Part 29
4. To make light wines put them at once into press, as apple pomace in a cider-press.
5. To make higher-colored wines let the pomace stand from four to twenty-four hours before pressing. They will be dark in proportion to the length of time the pomace stands.
6. To make wines resembling the Austere wines of France and Spain, let the pomace stand until the first fermentation is over, called "fermenting in the skin."
7. The "must" or grape-juice is to be put into casks, the larger the better, but only one pressing should be put into one cask. Put in a cellar of even temperature, not lower than fifty nor higher than sixty-five degrees of Fahrenheit, and where there is plenty of air.
Prepare the cask by burning in it a strip of paper or muslin, dipped in melted sulphur, and suspended by a wire across the bung-hole. Fermentation commences very soon and will be completed within a few days or weeks according to the temperature. Its completion is marked by the cessation of the escape of gas. No sugar, brandy, or any other substance, should be added to the grape-juice to make good wine. They are all adulterations. The wine having settled after this fermentation, may be racked off into clean casks, prepared as before. A second fermentation will take place in the spring. It should not be bottled until after this second fermentation, as its expansion will break the glass. While in the casks they should always be kept full, being occasionally filled from a small cask, kept for the purpose. When this fermentation ceases, bottle and cork tight, and lay the bottles on their sides, in a cool cellar. The wine will improve with age.
Sometimes it remains on the lees without racking and is drawn off and bottled. Frequently the wine does not become wholly clear and needs fining. Various substances are used for this purpose, as fish-glue, charcoal, starch, rice, milk, &c. The best of these substances is charcoal, or the white of eggs and milk. Add by degrees according to the foulness of the wine. An ounce of charcoal to a barrel of wine is an ordinary quantity; or a pint of milk with the white of four eggs--more or less according to the state of the wine.
_Rhine Wine_ of Germany may be made as follows:--
Take good Catawba or Isabella grapes, and pound or grind them so as to crush every seed and leave them in that state for twenty-four hours. Fumigate the cask by burning strips of muslin dipped in sulphur as in the preceding recipe. Strain or press out the juice into the cask filling it and keeping it _entirely full_, that impurities may run out of the bung, during fermentation. In the spring prepare another cask in the same way and rack it off into that. When a year old bottle it and it is fit for use.
Sweeter wines than any of the above are made by adding sugar to the must before fermentation. It should be _double-refined_ sugar, and still it is an adulteration.
WOODLANDS.
One of the greatest errors of American farmers is their neglect to cultivate groves of trees for woodlands, in all suitable places. Our primeval forests have been wantonly destroyed, and the country is not yet old enough to feel the full force of neglecting to replenish them, by new groves, in suitable localities. On the points of hills, rough stony places, sides of steep hills, ravines that can not be cultivated, and by the side of all the highways of the land, trees should be cultivated: in some places fruit-trees, but in most places forest-trees. The advantages would be manifold; they would afford shade for cattle, groves for birds, which would destroy the worms; they would break off the cold winds from crops, cattle, fruit-orchards, and dwellings; would greatly enrich the soil by their annual foliage, afford abundance of fuel at the cheapest rates, give much good timber, provide for fine maple-sugar, and be the greatest ornaments of the rural districts. Only think of the comfort and beauty of fifty miles square, in which not a street could be found which had not trees on each side, not more than twelve feet apart. When such trees should become twenty years old, the pedestrian or the carriage could move all day in the shade, listening to the music of the birds, and inhaling the aroma of the foliage or flowers. To every owner or occupant of the soil we say, plant trees.
POULTRY.
Fattening and preparing poultry for the market are important items in rural economy. Plenty of sweet food and pure water given at regular times, and the fowls not allowed to wander, are the requisites of successful fattening. The best feed for fattening fowls is oat-meal. Next to this is corn-meal. Three things are essential in food for fattening animals, flesh-forming, fat-forming, and heat-producing substances. Of all the grains ordinarily fed, oat-meal contains these in the best proportions, and next to this comes yellow Indian corn meal. Fat is good, but must be given in a hard form as in mutton or beef suet. Rice boiled in sweet milk, fed for a day or two before killing fowls is said to render the flesh of a white delicate color.
At least one third of the value of poultry in the market depends upon properly preparing and transporting it.
1. Do not feed fowls at all for twenty-four hours before killing them.
2. Kill by cutting the jugular vein with a sharp pen-knife, just under the sides of the head, and hang them up to bleed.
3. Pick carefully and very clean, without tearing the skin, and without scalding. Singe slightly if need be. Dip in hot water for three or four seconds and in cold water half a minute.
