio-vascular system, 36–38, 103–108, 124, 133, 149

Carlisle, Anthony, 8

Carrel, A., 65, 66, 127

Cartilages, calcification of, 100

Castration, phenomena of old age and, 79 secondary sex-characters following, 79

Cazalis, 107

Cell-memory, 35 longevity in relation to, 35

Cells, 62 activity of, relation to connective tissues, 68, 88, 89, 92 ageing of, 67, 88 carcinoma in relation to, 86–89 causes and significance of, 67 senility in relation to, 86, 88 changes in, infections causing, 43, 44 changes in old age, 64 colloidal changes in, 64, 68 cultivation of, 66 degeneration of, 62, 92, 135 intestinal bacteria causing, 82, 83 infections and intoxications producing changes in, 44 life cycle of, 63, 65, 88, 89 factors influencing, 65 on what dependent, 68 thyroid deficiency influencing, 72 limited vitality of, 62 sequels of, 64 products inimical to life of, 65 senile changes due to injury to, 30, 31, 67 time-rate of, 36 vital phenomena of, 63, 88, 89

Census returns, 41, 43

Centenarianism, 19 heredity in relation to, 19

Centenarians, 20, 33, 34 age exaggeration by, 20, 21 among Churchmen, 50 among doctors, 52 among professional men, 50 census returns of, 20, 21 family incidence of, 32, 33 in California, statistics, 41 in England and Wales, statistics, 40, 41 in Ireland, statistics, 40 medical, 52 personal habits of, 56, 57 rarity of cancer among, 87 sex statistics of, 21, 22 smoking among, 58 statistics of, 21, 24 deaths among, 21, 22, 41

Cerebral arteries, changes in, 97

Cerebral degeneration, 97

Cerebral haemorrhage, 145 age incidence of, 145

Cerebral thrombosis, 145

Chaderton, Laurence, centenarian, 51

Charcot, J. M., 8, 104, 116, 139, 148

Cheatle, G. L., 93

Chest capacity, diminished, 103

Cheyne, G., 55

Child, C. M., 10, 14, 56

“Childhood, second,” 122, 145

Chromophages, 94

Chromosomes, 88

Churchmen, centenarians among, 50

Cicero, 135

Circulatory system, 38

Clark, Andrew, 29, 60, 137

Clarke, E., 85, 98

Clarke, J. M., 145

Climacteric, ancient conceptions of, 27 senile, 30

Climacteric disease, 28

Climate, influence on longevity, 26, 39

Coke, Sir Edward, octogenarian, 51

Colloidal dehydration, leading to old age, 64, 65

Colon, destruction of putrefactive bacteria in, 83

Constipation, 101, 152 age incidence of, 152 gerontal, 102 tendency to, 115

Cornaro, on the duration of life, 18 writer on old age, 8

Costal cartilage, calcification of, 100

Councilman, W. T., 37, 92, 104, 107, 111, 125

Cranial bones, changes in, 100

Crosby, T., 51

Cushny, A. R., 81

Cutaneous sensation, 117

Cystitis, 154

Darwin, C., 53

Deafness, causes of, 118 senile, 118

Death, causes of, 13, 38 mental attitude to, 123 natural, 13, 14, 16, 91 from old age, 14, 91 in animal kingdom, 13, 14 probable cause of, 36 Weissmann’s conception of, 9, 16 phenomenon of, 9, 10 sudden, causes of, 117 latent pneumonia causing, 148

Death-rate, in various countries, 42 sex incidence, 22

Deaths, among centenarians, 41

Decrepitude, 30

Delirium, 146

Delusions, 146

Demange, 91, 105

Dementia, senile, causes of, 146 onset of, 145 varied features of, 146

“de Morgan’s Spots,” 108

Dental decay, 101 an accompaniment of old age, 44, 45

Dentition, third, explanation of, 101

Depression, senile, 146

de Salis, Cardinal, centenarian, 50

Descartes, 7

Desmond, Countess of, centenarian, 20

Devolution, course of, 122

Diabetic gangrene, 142

Diet, restricted, influence of, 56

Digestion, impairment of, 101

Digestive system, 38

Disabilities of old age, 90–114, 137

Disease, associated with old age, 30, 44, 139 chronic, freedom from, in old age, 44 definition of, 136 influence of, on longevity, 43 latency of, 117 old age as a, 49, 136

