Chapter 4

mosquito, and not the house-fly, was commissioned by the Lord to humble the obstinacy of the Egyptian tyrant.]

Even in the midst of endurance from their onslaughts one cannot but be amused by the ingenuity of their movements; as if aware of the risk incident to an open assault, a favourite mode of attack is, when concealed by a table, to assail the ankles through the meshes of the stocking, or the knees which are ineffectually protected by a fold of Russian duck. When you are reading, a mosquito will rarely settle on that portion of your hand which is within range of your eyes, but cunningly stealing by the underside of the book fastens on the wrist or little finger, and noiselessly inserts his proboscis there. I have tested the classical expedient recorded by Herodotus, who states that the fishermen inhabiting the fens of Egypt, cover their beds with their nets, knowing that the mosquitoes, although they bite through linen robes, will not venture through a net.[1] But, notwithstanding the opinion of Spence[2], that nets with meshes an inch square will effectually exclude them, I have been satisfied by painful experience that (if the theory be not altogether fallacious) at least the modern mosquitoes of Ceylon are uninfluenced by the same considerations which restrained those of the Nile under the successors of Cambyses.

[Footnote 1: HERODOTUS, _Euterpe._ xcv.]

[Footnote 2: KIRBY and SPENCE'S _Entomology_, letter iv.]

_The Coffee-Bug_.--Allusion has been made in a previous passage to the coccus known in Ceylon as the "Coffee-Bug" (_Lecanium Caffeæ_, Wlk.), which of late years has made such destructive ravages in the plantations in the Mountain Zone.[1] The first thing that attracts attention on looking at a coffee tree infested by it, is the number of brownish wart-like bodies that stud the young shoots and occasionally the margins on the underside of the leaves.[2] Each of these warts or scales is a transformed female, containing a large number of eggs which are hatched within it.

[Footnote 1: The following notice of the "coffee-bug," and of the singularly destructive effects produced by it on the plants, has been prepared chiefly from a memoir presented to the Ceylon Government by the late Dr. Gardner, in which he traces the history of the insect from its first appearance in the coffee districts, until it had established itself more or less permanently in all the estates in full cultivation throughout the island.]

[Footnote 2: See the annexed drawing, Fig. 1.]

When the young ones come out from their nest, they run about over the plant like diminutive wood-lice, and at this period there is no apparent distinction between male and female. Shortly after being hatched the males seek the underside of the leaves, while the females prefer the young shoots as a place of abode. If the under surface of a leaf be examined, it will be found to be studded, particularly on its basil half, with minute yellowish-white specks of an oblong form.[1] These are the larvæ of the males undergoing transformation into pupæ, beneath their own skins; some of these specks are always in a more advanced state than the others, the full-grown ones being whitish and scarcely a line long. Some of this size are translucent, the insect having escaped; the darker ones still retain it within, of an oblong form, with the rudiment of a wing on each side attached to the lower part of the thorax and closely applied to the sides; the legs are six in number, the four hind ones being directed backwards, the anterior forwards (a peculiarity not common in other insects); the two antennæ are also inclined backwards, and from the tail protrude three short bristles, the middle one thinner and longer than the rest.

[Footnote 1: Figs. 2, and 3 and 5 in the engraving, where these and all the other figures are considerably enlarged.]

When the transformation is complete, the mature insect makes its way from beneath the pellucid case[1], all its organs having then attained their full size: the head is sub-globular, with two rather prominent black eyes, and two antennæ, each with eleven joints, hairy throughout, and a tuft of rather longer hairs at the apices; the legs are also covered with hairs, the wings are horizontal, of an obovate oblong shape, membranous, and extending a little farther than the bristles of the tail. They have only two nerves, neither of which reaches so far as the tips; one of them runs close to the costal margin, and is much thicker than the other, which branches off from its base and skirts along the inner margin; behind the wings is attached a pair of minute halteres of peculiar form. The possession of wings would appear to be the cause why the full-grown male is more rarely seen on the coffee bushes than the female.

[Footnote 1: Fig. 4. Mr. WESTWOOD, who observed the operation in one species, states that they escape backwards, the wings being extended flatly over the head.]

The female, like the male, attaches herself to the surface of the plant, the place selected being usually the young shoots; but she is also to be met with on the margins of the undersides of the leaves (on the upper surface neither the male nor female ever attach themselves); but, unlike the male, which derives no nourishment from the juices of the tree (the mouth being obsolete in the perfect state), she punctures the cuticle with a proboscis (a very short three-jointed _promuscis_), springing as it were from the breast, but capable of being greatly porrected, and inserted in the cuticle of the plant, and through this she abstracts her nutriment. In the early pupa state the female is easily distinguishable from the male, by being more elliptical and much more convex. As she increases in size her skin distends and she becomes smooth and dry; the rings of the body become effaced; and losing entirely the form of an insect, she presents, for some time, a yellowish pustular shape, but ultimately assumes a roundish conical form, of a dark brown colour.[1]

[Footnote 1: Figs. 6 and 7. There are many other species of the Coccus tribe in Ceylon, some (Pseudococcus?) never appearing as a scale, the female wrapping herself up in a white cottony exudation; many species nearly allied to the true Coccus infest common plants about gardens, such as the Nerium Oleander, Plumeria Acuminata, and others with milky juices; another subgenus (Ceroplastes?), the female of which produces a protecting waxy material, infests the Gendurassa Vulgaris, the Furrcæa Gigantea, the Jak Tree, Mango, and other common trees.]

Until she has nearly reached her full size, she still possesses the power of locomotion, and her six legs are easily distinguishable in the under surface of her corpulent body; but at no period of her existence has she wings. It is about the time of her obtaining full size that impregnation takes place[1]; after which the scale becomes somewhat more conical, assumes a darker colour, and at length is permanently fixed to the surface of the plant, by means of a cottony substance interposed between it and the vegetable cuticle to which it adheres. The scale, when full grown, exactly resembles in miniature the hat of a Cornish miner[2], there being a narrow rim at the base, which gives increased surface of attachment. It is about 1/8 inch in diameter, by about 1/12 deep, and it appears perfectly smooth to the naked eye; but it is in reality studded over with a multitude of very minute warts, giving it a dotted appearance. Except the margin, which is ciliated, it is entirely destitute of hairs. The number of eggs contained in one of the scales is enormous, amounting in a single one to 691. The eggs are of an oblong shape, of a pale flesh colour, and perfectly smooth.[3] In some of the scales, the eggs when laid on the field of the microscope resemble those masses of life sometimes seen in decayed cheese.[4] A few small yellowish maggots are sometimes found with them, and these are the larvæ[5] of insects, the eggs of which have been deposited in the female while the scale was soft. They escape when mature by cutting a small round hole in the dorsum of the scale.

[Footnote 1: REAUMUR has described the singular manner in which this occurs. _Mem._ tom. iv.]

[Footnote 2: Fig. 8.]

[Footnote 3: Fig. 9.]

[Footnote 4: Figs. 10, 11.]

[Footnote 5: Of the parasitic Chalcididiæ, many genera of which are well known to deposit their eggs in the soft Coccus, viz.: Encystus, Coccophagus, Pteromalus, Mesosela, Agonioneurus; besides Aphidius, a minutely sized genus of Ichneumonidæ. Most, if not all, of these genera are Singhalese.]

It is not till after this pest has been on an estate for two or three years that it shows itself to an alarming extent. During the first year a few only of the ripe scales are seen scattered over the bushes, generally on the younger shoots; but that year's crop does not suffer much, and the appearance of the tree is little altered.

The second year, however, brings a change for the worse; if the young shoots and the underside of the leaves he now examined, the scales will be found to have become much more numerous, and with them appear a multitude of white specks, which are the young scales in a more or less forward state. The clusters of berries now assume a black sooty look, and a great number of them fall off before coming to maturity; the general health of the tree also begins to fail, and it acquires a blighted appearance. A loss of crop is this year sustained, but to no great extent.

The third year brings about a more serious change, the whole plant acquires a black hue, appearing as if soot had been thrown over it in great quantities; this is caused by the growth of a parasitic fungus[1] over the shoots and the upper surface of the leaves, forming a fibrous coating, somewhat resembling velvet or felt. This never makes its appearance till the insect has been a considerable time on the bush, and probably owes its existence there to an unhealthy condition of the juices of the leaf, consequent on the irritation produced by the coccus, since it never visits the upper surface of the leaf until the latter has fully established itself on the lower. At this period the young shoots have an exceedingly disgusting look from the dense mass of yellow pustular bodies forming on them, the leaves get shrivelled, and the infected trees become conspicuous in the row. The black ants are assiduous in their visits to them. Two-thirds of the crop is lost, and on many trees not a single berry forms.

[Footnote 1: _Racodium?_ Species of this genus are not confined to the coffee plant alone in Ceylon, but follow the "bugs" in their attacks on other bushes. It appears like a dense interlaced mesh of fibres, each made up of a single series of minute oblong vesicles applied end to end.]

This _Lecanium_, or a very closely allied species, has been observed in the Botanic Garden at Peradenia, on the _Citrus acida, Psidium pomiferum, Myrtus Zeylanica, Rosa Indica, Careya arborea, Vitex Negundo_, and other plants. The coffee coccus has generally been first observed in moist, hollow places sheltered from the wind; and thence it has spread itself even over the driest and most exposed parts of the island. On some estates, after attaining a maximum, it has generally declined, but has shown a liability to reappear, especially in low sheltered situations, and it is believed to prevail most extensively in wet seasons. While in its earlier stages, it is easily transmitted from one estate to another, on the clothes of human beings, and in various other ways, which will readily suggest themselves. Dr. Gardner, after a careful consideration and minute examination of estates, arrived at the conclusion, that all remedies suggested up to that time had utterly failed, and that none at once cheap and effectual was likely to be discovered. He seems also to have been of opinion that the insect was not under human control; and that even if it should disappear, it would only be when it should have worn itself out as other blighte have been known to do in some mysterious way. Whether this may prove to be the case or not, is still very uncertain, but every thing observed by Dr. Gardner tends to indicate the permanency of the pest.

* * * * *

_List of Ceylon Insects._

For the following list of the insects of the island, and the remarks prefixed to it, I am indebted to Mr. F. Walker, by whom it has been prepared after a careful inspection of the collections made by Dr. Templeton, Mr. E.L. Layard, and others: as well as of those in the British Museum and in the Museum of the East India Company.[1]

[Footnote 1: The entire of the new species contained in this list have been described in a series of papers by Mr. WALKER in successive numbers of the _Annals of Natural History_ (1858-61): those, from Dr. TEMPLETON'S collection of which descriptions have been taken, have been at his desire transferred to the British Museum for future reference and comparison.]

"A short notice of the aspect of the island will afford the best means of accounting, in some degree, for its entomological Fauna: first, as it is an island, and has a mountainous central region, the tropical character of its productions, as in most other cases, rather diminishes, and somewhat approaches that of higher latitudes.

"The coast-region of Ceylon, and fully one-third of its northern part, have a much drier atmosphere than that of the rest of its surface; and their climate and vegetation are nearly similar to those of the Carnatic, with which this island may have been connected at no very remote period.[1] But if, on the contrary, the land in Ceylon is gradually rising, the difference of its Fauna from that of Central Hindustan is less remarkable. The peninsula of the Dekkan might then be conjectured to have been nearly or wholly separated from the central part of Hindustan, and confined to the range of mountains along the eastern coast; the insect-fauna of which is as yet almost unknown, but will probably be found to have more resemblance to that of Ceylon than to the insects of northern and western India--just as the insect-fauna of Malaya appears more to resemble the similar productions of Australasia than those of the more northern continent.

[Footnote 1: On the subject of this conjecture see _ante_, p. 60.]

"Mr. Layard's collection was partly formed in the dry northern province of Ceylon; and among them more Hindustan insects are to be observed than among those collected by Dr. Templeton, and found wholly in the district between Colombo and Kandy. According to this view the faunas of the Nilgherry Mountains, of Central Ceylon, of the peninsula of Malacca, and of Australasia would be found to form one group;--while those of Northern Ceylon, of the western Dekkan, and of the level parts of Central Hindustan would form another of more recent origin. The insect-fauna of the Carnatic is also probably similar to that of the lowlands of Ceylon; but it is still unexplored. The regions of Hindustan in which species have been chiefly collected, such as Bengal, Silbet, and the Punjaub, are at the distance of from 1300 to 1600 miles from Ceylon, and therefore the insects of the latter are fully as different from those of the above regions as they are from those of Australasia, to which Ceylon is as near in point of distance, and agrees more with regard to latitude.

"Dr. Hagen has remarked that he believes the fauna of the mountains of Ceylon to be quite different from that of the plains and of the shores. The south and west districts have a very moist climate, and as their vegetation is like that of Malabar, their insect-fauna will probably also resemble that of the latter region.

"The insects mentioned in the following list are thus distributed:--

"Order COLEOPTERA.