4. Do not open the breast at all, but remove the entrails from the hind opening, leaving the gizzard in its place. Put no water in but wipe out the blood with a dry cloth. Leaving the entrails in is injurious, tending to sour the meat and taint it with their flavor.
5. Do not allow your poultry to freeze by any means. For transporting to a distant market, pack in shallow boxes never containing over three hundred pounds each and in clean straw without chaff or dust, and in such a manner that no two fowls will touch each other.
6. Geese and ducks look better with the heads cut off. But all fowls having their heads removed must have the skin drawn down and tightly tied over the end of the neck bone. This will preserve them well and give a good appearance.
To preserve fowls for a long time in a perfectly sweet condition for family use, fill them half full or more with pulverized charcoal, which will act as an absorbent and prevent every particle of taint.
AGRICULTURAL PERIODICALS.
The following list of Agricultural Periodicals embraces all that have come to our knowledge. In a subsequent edition we shall endeavor to render the list more complete, and give the special design of each, with the frequency of publication, form, price, editor's and publisher's names, etc.
NAME OF PAPER. PLACE OF PUBLICATION.
American Farmers' Magazine _New York City._ American Farmer _Baltimore, Md._ Alabama Planter _Mobile, Ala._ American Agriculturist _New York City._ Canadian Agriculturist _Toronto, C. W._ Cultivator _Albany, N. Y._ Cotton Planter _Montgomery, Ala._ Cultivator _Columbus, Ohio._ Cultivator _Boston, Mass._ California Farmer _San Francisco, Cal._ Country Gentleman _Albany, N. Y._ Farmer and Planter _Pendleton, S. C._ Granite Farmer _Manchester, N. H._ Genesee Farmer _Rochester, N. Y._ Horticulturist _Albany, N. Y._ Homestead _Hartford, Ct._ Journal of Agriculture _Chicago, Ill._ Maine Farmer _Augusta, Me._ Michigan Farmer _Detroit, Mich._ Magazine of Horticulture _Boston, Mass._ Massachusetts Ploughman _Boston, Mass._ New England Farmer _Boston, Mass._ New Jersey Farmer _Trenton, N. J._ North Carolina Planter _Raleigh, N. C._ Ohio Valley Farmer _Cincinnati, Ohio._ Ohio Farmer _Cleveland, Ohio._ Prairie Farmer _Chicago, Ill._ Rural New Yorker _Rochester, N. Y._ Rural Southerner _Ellicott's Mills, Md._ Rural American _Utica, N. Y._ Southern Planter _Richmond, Va._ Southern Cultivator _Augusta, Ga._ Southern Homestead _Nashville, Tenn._ Valley Farmer _St. Louis, Mo._ Vermont Stock Journal _Middlebury, Vt._ Wisconsin Farmer _Madison, Wisc._ Working Farmer _New York City._
INDEX.
Acclimation; 9 Agricultural Periodicals, List of; 440 Almonds; 10 Animals, Rules for feeding; 178 Apples; 12 Apple-Tree Wood, Analysis of; 14 Apple-Worm, Remedy for; 22 Apricot; 50 Artichoke; 52 Ashes; 53 Asparagus; 54 Atmosphere, Important Auxiliary in the Growth of Plants; 278
Balm; 56 Barberry; 56 Barley; 57 Barns; 59 Bean, Coffee; 130 Beans; 60 Bees and Beehives; 64 Beets; 77 Bene Plant; 81 Berries, Preservation of; 367 Birds useful in destroying Insects; 82 Blackberry; 83 Black Currant; 165 Black Raspberry; 85 Board Fences; 179 Bones, their Value as a Fertilizer; 85, 275 Borden's Milk Condensation; 369 Borecale; 86 Borer, Preventive and Remedy for; 23 Breck's Book of Flowers; 195 Breeding in, Deteriorating Effects of; 142 Broccoli; 86 Broom-Corn; 87 Brussels Sprouts; 89 Buckthorn; 89 Buckwheat; 90 Budding; 91 Buffalo Berry; 390 Bulbous Flowering Roots; 195 Bushes, Eradication of Noxious; 94 Butter; 95 Butter Dairy; 167 Butter-Making, Essential Rules for; 100 Butternuts; 102
