CHAPTER XVII

Lead Burning

Lead-burning or flaming is the autogenous welding of lead by means of either an aero-hydrogen or oxy-coal-gas blowpipe flame. In the past the apparatus required included a hydrogen-gas generating chamber (called the “lead-burning machine”) and a blower or air chamber. The hydrogen was made by the action of dilute sulphuric acid on zinc. That system is now, or should be, obsolete, having been superseded by the cleanly and altogether more convenient process of employing two cylinders, one of compressed coal-gas and the other of compressed oxygen, in conjunction with an injector-pattern blowpipe. Gauges and regulators are required as in the oxy-acetylene process.

The oxy-acetylene process may be successfully applied to lead-burning in spite of the great heat of such a flame. The consumption of acetylene, according to Mr. D. Richardson’s translation of Granjon and Rosenberg’s French work, is only 1 to 2 cubic feet per hour for lead 1/16 in. to 3/16 in. thick, and the process is stated to have “considerable advantages over all other methods of autogenous soldering.”

In lead-burning it is customary to employ a triangular stick of refined lead for filling up the seams. By being burnt or joined together in this way, the lead becomes homogeneous, and the various parts of it equally withstand the same chemical action and heat. For this reason it is used for joining the seams of chemical and acid tanks, and for the joints of pipes used for the conveyance of such chemicals. Solder being an alloy, the acid would have a solvent action on it, eating it away and rendering it useless, and it would also give rise to electrical action, practically impossible when only one metal is exclusively employed. Lead-burning is also often used on external or roof work.

The seams burnt on sheet-lead are of two kinds: one forming a butted joint, the other a lapped joint.

In burning a butted seam, the two edges of the lead to be joined are butted together, and shaved about 1/4 in. to 3/8 in., or slightly less, on each side. The gas and oxygen are turned on and adjusted so as to produce a flame from about 5 in. to 6 in. long, and tapering to a fine point. The hottest part of the flame is the centre of the thickest portion, about 1 in. or 1-1/2 in. from the jet. Hold the jet in the right hand, and a strip of lead in the left, and allow the flame to play on the end of the strip, which is held just above the seam. As the strip melts, the jet is diverted on to the seam so as to fuse the edges together, the additional lead forming a thickened portion. The strip is again melted, and joined to the edges, and also to the thickest part; and so on along the length. Care should be taken to burn the lead through, but not for the metal to flow beneath the seam. After a little practice, the operator will know exactly when to apply and when to remove the jet.

Fig. 73 shows a flat butted joint partly burnt. The stick of lead is just nipped with the flame, and a bead of lead dropped on the seam. The flame is then directed on to this bead until it is fused with the seam. When bead and seam are melted together, the flame is immediately raised. The next bead of lead is then dropped on the seam so as to half cover the previous bead, as shown at M (Fig. 73). The flame is then directed on the second bead, the flame being immediately raised after these are fused together, and this operation is repeated until the whole of the seam is burnt.

A flat lapped joint, partly burnt, is shown by Fig. 74. In burning this joint, the stick of lead is only required to fill up any irregularities in the burning, and is not required to form the seam in the same way as it is in a butted joint, because in lapped burning the overcloak is burnt down on to the undercloak, as shown in Fig. 75. In horizontal and vertical burning, lapped joints only should be used.

Fig. 75 shows a specimen of horizontal or side burning, and Fig. 76 one of vertical or upright burning. In burning both of these, the stick of lead is not required at all, the overcloak being in each case burnt down on to the undercloak. Care must be taken that both the overcloak and undercloak of a lapped joint are well shaved.

The seams should not be soiled or greased, and care must be taken not to tarnish them in any way. If the lead is not shaved quite clean, or it becomes tarnished after it is shaved, it will be found difficult to burn it together successfully. No tallow or smudge is necessary. The operator will soon detect the presence of any foreign substance or dirt on the lead, and the shavehook should be kept handy to remove it.

In burning a vertical lapped seam, starting at the bottom, the lapping lead is melted, and as it runs is turned on to the back portion and fused into it. A slight projection is formed, which holds the next melting, and so on, each layer forming a base for the next, and adding to the height until the top is reached.

In practising either horizontal or vertical burning, the student should first place his work at an easy angle--say, at about 25° or 30°--gradually raising it as he becomes proficient until the seam is in a horizontal or vertical position as desired. Two surfaces can be burned together in any position--horizontal, vertical, or even overhead, where soldering would be impossible.