Doctors, duration of life of, 52, 53 centenarian, 52

Donaldson, R., 110

Drew, A., 68

Drinkwater, H., 52

Drugs, reaction to, 127–128 reaction to, during senescence, 127

Dryness of elderly bodies, 64

Ductus cochleariae, fibrosis of, 118

Dupuytren’s contraction, 155

Dysbasia, functional, 146

Dyspepsia, frequency of, 152

Early rising, 59, 60

Ears, disorders of, 143

Easton, J., 20, 47

Ebstein, 18

Eccentricities of old age, 120, 121

Ecclesiastes, interpretation of, 129

Eczema, 118, 141

Emphysema, 147, 149

Endarteritis obliterans, 103

Endocrine glands, in relation to old age, 12, 68–81

Endomixis, 9

Environment, influence on longevity, 33, 34, 39–46, 55

Erysipelas, 141 disposition to, 140 senile, course of, 142

Erythema, 141

Eunuchs, duration of life of, 79

Expectation of life, 13, 41 in various countries, 42

Extra-systoles, 124

Eyes, senile disorders of, 117

Facial appearance, 93 changes in, 93 causes of, 118

Fads, 121

Faintness, 151

Fat, reduction of, 92 subcutaneous, disappearance of, 94

Fatigue, excessive, danger of, 54 physical and mental, 119, 120 psychical, 122

Fatty degeneration of arteries, 106 of heart, 104 of muscles, 103

Femur, fracture of, 99, 127

Fertility, age limit of, in women, 26 average, estimation of, 24 old age in relation to, 23, 24, 26 social conditions influencing, 24

Fibrosis, 91, 92

Fibrositis, 155

Fibrous tissues, atrophy of, 91

Finot, J., 49

First-born, handicapping of, 38 longevity in relation to, 38

Flourens, on the duration of life, 18

Food, excess of, 56

Fractures, delay in healing of, 126, 127 tendency to, 99

France, longevity in, 40

Functional activity, danger of excess of, 54 influencing longevity, 46, 55 progressive diminution in, 115, 119, 135

Gait, disordered, 122, 147

Galileo, 53

Gallstones, 153

Gangrene, diabetic, 142 senile, 142 pipe-stem arteries with, 106

Garrod, A. E., 155

Gastric juice, composition, changes in, 115 lack of, 101

Gastro-intestinal tract, changes in, 101

Generation. _See_ Reproductive power

Generative organs, internal secretion of, 70, 73–80

Genitals, external, atrophy of, 114

Giantism, 19, 20

Giddiness, 143 causes of, 151

Gilford, H., 30, 72, 88

Gisborne, Thomas, Linacre lecturer, 5

Gland activity, functional, diminution of, 115 senility in relation to, 69

Gland atrophy, 109, 110

Gland cells, life cycle of, 67

Gland secretions, influencing activity of body cells, 68, 69

Gland, endocrine, metabolism stimulated by, 81 rejuvenescence in, in relation to, 12, 73–80

Gland, endocrine, theory of old age, 70, 71, 72

Gland, endocrine, therapy during old age, 71 of prostatic enlargement, 113 rejuvenescence in relation to, 12, 73–80 _See also_ Endocrine, Pituitary, etc.

Glycosuria, 126 toxic, cause of, 142

Goethe, 53

Goodpasture, E. W., 88

Gout, 154 acquired, age incidence of, 154

Gowers, W. R., 139, 144

Graves, R. J., 95

Gray, A. A., 118

Greenwood, Major, 24

Gregory IX., centenarian, 50

Growth, 60 experimental modification of, 11 influence of endocrine gland therapy on, 12, 72, 80 retardation by vitamine deficiency, 13

Habits, influencing longevity, 55

Haemoglobin, 108

Haemorrhage, 144 cerebral, 145

Hair, changes in colour of, 94 excessive growth of, 96 of the body, loss of, 96

Hale-White, W., 109, 155

Hall, Bishop, 131

Hall, Stanley, 8, 27

Haller, 91

Halsbury, Lord, nonagenarian, 51

Hands, appearance of, 93 atrophic changes in, 94 senile tremor of, 143

Harrower, 80

Haviland, John, influence on the Cambridge medical school, 6 Regius Professor of Physic, 6 Linacre lecturer, 5