"The recorded species of _Cicindelidæ_ inhabit the plains or the coast country of Ceylon, and several of them are also found in Hindustan.

"Many of the species of _Carabidæ_ and of _Staphylinidæ_, especially those collected by Mr. Thwaites, near Kandy, and by M. Nietner at Colombo, have much resemblance to the insects of these two families in North Europe; in the _Scydmænid, Ptiliadæ, Phalacridæ, Nitidulidæ, Colydiadæ_, and _Lathridiadæ_ the northern form is still more striking, and strongly contrasts with the tropical forms of the gigantic _Copridæ, Buprestidæ, and Cerambycidæ_, and with the _Elateridæ, Lampyridæ, Tenebrionidæ, Helopidæ, Meloidæ, Curculionidæ, Prionidæ, Cerambycidæ, Lamiidæ_, and _Endomychidæ_.

"The _Copridæ, Dynastidæ, Melolonthidæ, Cetoniadæ_, and _Passalidæ_ are well represented on the plains and on the coast, and the species are mostly of a tropical character.

"The _Hydrophilidæ_ have a more northern aspect, as is generally the case with aquatic species.

"The order _Strepsiptera_ is here considered as belonging to the _Mordellidæ_, and is represented by the genus _Myrmecolax_, which is peculiar, as yet, to Ceylon.

"In the _Curculionidæ_ the single species of _Apion_ will recall to mind the great abundance of that genus in North Europe.

"The _Prionidæ_ and the two following families have been investigated by Mr. Pascoe, and the _Hispidæ_, with the five following families, by Mr. Baly; these two gentlemen are well acquainted with the above tribes of beetles, and kindly supplied me with the names of the Ceylon species.

Order ORTHOPTERA.

"These insects in Ceylon have mostly a tropical aspect. The _Physapoda_, which will probably be soon incorporated with them, are likely to be numerous, though only one species has as yet been noticed.

Order NEUROPTERA.

"The list here given is chiefly taken from the catalogue published by Dr. Hagen, and containing descriptions of the species named by him or by M. Nietner. They were found in the most elevated parts of the island, near Rangbodde, and Dr. Hagen informs me that not less than 500 species have been noticed in Ceylon, but that they are not yet recorded, with the exception of the species here enumerated. It has been remarked that the _Trichoptera_ and other aquatic _Neuroptera_ are less local than the land species, owing to the more equable temperature of the habitation of their larvæ, and on account of their being often conveyed along the whole length of rivers. The species of _Psocus_ in the list are far more numerous than those yet observed in any other country, with the exception of Europe.

Order HYMENOPTERA.

"In this order the _Formicidæ_ and the _Poneridæ_ are very numerous, as they are in other damp and woody tropical countries. Seventy species of ants have been observed, but as yet few of them have been named. The various other families of aculeate _Hymenoptera_ are doubtless more abundant than the species recorded indicate, and it may be safely reckoned that the parasitic _Hymenoptera_ in Ceylon far exceed one thousand species in number, though they are yet only known by means of about two dozen kinds collected at Kandy by Mr. Thwaites.

Order LEPIDOPTERA.

"The fauna of Ceylon is much better known in this order than in any other of the insect tribes, but as yet the _Lepidoptera_ alone in their class afford materials for a comparison of the productions of Ceylon with those of Hindustan and of Australasia; nine hundred and thirty-two species have been collected by Dr. Templeton and by Mr. Layard in the central, western, and northern parts of the island. All the families, from the _Papilionidæ_ to the _Tineidæ_, abound, and numerous species and several genera appear, as yet, to be peculiar to the island. As Ceylon is situate at the entrance to the eastern regions, the list in this volume will suitably precede the descriptive catalogues of the heterocerous _Lepidoptera_ of Hindustan, Java, Borneo, and of other parts of Australasia, which are being prepared for publication. In some of the heterocerous families several species are common to Ceylon and to Australasia, and in various cases the faunas of Ceylon and of Australasia seem to be more similar than those of Ceylon and of Hindustan. The long intercourse between those two regions may have been the means of conveying some species from one to the other. Among the _Pyralites, Hymenia recurvalis_ inhabits also the West Indies, South America, West Africa, Hindustan, China, Australasia, Australia, and New Zealand; and its food-plant is probably some vegetable which is cultivated in all those regions; so also _Desmia afflictalis_ is found in Sierra Leone, Abyssinia, Ceylon, and China.

Order DIPTERA.

"About fifty species were observed by Dr. Templeton, but most of those here recorded were collected by Mr. Thwaites at Kandy, and have a great likeness to North European species. The mosquitoes are very annoying on account of their numbers, as might be expected from the moisture and heat of the climate. _Culex laniger_ is the coast species, and the other kinds here mentioned are from Kandy. Humboldt observed that in some parts of South America each stream had its peculiar mosquitoes, and it yet remains to be seen whether the gnats in Ceylon are also thus restricted in their habitation. The genera _Sciara, Cecidomyia_, and _Simulium_, which abound so exceedingly in temperate countries, have each one representative species in the collection made by Mr. Thwaites. Thus an almost new field remains for the Entomologist in the study of the yet unknown Singhalese Diptera, which must be very numerous.

Order HEMIPTERA.

"The species of this order in the list are too few and too similar to those of Hindustan to need any particular mention. _Lecanium coffeæ_ may be noticed, on account of its infesting the coffee plant, as its name indicates, and the ravages of other species of the genus will be remembered, from the fact that one of them, in other regions, has put a stop to the cultivation of the orange as an article of commerce.

"In conclusion, it may be observed that the species of insects in Ceylon may be estimated as exceeding 10,000 in number, of which about 2000 are enumerated in this volume.

Class ARACHNIDA.

"Four or five species of spiders, of which the specimens cannot be satisfactorily described; one _Ixodes_ and one _Chelifer_ have been forwarded to England from Ceylon by Mr. Thwaites."

* * * * *

NOTE.--The asterisk prefixed denotes the species discovered in Ceylon since Sir J.E. Tennent's departure from the Island in 1849.

Order COLEOPTERA, _Linn._

Fam. CICINDELIDÆ, _Steph._

Cicindela, _Linn._ flavopunctata, _Aud._ discrepans, _Wlk._ aurofasciaca, _Guér._ quadrilineata, _Fabr._ biramosa, _Fabr._ catena, _Fabr._ *insignificans, _Dohrn._

Tricondyla, _Latr._ femorata, _Wlk._ *tumidula, _Wlk._ *scitiscabra, _Wlk._ *concinna, _Dohrn._

Fam. CARABIDÆ, _Leach._

Casnonia, _Latr._ *punctata, _Niet._ *pilifera, _Niet._

Ophionea, _Klug._ *cyanocephala, _Fabr._

Euplynes, _Niet._ Dohrni, _Niet._

Heteroglossa, _Niet._ *elegans, _Niet._ *ruficollis, _Niet._ *bimaculata, _Niet._

Zuphium, _Latr._ *pubescens, _Niet._

Pheropsophos, _Solier._ Cateisei, _Dej._ bimaculatus, _Fabr._

Cymindis, _Latr_ rufiventris, _Wlk._

Anchisia, _Niet._ *modesta, _Niet._

Dromius, _Bon._ marginiter, _Wlk._ repandens, _Wlk._

Lebia, _Latr._ *bipars, _Wlk,_

Creagris, _Niet._ labrosa, _Niet._

Elliotia, _Niet._ paltipes, _Niet._

Maraga, _Wlk._ planigera, _Wlk._

Catascopus, _Kirby._ facialis, _Wied._ reductus, _Wlk._

Scarites, _Fabr._ obliterans, _Wlk._ subsignans, _Wlk._ designans, _Wlk._ *minor, _Wlk._

Clivina, _Latr._ *rugosifrons, _Niet._ *elongatula, _Niet._ *maculata, _Niet._ recta, _Wlk._

Leistus, _Fræhl._ linearis, _Wlk._

Isotarsus, _Laferlé_ quadrimaculatus, _Oliv._

Panagæus, _Latr._ retractus, _Wlk._

Chlænius, _Bon._ bimaculatus, _Dej._ diffinis, _Reiche._ *Ceylanicus, _Niet._ *quinque-maculatus, _Niet._ pulcher, _Niet._ cupricollis, _Niet._ ruginosus, _Niet._

Anchomenus, _Bon._ illocatus, _Wlk._

Agonum, _Bon._ placidulum, _Wlk._

Corpodes?, _Macl._ marginicallis, _Wlk._

Argutor, _Meg._ degener, _Wlk._ relinquens, _Wlk._

Simphyus, _Niet._ *unicolor, _Niet._

Bradytus, _Steph._ stolidus, _Wlk._ Curtonotus, _Wlk._

Harpalus, _Latr._ *advolans, _Niet._ dispellens, _Wlk._

Calodromus, _Niet._ *exornatus, _Niet._

Megaristerus, _Niet._ *mandibularis, _Niet._ *stenolophoides, _Niet._ *Indicus, _Niet._

Platysma, _Bon._ retinens, _Wlk._

Morio, _Latr._ trogositoides, _Wlk._ cucujoides, _Wlk._

Barysomus, _Dej._ *Gyllenhalii, _Dej._

Oodes, _Bon._ *piceus, _Niet._

Selenophorus, _Dej._ inuxus, _Wlk._

Orthogonius, _Dej._ femoratus, _Dej._

Helluodes, _Westw._ Taprobanæ, _Westw._

Physocrotaphus, _Parry._ Ceylonicus, _Parry._ *minax, _West._

Physodera, _Esch._ Eschscholtzii, _Parry._

Omphra, _Latr._ *ovipennis, _Reiche._

Planetes, _Macl._ bimaculatus, _Macleay._

Cardiaderus, _Dej._ scitus, _Wlk._

Distrigus, _Dej._ *costatus, _Niet._ *submetallicus, _Niet._ rufopiceus, _Niet._ *æneus, _Niet._ *Dejeani, _Niet._

Drimostoma, _Dej._ *Ceylanicum, _Niet._ *marginale, _Wlk_.

Cyclosomus, _Latr_. flexuosus, _Fabr_.

Ochthephilus, _Niet_. *Ceylanicus, _Niet_.

Spathinus, _Niet_. *nigriceps, _Niet_.

Acuparpus, _Latr_. derogatus, _Wlk_. extremus, _Wlk_.

Bembidium, _Latr_. finitimum, _Wlk_. *opulentum, _Niet_. *truncatum, _Niet_. *tropicum, _Niet_. *triangulare, _Niet_. *Ceylanicum, _Niet_. Klugii, _Niet_. *ebeninum, _Niet_. *orientale, _Niet_. *emarginatum, _Niet_. *ornatum, _Niet_. *scydmænoides, _Niet_.

Fam. PAUSSIDÆ, _Westw_.

Cerapterus, _Swed_. latipes, _Swed_.

Pleuropterus, _West_. Westermanni, _West_.

Paussus, _Linn._ pacificus, _West_.

Fam. DYTISCIDÆ, _Macl_.

Cybister, _Curt_. limbatus, _Fabr_.

Dytiscus, _Linn._ extenuans, _Wlk_.

Eunectes, _Erich_. griseus, _Fabr_.

Hydaticus, _Leach_. festivus, _Ill_. vittatus, _Fabr_. dislocans, _Wlk_. fractifer, _Wlk_.

Colymbetes, _Clairv_. interclusus, _Wlk_.

Hydroporus, _Clairv_. interpulsus, _Wlk_. intermixtus, _Wlk_. lætabilis, _Wlk_. *inefficiens, _Wlk_.

Fam. GYRINIDÆ, _Leach_.

Dineutes, _Macl_. spinosus, _Fabr_.

Porrorhynchus, _Lap_. indicans, _Wlk_.

Gyretes, _Brullé_. discifer, _Wlk_.

Gyrinus, _Linn._ nitidulus, _Fabr_. obliquus, _Wlk_.

Orectochilus, _Esch_. *lenocinium, _Dohrn_.

Fam. STAPHILINIDÆ, _Leach_.

Ocypus, _Kirby_. longipennis, _Wlk_. congruus, _Wlk_. punctilinea, _Wlk_. *lineatus, _Wlk_.

Philonthus, _Leach_. *pedestris, _Wlk_.

Xantholinus, _Dahl_. cinctus, _Wlk_. *inclinans, _Wlk_.

Sunius, _Leach_. *obliquus, _Wlk_.

Oedichirus, _Erich_. *alatus, _Niet_.

Poederus, _Fabr_. alternans, _Wlk_.

Stenus, _Latr_. *barbatus, _Niet_. *lærtoides, _Niet_.

Osorius? _Leach_. *compactus, _Wlk_.

Prognatha, _Latr_. decisi, _Wlk_. *tenuis, _Wlk_.

Leptochirus, _Perty_. *piscinus, _Erich_.

Oxytelus, _Grav_. rudis, _Wlk_. productus, _Wlk_. *bicolor, _Wlk_.

Trogophloeus, _Mann_. *Taprobanæ, _Wlk_.