Pipe joints can also be made by burning. First one pipe is opened to form a socket like a slip joint. The male part, which must enter at least 3/4 in., must be well shaved and made to fit tight. Fig. 77 shows an upright joint prepared and partly burnt. Fig. 78 shows a section of a branch joint as prepared for burning. Care must be taken to work up a good thick shoulder for the socket N.

INDEX

Acetylene used in welding, 135 Alloys, eutectic, 4 Aluminium, bit used with, 61 ----, difficulty in soldering, 57, 58 ----, flux for, 61, 143, 144 ----, oxy-acetylene welding, 143 ----, soldering, 62, 63 ---- solders, 58-61 Arc welding, 131, 132 Autogenous welding (_see_ Oxy-acetylene welding)

“Best” solder, 4 Birdcage wires, soldering, 53 Bismuth, solder and flux for, 7 Black, plumber’s, 66-68 Blow-lamp bit, 21 Blow-lamps, 44, 46, 92 ----, managing, etc., 118-121 ----, paraffin brazing, 122-128 Blowpipe, bench, 40, 41 ----, Black’s, 37 ---- capacities, 116 ---- flame, 38 ----, Fletcher’s, 37 ----, gas, making, 93, 94 ----, mouth, 37-40 ----, operating, 46 ----, oxy-acetylene, 136 ----: proportion of air to gas, 114 ---- soft solder, 4 ---- soldering, 17, 46-56 Boiling water, solders that melt in, 11 Borax flux, 78, 79 Brass fittings, tinning, 66 ----, solder and flux for, 7 ----, soldering aluminium to, 60 Britannia metal, solder and flux for, 7 Brazing, 1, 89-107 ---- copper rod, 100 ---- cycle-frame joints, 103 ----, flux for, 91 ---- iron, 98-100, 105-107 ---- key stems, 101 ----, spelter for, 89-91 ---- steel, 98-100 Brazing-lamps (_see_ Blow-lamps) Brooches, soldering, 83 Brush for applying flux, 14 Bunsen burner, 40, 42 Burning lead, 2, 150-154

Cast-iron, brazing, 105-107 ----, flux for, 106, 107, 147 ----, oxy-acetylene welding, 145 Catching-tray, 42 Churns, soldering, 35 Clay, packing work in, 51 Cloths, plumber’s, 68, 69 “Coarse” solder, 4 “Common” solder, 4 Compo. piping, making solder from, 9 Contact welding, 129-131 Copper, brazing, 100 ----, flux for, 141 ----, oxy-acetylene welding, 139 ----, soldering aluminium to, 60 ----, soft solder and flux for, 7 Copper-bit soldering, 28-36 Copper-bits, 17-24 ----, gas-heated, 22-24 ----, holding, 30 ----, spirit-heated, 20, 21 ----, stoves for, 24, 25 ----, tinning, 25-28 Corroded metal, soldering, 50 Cycle brazing, 102-105

Dial ring, soldering, 50 Dross on solder, 11

Electric arc welding, 131, 132 ---- contact welding, 129-131 Enamelled ware, soldering, 35 Eutectic alloys, 4

“Fine” solder, 4 Flaming lead, 2, 150-154 Flux (_see also names of metals_) ----, applying, 14, 15 ---- for brazing, 91 ---- combined with solder, 10 ---- containers, 14 ---- for soft soldering, 12-16 Fluxite and specialities, 13, 20 Food containers, flux for, 15 Fusion welding (_see_ Oxy-acetylene welding)

Galvanised steel, solder and flux for, 7 Gas blowpipes, 41, 93, 94, 112-117 ---- brazing-hearth, 94-98 Gas-heated bits, 22-24 Gold, “colouring,” 87, 88 ----, flux for, 7 ---- jewellery, soldering, 83-88 ---- solders, hard, 85, 86 ---- ----, soft, 7 Gold-cased ware, soldering, 84 Granulated solder, 8 Gun-barrel, soldering catch on, 36 Gunmetal, solder and flux for, 7

Hard solder and soldering (_see_ Brazing, Silver-soldering, _and names of metals_) Hardness of solder, 5 Hearth, gas brazing, 94-98 Hiorns, A. H., 4, 5

Iron, brazing, 98-100, 105-107 ----, flux for, 147 ----, hammer-welding, 108 ----, oxy-acetylene welding, 145 ----, soft solder and flux for, 7

