Part 10

Longevity, alcohol influencing, 57 among professional men, 50, 53 auto- and hetero-suggestion influencing, 48, 49 “cell-memory” in relation to, 35 climatic conditions influencing, 39, 41 conditions favouring, 7, 33 diseases inimical to, 45 endocrine atrophy in relation to, 68–81 environment influencing, 33, 34, 39–46, 55 factors influencing, 32 fertility in relation to, 23, 24 functional activity influencing, 46, 55 hereditary aspects of, 19, 32–39 idleness inimical to, 47, 48 in the medical profession, 52 influence of past diseases on, 43 influence of blood pressure on, 37 influence of brain cells on, 36 integrity of cardio-vascular system necessary to, 36 of nations, compared, 39, 40 of the patriarchs, 15, 16 personal habits influencing, 55 potential, on what determined, 67 sex incidence of, 21, 22 smoking in relation to, 58 syphilis preventing, 45 vitality of central nervous system essential to, 36 _See also_ Old Age; Senescence

Lorand, A., 70

Lowe, Peter, 131

Luciani, 18, 102

Lungs, changes in, 103 diseases of, 147, 148

Lydston, G. F., 71

Lymphadenoma, 141

Lymphoid tissues, atrophy of, 63, 108

Maclachlan, D., 144

Maignon, Abbé, centenarian, 50

Malignant disease, 87, 141 cell senility in relation to, 88

Mammae, involution changes in, 114

Mania, senile, 145, 146

Mansell-Moullin, C. W., 78

Mansfield, Lord, octogenarian, 51

Marasmus, senile, 139

Marie, P., 146

Marinesco, 64, 78, 83, 97

Marx, K., 47

Mead, Richard, 131

Medical men, centenarians among, 52 duration of life of, 52, 53

Melancholia, senile, 146

Memory, impairment and loss of, 120, 122

Menopause, onset of old age at the, 26 ovarian changes at, 63, 79

Mental activity, influence on old age, 47, 48, 50, 54 unimpaired, in advanced age, examples of, 50, 51, 53

Mental deterioration, 49, 119, 122, 145, 146 causes of, 47, 48, 49 onset of, 53

Mental fatigue, tendency to, 120

Mental state, 119, 122, 123 and the physical, want of harmony between, 123 influence of, 48–50

Metabolism, disordered, 115, 116, 117, 154 gland therapy stimulating, 72, 81

Metchnikoff, E., 8, 13, 18, 82–86, 91, 97, 123

Methuselah, 14

Michael Angelo, mental activity at advanced age, 53

Micturition, disorders of, 153

Middle ear lesions, 143

Migraine, 140

Miles, W. E., 153

Mind, 121 and body, in old age, 47, 50 disintegration of, 120 disorders of, 122, 145, 146 _See also_ Mental

