Part 33

1833. Marryat, Peter Simple [ed. 1846], vol. I., ch. ii., p. 9. I axes you because I see you’re a sailor by the cut of your jib.

1835. Haliburton, Clockmaker, 3 S., ch. iv. For I seed by the cut of the feller’s jib that he was a preacher.

1836. Michael Scott, Cruise of the Midge (ed. 18), p. 363. Oh, I see—there is a smart hand, in the gay jacket there, who does not seem to belong to your crew—a good seaman, evidently, by the cut of his jib.

1881. Buchanan, God and the Man, ch. xvi. By the voice of you, by the rigs of you, and by the cut of your precious jib.

1884. W. C. Russell, Jack’s Courtship, ch. iii. My democratic wide-awake and the republican cut of my jib, said he looking down at his clothes.

Cut One’s Cart, verbal phr. (vagrants’)—See quot.

1851–61. H. Mayhew, London Lab. and Lon. Poor, vol. I., p. 339. I’ve seen them doze and sleep against the door. They like to be there before anyone cuts their cart (exposes their tricks).

Cut One’s Comb, verbal phr. (common).—To snub; to lower conceit.

1593. G. Harvey, Pierces Supererog., in wks. II., 283. Can ... loue quench, or Zeale luke warme, or valour manicle, or, excellencie mew-vpp, or perfection geld, or supererogation combe-cutt itselfe?

1608. Middleton, Trick to Catch the Old One, IV., iv. To see ten men ride after me in watchet liveries, with orange-tawny caps,—’twill cut his comb, i’ faith.

ed. 1717. Ned Ward, wks. II., 302. If you prate one word more, I shall slice a sliver off your coxcomb, and teach you a little more manners before I’ve done with you.

1822. Scott, The Fortunes of Nigel, ch. ii. I will take my own time; and all the Counts in Cumberland shall not cut my comb.

Cut One’s Eyes, verbal phr. (thieves’).—To get suspicious.

Cut One’s Eye (or Wisdom) Teeth, verbal phr. (common).—To learn ‘what’s what.’ [A play upon the word ‘eye,’ with an allusion to the canine teeth.]

Cut One’s Own Grass, verbal phr. (prison).—To get one’s own living. Cf., Paddle one’s own canoe.

Cut Out, verbal phr. (colloquial).—To debar; deprive of advantage; supersede. Cf., Cut, verb, sense 5. [Originally a nautical term; from cutting out a ship in an enemy’s port.]

1779. R. Cumberland, Wheel of Fortune, Act iv., Sc. 3. I suspect your heart inclines to Captain Woodville; and now he is come to England, I suppose I am likely to be cut out.

1856. C. Bronté, Professor, ch. iii. There’s Waddy—Sam Waddy—making up to her; won’t I cut him out?

1863. Hon. Mrs. Norton, Lost and Saved, p. 182. One woman has often cut another out, whose superiority, if dissected and analysed, would be found to be composed of the carriage that whirled her up to the door, the nimble footman who rapped at it, the soft carpet on the handsome staircase, the drawing-room to which it led, and the gilt stand full of geraniums, heliotropes, and roses in the curtained window.

1864. G. A. Lawrence, Guy Livingstone, ch. xxv. Here, as elsewhere, she pursued her favourite amusement, remorselessly. Fallowfield called it ‘her cutting out expeditions.’ She used to watch till a mother and daughter had, between them, secured a good matrimonial prize, and then employ her fascinations on the captured one.

Cut Out of, verbal phr. (common).—To ‘do,’ or be done, out of.

Cuts, subs. (tailors’).—Scissors. ‘Small cuts’ = button-hole scissors.

Cut Saucy.—See Saucy.

Cut Short. (Generally cut it short!) phr. (common).—A common injunction not to be prolix. For synonyms, see Stow it.

1852. Dickens, Bleak House, ch. lvii., p. 478. ‘Come, then!’ he gruffly cried to her, ‘You hear what she says. Cut it short, and tell her.’

1878. Jas. Payn, By Proxy, ch. xvi. Let us cut this short, Pennicuick. There is nothing more of importance to be said, and such talk is painful to both of us.