Cabbage; 102 Calves; 108 Canker-Worm, Remedy for; 25 Cans; 111, 367 Carrots; 112 Caterpillars, how destroyed; 24 Cauliflower; 113 Celery; 114 Charcoal; 125 Cheese; 115 Cheese-House; 167 Cherries; 118 Chestnuts; 125 Chickens; 197-199 Churn, Best Form of; 98 Churning, Brief Rules for; 97 Cider; 126 Citron; 127 Cleft-Grafting; 210 Clover; 128, 235 Coffee Bean; 130 Colts, Milk from the Dairy Excellent food for; 248 Conical Training; 420 Corn; 131 Corn, Broom; 87 Cottage, Economical Plan of a Laborer's; 257 Cotton; 134 Cotton Plant, Analysis of; 139 Country Residence, Plan of; 255 Cows; 140 Cranberry; 156 Cucumber; 161 Curculio on Plum-Trees, Unfailing Remedy for; 355 Currants; 164 Currants, Black; 165 Currant Wine, Recipe for making; 433
Dairy; 167 Declension of Fruits, Cause of and Remedy for; 168 Dill; 169 Downing's List of Gooseberries; 208 Drains; 170 Ducks; 172 Dwarfing Fruit-Trees, Process of; 173
Early Fruits and Vegetables, how produced; 174 Eastern States, Varieties of Apples adapted to; 20 Eastwood's Work on Cranberry Culture; 156 Egg Plant; 175 Eggs, how to test and preserve them; 176 Elderberry; 176 Elderberry Wine, a Recipe for Making; 434 Endive; 177
Fan Training of Trees; 417 Farm-Buildings; 251 Feeding Animals; 178 Fences; 179 Fennel; 181 Figs; 181 Fish; 184 Flax; 192 Flowering Shrubs; 195 Flowers; 193 Foot-Paths, Circular, how laid out; 254 Foot-Rot in Animals, Remedy for; 388 Forest Trees; 437 Fowls; 196 Fruit; 200 Fruits, Declension of; 168 Fruits, Early, how produced; 174 Fruits, Preservation of; 367 Fruits, Manner of Gathering; 205 Fruit-Trees, Location of; 269 Fruit-Trees, how to induce Productiveness in; 201
Garden; 202 Garlic; 205 Gathering Fruits; 205 Geese; 205 Gooseberry; 206 Grafting; 208 Grafting-Wax, how made; 211 Grapes; 212 Grape-Wine, Method of making; 435 Grasses; 227 Greenhouse; 231 Guano, Care requisite in the Application of; 277 Guenon's Treatise on the Milking Qualities of Cows; 142 Gypsum; 232, 247
Hams, Preservation of; 370 Harrowing; 233 Hay, making and preserving of; 234 Hedge; 236 Hedge-Pruning; 238 Hedges, Shrubs suitable for the Formation of; 57, 89, 236-238 Hemp; 239 Hens; 196 Herbaceous Flowers; 196 Hive, Proper Construction of; 74 Hoeing; 241 Hogs; 409 Hogstye, Plan of; 252 Hogstye, Manure from the; 274 Hops; 242 Hops, Method of curing; 244 Horizontal Training; 419 Horse; 246 Horseradish; 249 Hotbeds; 249 Hothouse; 231 Houses; 251 Hybrids; 259
Inarching; 259 Insects; 260 Iron-Filings, Beneficial to Pear-Trees 261 Irrigation; 261 Italian Farmhouse, Plan of; 228
Kale; 86
Labels for Fruit-Trees; 202 Laborer's Cottage, Plan of; 257 Landscape Gardens; 263 Lawton Blackberry; 84 Layering; 264 Laying in Trees; 265 Leeks; 266 Lemon; 266 Lettuce; 267 Licorice; 268 Lime, Value of as a Fertilizer; 268 Limes; 269 Liquid Manures, Value of; 273 Location; 269 Locust-Trees; 270
Manures; 271 Maple-Trees, Best Method of tapping; 404 Marjorum; 283 Marl; 282 Melons; 283 Mice, Protection of Fruit-Trees from in Winter; 373 Milk, Condensation and Preservation of; 369 Milking Qualities of Cows, Infallible Marks of; 142-155 Milking, Rules for; 96, 155 Milk, Value of for Horses; 248 Millet; 287 Mint; 288 Moisture, Retention of, leading Benefit of Manure; 277 Mulberry; 289 Mulching; 289 Mushrooms; 290 Muskmelons; 283 Mustard; 292