Molière, 53

Mönckeberg’s sclerosis, 106 causes of, 142

Montaigne, 14, 56

Moon, R. O., 136

Moore, Norman, 5

Morbus coxae senilis, 155

Morphine, 127, 128

Mott, F. W., on functions of cells of testes and ovaries, 75

Muscles, voluntary, changes in, 103

Muscular activity, danger of excess of, 54 impaired, 99, 119, 135

Muscular atrophy, 99, 119, 135 among workmen, 54

Myocardium, degeneration of, 104, 149

Myxoedema, as secondary senilism, 72

Nails, condition and appearance of, 96

Nanism, senile type of, 31

Nascher, I. L., 30, 98, 127

Nathan, 68, 74

National habits, influence on longevity, 40

Natural death. _See_ Death

Neck, senile tremor of, 143

Nemenow, 112

Nephropathy, chronic atrophic, 111

Nerves, cutaneous exposure of, 141

Nervous apprehension, tendency to, 122

Nervous disease, 145

Nervous system, 38 vitality of, hereditary factor in longevity, 36

Neurasthenia, 122

New growths, rarity of, 87, 89

Newton, Isaac, 53

Nicotine, effects of, 59

Nunneley, F. P., 151

Obesity, 60

Occupational neuroses, 54

Octogenarians, among active professional men, 51 census statistics of, 21

Oertel, H., 88

Old age, acceleration of, factors favouring, 26 anatomical and physiological changes in, 63 as a disease, 47, 136 attainment of, on what dependent, 6, 7, 10 biochemistry of, 64–68 biological aspect of, 10, 11, 23 bodily conformation in, 60 causes of, 62–89 cell changes leading to, 64, 65 “cell-memory” in relation to, 35 comparative freedom from chronic disease in, 44 death during, common causes of, 38 disabilities of, 137 disease in relation to, 44 diseases associated with, 93–114, 139–156 fertility rate in relation to, 23, 24, 26 glandular, endocrine, theory of, 70, 71, 81 healthy and morbid, distinction between, 135 hereditary aspects of, 32–39 hygiene of, 55–61 infantilism and, 31 mental activity during, 50, 54 examples of, 50, 51, 53 natural death from, 14 on what dependent, 10 onset of, 26 signs of, 29 pathological, 30, 82, 90 of septuagenarians, 53 physiological, 26, 90, 135 physiological and pathological confusion between, 90 factors in, 26 physiology of, 115 premature, 30 hot climates favouring, 26, 36 intestinal stasis as a cause of, 85 mental causes of, 48, 49 production of, Metchnikoff’s theory, 83 rarity of natural death from, 14, 91 sex incidence of, 21, 22 stages of, 29 vitality of body cells in, 62–68 writers on, 8, 15, 16 _See also_ Senescence; Longevity

Onychogryphosis, 96

Ophülz, W., 105

Oral sepsis, 44, 155

Orthobiosis, 55, 84

Osler, W., 2, 36, 151

Osteitis deformans, 156

Osteomalacia, senile, 139

Osteoporosis, senile, 99

Ovarian extract, rejuvenescence in relation to, 80

Ovaries, activity and function of cells of, 73, 74 degenerative changes in, 114 fibrotic atrophy of, 63 following menopause, 79 in relation to senescence, 75 internal secretion of, evidence of existence of, 79 senile, 114

Over-eating, 56, 118

Overwork, danger of, 54

Owen, I., 57

Paget, James, 36, 138

Paget’s disease of bone, 156

Pain, blunting of sensibility to, 117

Pallor, 93

Pancreas, fibrotic atrophy of, 102

Paralysis agitans, 144 age and sex incidence of, 144 causes of, 144 senile tremor compared with, 143

Paraplegia, senile, 138, 146 causes of, 146, 147 varieties of, 147

Parathyroids, 110

Parietal bones, changes in, 100

Parkinsonian syndrome, 144

Parr, Thomas, centenarian, 20

Pathological old age, 53, 82, 90

Patriarchal ages, length of the calendar during, 16

Patriarchs, explanation of reputed old age of, 15, 16

Pearson, K., 38, 86

Pecten band, 152, 153

Penis, changes in, 114

Pennington, Isaac, 6

Peristalsis, failure of, 152

Philalethes, Eugenius, on old age, 15

Phlebitis, 151

Phlebosclerosis, 107

Physical and mental states, want of harmony between, 123

Physiological life of man, 19

Physiological old age, 90 and morbid senility, distinction between, 135–138

Physiology of old age, 115–128

Pigmentation, cellular, 103 cutaneous, 93

Piles, 153

Pitman, Henry, medical centenarian, 52

Pituitary extract, influence on weight and growth, 12 rejuvenescence in relation to, 12, 80

Pityriasis versicolor, 141

Planarian flat worms, experimental modification of life cycle and growth of, 11

Plasma, vital phenomena of, 65–67, 88

Plethora, senile, 124

Pneumonia, 147, 148 disposition to, 140 sudden death from, 117

Premature senility, 30 causes of, 48 hot climates predisposing to, 26, 36 syphilis producing, 45

Presbyopia, 117

Pringle, J. J., 94

Prior, Matthew, 3

Professional men, age of retirement of, 54 longevity of, 50–54

Progeria, 30

Prostate gland, 27 _climacterium virile_ due to changes in, 27 hypertrophy of, 101, 112 age incidence of, 140 cause of, 112 cell changes in, 112, 113 glandular therapy of, 113 vesical disorders due to, 153 senile changes in, 111