Cutter, subs. (old).—A robber; a bully. [From committing acts of violence like those ascribed to the Mohocks; or, from cutting purses. Cotgrave translates cutter (or swash-buckler) by balaffreux, taillebras, fendeur de naseaux. Coles has, ‘A cutter (or robber), gladiator, latro.’] This ancient cant word now survives in the phrase, ‘to swear like a cutter.’

c. 1589. Nashe, Month’s Mind, in wks., vol. I., p. 152. These like lustie cutters ... aduentured to lay holde fast on our purses, and like strong theeues in deed proffered to robbe vs of all our monnie.

1633. Rowley, Match at Midn., O. Pl., vii., 353. He’s out of cash, and thou know’st, by cutter’s law we are bound to relieve one another.

1663. Abraham Cowley, The Cutter of Coleman St. [Title of play.]

1822. Scott, Fortunes of Nigel, ch. xxiii. Fifty thousand decuses, the spoils of five thousand bullies, cutters, and spendthrifts.

Cut the Line, Rope, or String, verbal phr. (thieves’).—To cut a story short; to stop yarning.—See Cave.

Cut the Painter, verbal phr. (nautical). 1. To decamp; make off—secretly and suddenly. For synonyms, see Amputate and Skedaddle.

2. To die.—See Aloft and Hop the twig.

Cutting, verbal subs. and ppl. adj. (trade).—1. The process of underselling; synonymous with competition of the keenest kind.—See Cut, verb, sense 4.

1851–61. H. Mayhew, London Lab. and Lon. Poor, vol. I., p. 372. There is great competition in the trade, and much of what is called cutting, or one tradesman underselling another. Ibid., vol. II., p. 232. Those employers who seek to reduce the prices of a trade are known technologically as cutting employers, in contradistinction to the standard employers, or those who pay their workpeople, and sell their goods at the ordinary rates.

1863. Once a Week, vol. VIII., p. 552. At first sight it would seem that the poor men got a better article for less money than the rich and well-to-do classes; but a little inquiry into the method by which these cutting bakers ‘make things pleasant’ soon dissipate this seeming anomaly.

1863. Once a Week, vol. VIII., p. 179. If she is accustomed to frequent cutting shops, where the stock is periodically thrown into a state of convulsions in its efforts to sell itself off, of course she expects to be done.

2. (colloquial).—Disowning or ignoring a person.—See Cut, verb, sense 2.

1854. Aytoun and Martin, Bon Gaultier Ballads. ‘The Doleful Lay of the Honble. I. O. Uwins.’ Uselessly down Bond Street strutting, Did he greet his friends of yore: Such a universal cutting, Never man received before.

Cuttle or Cuttle Bung, subs. (old).—A knife used by cut-purses. [From Latin cultellus, a knife; unde, a cutlass.] For synonyms, see Chive.

1592. Greene, Second Part Conny-catching, in wks., vol. X., p. 3. And feeling if his cuttle boung were glibbe and of a good edge, went to this meale-man to enter combate hand to hand with his purse.

1599. Nashe, Lenten Stuffe (Harl. Misc., VI., 172). [He] unsheathed his cuttle-bong, and from the nape of the necke to the taile dismembered him.

1608. Dekker, Belman of London, in wks. (Grosart) III., 154. He that cuts the purse is called the Nip.... The knife is called a cuttle-bung.

1610. Rowlands, Martin Mark-all, p. 37 (H. Club’s Repr., 1874). A Roome Cuttle: a sword. A Cuttle bung: a knife to cut a purse.

Cutty-Eyed, adj. (thieves’).—Suspicious looking; leering.

Cut Up, verbal phr. (colloquial).—1. To run down; to mortify.

1759. Goldsmith, The Bee, No. 5, p. 390 (Globe ed.). The pack of critics, who probably have no other occupation but that of cutting up everything new.

1819. Shelley, Letter to Ollier, in Letters (Camelot), p. 309. I read the article.... I am glad, however, to see the Quarterly cut up, and that by one of their own people.

1874. Mortimer Collins, Frances, ch. xvii. The slashing writers who delight to cut up a book, especially if the author is a friend or a rival.

2. (common).—To come up; turn up; become; show up.

3. (thieves’).—To divide plunder; to share; to ‘nap the regulars.’ Cf., Cut up fat.

1779. R. Cumberland, Wheel of Fortune, Act iv., Sc. 3. Sir D. D. A gentleman, who trusts to servants in his absence, is sure to be cut up. Emily. Cut up! what’s that. Sir D. D. Why, ’tis a common phrase.