Jewellery, soldering, 83-88 Joints, reinforced and filled-in, 34 Jubb, W. H., 76

Kettle spout, soldering, 50 Key stems, brazing, 101 “Killed spirit,” 12-15

Lading-can handle, soldering, 47 Ladle, solder, 7 Lamp, soldering lug on, 48 Lead, solder and flux for, 7 Lead-burning, 2, 150-154 Leaded lights, soldering, 35

“Magic” solder, 10 “Medium” solder, 4 Melting points of solder, etc., 4, 5 Milk churns, soldering, 35

Name-plates, sweating letters on, 54-56 Oxy-acetylene welding, 2, 134-149 ---- ---- aluminium, 143-145 ---- ----: apparatus, 136-139 ---- ---- cast-iron, 145-149 ---- ---- copper, 139-143 Oxygen used in welding, 135

Paillons, solder, 79-80 Pewter, making solder from, 9 ----, solder and flux for, 7 Phosphor-tin, solders containing, 59-61 Pickle, gold-solderer’s, 85, 87 ----, silver-solderer’s, 77, 78, 87 Pipe joints, burnt, 153, 154 ---- ----, horizontal or underhand wiped, 69-72 ---- ----: lead to cast-iron, 74 ---- ----, silver-soldered, 80, 81 ---- ----, soldered, 52, 53 ---- ----, upright wiped, 72-74 Plumber’s black, 66-68 ---- cloths, 68, 69 ---- flux, 66 ---- solder, 4, 64-66 “Poisoned” solder, 6, 65, 66

Rings, jewelled, soldering, 84 Ryan’s gas-heated bit, 22

Sal-ammoniac block for tinning bits, 26-28 Sand, packing work in, 51 Seams, soft-soldered, 31-33 Shave-hook, 28 Silver jewellery, soldering, 83 ----, soft solder and flux for, 7 ---- solders, 75-77 Silver-soldering, 1, 3, 75-82 ----: pickle, 77, 78 ----: quenching, 81 ----: removing marks, 81 Smudge, plumber’s, 66-68 Soft soldering, 1-3, 28-56 ---- ---- with blowpipe, 46-56 ---- ---- ---- copper-bit, 28-36 ---- solders, 4-11 ---- ---- that melt in boiling water, 10, 11 Soil, plumber’s, 66-68 Solder (_see also_ Silver solder, Soft solder, etc., _and under names of metals_) ---- combined with flux, 10 ----, overheated, 11 ----, re-melted, 11 “Soldering iron,” 17 Soldering solutions, 14 Spelter, 1, 3, 89-91 Spirit-heated bits, 20, 21 Spirit-lamps, 40 Spot-welding, electric, 130 Steel, brazing, 98-100 ----, flux for, 111 ----, hammer-welding, 109-111 ----, soft solder and flux for, 7 Stoves for heating bits, 24, 25 Strip solder, 6-8 Sweating, 32-34, 54-56

Tapers, 41 Tears, solder, 8 Thermit welding, 2, 132, 133 Tin, solder and flux for, 7 Tinning bits, 25-28 “Tinol” specialities, 10, 13, 19 Tinplate, solder and flux for, 7 “Touch” or tallow, 66 Tube solder, 10

Vegetable masher, soldering, 48 “Very fine” solder, 4

Watch-case, silver-soldering, 79 Welding (_see also separate headings_) ----, electric, 129-132 ---- iron and steel under the hammer, 108-111 ----, oxy-acetylene, 134-149 ----, thermit, 132, 133 ----: various processes, 1, 2 Wire, solder, 8

Zinc chloride, 12-15 ---- in solder, 6, 65, 66 ----, solder and flux for, 7

PRINTED BY CASSELL & COMPANY, LIMITED, LA BELLE SAUVAGE, LONDON, E.C.

Transcriber’s Notes

Inconsistencies in the source document have been retained.

Depending on the hard- and software used, not all elements may display as intended.

Page 59, table: the row Tin 6 does not add up to 100 (%, presumably) as the other rows do.

Minor obvious punctuation errors have been corrected silently.

Page 5: 66° and 34° have been changed to 66% and 34%, respectively.

Page 7: flow over the hoe has been changed to flow over the hole.

Page 154: enter at last has been changed to enter at least.

End of Project Gutenberg's Soldering, Brazing and Welding, by Bernard E. Jones