Protoplasm, products inimical to vitality of, 65 vital phenomena of, 64, 65, 88

Protozoa, rejuvenation and senescence in, 9–11

Prurigo, senile, 141

Pruritus, senile, 141, 142

Pseudo-paraplegia, 146

Psychical activity, diminished, 119

Psychical fatigue, 122

Puberty, functional activity of cells of testes and ovaries at, 75 period of, 17

“Puberty gland,” 73

Puerilism, 122, 145

Pulmonary changes, 103, 147

Pulmonary tuberculosis, 148

Pulse-pressure, 125

Pulse-rate, 124

Pupils, contraction of, 117

Purgatives, 128

Pyelonephritis, 154

Quinquagenarians, diseases of, 140, 145, 156

Rectum, faecal accumulation in, 152

Reflexes, 119

Regression, 122

Rejuvenescence, 10 associated with reproduction, 9, 10, 64 attainment of old age dependent upon, 9, 10 experimental production of, 76, 77 following vasectomy, 78 gland extracts in production of, 12, 73, 80, 81 in animal life, 9, 10 power of reproduction favouring, 23, 24, 69 restricted diet in relation to, 56 testicular grafts producing, 77

Renal inadequacy, 126

Reproductive power, favouring rejuvenescence, 23, 24, 69 waning of, onset of old age following, 26 prolongation of life after waning of, 23

Retas, Joseph, centenarian, 33

Rheumatism, in old age, 44

Rhizomelic spondylitis, 155

Rhondda, Lord, 49

Richardson, B. W., on the duration of life, 18

Rivers, W. H. R., 122

Roberts, W., 154

Robertson and Ray, 12, 60

Rodent ulcer, 143

Roussy, G., 103, 148

Routh, Martin, centenarian, 50

Roy, D., 32, 95

Russian peasants, longevity of, 40

Salimbeni and Gery, 63, 84, 93, 102

Sand, K., 75

Saundby, R., 8, 44, 85

Savage, G., 34

Sclerosis, arterial, 105–107 Mönckeberg’s, 106, 142 spinal, 97

Scrotum, 114

“Second childhood,” 122, 145

Sedatives, 128

Self-preservation, instinct of, 122

Self-reliance, loss of, 48, 49

Seminal tubules, activity and function of, 74 atrophy of, 74, 112, 113 prostatic enlargement following, 112 regeneration of, 74

Senescence, 136 castration not a disposing factor to, 79 causes of, 62–89 Metchnikoff’s theory, 82, 83 pathological, 82 toxaemic, 82 cell changes during, 62–68 in ovaries and testes, 75, 76 colloidal dehydration leading to, 64, 65 diseases associated with, 139 endocrine glands in relation to, 68–81 healthy and morbid, distinction between, 135 nosological compensations of, 140 progress of, 135 rarity of carcinoma in, 87 rejuvenescence necessary to, 10 thyroid deficiency in relation to, 72 _See also_ Longevity; Old age

Senile climacteric, 30

Senile type of nanism, 31

Senility, 136

_Senium ex morbo_, 136

Sense organs, impairment and failure of, 117–121

Sensibility to pain, blunting of, 117

Septuagenarians, nervous disease among, 145 pathological old age of, 53

Sex characters, secondary, cause of, 75 following castration, 79

Sex glands, changes in, _climacterium virile_ due to, 27 internal secretion of, 70

Sex incidence of old age, 21, 22

Sexagenarians, diseases common to, 140 nervous disease among, 145

Sexual activity, as manifestation of bodily vigour, 69, 70 duration of, 69 leading to rejuvenescence, 69 waning of, 126

Sexual appetite, on what dependent, 75 perverted, 114

Sexual atrophy, as cause of old age and senility, 69–71

Shaking palsy, 144

Sharpey-Schafer, E. A., 63

Sight, impairment of, 117

Sinclair, John, 8, 20, 35

Singer, C., 86

Skeleton, changes in, 98

Skin, 93, 115 diseases of, 141 disposition to, 141 dry, 115 venules and angiomas on, 108

Skull, 100

Sleep, diminished, 119 over-indulgence in, 60

Smell, impairment of sense of, 117

Smith, John, 8, 131

Smith, Lapthorn, 53

Smoking, influence on longevity, 58–59

Sophocles, mental activity at advanced age, 53

Sour milk, destruction of intestinal bacteria by, 83

Spasm of arteriosclerotic vessels, 151

Spastic paraplegia, 147

Spinal cord, degenerative changes in, 97, 147

Spleen, atrophy of, 63, 109

Spondylitis, rhizomelic, 155

Spondylitis deformans, 99, 155

Stapes, fixation of, 118

Starvation, influencing the onset of senescence, 56, 57

Starvation treatment, 56, 57

Steinach, E., 11, 77, 78

Sterne, John, on the attainment of old age, 16

Stevenson, T. H. C., 41

Strachey, L., 47

Structural changes of the body, 90

Symmers, D., 102

Syphilis, influence on longevity, 45

Taste, impairment of, 117

Teeth, decay of, 44, 101 loss of, 44, 45, 99, 101 causes of, 101

Temperance, a characteristic of centenarians, 57

Temperature, and longevity, 26 of body, 116

Testes, atrophy of, 113 cells of, activity and function of, 73, 74 in relation to senescence, 75 changes in, following vasectomy, 77, 78 internal secretion of, 69–72, 74 prostatic atrophy in relation to, 112