Omalium, _Grav_. filiforme, _Wlk_.

Aleochara, _Grav_. postica, _Wlk_. *translata, _Wlk_. *subjecta, _Wlk_.

Dinarda, _Leach_. serricornis, _Wlk_.

Fam. PSELAPHIDÆ, _Leach_.

Pselaphanax, _Wlk_. setosus, _Wlk_.

Fam. SCYDMÆNIDÆ, _Leach_.

Erineus, _Wlk_. monstrosus, _Wlk_.

Scydmænus, _Latr_. *megamelas, _Wlk_. *alatus, _Niet_. *femoralis, _Niet_. *Ceylanicus, _Niet_. *intermedius, _Niet_. *pselaphoides, _Niet_. *advolans, _Niet_. *pubescens, _Niet_. *pygmæus, _Niet_. *glanduliferus, _Niet_. *graminicola, _Niet_. *pyriformis, _Niet_. *angusticeps, _Niet_. *ovatus, _Niet_.

Fam. PTILIADÆ, _Wo_.

Trichopteryx, _Kirby_. *cursitans, _Niet_. *immatura, _Niet_. *invisibilis, _Niet_.

Ptilium, _Schüpp_. *subquadratum, _Niet_.

Ptenidium, _Erich_. *macrocephalum, _Niet_.

Fam. PHALACRIDÆ, _Leach_.

Phalacrus, _Payk_. conjiciens, _Wlk_. confectus, _Wlk_.

Fam. NITUDULIDÆ, _Leach_.

Nitidula, _Fabr_. contigens, _Wlk_. intendens, _Wlk_. significans, _Wik_. tomentifera, _Wlk_. *submaculata, _Wlk_. *glabricula, _Dohrn_.

Nitidulopsis, _Wlk_. æqualis, _Wlk_.

Meligethes, _Kirby_. *orientalis, _Niet_. *respondens, _Wlk_.

Rhizophagus, _Herbst_. parallelus, _Wlk_.

Fam. COLYDIADÆ, _Woll_.

Lyctus, _Fabr_. retractus, _Wlk_. disputans, _Wlk_.

Ditoma, _Illig_. rugicollis, _Wlk_.

Fam. TROGOSITIDÆ, _Kirby_.

Trogosita, _Oliv_. insinuans, _Wlk_. *rhyzophagoides, _Wlk_.

Fam. CUCUJIDÆ, _Steph_.

Loemophloeus, _Dej_. ferrugineus, _Wlk_.

Cucujus? _Fabr_. *incommodus, _Wlk_.

Silvanus, _Latr_. retrahens, _Wlk_. *scuticollis, _Wlk_. *Porrectus, _Wlk_.

Brontes, _Fabr_. *orientalis, _Dej_.

Fam. LATHRIDIANÆ, _Wall_.

Lathridius, _Herbst_. perpusillus, _Wlk_.

Corticaria, _Marsh_. resecta, _Wlk_.

Monotoma, _Herbst_. concinnula, _Wlk_.

Fam. DERMESTIDÆ, _Leach_.

Dermestes, _Linn._ vulpinus, _Fabr_.

Attagenus, _Latr_. detectus, _Wlk_. rufipes, _Wlk_.

Trinodes, _Meg_. hirtellus, _Wlk_.

Fam. BYRRHIDÆ, _Leach_.

Inclica, _Wlk_. solida, _Wlk_.

Fam. HISTERIDÆ, _Leach_.

Hister, _Linn._ Bengalensis, _Weid_. encaustus, _Mars._ orientalis, _Payk_. bipustulatus, _Fabr._ *mundissimus, _Wlk._

Saprinus, _Erich_. semipunctatus, _Fabr._

Platysoma, _Leach._ atratum? _Erichs._ desmens, _Wlk._ restoratum, _Wlk._

Dendrophilus, _Leach._ finitimus, _Wlk._

Fam. APHODIADÆ, _Macl._

Aphodius, _Illig._ robustus, _Wlk._ dynastoides, _Wlk._ pallidicornis, _Wlk._ mutans, _Wlk_. sequens, _Wlk._

Psammodius, _Gyll._ inscitus, _Wlk._

Fam. TROGIDÆ, _Macl._

Trox, _Fabr._ inclusus, _Wlk._ cornutus, _Fabr._

Fam. COPRIDÆ, _Leach._

Ateuchus, _Weber._ sacer, _Linn._

Gymnopleurus, _Illig_ smaragdifer, _Wlk._ Koenigii, _Fabr._

Sisyphus, _Latr._ setosulus _Wlk._ subsideus, _Wlk._

Orepanocerus, _Kirby._ Taprobanæ, _West._

Cobris, _Geoffr._ Pirmal, _Fabr._ sagax, _Quens._ capucinus, _Fabr._ cribricollis, _Wlk._ repertus, _Wlk._ sodalis, _Wlk._ signatus, _Wlk._ diminutivus, _Wlk._

Onthophagus, _Latr._ Bonassus, _Fabr._ cervicornis, _Fabr._ prolixus, _Wlk._ gravis, _Wlk._ difficilis, _Wlk._ lucens, _Wlk._ negligens, _Wlk._ moerens, _Wlk._ turbatus. _Wlk._

Onitis, _Fabr._ Philemon, _Fabr._

Fam. DYNASTIDÆ, _Macl._

Oryctes, _Illig._ rhinoceros, _Linn._

Xylotrupes, _Hope._ Gideon, _Linn._ reductus, _Wlk._ solidipes, _Wlk._

Phileurus, _Latr._ detractus, _Wlk._

Orphnus, _Macl._ detegens, _Wlk._ scitissimus, _Wlk._

Fam. GECTRUPIDÆ, _Leach_.

Bolboceras, _Kirby_. lineatus, _Westw_.

Fam. MELOLONTHIDÆ, _Macl_.

Melolontha, _Fabr_. nummicudens, _Newm_. rubiginosa, _Wlk_. ferruginosa, _Wlk_. seriata, _Hope_. pinguis, _Wlk_. setosa, _Wlk_.

Rhizotrogus, _Latr_. hirtipectus, _Wlk_. æqualis, _Wlk_. costatus, _Wlk_. inductus, _Wlk_. exactus, _Wlk_. sulcifer, _Wlk_.

Phyllopertha, _Kirby_. transversa, _Burm_.

Silphodes, _Westw_. Indica, _Westw_.

Trigonostoma, _Dej_. assimile, _Hope_. compressum? _Weid_. nanum, _Wlk_.

Serica, _Macl_. pruinosa, _Hope_.

Popilia, _Leach_. marginicollis, _Newm_. cyanella, _Hope_. discalis, _Wlk_.

Scricesthis, _Dej_. rotundata, _Wlk_. subsignata, _Wlk_. mollis, _Wlk_. confirmata, _Wlk_.

Plectris, _Lep. & Serv_. solida, _Wlk_. punctigera, _Wlk_. glabsilinea, _Wlk_.

Isonychus, _Mann_. ventralis, _Wlk_. pectoralis, _Wlk_.

Omaloplia, _Meg_. fracta, _Wlk_. interrupta, _Wlk_. semicincta, _Wlk_. *hamifera, _Wlk_. *picta, _Dohrn_. *nana, _Dohrn_.

Apogenia, _Kirby_. nigricans, _Hope_.

Phytalos _Erich_. eurystomus, _Burm_.

Ancylon cha. _Dej_. Reynaudii, _Blanch_.

Leucopholis, _Dej_. Mellei, _Guer_. pinguis, _Burm_.

Anomala, _Meg_. elata, _Fabr_. humeralis, _Wlk_. discalis, _Wlk_. varicolor, _Sch_. conformis, _Wlk_. similis, _Hope_. punctatissima, _Wlk_. infixa, _Wlk_.

Mimela, _Kirby_. variegata, _Wlk_. mundissima, _Wlk_.

Parastasia, _Westw_. rufopic a. _Westw_.

Euchlora, _Macl_. viridis, _Fabr_. perplexa, _Hope_.

Fam. CETONIADÆ, _Kirby_.

Glycyphana, _Burm_. versicolor, _Fabr_. luctuosa, _Gory_. variegata, _Fabr_. marginicollis, _Gory_.

Clinteria, _Burm_. imperalis, _Schaum_. incerta, _Parry_. chloronota, _Blanch_.

Tæniodera, _Burm_. Malabariensis, _Gory_. quadrivittata, _White_. alboguttata, _Vigors_.

Protætia, _Burm_. maculata, _Fabr_. Whitehousii, _Parry_.

Agestrata, _Erich_. nigrita, _Fabr_. orichalcea, _Linn._

Coryphocera, _Burm_. elegans, _Fabr_.

Nacronota, _Hoffm_. quadrivittata, _Sch_.

Fam. TRICHIADÆ, _Leach_.

Valgus, _Scriba_. addendus, _Wlk_.

Fam. LUCANIDÆ, _Leach_.

Odontolabis, _Burm_. Bengalensis, _Parry_. emarginatus, _Dej_.

Ægus, _Macl_. acuminatus, _Fabr_. lunatus, _Fabr_.

Singuala, _Blanch_. tenella, _Blanch_.

Fam. PASSALIDÆ, _Macl_.

Passalus, _Fabr_. transversus, _Dohrn_. interstitialis, _Perch_. punctiger? _Lefeb_. bicolor, _Fabr_.

Fam. SPHÆRIDIADÆ, _Leach_.

Sphæridium, _Fabr_. tricolor, _Wlk_.

Cercyon, _Leach_. *vicinale, _Wlk._

Fam. HYDROPHILIDÆ, _Leach_.

Hydrous, _Leach_. *rufiventris, _Niet_. *inconspicuus, _Niet._

Hydrobius, _Leach._ stultus, _Wlk._

Philydrus, _Solier._ esurieus, _Wlk._

Berosus, _Leach._ *decrescens, _Wlk._

Hydrochus, _Germ._ *lacustris, _Niet._

Georyssus, _Latr._ *gemma, _Niet._ *insularis, _Dohrn._

Dastareus, _Wlk._ porosus, _Wlk._

Fam. BUPRESTIDIE, _Steph._

Sternocera, _Esch._ chrysis, _Linn._ sternicornis, _Linn._

Chrysochroa, _Solier._ ignita, _Linn._ Chinensis, _Lap._ Rajah, _Lap._ *cyaneocephala, _Fabr._

Chyrsodema, _Lap_ sulcata, _Thunb._

Belionota, _Esch._ scutellaris, _Fabr._ *Petiri, _Gory._

Chrysobothris, _Esch._ suturalis, _Wlk._

Agrilus, _Meg._ sulcicollis, _Wlk._ *cupreiceps, _Wlk._ *cupreicollis, _Wlk._ *armatus, _Fabr._

Fam. ELATERIDÆ, _Leach._

Campsosternos, _Latr._ Templetonii, _Westw._ aureolus, _Hope._ Bohemannii, _Cand._ venustulus, _Cand._ pallidipes, _Cand._

Agrypnus, _Esch._ fuscipes, _Fabr._

Alaus, _Esch._ speciosus, _Linn._ sordidus, _Westw._

Cardiophorus, _Esch._ humerifer, _Wlk._

Corymbites, _Latr._ dividens, _Wlk._ divisa, _Wlk._ *bivittava, _Wlk._

Lacon, _Lap._ *obesus, _Cand._

Athous, _Esch._ punctosus, _Wlk._ inapertus, _Wlk._ decretus, _Wlk._ inefficiens, _Wlk._

Ampedus, _Meg._ *acutifer, _Wlk._ *discicollis, _Wlk._

Legna, _Wlk._ idonea, _Wlk._

Fam. LAMPYRIDÆ, _Leach._

Lycus, _Fabr_. triangularis, _Hope._ geminus, _Wlk._ astutus, _Wlk._ fallix, _Wlk._ planicornis, _Wlk._ melanopterus, _Wlk._ pubicornis, _Wlk._ duplex, _Wlk._ costifer, _Wlk._ revocans, _Wlk._ dispellens, _Wlk._ *pubipennis, _Wlk._ *humerifer, _Wlk._ expansicornis, _Wlk._ divisus, _Wlk._

Dictyopterus, _Latr._ internexus, _Wlk._

Lampyris, _Geoff._ tenebrosa, _Wlk._ diffinis, _Wlk._ lutescens, _Wlk._ *vitrifera, _Wlk._

Colophotia, _Dej._ humeralis, _Wlk._ [vespertina, _Febr._ perplexa, _Wlk._?] intricata, _Wlk._ extricans, _Wlk._ promelas, _Wlk._