Nasturtium; 293 Nectarine; 293 New Fruits; 295 New Rochelle (Lawton) Blackberry 84 Northern States, Varieties of Apples suitable for; 30 Nursery; 296 Nuts; 300
Oaks; 301 Oats; 303 Okra; 304 Olives; 304 Onions; 305 Oranges; 308 Orchards; 309 Orchards, Favorable Locations for; 269 Osage Orange; 236 Oxen; 311
Parsley; 312 Parsnips; 313 Pastures; 315 Peas; 316 Peach;; 319 Pear;; 332 Pear-Orchard, Plan of; 337 Pennyroyal Mint; 288 Peppers; 347 Peppergrass; 348 Peppermint; 288 Picket Fences; 180 Piggery, Plan of; 252 Plaster of Paris; 232 Plowing; 348 Plum; 351 Plum, Analysis of; 353 Pomegranate; 359 Potato; 360 Potato-Rot, Cause of and Remedy for; 364 Potato, Sweet; 406 Poultry; 438 Preserving Fruits and Vegetables 367 Protection of Trees for Transplanting 265, 300 Prunes, Domestic; 356 Pruning and Training; 414 Pruning Peach-Trees; 323 Pumpkin; 371
Quince; 372
Rabbits, a Protection of Fruit-Trees from in Winter; 373 Radish; 374 Rail Fences; 180 Raspberry; 375 Raspberry, Black; 85 Rennet, how prepared; 115 Rhubarb; 377 Rice; 378 Rocks, Methods of removing; 379 Rollers; 379 Root Crops; 380 Root-Pruning, Method of; 353
Saffron; 381 Sage; 381 Salsify or Vegetable Oyster; 382 Scraping Land; 382 Seeds; 383 Shade-Trees; 437 Sheep; 384 Sheep-Manure, Value of; 389 Shepherdia, or Buffalo Berry; 390 Skippers in Cheese; 117 Soils; 391 Sorgho, or Chinese Sugarcane; 405 South, Apples adapted to the Climate of the; 31 Spearmint; 288 Spinage or Spinach; 394 Squash; 395 Stable; 59 Stilton Cheese, Method of Making; 117 Strawberry; 396 Subsoil Plowing; 349 Succory; 177 Sugar; 403 Summer-House, Plan of; 256 Summer Savory; 406 Sunflower; 406 Sweet Potato; 406 Swine; 409
Tobacco; 411 Tomato; 412 Tongue-Grafting; 211 Tools; 414 Training and Pruning; 414 Transplanting; 421 Turnip; 422
Van Mon's Theory of the Production of New Fruits; 295 Vegetables, Early; 174 Vegetable Oyster; 382 Vineyards; 213, 216
Wagon-House; 251 Walls, Stone; 179 Watering Gardens in Dry Seasons, Benefits of; 261 Watermelons; 283 Wax-Moth, Protection against; 73 Weevil, or Wheat Midge, Remedy for; 430 Western States, Varieties of Apples suitable for the; 30, 48 Wheat; 423 White Blackberry; 84 Whortleberry; 432 Willow; 432 Wine; 433 Wines, Adulteration of Imported; 212 Winter Lettuce; 177 Wood-Ashes, Value of as a Manure; 53 Woodlands; 437 Woolly Aphis, Remedy for; 23
* * * * *
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PUBLISHED BY
A. O. MOORE,
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1 American Farmers' Encyclopedia. A work of great value $4 00 2 Dadd's Modern Horse Doctor 1 00 3 Dadd's Anatomy and Physiology of the Horse 2 00 4 Do. do. do. do. colored plates 4 00 5 Dadd's American Cattle Doctor 1 00 6 The Stable Book 1 00 7 The Horse's Foot, and how to keep it sound; paper 25 cts., cloth 50 8 Bridgeman's Gardener's Assistant 1 50 9 Bridgeman's Florist's Guide, half cloth 50 cts., cloth 60 10 Bridgeman's Gardener's Instructor, half cloth 50 cts., cloth 60 11 Bridgeman's Fruit Cultivator, half cloth 50 cts., cloth 60 12 Field's Hand-Book of Pear Culture 60 13 Cole's American Fruit Book 50 14 Cole's American Veterinarian 50 15 Buist's American Flower Garden Directory 1 25 16 Buist's Family Kitchen Gardener 75 17 Browne's American