Testicular extract, rejuvenescence in relation to, 80

Testicular grafts, rejuvenation by, 71, 72, 77 results of experiments, 76, 79

Thompson, R. J. C., 37, 44, 49, 96, 125

Thompson, W. J., 40

Thrombosis, 144 age incidence of, 145 cerebral, 145 venous, 151

Thymus, atrophy of, 109

Thyroid deficiency, 138 baldness resulting from, 96 effect on activity of body cells, 72 prostatic enlargement in relation to, 113

Thyroid extract, rejuvenescence in relation to, 80 for prostatic enlargement, 113

Thyroid gland, degenerative changes in, 109, 110

Tinnitus, 118

Tissues, connective, relation of cellular activity to, 68, 88, 89, 92

Titian, 53

Tobacco, and arteriosclerosis, 59 influence on longevity, 58 symptoms due to, 59

Todd, R. E., 37, 44, 49, 125

Toxaemia, as a cause of senescence, 82, 86 degenerative changes due to, 44, 55, 56, 86 intestinal, as cause of senescence, 82, 85 over-eating causing, 56

Transfusion, 66

Tremor, senile, 143

Tropical life, influence on longevity, 26, 36, 39

Trousseau, 151

Tuberculosis, senile, 148

Tumours, 86, 141

Turnbull, H. M., 106, 114

Ulcer, rodent, 143

Urea-nitrogen in the blood, 115

Urinary bladder, hypertrophy of, 153

Urine, condition of, 126

Uterine changes, 114

Valvulitis, chronic, 149, 150

Vanity, senile, 120, 121

Variation, correlated, 23

Varicosity, 151

Vascular lesions, 144

Vasectomy, changes due to, 74 changes in testes following, 77, 78 effect on sexual activity, 76 rejuvenescence following, 71, 78

Veins, changes in, 108

Venous thrombosis, 151

Vertebrae, changes in shape of, 99

Vertigo, causes of, 143

Visceral degeneration, 102, 103

Visceroptosis, 102

Vitality, danger of excess of, 54 loss of, 115, 119, 135 waning of, 139

Vitamins, influence on growth, 13

Voltaire, mental activity at advanced age, 53

Voronoff, testicular grafting by, 78

Walker, Kenneth, on changes in the testes, 112 on prostatic enlargement, 112, 113

Walking, functional disturbances in, 147

Waterhouse, B., on the onset of old age, 27

Watson, Thomas, Linacre Lecturer, 5

Weber, Hermann, 8, 34, 43, 57, 119

Weber, Parkes, 35, 104

Weissmann, 9, 16

“Will to live,” 35, 47

Will power, failure of, 122

Williams, Leonard, 61, 113, 128

Wilson, S. A. K., 144

Wounds, healing of, 126

Wrinkles, cause of, 93

Yeo, B., 50

Zorten, Petrasch, centenarian, 20

THE END

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DISEASES OF THE LIVER, GALL-BLADDER AND BILE-DUCTS

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Transcriber’s Notes

Punctuation and spelling were made consistent when a predominant preference was found in this book; otherwise they were not changed.

Simple typographical errors were corrected; occasional unbalanced quotation marks retained.

Ambiguous hyphens at the ends of lines were retained; occurrences of inconsistent hyphenation have not been changed.

In Chapter VI, the word “The”, followed by the italicized name of an organ, sometimes was italicized and sometimes was not. This possible inconsistency has not been changed here.

Footnotes, originally at the bottoms of pages, have been collected and placed just before the Index.

Index not checked for proper alphabetization or correct page references.

Page 3: “e sudore britanico” was printed with a macron above the “n” (n̄).

Fig. 1: “Sir William Beechey” was printed as “Beeching”, but the name appears correctly in Footnote 5, originally on page 4.