Harmatelia, _Wlk._ discalis, _Wlk_ bilinea, _Wlk._

Fam. TELEPHORIDÆ, _Leach._

Telephorus, _Schäff._ dimidiatus, _Fabr._ malthinoides, _Wlk._

Eugeusis, _Westw._ palpator, _Westw._ gryphus, _Hope._ olivaceus, _Hope._

Fam. CEBRIONIDÆ, _Steph._

Callirhipis, _Latr._ Templetonii, _Westw._ Championii, _Westw._

Fam. MERLYRIDÆ, _Leach._

Malachius, _Fabr._ plagiatus, _Wlk._

Malthinus, _Latr._ *forticornis, _Wlk._ *retractus, _Wlk._ fragilis, _Dohrn._

Enciopus, _Steph._ proficiens, _Wlk._

Honosca, _Wlk._ necrobioides, _Wlk._

Fam. CLERIDÆ, _Kirby._

Cylidrus, _Lap._ sobrinus, _Dohrn._

Stigmatium, _Gray._ elaphroides, _Westw._

Necrobia, _Latr._ rufipes, _Fabr._ aspera, _Wlk._

Fam. PTINIDÆ, _Leach._

Ptinus, _Linn._ *nigerrimus, _Boield._

Fam. DIAPERIDÆ, _Leach._

Diaperis, _Geoff._ velutina, _Wlk._ fragilis, _Dohrn._

Fam. TENEBRIONIDÆ, _Leach._

Zophobas, _Dej._ errans? _Dej._ clavipes, _Wlk._ ?solidus, _Wlk._

Pseudoblaps, _Guer._ nigrita, _Fabr._

Tenebrio, _Linn._ rubripes, _Hope._ retenta, _Wlk._

Trachyscelis, _Latr._ brunnea, _Dohrn._

Fam. OPATRIDÆ, _Shuck._

Opatrum, _Fabr._ contrahens, _Wlk._ bilineatum, _Wlk._ planatum, _Wlk._ serricolle, _Wlk._

Asida, _Latr._ horrida, _Wlk._

Crypticus, _Latr._ detersus, _Wlk._ longipennis, _Wlk._

Phaleria, _Latr._ rutipes, _Wlk._

Toxicum, _Latr._ oppugnans, _Wlk._ biluna, _Wlk._

Boletophagus, _Ill._ *inorosus, _Dohrn._ *exasperatus, _Dohrn._

Uloma, _Meg._ scita, _Wlk._

Alphitophagus, _Steph._ subFascia, _Wlk._

Fam. HELOPIDÆ, _Steph._

Osdara, _Wlk._ picipes, _Wlk._

Cholipus, _Dej._ brevicornis, _Dej._ parabolicus, _Wlk._ læviusculus, _Wlk._

Helops, _Fabr._ ebeninus, _Wlk._

Camaria, _Lep. & Serv._ amethystina, _L.&S._

Amarygmus, _Dalm._ chrysomeloides, _Dej._

Fam. MELOIDÆ, _Woll._

Epicanta, _Dej._ nigrifinis, _Wlk._

Cissites, _Latr._ testaceus, _Febr._

Mylabris, _Fabr._ humeralis, _Wlk._ alterna, _Wlk._ *recognita, _Wlk._

Atratocerus, _Pal., Bv._ debilis, _Wlk._ reversus, _Wlk._

Fam. OEDEMERIDÆ, _Steph._

Cistela, _Fabr_. congrua, _Wlk_. *falsifica, _Wlk_.

Allecula, _Fabr_. fusiformis, _Wlk_. elegans, _Wlk_. *flavifemur, _Wlk_.

Sora, _Wlk_. *marginata, _Wlk_.

Thaceona, _Wlk_. dimelas, _Wlk_.

Fam. MORDELLIDÆ, _Steph_.

Acosmas, _Dej_. languidus, _Wlk_.

Rhipiphorus, _Fabr_. *tropicus, _Niet_.

Mordella, _Linn._ composita, _Wlk_. *detectiva, _Wlk_.

Myrmecolax, _Westir_. *Nietneri, _Westir_.

Fam. ANTHICIDÆ, _Wlk_.

Anthicus, _Payk_. *quisquilairius, _Niet_. *insularius, _Niet_. *sticticollis, _Wlk_.

Fam. CISSIDÆ, _Leach_.

Cis, _Latr_. contendens, _Wlk_.

Fam. TOMICIDÆ, _Shuck_.

Apate, _Fabr_. submedia, _Wlk_.

Bostrichus, _Geoff_. mutuatus, _Wlk_. *vertens, _Wlk_. *moderatus, _Wlk_.. *testaceus, _Wlk_. *exiguns, _Wlk_.

Platypus, _Herbst_. minex, _Wlk_. solidus, _Wlk_. *latifinis, _Wlk_.

Hylurgus, _Latr_. determinans, _Wlk_. *concinnulus, _Wlk_.

Hylesinus, _Fahr_. curvifer, _Wlk_. despectus, _Wlk_. irresolutus, _Wlk_.

Fam. CURCULIONIDÆ, _Leach_.

Bruchus, _Linn._ scutellaris, _Fabr_.

Spermophagus, _Steven_. convolvuli, _Thunb_. figuratus, _Wlk_. Cisti, _Fabr_. incertus, _Wlk_. decretus, _Wlk_.

Dendropemon, _Schön_. *melancholicus, _Dohrn_.

Dendrotrogus, _Jek_. Dohrnii, _Jek_. discrepans, _Dohrn_.

Eucorynus, _Schön_. colligendus, _Wlk_. colligens, _Wlk_.

Basitropis, _Jek_. *disconotatus, _Jek_.

Litocerus, _Schön_. punctulatus, _Dohrn_.

Tropideres, _Sch_. punctulifer, _Dohrn_. tragilis, _Wlk_.

Cedus, _Waterh_. *cancellatus, _Dohrn_.

Xylinades, _Latr_. sobrinulus, _Dohrn_. indignus, _Wlk_.

Xenocerus, _Germ_. anguliterus, _Wlk_. revocans, _Wlk_. *anchoralis, _Dohrn_.

Callistocerus, _Dohrn_. *Nietneri, _Dohrn_.

Anthribus, _Geoff_. longicornis, _Fabr_. apicalis, _Wlk_. facilis, _Wlk_.

Aræcerus, _Schön_. coffeæ, _Fabr_. *insidiosus, _Fabr_. *musculus, _Dohrn_. *intangens, _Wlk_. *bifovea, _Wlk_.

Dipieza, _Pasc_. *insignis, _Dohrn_.

Apolecta, _Pasc_. *Nietneri, _Dohrn_. *musculus, _Dohrn_.

Arrhenodes, _Steven_. miles, _Sch_. pilicornis, _Sch_. dentirosiris, _Jek_. approximans, _Wlk_. Veneris, _Dohrn_.

Cerobates, _Schön_. thrasco, _Dohrn_. aciculatus, _Wlk_.

Ceocephalus, _Schön_. cavus, _Wlk_. reticulatus, _Fabr_.

Nemocephalus, _Latr_. sulcirostris, _De Haan_. planicollis, _Wlk_. spinirostris, _Wlk_.

Apoderus, _Oliv_. longicollis? _Fabr_. Tranquebaricus, _Fabr_. cygneus, _Fabr_. scitulus, _Wlk_. *triangularis, _Fabr_. *echinatus, _Sch_.

Rhynchites, _Herbst_. suffundens, _Wlk_. *restituens, _Wlk_.

Apion, _Herbst_. *Cingalense, _Wlk_.

Strophosomus, _Bilbug_. *suturalis, _Wlk_.

Piazomias, _Schön_. æqualis, _Wlk_.

Astycus, _Schön_. lateralis, _Fabr_.? ebeninus, _Wlk_. *immunis, _Wlk_.

Cleonus, _Schön_. inducens, _Wlk_.

Myllocerus, _Schön_. transmarinus, _Herbst_.? spurcatus, _Wlk_. *retrahens, _Wlk_. *posticus, _Wlk_.

Phyllobius, _Schön_. *mimicus, _Wlk_.

Episomus, _Schön_. pauperatus, _Fabr_.

Lixus, _Fabr_. nebulitascia, _Wlk_.

Aclees, _Schön_. cribratus, _Dej_.

Alcides, _Dalm_. signatus, _Boh_. obliquus, _Wlk_. transversus, _Wlk_. *clausus, _Wlk_.

Acienemis, _Fairm_. Ceylonicus, _Jek_.

Apotomorhinus, _Schön_. signatus, _Wlk_. alboater, _Wlk_.

Cryptorhynchus, _Illig_. ineffectus, _Wlk_. assimilans, _Wlk_. declaratus, _Wlk_. notabilis, _Wlk_. vexatus, _Wlk_.

Camptorhinus, _Schön_.? reversus, _Wlk_. *indiscretus, _Wlk_.

Desmidophorus, _Chevr_. hebes, _Fabr_. communicans, _Wlk_. strenuus, _Wlk_. *discriminans, _Wlk_. inexpertus, _Wlk_. fasciculicollis, _Wlk_.

Sipaius, _Schön_. granulatus, _Fabr_. porosus, _Wlk_. tinctus, _Wlk_.

Mecopus, _Dalm_. *Waterhousei, _Dohrn_.

Rhynchophorus, _Herbst_. ferrugineus, _Fabr_. introducens, _Wlk_.

Protocerus, _Schön_. molossus? _Oliv_.

Sphænophorus, _Schön_. glabridiscus, _Wlk_. exquisitus, _Wlk_. Debaani?, _Jek_. cribricollis, _Wlk_. ?panops, _Wlk_.

Cossonus, _Clairv_. *quadrimacula, _Wlk_. ?hebes, _Wlk_. ambiguus, _Sch_.?

Scitophilus, _Schön_. orizæ, _Linn._ disciferus, _Wlk_.

Mecinus, Germ. *?relictus, _Wlk_.

Fam. PRIONIDÆ, _Leach_.

Trictenotoma, _G.R. Gray_. Templetoni, _Westw_.

Prionomina, _White_. orientalis, _Oliv_.

Acanthophorus, _Serv_. serraticornis, _Oliv_.

Cnemoplites, _Newm_. Rhesus, _Motch_.

Ægosoma, _Serv_. Cingalense, _White_.

Fam. CERAMBYCIDÆ, _Kirby_.

Cerambyx, _Linn._ indutus, _Newm_. vernicosus, _Pasc_. consocius, _Pasc_. versutus, _Pasc_. nitidus, _Pasc_. macilentus, _Pasc_. venustus, _Pasc_. torticollis, _Dohrn_.

Sebasmia, _Pasc_. Templetoni, _Pasc_.

Callichroma, _Latr_. trogoninum, _Pasc_. telephoroides, _Westw_.

Homalomelas, _White_. gracilipes, _Parry_. zonatus, _Pasc_.

Colobus, _Serv_. Cingalensis, _White_.

Thramus, _Pasc_. gibbosus, _Pasc_.

Deuteromina, _Pasc_. mutica, _Pasc_.

Obrium, _Meg_. laterale, _Pasc_. moestum, _Pasc_.

Psilomerus, _Blanch_. macilentus, _Pasc_.

Clytus, _Fabr_. vicinus, _Hope_. ascendens, _Pasc_. Walkeri, _Pasc_. annularis, _Fabr_. *aurilinea, _Dohrn_.

Rhaphuma, _Pasc_. leucoscutellata, _Hope_.

Ceresium, _Newm_. cretatum, _White_. Zeylanicum, _White_.

Stromatium, _Serv_. barbatum, _Fabr_. maculatum, _White_.

Hespherophanes, _Muls_. simplex, _Gyll_.

Fam. LAMIDIÆ, _Kirby_.

Nyphona, _Muls_. cylindracea, _White_.

Mesosa, _Serv_. columba, _Pasc_.

Coptops, _Serv_. bidens, _Fabr_.

Xylorhiza, _Dej_. adusta, _Wied_.

Cacia, _Newm_. triloba, _Pasc_.

Batocera, _Blanch_. rubus, _Fabr_. ferruginea, _Blanch_.

Monohammus, _Meg_. tistulator, _Germ_. crucifer, _Fabr_. nivosus, _White_. commixtus, _Pasc_.

Cereposius, _Dup_. patronus, _Pasc_.

Pelargoderus, _Serv_. tigrinus, _Chevr_.

Olenocamptus, _Chevr_. bilobus, _Fabr_.

Praonetha, _Dej_. annulata, _Chevr_. posticalis, _Pasc_.

Apomecyna, _Serv_. histrio, _Fabr_., var.?

Ropica, _Pasc_. præusta, _Pasc_.

Hathlia, _Serv_. procera, _Pasc_.

Iolea, _Pasc_. proxima, _Pasc_. histrio, _Pasc_.

Glenea, _Newm_. sulphurella, _White_. commissa, _Pasc_. scapitera, _Pasc_. vexator, _Pasc_.

Stibara, _Hope_. nigricornis, _Fabr_.

Fam. HISPIDÆ, _Kirby_.

Oncocephala, _Dohrn_. deltoides, _Dohrn_.

Leptispa, _Baly_. pygmæa, _Baly_.

Amplistea, _Baly_. Döhrnii, _Baly_.

Estigmena, _Hope_. Chinensis, _Hope_.