Bird Fancier; paper 25 cts., cloth 50 18 Dana's Muck Manual, cloth 1 00 19 Dana's Prize Essay on Manures 25 20 Stockhardt's Chemical Field Lectures 1 00 21 Norton's Scientific and Practical Agriculture 60 22 Johnston's Catechism of Agricultural Chemistry (for Schools) 25 23 Johnston's Elements of Agricultural Chemistry and Geology 1 00 24 Johnston's Lectures on Agricultural Chemistry and Geology 1 25 25 Downing's Landscape Gardening 3 50 26 Fessenden's Complete Farmer and Gardener 1 25 27 Fessenden's American Kitchen Gardener 50 28 Nash's Progressive Farmer 60 29 Richardson's Domestic Fowls 25 30 Richardson on the Horse 25 31 Richardson on the Hog 25 32 Richardson on the Pests of the Farm 25 33 Richardson on the Hive and Honey Bee 25 34 Milburn and Stevens on the Cow and Dairy Husbandry 25 35 Skinner's Elements of Agriculture 25 36 Topham's Chemistry Made Easy 25 37 Breck's Book of Flowers 1 00 38 Leuchar's Hot Houses and Green Houses 1 25 39 Chinese Sugar Cane and Sugar Making 25 40 Turner's Cotton Planter's Manual 1 00 41 Allen on the Culture of the Grape 1 00 42 Allen's Diseases of Domestic Animals 75 43 Allen's American Farm Book 1 00 44 Allen's Rural Architecture 1 25 45 Pardee on the Strawberry 60 46 Peddar's Farmer's Land Measurer 50 47 Phelp's Bee-keeper's Chart 25 48 Guenon's Treatise on Milch Cows; paper 38 cts., cloth 60 49 Domestic and Ornamental Poultry, plain $1.00, colored plates 2 00 50 Randall's Sheep Husbandry 1 25 51 Youatt, Randall, and Skinner's Shepherd's Own Book 2 00 52 Youatt on the Breed and Management of Sheep 75 53 Youatt on the Horse 1 25 54 Youatt, Martin, and Stevens, on Cattle 1 25 55 Youatt and Martin on the Hog 75 56 Barry's Fruit Garden 1 25 57 Munn's Practical Land Drainer 50 58 Stephens' Book of the Farm, complete, 450 illustrations 4 00 59 The American Architect, or Plans for Country Dwellings 6 00 60 Thaer, Shaw, and Johnson's Principles of Agriculture 2 00 61 Smith's Landscape Gardening, Parks, and Pleasure Grounds 1 25 62 Weeks on the Bee: paper 25 cts., cloth 50 63 Wilson on Cultivation of Flax 25 64 Miner's American Bee-keeper's Manual 1 00 65 Quinby's Mysteries of Bee-keeping 1 00 66 Cottage and Farm Bee-keeper 50 67 Elliott's American Fruit Grower's Guide 1 25 68 The American Florist's Guide 75 69 Hyde on the Chinese Sugar Cane, paper 25 70 Every Lady her own Flower Gardener; paper 25 cts., cloth 50 71 The Rose Culturist; paper 25 cts., cloth 50 72 History of Morgan Horses 1 00 73 Moore's Rural Hand Books, 4 vols. 5 00 74 Rabbit Fancier; paper 25 cts., cloth 50 75 Reemelin's Vine-Dresser's Manual 50 76 Neill's Fruit, Flower, and Vegetable Gardener's Companion 1 00 77 Browne's American Poultry Yard 1 00 78 Browne's Field Book of Manures 1 25 79 Hooper's Dog and Gun 50 80 Skilful Housewife; paper 25 cts., cloth 50 81 Chorlton's Grape Grower's Guide 60 82 Sorgho and Imphee, Sugar Plants 1 00 83 White's Gardening for the South 1 25 84 Eastwood on the Cranberry 50 85 Persoz on the Culture of the Vine 25 86 Boussingault's Rural Economy 1 25 87 Thompson's Food of Animals; paper 50 cts., cloth 75 88 Richardson on Dogs; paper 25 cts., cloth 50 89 Liebig's Familiar Letters to Farmers 50 90 Cobbett's American Gardener 50 91 Waring's Elements of Agriculture 75 92 Blake's Farmer at Home 1 25 93 Rural Essays 3 00 94 Fish Culture 1 00 95 Flint on Grasses 1 25 96 Warder's Hedges and Evergreens 1 00