1870. J. K., Good Words, April. ‘The Nailmakers’ Lamentation.’ Now, what’s twelve shillings to cut up, To pay so many things.

1879. J. W. Horsley, in Macm. Mag., XL., 505. We had between sixty and seventy quid to cut up (share).

1880. G. R. Sims, How the Poor Live. These ... were mostly ‘ramps,’ or swindles, got up to obtain the gate-money, and generally interrupted by circumstances arranged beforehand by those who were going to cut up the plunder.

4. (common).—To behave.

1856. T. Hughes, Tom Brown’s School-days, pt. I., ch. v. You see, a great deal depends on how a fellow cuts up, at first. If he’s got nothing odd about him, and answers straightforward, and holds his head up, he gets on.

1883. Illust. London News, 12 May, p. 463, col. 2. Export again cut up wretchedly in the Burwell Stakes, which fell to Blue Glass, and one of the best of the American three-year-olds.

Cut up fat, verbal phr. (common).—To leave a large fortune. Cf., Cut up, sense 3.

1824. T. Hook, Sayings and Doings, 1 S., Danvers, p. 13 (‘Colburn’s Stand. Novels’). His property was immense ... and few people ventured to guess ... what he would cut up for.

1831. Disraeli, The Young Duke, bk. IV., ch. vii., p. 228 (ed. 1866). ‘You think him rich?’ ‘Oh, he will cut up very large,’ said the Baron.

1848. Thackeray, Book of Snobs, ch. vii. The old banker died in course of time, and to use the affectionate phrase common on such occasions, cut up prodigiously well.

1860. O. W. Holmes, The Professor at the Breakfast Table, xi., p. 351. In the midst of these kind expressions, the gentleman with the diamond, the Koh-i-noor, as we called him, asked in a very unpleasant sort of way, how the old boy was likely to cut up,—meaning what money our friend was going to leave behind.

1872. Civilian, 2 March. Time wears on, and old Stubbs pays the debt of nature, and cuts up splendidly. His colossal fortune is the making of his needy sons-in-law.

Cut up [rough, rusty, savage, stiff, ugly, etc.], verbal phr.—To become quarrelsome or dangerous.

1836. Dickens, Pickwick, ch. xliii., p. 377. ‘I’ll trouble you for the loan of five-and-twenty pound.’ ‘Wot good ’ull that do?’ inquired Mr. Weller. ‘Never mind,’ replied Sam. ‘P’raps you may ask for it five minits arterwards; p’raps I may say I von’t pay, and cut up rough.’

1849. Thackeray, Pendennis, ch. 1. I didn’t mean any offence—beg pardon—hang it! you cut up quite savage.

1855–7. W. M. Thackeray, Miscellanies, II., 272. It is true that Natty [Edward’s Julia’s younger brother] called many times in Pocklington Square, and complained to Edward that he, Nat, could neither see his Mar nor the Gurls, and that the old gent cut up uncommon stiff.

1864. A. Trollope, The Small House at Allington, ch. iv. She’s always talking of Lupex being jealous! if he was to cut up rough, you wouldn’t find it pleasant.

Cut up well, verb. phr. (venery).—To strip well; to be an engaging bed-fellow.

To be cut up (common).—To be vexed; hurt; dejected; sometimes simply cut. Formerly, to be in embarrassed circumstances.

1821. P. Egan, Tom and Jerry [ed. 1890], p. 60. But, owing to a combination of unfortunate circumstances, such as gambling, dissipation, etc., Jem is so cut up, that all his old pals have turned their backs upon him.

1846. Thackeray, V. Fair, vol. I., ch. xxv. ‘I should have liked to see the old girl before we went,’ Rawdon said. ‘She looks so cut up and altered that I’m sure she can’t last long.’

1855. W. M. Thackeray, Newcomes, II., p. 201. It’s not when a fellow’s down and cut up, and riled,—naturally riled—as you are,—I know you are, Marquis; it’s not then that I’m going to be angry with you....

1864. Glasgow Herald, 28 Dec. Not a word was said. I felt confoundly cut, and every mouthful of that dinner felt as if it would choke me.

Cutty, subs.—A short pipe; a nose-warmer, (q.v.).