Hispa, _Linn._ hystrix, _Fabr_. erinacea, _Fabr_. nigrina, _Dohrn_. *Walkeri, _Baly_.

Platypria, _Guér_. echidna, _Guér_.

Fam. CASSIDIDÆ, _Westw_.

Episticia, _Boh_. matronula, _Boh_.

Hoplionota, _Hope_. tetraspilota, _Baly_. rubromarginata, _Boh_. horrifica, _Boh_.

Aspidomorpha, _Hope_. St. crucis, _Fabr_. miliaris, _Fabr_. pallidimarginata, _Baly_. dorsata, _Fabr_. calligera, _Boh_. micans, _Fabr_.

Cassida, _Linn._ clathrata, _Fabr_. timefacta, _Boh_. farinosa, _Boh_.

Laccoptera, _Boh_. 14-notata, _Boh_.

Coptcycla, _Chevr_. sex-notata, _Fabr_. 13-signata, _Boh_. 13-notata, _Boh_. ornata, _Fabr_. Ceylonica, _Boh_. Balyi, _Boh_. trivittata, _Fabr_. 15-punctuata, _Boh_. catenata, _Dej_.

Fam. SAGRIDÆ, _Kirby_.

Sagra, _Fabr_. nigrita, _Oliv_.

Fam. DONACIDÆ, _Lacord_.

Donacia, _Fabr_. Delesserti, _Guér_.

Coptocephala, _Chev_. Templetoni, _Baly_.

Fam. EUMOLFIDÆ, _Baly_.

Corynodes, _Hope_. cyaneus, _Hope_. æneus, _Baly_.

Glyptoscelis, _Chevr_. Templetoni, _Baly_. pyrospilotus, _Baly_. micans, _Baly_. cupreus, _Baly_.

Eumolpus, _Fabr_. lemoides, _Wlk_.

Fam. CRYPTOCEPHALIDÆ, _Kirby_.

Cryptocephalus, _Geoff_. sex-punctatus, _Fabr_. Walkeri, _Baly_.

Diapromorpha, _Lac_. Turcica, _Fabr_.

Fam. CHRYSOMELIDÆ, _Leach_.

Chalcolampa, _Baly_. Templetoni, _Baly_.

Lina, _Meg_. convexa, _Baly_.

Chrysomela, _Linn._ Templetoni, _Baly_.

Fam. GALERUCIDÆ, _Steph_.

Galeruca, _Geoff_. *pectinata, _Dohrn_.

Graphodera, _Chevr_. cyanea, _Fabr_.

Monolepta, _Chevr_. pulchella, _Baly_.

Thyamis, _Steph_. Ceylonicus, _Baly_.

Fam. COCCINELLIDÆ, _Latr_.

Epilachna, _Chevr_. 28-punctata, _Fabr_. Delessortii, _Guér_. pubescens, _Hope_. innuba, _Oliv_.

Coccinella, _Linn._ tricincta, _Fabr_. *repanda, _Muls_. tenuilinea, _Wlk_. rejiciens, _Wlk_. interrumpens, _Wlk_. quinqueplaga, _Wlk_. simplex, _Wlk_. antica, _Wlk_. flaviceps, _Wlk_.

Neda, _Muls_. tricolor, _Fabr_.

Coelophora, _Muls_. 9-maculata, _Fabr_.?

Chilocorus, _Leach_. opponens, _Wlk_.

Scymnus, _Kug_. varibilis, _Wlk_.

Fam. EROTYLIDÆ, _Leach_.

Fatua, _Dej_. Nepalensis, _Hope_.

Triplax, _Payk_. decorus, _Wlk_.

Tritoma, _Fabr_. *bilactes, _Wlk_. *preposita, _Wlk_.

Ischyrus, _Cherz_. grandis, _Fabr_.

Fam. ENDOMYCHIDÆ, _Leach_.

Eugonius, _Gerst_. annularis, _Gerst_. lunulatus, _Gerst_.

Eumorphus, _Weber_. pulcripes, _Gerst_. *tener, _Dohrn_.

Stenotarsus, _Perty_. Nietneri, _Gerst_. *castaneus, _Gerst_. *tormentosus, _Gerst_. *vallatus, _Gerst_.

Lycoperdina, _Latr_. glabrata, _Wlk_.

Ancylopus, _Gerst_. melanocephalus, _Oliv_.

Saula, _Gerst_. *nigripes, _Gerst_. *ferruginea, _Gerst_.

Mycerina, _Gerst_. castanea, _Gerst_.

Order ORTHOPTERA, _Linn._

Fam. FORFICULIDÆ, _Steph_. Forficula, _Linn._ ------?

Fam. BLATTIDÆ, _Steph_.

Panesthia, _Serv_. Javanica, _Serv_. plagiata, _Wlk_.

Polyxosteria, _Burm_. larva.

Corydia, _Serv_. Petiveriana, _Linn._

Fam. MANTIDÆ, _Leach_.

Empusa, _Illig_. gongylodes, _Linn._

Harpax, _Serv_. signiter, _Wlk_.

Schizocephala, _Serv_. bicornis, _Linn._

Mantis, _Linn._ superstitiosa, _Fabr_. aridifolia, _Stoll_. extensicollis, ? _Serv_.

Fam. PHASMIDÆ, _Serv_.

Acrophylla, _Gray_. systropedon, _Westw_.

Phasma, _Licht_. sordidium, _DeHaan_.

Phyllium, _Illig_. siccifolium, _Linn._

Fam. GRYLLIDÆ, _Steph_.

Acheta, _Linn._ bimaculata, _Deg_. supplicans, _Wlk_. æqualis, _Wlk_. confirmata, _Wlk_.

Platydactylus, _Brull_. crassipes, _Wlk_.

Steirodon, _Serv_. lanceolatum, _Wlk_.

Phyllophora, _Thunb_. falsifolia, _Wlk_.

Acanthodis, _Serv_. rugosa, _Wlk_.

Phaneroptera, _Serv_. attenuata, _Wlk_.

Phymateus, _Thunb_. miliaris, _Linn._

Truxalis, _Linn._ exaltata, _Wlk_. porrecta, _Wlk_.

Acridium, _Geoffr_. extensum, _Wlk_. deponens, _Wlk_. rutitibia, _Wlk_. cinctifemur, _Wlk_. respondens, _Wlk_. nigrifascia, _Wlk_.

Order PHYSAPODA, _Dum_.

Thrips, _Linn._ stenomeras, _Wlk_.

Order NEUROPTERA, _Linn._

Fam. SERICOSTOMIDÆ, _Steph_.

Mormonia, _Curt_. *ursina, _Hagen_.

Fam. LEPTOCERIDÆ, _Leach_.

Macronema, _Pict_. multifarium, _Wlk_. *splendidum, _Hagen_. *nebulosum, _Hagen_. *obliquum, _Hagen_. *Ceylanicum, _Niet_. *annulicorne, _Niet_.

Molanna, _Curt_. mixta, _Hagen_.

Setodes, _Ramb_. *Iris, _Hagen_. *Ino, _Hagen_.

Fam. PSYCHOMIDÆ, _Curt_.

Chimarra, _Leach_. *aurieps, _Hagen_. *tunesta, _Hagen_. *sepulcralis, _Hagen_.

Fam. HYDROPSYCHIDÆ, _Curt_.

Hydropsyche, _Pict_. *Taprobanes, _Hagen_. *mitis, _Hagen_.

Fam. RHYACOPHILIDÆ, _Steph_.

Rhyacophila, _Pict_. *castanea, _Hagen_.

Fam. PERLIDÆ, _Leach_.

Perla, _Geoffr_. angulata, _Wlk_. *testacea, _Hagen_. *limosa, _Hagen_.

Fam. SILIDÆ, _Westw_.

Dilar, _Ramb_. *Nietneri, _Hagen_.

Fam. HEMEROBIDÆ, _Leach_.

Mantispa, _Illig_. *Indica, _Westw_. mutata, _Wlk_.

Chrysopa, _Leach_. invaria, _Wlk_. *tropica, _Hagen_. auritera, _Wlk_. *punctata, _Hagen_.

Micromerus, _Ramb_. *linearis, _Hagen_. *australis, _Hagen_.

Hemerobius, _Linn._ *frontalis, _Hagen_.

Coniopteryx, _Hal_. *cerata, _Hagen_.

Fam. MYRMELEONIDÆ, _Leach_.

Palpares, _Ramb_. contrarius, _Wlk_.

Acanthoclisis, _Ramb_. *--n. s. _Hagen_. *molestus, _Wlk_.

Myrmeleon, _Linn._ gravis, _Wlk_. nirus, _Wlk_. barbarus, _Wlk_.

Ascalaphus, _Fabr_. nugax, _Wlk_. incusans, _Wlk_. *cervinus, _Niet_.

Fam. PSOCIDÆ, _Leach_.

Psocus, _Latr_. *Taprobanes, _Hagen_. *oblitus, _Hagen_. *consitus, _Hagen_. *trimaculatus, _Hagen_. *obtusus, _Hagen_. *elongatus, _Hagen_. *chloroticus, _Hagen_. *aridus, _Hagen_. *coleoptratus, _Hagen_. *dolabratus, _Hagen_. *infelix, _Hagen_.

Fam. TERMITIDÆ, _Leach_.

Termes, _Linn._ Taprobanes, _Wlk_. fatalis, _Koen_. monocerous, _Koen_. *umbilicatus, _Hagen_. *n. s., _Jouv_. *n. s., _Jouv_.

Fam. EMBIDÆ, _Hagen_.

Oligotoma, _Westw_. *Saundersii, _Westw_.

Fam. EPHEMERIDÆ, _Leach_.

Bætis, _Leach_. Taprobanes, _Wlk_.

Potamanthus, _Pict_. *fasciatus, _Hagen_. *annulatus, _Hagen_. *femoralis, _Hagen_.

Cloe, _Burm_. *tristis, _Hagen_. *consueta, _Hagen_. *solida, _Hagen_. *sigmata, _Hagen_. *marginalis, _Hagen_.

Cænis, _Steph_. perpusida, _Wlk_.

Fam. LIBELLULIDÆ.

Calopteryx, _Leach_. Chinensis, _Linn._

Euphoea, _Selys_. splendens, _Hagen_.

Micromerus, _Ramb_. lineatus, _Burm_.

Trichoenemys, _Selys_. *serapica, _Hagen_.

Lestes, _Leach_. *elata, _Hagen_. *gracilis, _Hagen_.

Agrion, _Fabr_. *Coromandelianum, _F._ *tenax, _Hagen_. *hilare, _Hagen_. *velare, _Hagen_. *delicatum, _Hagen_.

Gynacantha, _Ramb_. subinterrupta, _Ramb_.

Epophthalmia, _Burm_. vittata, _Burm_.

Zyxomma, _Ramb_. petiolatum, _Ramb_.

Acisoma, _Ramb_. panorpoides, _Ramb_.

Libellula, _Linn._ Marcia, _Drury_. Tillarga, _Fabr_. variegata, _Linn._ flavescens, _Fabr_. Sabina, _Drury_. viridula, _Pal. Beauv_. congener, _Ramb_. soror, _Ramb_. Aurora, _Burm_. violacea, _Niet_. perla, _Hagen_. sanguinea, _Burm_. trivialis, _Ramb_. contaminata, _Fabr_. equestris, _Fabr_. nebulosa, _Fabr_.

Order HYMENOPTERA, _Linn._

Fam. FORMICIDÆ, _Leach_.

Formica, _Linn._ smaragdina, _Fabr_. mitis, _Smith_. *Taprobane, _Smith_. *variegata, _Smith_. *exercita, _Wlk_. *exundans, _Wlk_. *meritans, _Wlk_. *latebrosa, _Wlk_. *pangens, _Wlk_. *ingruens, _Wlk_. *detorquens, _Wlk_. *diffidens, _Wlk_. *obscurans, _Wlk_. *indeflexa, _Wlk_. consultans, _Wlk_.

Polyrhachis, _Smith_. *illandatus, _Wlk_.

Fam. PONERIDÆ, _Smith_.

Odontomachus, _Latr_. simillimus, _Smith_.

Typhlopone, _Westw_. Curtisii, _Shuck_.

Myrmica, _Latr_. basalis, _Smith_. contigua, _Smith_. glyciphila, _Smith_. *consternens, _Wlk_.

Crematogaster, _Lund_. *pellens, _Wlk_. *deponens, _Wlk_. *forticulus, _Wlk_.

Pseudomyrma, _Guré_. *atrata, _Smith_. allaborans, _Wlk_.

Atta, _St. Farg_. didita, _Wlk_.

Pheidole, _Westw_. Janus, _Smith_. *Taprobanæ, _Smith_. *rugosa, _Smith_.

Meranopius, _Smith_. *dimicans, _Wlk_.

Cataulacus, _Smith_. Taprobanæ, _Smith_.

Fam. MUTILLIDÆ, _Leach_.