Head, senile tremor of, 143

Health, definition of, 136

Hearing, impairment of, 118

Heart, atrophy of, 104 condition of, 92, 103, 104 diseases of, 149 failure, 149 age incidence of, 140 hypertrophy of, 55, 104 and blood pressure, 104 longevity in relation to, 37 senile changes in, 104, 139, 149

Heberden, W. (the elder), 4, 54

Heberden’s nodes, 155

Height, cause of loss of, 100

Hereditary tendencies, correction of, 34

Heredity, firstlings in relation to, 38 influence on longevity, 19, 32–39

Hernia, tendency to, 153

Herpes zoster, 142

Hertoghe, 113

Hetero-suggestion, 48

High altitudes, influence on longevity, 39

Hippocrates, age of, 52

Holland, Henry, 28

Holmes, O. W., 49

Hopkins, G., 13

Hot climates, influence of, on senescence, 26, 36, 39

Huchard, 59, 105

Hufeland, C. W., 17, 23, 70

Humphry, G. M., 8, 22, 32, 34, 39, 43, 58, 60, 87, 98–100, 112, 124

Hunter, W., 124

Huxley, J. S., 11

Hygiene of old age, 55–61

Hyperpiesia, 37, 124

Hypertrichosis, following the menopause, 96

Hypnotics, 128

Hypochondriasis, 121

Hypoplasia, 63, 64

Hypothyroidism, in relation to old age, 72

Idleness, inimical to old age, 46, 47

Individuation, phenomenon of, 10

Infant mortality, sex incidence and causes, 22

Infantilism, premature senility with, 31

Infections, 140 cell changes due to, 43, 44 disposition to cardiac failure during, 149 focal, tendency to, 155 gout in relation to, 154

Insomnia, 119

Interstitial cells, 73–81

Intestinal stasis, as cause of premature old age, 82, 85

Intoxications, cause of senescence, 82 influence on body cells, 44, 55

Invalidism, auto- and hetero-suggestion producing, 48

Ireland, centenarians in, 40

Iris, sluggish, 117

Iverex, Dr., centenarian, 32

Jackson, Christopher, 3

Jackson, Hughlings, 122

James, R. R., 52

Jastrow, M., 130

Jaw, changes in shape of, 99 tremor of, 144

Jenkins, Henry, centenarian, 20

Jews, longevity of, 40

Johnson, S., 46

Joints, fractures of, disposition to, 99

Keratosis, senile, 143

Kidneys, 126 degenerative changes in, 111 granular, age incidence of, 140

King, G., 20

Klotz, O., 107

Knee-jerk, 119

Koheleth, 139

Kuntz, A., 74

Labyrinthine deafness, 118

Labyrinthine vertigo, 143

Lacassagne, A., 30, 55

Lane, W. Arbuthnot, 84

Lankester, E. Ray, 14, 19, 23

Laryngeal cartilage, calcification of, 100

Laurent, O., 41, 87

Laurentius, Andreas, 29, 46, 116, 131

Lazarus, 59

Lazarus-Barlow, W. S., 86

Leclercq, A., 140

Léri, 83, 146

Leroux, 103, 148

Lessius, Leonardus, 55

Leucocyte count, 108, 109

Leucodermia, 93

Leukaemia, 141

Leydig, interstitial cells of, 73–81

Lichtenstern, 77

Life, animal and human, duration of, 17, 18 chronometry of, 138 climacterics of, 27, 30 duration of, 9 among professional men, 50–53 chemical theory of, 66 early theories of, 17 estimation of, 18 _in vitro_, 66 various writers on, 17, 18 variation in different countries, 39 modern theories of, 18 expectation of, at birth, 13, 41 prolongation of, experimental, 12, 13, 77 following cessation of reproductive function, 23 _See also_ Longevity

Life cycle, experimental modification of, 11

Ligament, spinous, ossification of, 99

Ligamentum spirale, atrophy of, 118

Linacre, Thomas, 2 family history of, 2, 3

Linacre Lectures, 3–6

Linacre Lectureship, 1

Lips, tremor of, 144

Lipschülz, 74

Liveing, G. D., 7

Liver, atrophy of lobules and cells of, 102 changes in size and weight of, 102 cirrhosis of, 140

Llewellyn, L. J., 154