Cuz, subs. (printers’).—A workman free of the ‘chapel.’

Cymbal, subs. (thieves’).—A watch. For synonyms, see Ticker.

D

D, subs. (common)—1. A penny, or (in pl.) pence; e.g., two d; three d, etc., = two-pence, three-pence, etc. [The initial letter of the Latin denarius.]

1880. Punch’s Almanack, p. 3. Got the doldrums dreadful, that is clear. Two d left! must go and do a beer!

2. (common).—A detective; among thieves, a policeman. For synonyms, see Beak and Nark.

1879. Thor Fredur, Sketches from Shady Places. Still I play Shoeblack odd times. I have a few friends among the d’s (detectives), who give me the job to watch a house occasionally.

To use a big d, verbal phr. (common).—‘To swear’; the ‘d’ stands for ‘damned.’

1878. Gilbert and Sullivan, Her Majesty’s Ship ‘Pinafore.’ ‘What, never use a big, big D?’

1890. H. D. Traill, Saturday Songs, p. 3. Do we fight the senseless duel, do we sling the big, big d, No; our strongest word is ‘Bother,’ and revolvers all we see.

The two d’s, phr. (military).—Army regulations enact that a soldier’s pay must not be so docked in fines as to leave him less than two-pence a day. Hence, if a man, from any cause, is put on short pay, he is said to be ‘on the two d’s.’

Dab, subs. (colloquial).—1. An expert; a dabster. [Thought to be a corruption of ‘adept’ (Latin adeptus); a dep; a dap; a dab.] Cf., ‘dabbler,’ one who meddles without mastery; a superficial meddler. Fr., dab, dabe, or dade.

1733. Letter of Lord Chesterfield to Lady Suffolk, 17 Aug. [Suffolk Correspondence, 1824, ii., 64.] ... known dabs at finding out mysteries.

1748. T. Dyche, Dictionary (5 ed.). Dab (s.) ... also an expert gamester is so called [also 1754, Martin, Eng. Dict. (2 ed.), s.v.].

1759. Goldsmith, The Bee, No. 1. One writer, for instance, excels at a plan or a title-page, another works away the body of the book, and a third is a dab at an index.

1838. Comic Almanack, p. 148. Such a dab to get up a commission.

1849. J. D. Lewis, in Whibley, p. 231. When Hicks, who’s no dab, with his oar cuts a crab, And our coxswain he swears like the devil.

1860. Dickens, Great Expectations, ch. xlii., p. 200. He was a smooth one to talk, and was a dab at the ways of gentlefolks.

2. (common).—A bed. For synonyms, see Bug-walk and Kip.

1823. W. T. Moncrieff, Tom and Jerry, Act iii., Sc. 3. Mace:... Vhen ve’ve had the liqvor, ve’ll kick up a reel, and all go to our dabs.

3. (river-side thieves’).—The drowned corpse of an outcast woman.

4. (old).—A trifle.

1745. Walpole to Mann, ii., 53. The Count may have procured for her some dirty dab of a negotiation about some acre of territory more for Hanover.

Adj. (colloquial).—1. Clever; skilled; expert.—See subs., sense 1. Fr., avoir le ponce long, or rond, i.e., ‘to have a long or round thumb.’

2. (back slang).—Bad. A dabheno, a bad market, day, or sale, Doogheno = a good day, etc.; dab tros = a bad sort.

1877. Diprose, London Life. I’ve been doing awful dab with my tol (lot) or stock, have’nt made a yennep (penny).

Rum-dabe, subs. (old).—The same as dab, subs., sense 1. [Rum (q.v.) is Old Cant for ‘good.’]

Dab down, verbal phr. (common).—To pay; hand over; to ‘post’ or ‘shell out’ (q.v. for synonyms).

To dab it up [with a woman], verbal phr. (old).—To pair off; to agree to cohabitation.

Dabster, subs. (colloquial).—An expert or dab (q.v.).

1877. J. Greenwood, Dick Temple, ch. iii. ‘Not in the least like the performance of an amateur dabster,’ remarked Jack Mallet, admiringly. ‘Much more like the work of an old master for style and finish.’

Dace, subs. (old).—Two-pence; in America, two cents. [From ‘deuce.’]

Dacha-Saltee, subs. (thieves’ and vagrants’).—A franc; or tenpence English. [From the Italian dieci soldi.]—See Saltee.