Mutilla, _Linn._ *Sibylla, _Smith_.

Tiphia, _Fabr_. *decrescens, _Wlk_.

Fam. EUMENIDÆ, _Westw_.

Odynerus, _Latr_. *tinctipennis, _Wlk_. *intendens, _Wlk_. *intendens, _Wlk_.

Scolia, _Fabr_. auricollis, _St. Farg_.

Fam. CRABRONIDÆ, _Leach_.

Philanthus, _Fabr_. basalis, _Smith_.

Stigmus, _Jur_. *congruus, _Wilk_.

Fam. SPHEGIDÆ, _Steph_.

Ammophila, _Kirby_. atripes, _Smith_.

Pelopæus, _Latr_. spinolæ, _St. Farg_.

Sphex, _Fabr_. ferruginea, _St. Farg_.

Ampulex, _Jur_. compressa, _Fabr_.

Fam. LARRIDÆ, _Steph_.

Larrada, _Smith_. *extensa, _Wlk_.

Fam. POMPILIDÆ, _Leach_.

Pompilus, _Fabr_. analis, _Fabr_.

Fam. APIDÆ, _Leach_.

Andrena, _Fabr_. *exagens, _Wlk_.

Nomia, _Latr_. rustica, _Westw_. *vincta, _Wlk_.

Allodaps, _Smith_. *marginata, _Smith_.

Ceratina, _Latr_. viridis, _Guér_. picta, _Smith_. *similliana, _Smith_.

Coelioxys, _Latr_. capitata, _Smith_.

Croeisa, _Jur_. *ramosa, _St. Farg_.

Stelis, _Panz_. carbonaria, _Smith_.

Anthophora, _Latr_. zonarta, _Smith_.

Xylocopa, _Latr_. tenuiscatia, _Westw_. latipes, _Drury_.

Apis, _Linn._ Indica, _Smith_.

Trigona, _Jur_. iridipennis, _Smith_. *præterita, _Wlk_.

Fam. CHRYSIDÆ, _Wlk_.

Stilbum, _Spin_. splendidum, _Dahl_.

Fam. DORYLIDÆ, _Shuck_.

Enictus, _Shuck_. porizonoides, _Wlk_.

Fam. ICHNEUONIDÆ, _Leach_.

Cryptus, _Fabr_. *onustus, _Wlk_.

Hemiteles?, _Grav_. *varius, _Wlk_.

Porizon, _Fabr_. *dominans, _Wlk_.

Pimpla, _Fabr_. albopicta, _Wlk_.

Fam. BRACONIDÆ, _Hal_.

Microgaster, _Latr_. *recusans, _Wlk_. *significans, _Wlk_. *subducens, _Wlk_. *detracta, _Wlk_.

Spathius, _Nees_. *bisignatus, _Wlk_. *signipennis, _Wlk_.

Heratemis, _Wlk_. *tilosa, _Wlk_.

Nebartha, _Wlk_. *macropoides, _Wlk_.

Psyttalia, _Wlk_. *testacea, _Wlk_.

Fam. CHALCIDIÆ, _Spin_.

Chalcis, _Fabr_. *dividens, _Wlk_. *pandens, _Wlk_.

Halticella, _Spin_. *rufimanus, _Wlk_. *inticiens, _Wlk_.

Dirrhinus, _Dalm_. *anthracia, _Wlk_.

Eurytoma, _Ill_. *contraria, _Wlk_. indefensa, _Wlk_.

Eucharis, _Latr_. *convergens, _Wlk_. *deprivata, _Wlk_.

Pteromalus, _Swed_. *magniceps, _Wlk_.

Encyrtus, _Latr_. *obstructus, _Wlk_.

Fam. DIAPRIDÆ, _Hal_.

Diapria, _Latr_. apicalis, _Wlk_.

Order LEPIDOPTERA, _Linn._

Fam. PAPILIONIDÆ, _Leach_.

Ornithoptera, _Boisd_. Darsius, _G.R. Gray_.

Papilio, _Linn._ Diphilus, _Esp_. Jophon, _G.R. Gray_. Hector, _Linn._ Romulus, _Cram_. Polymnestor, _Cram_. Crino, _Fabr_. Helenus, _Linn._ Pammon, _Linn._ Polytes, _Linn._ Erithonius, _Cram_. Antipathis, _Cram_. Agamemnon, _Linn._ Eurypilus, _Linn._ Bathycles, _Zinck-Som_. Sarpedon, _Linn._ dissimilis, _Linn._

Pontia, _Fabr_. Nina, _Fabr_.

Pleris, _Schr_. Eucharis, _Drury_. Coronis, _Cram_. Epicharis, _Godt_. Nama, _Doubl_. Remba, _Moore_. Mesentina, _Godt_. Severina, _Cram_. Namouna, _Doubl_. Phryne, _Fabr_. Paulina, _Godt_. Thestylis, _Doubl_.

Callosune, _Doubl_. Eucharis, _Fabr_. Danaë, _Fabr_. Etrida, _Boisd_.

Idmais, _Boisd_. Calais, _Cram_.

Thestias, _Boisd_. Marianne, _Cram_. Pirene, _Linn._

Hebomoia, _Hübn_. Glaucippe, _Linn._

Eronia, _Hübn_. Valeria, _Cram_.

Callidryas, _Boisd_. Philippina, _Boisd_. Pyranthe, _Linn._ Hilaria, _Cram_. Alcmeone, _Cram_. Thisorella, _Boisd_.

Terias, _Swain_. Drona, _Horsf_. Hecabe, _Linn._

Fam. NYMPHALIDÆ, _Swain_.

Euploea, _Fabr_. Prothoe, _Godt_. Core, _Cram_. Alcathoë, _Godt_.

Danais, _Latr_. Chrysippus, _Linn._ Plexippus, _Linn._ Aglæ, _Cram_. Melissa, _Cram_. Limniacæ, _Cram_. Juventa, _Cram_.

Hestia, _Hübn_. Jasonia, _Westw_.

Telchinia, _Hübn_. violæ, _Fabr_.

Cethosia, _Fabr_. Cyane, _Fabr_.

Messarus, _Doubl_. Erymanthis, _Drury_.

Atella, _Doubl_. Phalanta, _Drury_.

Argychis, _Fabr_. Niphe, _Linn._ Clagia, _Godt_.

Ergolis, _Boisd_. Taprobana, _West_.

Vanessa, _Fabr_. Charonia, _Drury_.

Libythea, _Fabr_. Medhavina, _Wlk_. Pushcara, _Wlk_.

Pyrameis, _Hübn_. Charonia, _Drury_. Cardui, _Linn._ Callirhoë, _Hübn_.

Junonia, _Hübn_. Limomas, _Linn._ Oenone, _Linn._ Orithia, _Linn._ Laomedia, _Linn._ Asterie, _Linn._

Precis, _Hübn_. Iphita, _Cram_.

Cynthia, _Fabr_. Arsinoe, _Cram_.

Parthenos, _Hübn_. Gambrisius, _Fabr_.

Limenitis, _Fabr_. Calidusa, _Moore_.

Neptis, _Fabr_. Heliodore, _Fabr_. Columelia, _Cram_. aceris, _Fabr_. Jumbah, _Moore_. Hordonia, _Stoll_.

Diadema, _Boisd_. Auge, _Cram_. Bolina, _Linn._

Symphædra, _Hubn_. Thyelia, _Fabr_.

Adolias, _Boisd_. Evelina, _Stoll_. Lutentina, _Fabr_. Vasanta, _Moore_. Garuda, _Moore_.

Nymphalis, _Latr_. Psaphon, _Westw_. Bernardus, _Fabr_. Athamas, _Cram_. Fabius, _Fabr_. Katlima, _Doubl_. Philarchus, _Westw_. Melanitis, _Fabr_. Banksia, _Fabr_. Leda, _Linn._ Casiphone, _G.R. Gray_. undularis, _Boisd_.

Ypththima, _Hübn_. Lysandra, _Cram_. Parthalis, _Wlk_.

Cyllo, _Boisd_. Gorya, _Wlk_. Cathæna, _Wlk_. Embolima, _Wlk_. Neilgherriensis, _Guér_. Purimata, _WLk_. Pushpamitra, _Wlk_.

Mycalesis, _Hübn_. Patnia, _Moore_. *Gamaliba, _Wlk_. Dosaron, _Wlk_. Samba, _Moore_.

Cænonympha, _Hübn_. Euaspla, _Wlk_.

Emesis, _Fabr_. Echerius, _Stoll_.

Fam. LYCÆNIDÆ, _Leach_.

Anops, _Boisd_. Bulis, _Boisd_. Thetys, _Drury_.

Loxura, _Horsf_. Atymnus, _Cram_.

Myrina, _Godt_. Schumous, _Doubled_. Triopas, _Cram_.

Amblypodia, _Horsf_. Longinus, _Fabr_. Narada, _Horsf_. pseudocentaurus, _Do_. quercetorum, _Boisd_.

Aphnæus, _Hübn_. Pindarus, _Fabr_. Etolus, _Cram_. Hephæstos, _Doubled_. Crotus, _Doubled_.

Dipsas, _Doubled_. chrysomallus, _Hübn_. Isocrates, _Fabr_.

Lycæna, _Fabr_. Alexis, _Stoll_. Boetica, _Linn._ Chejus, _Horsf_. Rosimon, _Fabr_. Theophrasius, _Fabr_. Pluto, _Fabr_. Parana, _Horsf_. Nyseus, _Guér_. Ethion, _Basd_. Celeno, _Cram_. Kandarpa, _Horsf_. Elpis, _Godt_. Chimonas, _Wlk_. Gandara, _Wlk_. Chorienis, _Wlk_. Geria, _Wlk_. Doanas, _Wlk_. Sunya, _Wlk_. Audhra, _Wlk_.

Polyommatus, _Latr_. Akasa, _Horsf_. Puspa, _Horsf_. Laius, _Cram_. Ethion, _Boisd_. Cataigara, _Wlk_. Gorgippia, _Wlk_.

Lucia, _Westw_. Epius, _Westw_.

Pithecops, _Horsf_. Hylax, _Fabr_.

Fam. HESPERIDÆ, _Steph_.

Goniloba, _Westw_. Iapetus, _Cram_.

Pyrgus, _Hübn_. Superna, _Moore_. Danna, _Moore_. Genta, _Wlk_. Sydrus, _Wlk_.

Nisoniades, _Hübn_. Diocles, _Boisd_. Salsala, _Moore_. Toides, _Wlk_.

Pamphila, _Fabr_. Angias, _Linn._

Achylodes, _Hübn_. Temata, _Wlk_.

Hesperia, _Fabr_. Indrani, _Moore_. Chaya, _Moore_. Cinnara, _Moore_. gremius, _Latr_. Ceodochates, _Wlk_. Tiagara, _Wlk_. Cetiaris, _Wlk_. Sigala, _Wlk_.

Fam. SPHINGIDÆ, _Leach_.

Sesia, _Fabr_. Hylas, _Linn._

Macroglossa, _Ochs_. Stenatarum, _Linn._ gyrans, _Borsd_. Corythus, _Borsd_. divergens, _Wlk_.

Calymina, _Borsd_. Panopus, _Cram_.

Choerocampa, _Dup_. Thyslia, _Linn._ Nyssus, _Drury_. Clotho, _Drury_. Oldenlandiæ, _Fabr_. Lycetus, _Cram_. Silhetensis, _Boisd_.

Pergesa, _Wlk_. Acteus, _Cram_.

Panacia, _Wlk_. vigil, _Guér_.

Daphnis, _Hübn_. Nern, _Linn._

Zonitia, _Boisd_. Morpheus, _Cram_.

Macrosila, _Boisd_. ordiqua, _Wlk_. discistriga, _Wlk_.

Sphinx, _Linn._ convolvuli, _Linn._

Acherontia, _Ochs_. Satanas, _Boisd_.

Smerintinis, _Latr_. Dryas, _Boisd_.

Fam. CASTNIIDÆ, _Wlk_.

Eusemia, _Dalm_. beliatrix, _Westw_.

Ægocera, _Latr_. Venuia, _Cram_. bimacula, _Wlk_.

Fam. ZYGÆNIDÆ, _Leach_.

Syntomis, _Ochs_. Schoenherri, _Boisd_. Creusa, _Linn._ Imaoa, _Cram_.

Glaucopis, _Fabr_. subaurata, _Wlk_.

Enchiomia, _Hübn_. Polymena, _Cram_. diminuta, _Wlk_.

Fam. LITHOSIIDÆ, _Steph_.

Scaptesyle, _Wlk_. bicolor, _Wlk_.

Nyctemera, _Hübn_. lacticima, _Cram_. latistriga, _Wlk_. Coleta, _Cram_.

Euschema, _Hübn_. subrepleta, _Wlk_. transversa, _Wlk_. vilis, _Wlk_.

Chalcosia, _Hübn_. Tiberina, _Cram_. venosa, _Anon_.

Eterusia, _Hope_. Ædea, _Linn._

Trypanophora, _Koll_. Taprobanes, _Wlk_.

Heteropan, _Wlk_. scintillans, _Wlk_.

Hypsa, _Hübn_. plana, _Wlk_. caricæ, _Fabr_. ficus, _Fabr_.

Vitessa, _Moor_. Zeinire, _Cram_.

Lithosia, _Fabr_. autica, _Wlk_. brevipennis, _Wlk_.

Setina, _Schr_. semitascia, _Wlk_. solita, _Wlk_.

Doliche, _Wlk_. hilaris, _Wlk_.

Pitane, _Wlk_. conserta, _Wlk_.

Æmene, _Wlk_. Taprobanes, _Wlk_.

Dirade, _Wlk_. attacoides, _Wlk_.

Cyllene, _Wlk_. transversa, _Wlk_. *spoliata, _Wlk_.

Bizone, _Wlk_. subornata, _Wlk_. peregrina, _Wlk_.

Delopeia, _Steph_. pulcella, _Linn._ Astrea, _Drury_. Argus, _Kodar_.

Fam. ARCHTIIDÆ, _Leach_.

Alope, _Wlk_. ocellitera, _Wlk_. Sangalida, _Cram_.

Tinolius, _Wlk_. eburneigutta, _Wlk_.

Creatonotos, _Hübn_. interrupta, _Linn._ emitteus, _Wlk_.

Acmonia, _Wlk_. Etnosioides, _Wlk_.

Spilosoma, _Steph_. subtascia, _Wlk_.

Cycnia, _Hübn_. rubida, _Wlk_. sparsigutta, _Wlk_.

Antheua, _Wlk_. discalis, _Wlk_.

Atoa, _Wlk_. lactmea, _Cram_. candidula, _Wlk_. erisa, _Wlk_.

Amerila, _Wlk_. Melipithus, _Wlk_.

Ammotho, _Wlk_. cunionotatus, _Wlk_.

Fam. LIPARIDÆ, _Wlk_.

Artaxa, _Wlk_. guttata, _Wlk_. *varians, _Wlk_. atomaria, _Wlk_.

Acyphas, _Wlk_. viridescens, _Wlk_.

Lacida, _Wlk_. rotundata, _Wlk_. antica, _Wlk_. subnotata, _Wlk_. complens, _Wlk_. promittens, _Wlk_. strigulitera, _Wlk_.

Amsacta? _Wlk_. tenebrosa, _Wlk_.

Antipha, _Wlk_. costalis, _Wlk_.

Anaxila, _Wlk_. norata, _Wlk_.

Procodeca, _Wlk_. angulifera, _Wlk_.

Redoa, _Wlk_. submarginata, _Wlk_.

Euproctis, _Hübn_. virguncula, _Wlk_. bimaculata, _Wlk_. lunata, _Wlk_. tinctifera, _Wlk_.

Cispia, _Wlk_. plagiata, _Wlk_.

Dasychira, _Hübn_. pudibunda, _Linn._

Lymantria, _Hühn_. grandis, _Wlk_. marginata, _Wlk_.

Enome, _Wlk_. ampla, _Wlk_.

Dreata, _Wlk_. plumipes, _Wlk_. geminata, _Wlk_. mutans, _Wlk_. mollifera, _Wlk_.

Pandala, _Wlk_. dolosa, _Wlk_.

Charnidas, _Wlk_. junctifera, _Wlk_.

Fam. PSYCHIDÆ, _Bru_.

Psyche, _Schr_. Doubledaii, _Westw_.

Metisa, _Wlk_. plana, _Wlk_.

Eumeta, _Wlk_. Cramerii, _Westw_. Templetonii, _Westw_.

Cryptothelea, _Templ_. consorta, _Templ_.

Fam. NOTODONTIDÆ, _St_.

Cerura, _Schr_. liturata, _Wlk_.

Stauropus, _Germ_. alternans, _Wlk_.

Nioda, _Wlk_. fusiformis, _Wlk_. transversa, _Wlk_.

Rilia, _Wlk_. lanceolata, _Wlk_. basivitta, _Wlk_.

Ptilomacra, _Wlk_. juvenis, _Wlk_.

Elavia, _Wlk_. metaphæa, _Wlk_.

Notodonta, _Ochs_. ejecta, _Wlk_.

Ichthyura, _Hübn_. restituens, _Wlk_.

Fam. LIMACODIDÆ, _Dup_.

Scopelodes, _Westw_. unicolor, _Westw_.

Messata, _Wlk_. rubiginosa, _Wlk_.

Miresa, _Wlk_. argeutifera, _Wlk_. aperiens, _Wlks_.

Nyssia, _Herr Sch_. læta, _Westw_.

Neæra, _Herr. Sch_. graciosa, _Westw_.

Narosa, _Wlk_. conspersa, _Wlk_.

Naprepa, _Wlk_. varians, _Wlk_.

Fam. DREPANULIDÆ, _Wlk_.

Oreta, _Wlk_. suffusa, _Wlk_. extensa, _Wlk_.

Arna, _Wlk_. apicaus, _Wlk_.

Ganisa, _Wlk_. postica, _Wlk_.

Fam. SATURINIDÆ, _Wlk_.

Attacus, _Linn._ Atlas, _Linn._ lunula, _Anon_.

Antheræa, _Hübn_. Mylitta, _Drury_. Assama, _Westw_.

Tropæa, _Hübn_. Selene, _Hübn_.

Fam. BOMBYCIDÆ, _Steph_.

Trabala, _Wlk_. basalis, _Wlk_. prasina, _Wlk_.

Lasiocampa, _Schr_. trifascia, _Wlk_.

Megasoma, _Boisd_. venustum, _Wlk_.

Lebeda, _Wlk_. repanda, _Wlk_. plagiata, _Wlk_. bimaculata, _Wlk_. scriptiplaga, _Wlk_.

Fam. COSSIDÆ, _Newm_.

Cossus, _Fabr_. quadrinotatus, _Wlk_.

Zeuzera, _Latr_. leuconota, _Steph_. pusilla, _Wlk_.

Fam. HEPIALIDÆ, _Steph_.

Phassus, _Steph_. signifer, _Wlk_.

Fam. CYMATOPHORIDÆ, _Herr. Sch_.

Thyatira, _Ochs_. repugnans, _Wlk_.

Fam. BRYOPHILIDÆ, _Guén_.

Bryophila, _Treit_. semipars, _Wlk_.

Fam. BOMBYGOIDÆ, _Guén_.

Diphtera, _Ochs_. deceptura, _Wlk_.

Fam. LEUCANIDÆ, _Guén_.

Leucania, _Ochs_. confusa, _Wlk_. exempta, _Wlk_. interens, _Wlk_. collecta, _Wlk_.

Brada, _Wlk_. truncata, _Wlk_.

Crambopsis, _Wlk_. excludens, _Wlk_.

Fam. GLOTTULIDÆ, _Guén_.

Polytela, _Guén_. gloriosa, _Fabr_.

Glottula, _Guén_. Dominic, _Cram_.

Chasmma, _Wlk_. pavo, _Wlk_. cygnus, _Wlk_.

Fam. APAMIDÆ, _Guén_.

Laphygma, _Guér_. obstans, _Wlk_. trajiciens, _Wlk_.

Prodenia, _Guén_. retina, _Friv_. glaucistriga, _Wlk_. apertura, _Wlk_.

Calogramma, _Wlk_. festiva, _Don_.

Heliophobus, _Boisd_. discrepans, _Wlk_.

Hydræcia, _Guér_. lampadifera, _Wlk_.

Apamea, _Ochs_. undecilia, _Wlk_.

Celæna, _Steph_. serva, _Wlk_.

Fam. CARADRINIDÆ, _Guér_.

Amyna, _Guér_. selenampha, _Guér_.

Fam. NOCTUIDÆ, _Guér_.

Agrotis, _Ochs_. aristifera, _Guér_. congrua, _Wlk_. punctipes, _Wlk_. mundata, _Wlk_. transducta, _Wlk_. plagiata, _Wlk_. plagifera, _Wlk_.

Fam. HADENIDÆ, _Guén_.

Eurois, _Hübn_. auriplena, _Wlk_. inclusa, _Wlk_.

Epiceia, _Wlk_. subsignata, _Wlk_.

Hadena, _Treit_. subcurva, _Wlk_. postica, _Wlk_. retrahens, _Wlk_. confundens, _Wlk_. congressa, _Wlk_. ruptistriga, _Wlk_.

Ansa, _Wlk_. filipalpis, _Wlk_.

Fam. XYLINIDÆ, _Guén._

Ragada, _Wlk_. pyrorchroma, _Wlk._

Cryassa, _Wlk_. bifacies, _Wlk_.

Egelista, _Wlk_. rudivitta, _Wlk_.

Xylina, _Ochs_. deflexa, _Wlk_. inchoans, _Wlk_.

Fam. HELIOTHIDÆ, _Guén_.

Heliothis, _Ochs_. armigera, _Hübn_.

Fam. HEMEROSIDÆ, _Guén_.

Ariola, _Wlk_. coelisigna, _Wlk_. dilectissima, _Wlk_. saturata, _Wlk_.

Fam. ACONTIDÆ, _Guén_.

Xanthodes, _Guén_. intersepta, _Guén_.

Acontia, _Ochs_. tropica, _Guén_. olivacea, _Wlk_. fasciculosa, _Wlk_. signifera, _Wlk_. turpis, _Wlk_. mianöides, _Wlk_. approximans, _Wlk_. divulsa, _Wlk_. *egens, _Wlk_. plenicosta, _Wlk_. determinata, _Wlk_. hypætroides, _Wlk_.

Chlumetia, _Wlk_. multilinea, _Wlk_.

Fam. ANTHOPILIDÆ, _Guén_.

Micra, _Guén_. destituta, _Wlk_. derogata, _Wlk_. simplex, _Wlk_.

Fam. ERIOPIDÆ, _Guén_.

Callopistria, _Hübn_. exotiac, _Guén_. rivularis, _Wlk_. duplicans, _Wlk_.

Fam. EURHIPIDÆ, _Guén_.

Penicillaria, _Guén_. nugatrix, _Guén_. resoluta, _Wlk_. solida, _Wlk_. lodatrix, _Wlk_.

Rhesala, _Wlk_. imparata, _Wlk_.

Eutelia, _Hübn_. favillatrix, _Wlk_. thermesiides, _Wlk_.

Fam. PLUSIIDÆ, _Boisd_.

Abrostola, _Ochs_. transfixa, _Wlk_.

Plusia, _Ochs_. aurilera, _Hübn_. verticillata, _Guén_. agramma, _Guén_. obtusisigna, _Wlk_. nigriluna, _Wlk_. signata, _Wlk_. dispellens, _Wlk_. propulsa, _Wlk_.

Fam. CALPIDÆ, _Guén_.

Calpe, _Treit_. minuticornis, _Guén_.

Oroesia, _Guén_. emarginata, _Fabr_.

Deva, _Wlk_. conducens, _Wlk_.

Fam. HEMICERIDÆ, _Guén_.

Westermannia, _Hübn_. supberba, _Hübn_.

Fam. HYBLÆIDÆ, _Guén_.

Hyblæa, _Guén_. Puera, _Cram_. constellica, _Guén_.

Nolasena, _Wlk_. ferrifervens, _Wlk_.

Fam. GONOPTERIDÆ, _Guén_.

Cosmophila, _Boisd_. Indica, _Guén_. xanthindvina, _Boisd_.

Anomis, _Hübn_. fulvida, _Guén_. icomea, _Wlk_.

Gonitis, _Guén_. combinans, _Wlk_. albitibia, _Wlk_. mesogona, _Wlk_. guttanivis, _Wlk_. involuta, _Wlk_. basalis, _Wlk_.

Eporedia, _Wlk_. damnipennis, _Wlk_.

Rusicada, _Wlk_. nigritarsis, _Wlk_.

Pasipeda, _Wlk_. rutipalpis, _Wlk_.

Fam. TOXOCAMPIDÆ, _Guén_.

Toxocampa, _Guén_. metaspila, _Wlk_. sexlinea, _Wlk_. quinquelina, _Wlk_.

Albonica, _Wlk_. reversa, _Wlk_.

Fam. POLYDESMIDÆ, _Guén_.

Polydesma, _Boisd_. boarmoides, _Wlk_. erubescens, _Wlk_.

Fam. HOMOPTERIDÆ, _Bois_.

Alamis, _Guén_. spoliata, _Wlk_.

Homoptera, _Boisd_. basipallens, _Wlk_. retrahens, _Wlk_. costifera, _Wlk_. divisistriga, _Wlk_. procumbens, _Wlk_.

Diacuista, _Wlk_. homopteroides, _Wlk_.

Daxata, _Wlk_. bijungens, _Wlk_.

Fam. HYPOGRAMMIDÆ, _Guén_.

Briarda, _Wlk_. precedens, _Wlk_.