1861. Reade, Cloister and Hearth, ch. lv. What with my crippledom and thy piety, a wheeling of thy poor old dad, we’ll bleed the bumpkins of a dacha-saltee.

Dad-Binged (also -Blamed, -Fetched), -Gasted, -Goned, -Rotted, or -Snatched, ppl. adj. (American).—Half veiled oaths; ‘whips to beat the devil round the stump.’ [Dad is a corrupted form of ‘God,’ which, with other forms, (Dod-, Dog-, etc.), is found in various combinations, as above.] For synonyms, see Oaths.

1887. Scribner’s Magazine. ‘Dadgum ye!’ cried Jeff, irritably, ‘whut—by grabs, hit’s a human critter!’

1888. S. L. Clemens (‘Mark Twain’), Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, p. 122. A chile er two, mo ’er less, warn’t no consekens to Sollermun, dad-fetch him. Ibid. ‘Why, Mars Tom, I doan want no rats. Dey’s de dad-blamedest creturs to ’sturb a body ... I ever see.’

Dad-Dad, Mum-Mum or Daddy-Mammy, subs. phr. (military).—A beginner’s practice on the drum.

Daddle, subs. (common).—The hand; or fist. To tip the daddle, to shake hands. For synonyms, see Bunch of fives, to which may be added the following lists:—

English Synonyms. Chalk-farm; claw; clutch; cornstealer; duke; fam; famble; feeler; fin; flapper; flipper; forceps; forefoot; fork; grappling-iron or hook; goll (old); oar; paddle; palette; paw; plier; shaker; wing; Yarmouth mitten.

French Synonyms. Les abatis or abattis (popular: a term applied to both hands and feet; properly giblets); l’agrafe (common; hook or clasp); la croche (thieves’: properly a quaver; possibly influenced by croc = hook, grapnel, or drag; an allusion to the hooked appearance of the musical note); la cuiller (popular: literally a spoon); les brancards (popular: this expression, like abatis, is also used of the feet; properly = shafts, as of a cart); l’arguemine (thieves’); le battoir (popular: properly a washerwoman’s ‘bat’); un gigot (popular: a large, thick hand, a ‘mutton fist’); le grappin; les harpions (also = feet).

Italian Synonym. Gramoso (properly ‘a wretch’); cerra.

1785. Grose, Dict. Vulg. Tongue, s.v.

1789. Geo. Parker, Life’s Painter, p. 143, s.v.

1819. T. Moore, Tom Crib’s Mem. to Cong., p. 23. From this to the finish, ’twas all fiddle-faddle, Poor Georgy, at last, could scarce hold up his daddle. Ibid. With daddles high uprais’d, and nob held back, In awful prescience of th’ impending thwack.

1827. Scott, Two Drovers, ch. ii. Ah, this comes of living so long with kilts and bonnets—men forget the use of their daddles.

1842. Punch, vol. III, p. 136. And her daddle link’d in his’n gone to roam as lovers use.

1849. C. Kingsley, Alton Locke, ch. v. ‘Tip us your daddle, my boy,’ said the second speaker.

Daddy, subs. (general).—1. The superintendent of a casual ward; generally an old pauper.

2. (theatrical).—A stage manager.—See quot.

1886. Graphic, 10 April, p. 399. The manager himself is sometimes known as the ‘gorger,’ and daddy is the stage-manager.

3. (common).—A confederate of ‘workers’ of mock raffles, lotteries, etc.; generally the person selected to receive the prize.

Daddyism, subs. (American).—Pride of birth.

1871. Kate Field, in Harper’s Bazaar, Aug. An Eastern man commending the services of a young Philadelphian to a Chicago tradesman, said: ‘He comes of a very good family; his grandfather was a distinguished man.’ ‘Was he?’ replied the man of Chicago. ‘That’s of no account with us. There’s less daddyism here than any part of the United States. What’s he himself.’

Daffy or Daffy’s Elixir, subs. (common).—Gin. [From a popular medicine sold as early as the beginning of the eighteenth century: see advertisements (1709), in Ashton’s Social Life in the Reign of Queen Anne, i., pp. 7, 8: now known as ‘Tincture of Senna.’] For synonyms, see Drinks.

1821. The Fancy, vol. I., p. 304. While carrying on his new vocation of publican, Jack did not deny himself the use of drops of daffy.

1841. Leman Rede, Sixteen-String Jack, Act i., Sc. 2. Take some daffy to the back parlour.

1851. H. Mayhew, Lon. Lab. and Lon. Poor, IV., 430. When I goes in where they are a havin’ their daffies—that’s drops o’ gin, sir.

1871. London Figaro, 15 April. [If the baby] should bawl persistently ... he would ... thoroughly dose it with daffy.

1882. Punch, vol. LXXXII., 193. They had low foreheads, and wore big buttonholes, for so they termed the flowers, it was ‘the thing’ to wear. A good many of them, too, had been partaking freely of daffy.

Daffy-Down-Dilly, subs. (old).—A dandy; one ‘got up regardless.’ For synonyms, see Dandy.

1841. Leman Rede, Sixteen-String Jack, Act i., Sc. 2. Bob: I’m here, my daffy-down-dilly!

Dagen, subs. (old).—An ‘artful member.’ [From dagen, a sword or dagger.] For synonyms, see Downy cove. Dagger = the penis.

Dagger-Cheap, adj. phr. (old).—‘Dirt’ cheap. [From an ordinary of low repute in Holborn, notorious for the coarseness of its entertainment.—See Jonson’s Alchemist, v., 2, and Devil is an Ass, i., 1.]

1631. Bishop Andrewes, Sermons (posthumous). We set our wares at a very easy price; he (the devil) may buy us even dagger-cheap, as we say.

Dags, subs. (common).—A feat; a performance or work, e.g., I’ll do your dags = an incitement to emulation. [From dag, the old Saxon form of ‘day.’ Darg for a day’s work is common in Scotland. A love-darg is a day’s free help given to a farmer by his neighbours.]

1879. Notes and Queries, 5 S., xii., 15 Aug., p. 128. ‘I’ll do you (or your) dags.’ An expression used by children of young, and sometimes of older, growth, meaning, ‘I’ll do something that you cannot do.’

1886. Fun. He was very fond of what, in schoolboy days, we used to call doing dags.

Daily Levy, subs. (journalistic).—The Daily Telegraph. [This London daily was established by Mr. Edward Levy Lawson.]

Dairy, subs. (common).—The paps. To air the dairy = to expose the breast.

English Synonyms. Bubs or bubbies; charlies; blubber; butter-boxes; butter-bags; berkeleys; cat-heads; diddies; globes; dugs; milk-walk; milk-shop; milky way; dumplings; udder (Browning); ‘Nature’s founts’; feeding bottles; ‘charms’; hemispheres; apple-dumpling shop; meat market; poonts; titties; cabman’s rests (rhyming); baby’s bottom.

French Synonyms. Les avantages (familiar); l’avant-cœur (popular = the fore-heart; as l’avant-bras = the fore-arm); l’avant-main; les avant-scènes (properly that goes before; the front of a stage); les avant-postes (literally, the outposts); l’oranger (popular = the orange-tree. Cf., des oranges sur l’étagère); les nénais or nénets (popular); deux œufs sur le plat (common); le monzu or mouzu (Old Cant); des blagues à tabac (popular = tobacco-pouches); des bessons (common = twins); une étagère or un étal (properly a butcher’s stall; étalage = goods exposed for sale; Cf., étaler sa marchandise = to wear a low-necked dress); la doublure de la pièce (popular); devant de gilet (popular: un gilet à la mode = well-developed paps); une livraison de bois devant sa porte (popular); le ragoût de la poitrine (ragoût = pleasure, poitrine = breast); la mappe-monde (popular: literally a map of the two hemispheres); les nichons (familiar); il y a du monde au balcon (said of one with large paps); les bossoirs (sailors’; gabarit sans bossoirs = thin or withered paps); les calebasses (= gourds); les éclaireurs (popular: scouts); des gibasses (popular: skinny paps); des œufs sur la place d’armes (popular).

German Synonym. Gleishaus (i.e., milk-house; Gleis = milk).

Italian Synonym. Tetta.

Spanish Synonyms. Balso-peto (m; properly = a large pouch carried near the breast); chiche or chichi (f; a Mexican vulgarism); pechera (f; also = a stomacher or frill on the bosom of a shirt).

1811. Lexicon Balatronicum, s.v.