Brana, _Wlk_. calopasa, _Wlk_.

Corsa, _Wlk_. lignicolor, _Wlk_.

Avatha, _Wlk_. includens, _Wlk_.

Gadirtha, _Wlk_. decrescens, _Wlk_. impingens, _Wlk_. spurcata, _Wlk_. rectifera, _Wlk_. duplicans, _Wlk_. intrusa, _Wlk_.

Ercheia, _Wlk_. diversipennis, _Wlk_.

Plotheia, _Wlk_. frontalis, _Wlk_.

Diomea, _Wlk_. rotundata, _Wlk_. chloromela, _Wlk_. orbicularis, _Wlk_. muscosa, _Wlk_.

Dinumma, _Wlk_. placens, _Wlk_.

Lusia, _Wlk_. geometroids, _Wlk_. perficita, _Wlk_. replusa, _Wlk_.

Abunis, _Wlk_. trimesa, _Wlk_.

Fam. CATEPHIDÆ, _Guén_.

Cocytodes, _Guén_. coerula, _Guén_. modesta, _Wlk_.

Catephia, _Ochs_. linteola, _Guén_.

Anophia, _Guén_. acronyctoids, _Guén_.

Steiria, _Wlk_. subobliqua, _Wlk_. trajiciens, _Wlk_.

Aucha, _Wlk_. velans, _Wlk_.

Ægilia, _Wlk_. describens, _Wlk_.

Maceda, _Wlk_. mansueta, _Wlk_.

Fam. HYPOCALIDÆ, _Guén_.

Hypocala, _Guén_. efflorescens, _Guén_. subsatura, _Guén_.

Fam. CATOCALIDÆ, _Boisd_.

Blenina, _Wlk_. donans, _Wlk_. accipiens, _Wlk_.

Fam. OPHIDERIDÆ, _Guén_.

Ophideres, _Boisd_. Materna, _Linn._ fullonica, _Linn._ Cajeta, _Cram_. Ancilla, _Cram_. Salaminia, _Cram_. Hypermnestra, _Cram_. multiscripta, _Wlk_. bilineosa, _Wlk_.

Potamophera, _Guén_. Maulia, _Cram_.

Lygniodes, _Guén_. reducens, _Wlk_. disparans, _Wlk_. hypolenca, _Guén_.

Fam. EREBIDÆ, _Guén_.

Oxyodes, _Guén_. Clytia, _Cram_.

Fam. OMMATOPHORIDÆ, _Guén_.

Speiredonia, _Hübn_. retrahens, _Wlk_.

Sericia, _Guén_. atrops, _Guén_. parvipennis, _Wlk_.

Patula, _Guén_. macrops, _Linn._

Argiva, _Hübn_. hieroglyphica, _Drury_.

Beregra, _Wlk_. replenens, _Wlk_.

Fam. HYPOPYRIDÆ, _Guén_.

Spiramia, _Guén_. Heliconia, _Hübn_. triloba, _Guén_.

Hypopyra, _Guén_. vespertilio, _Fabr_.

Ortospana, _Wlk_. connectens, _Wlk_.

Entomogramma, _Guén_. fautrix, _Guén_.

Fam. BENDIDÆ, _Guén_.

Homæa, _Guén_. clathrum, _Guén_.

Hulodes, _Guén_. caranea, _Cram_. palumba, _Guén_.

Fam. OPHIUSIDÆ, _Guén_.

Sphingomorpha, _Guén_. Chlorea, _Cram_.

Lagoptera, _Guén_. honesta, _Hübn_. magica, _Hübn_. dotata, _Fabr_.

Ophiodes, _Guén_. discriminans, _Wlk_. basistigma, _Wlk_.

Cerbia, _Wlk_. fugitiva, _Wlk_.

Ophisma, _Guén_. lætabilis, _Guén_. deficiens, _Wlk_. gravata, _Wlk_. circumferens, _Wlk_. terminans, _Wlk_.

Achæa, _Hübn_. Melicerta, _Drury_. Mezentia, _Cram_. Cyllota, _Guén_. Cyllaria, _Cram_. fusifera, _Wlk_. signivitta, _Wlk_. reversa, _Wlk_. combinans, _Wlk_. expectans, _Wlk_.

Serrodes, _Guén_. campana, _Guén_.

Naxia, _Guén_. absentimacula, _Guén_. Onelia, _Guén_. calefaciens, _Wlk_. calorifica, _Wlk_.

Catesia, _Guén_. hoemorrhoda, _Guén_.

Hypætra, _Guén_. trigonifera, _Wlk_. curvifera, _Wlk_. condita, _Wlk_. complacens, _Wlk_. divisa, _Wlk_.

Ophiusa, _Ochs_. myops, _Guén_. albivitta, _Guén_. Achatina, _Sulz_. fulvotænia, _Guén_. simillima, _Guén_. festinata, _Wlk_. pallidilinea, _Wlk_. luteipalpis, _Wlk_.

Fodina, _Guén_. stola, _Guén_.

Grammodes, _Guén_. Ammonia, _Cram_. Mygdon, _Cram_. stolida, _Fabr_. mundicolor, _Wlk_.

Fam. EUCLIDIDÆ, _Guén_. Trigonodes, _Guén_. Hippasia, _Cram_.

Fam. REMIGIDÆ, _Guén_.

Remigia, _Guén_. Archesia, _Cram_. frugalis, _Fabr_. pertendens, _Wlk_. congregata, _Wlk_. opturata, _Wlk_.

Fam. FOCILLIDÆ, _Guén_.

Focilla, _Guén_. submemorans, _Wlk_.

Fam. AMPHIGANIDÆ, _Guén_.

Lacera, _Guén_. capella, _Guén_.

Amphigonia, _Guén_. hepatizans, _Guén_.

Fam. THERMISIDÆ, _Guén_.

Sympis, _Guén_. rutibasis, _Guén_.

Thermesia, _Hübn_. finipalpis, _Wlk_. soluta, _Wlk_.

Azazia, _Wlk_. rubricans, _Boisd_.

Selenis, _Guén_. nivisapex, _Wlk_. multiguttata, _Wlk_. semilux, _Wlk_.

Ephyrodes, _Guén_. excipiens, _Wlk_. crististera, _Wlk_. lineitera, _Wlk_.

Capnodes, _Guén_. *maculicosta, _Wlk_.

Ballatha, _Wlk_. atrotumens, _Wlk_.

Daranissa, _Wlk_. digramma, _Wlk_.

Darsa, _Wlk_. detectissima, _Wlk_.

Fam. URAPTERYDÆ, _Guén_.

Lagyra, _Wlk_. Talaca, _Wlk_.

Fam. ENNOMIDÆ, _Guén_.

Hyperythra, _Guén_. limbolaria, _Guén_.

Orsonoba, _Wlk_. Rajaca, _Wlk_.

Fascelima, _Wlk_. chromataria, _Wlk_.

Laginia, _Wlk_. bractiaria, _Wlk_.

Fam. BOARMIDÆ, _Guén_.

Amblychia, _Guén_. angeronia, _Guén_. poststrigaria, _Wlk_.

Boarmia, _Treit_. sublavaria, _Guén_. admissaria, _Guén_. raptaria, _Wlk_. Medasina, _Wlk_. Bhurmitra, _Wlk_. Suiasasa, _Wlk_. diffluaria, _Wlk_. caritaria, _Wlk_. exclusaria, _Wlk_.

Hypochroma, _Guén_. minimaria, _Guén_.

Gnophos, _Treit_. Pulinda, _Wlk_. Culataria, _Wlk_.

Hemerophila, _Steph_. vidhisara, _Wlk_.

Agathia, _Guén_. blandiaria, _Wlk_.

Bulonga, _Wlk_. Ajaia, _Wlk_. Chacoraca, _Wlk_. Chandubija, _Wlk_.

Fam. GEOMETRIDÆ, _Guén_.

Geometra, _Linn._ specularia, _Guén_. Nanda, _Wlk_.

Nemoria, _Hubn_. caudularia, _Guên_. solidaria, _Guén_.

Thalassodes, _Guén_. quadraria, _Guén_. catenaria, _Wlk_. immissaria, _Wlk_. Sisunaga, _Wlk_. adornataria, _Wlk_. meritaria, _Wlk_. coelataria, _WlK_. gratularia, _Wlk_. chlorozonaria, _Wlk_. læsaria, _Wlk_. simplicaria, _Wlk_. immissaria, _Wlk_.

Comibæna, _Wlk_. Divapala, _Wlk_. impulsaria, _Wlk_.

Celenna, _Wlk_. saturaturia, _Wlk_.

Pseudoterpna, _Wlk_. Vivilaca, _Wlk_.

Amaurima, _Guén_. rubrolimbaria, _Wlk_.

Fam. PALYADÆ, _Guén_.

Eumelea, _Dunc_. ludovicata, _Guén_. aureliata, _Guén_. *carnearia, _Wlk_.

Fam. EPHYRIDÆ, _Guén_.

Ephyra, _Dap_. obrinaria, _Wlk_. decursaria, _Wlk_. Cacavena, _Wlk_. abhadraca, _Wlk_. Vasudeva, _Wlk_. Susarmana, _Wlk_. Vutumana, _Wlk_. inæquata, _Wlk_.

Fam. ACIDALIDÆ, _Guén_.

Drapetodes, _Guén_. mitaria, _Guén_.

Pomasia, _Guén_. Psylaria, _Guén_. Sunandaria, _Wlk_.

Acidaria, _Treit_. obliviaria, _Wlk_. adeptaria, _Wlk_. nexiaria, _Wlk_. addictaria, _Wlk_. actiosaria, _Wlk_. defamataria, _Wlk_. negataria, _Wlk_. actuaria, _Wlk_. cæsaria, _Wlk_.

Cabera, _Steph_. falsaria, _Wlk_. decussaria, _Wlk_. famularia, _Wlk_. nigrarenaria, _Wlk_.

Hyria, _Steph_. elataria, _Wlk_. marcidaria, _Wlk_. oblataria, _Wlk_. grataria, _Wlk_. rhodinaria, _Wlk_.

Timandra, _Dup_. Ajura, _Wlk_. Vijura, _Wlk_.

Agyris, _Guén_. deharia, _Guén_.

Zanclopteryx, _Herr. Sch_. saponaria, _Herr. Sch_.

Fam. MICRONIDÆ, _Guén_.

Micronia, _Guén_. caudata, _Fabr_. aculeata, _Guén_.

Fam. MACARIDÆ, _Guén_.

Macaria, _Curt_. Eleonora, _Cram_. Varisara, _Wlk_. Rhagivata, _Wlk_. Palaca, _Wlk_. honestaria, _Wlk_. Sangata, _Wlk_. honoraria, _Wlk_. cessaria, _Wlk_. subcandaria, _Wlk_.

Doava, _Wlk_. adjutaria, _Wlk_. figuraria, _Wlk_.

Fam. LARENTIDÆ, _Guén_.

Sauris, _Guén_. hirudinata, _Guén_.

Camptogramma, _Steph_. baceata, _Guén_.

Blemyia, _Wlk_. Bataca, _Wlk_. blitiaria, _Wlk_.

Corenna, _Guén_. Comatina, _Wlk_.

Lobophora, _Curt_. Salisnea, _Wlk_. Ghosha, _Wlk_. contributaria, _Wlk_.

Mesogramma, _Steph_. lactularia, _Wlk_. scitaria, _WLk_.

Eupithecia, _Curt_. recensitaria, _Wlk_. admixtaria, _Wlk_. immixtaria, _Wlk_.

Gathynia, _Wlk_. miraria, _Wlk_.

Fam. PLATYDIDÆ, _Guén_.

Trigonia, _Guén_. Cydoniatis, _Cram_.

Fam. HYPENIDÆ, _Herr_.

Dichromia, _Guén_. Orosialis, _Cram_.

Hypena, _Schr_. rhombalis, _Guén_. jocosalis, _Wlk_. mandatalis, _Wlk_. quæsitalis, _Wlk_. laceratalis, _Wlk_. iconicalis, _Wlk_. labatalis, _Wlk_. obacerralis, _Wlk_. pactalis, _Wlk_. raralis, _Wlk_. paritalis, _Wlk_. surreptalis, _Wlk_. detersalis, _Wlk_. ineffectalis, _Wlk_. incongrualis, _Wlk_. rubripunctum, _Wlk_.

Gesonia, _Wlk_. *obeditalis, _Wlk_. duplex, _Wlk_.

Fam. HERMINIDÆ, _Dup_.

Herminia, _Latr_. Timonaris, _Wlk_. diffusalis, _Wlk_. interstans, _Wlk_.

Adrapsa, _Wlk_. ablualis, _Wlk_.

Bertula, _Wlk_. abjudicalis, _Wlk_. raptatalis, _Wlk_. contigens, _Wlk_.

Bocana, _Wlk_. jutalis, _Wlk_. manifestalis, _Wlk_. ophinsalis, _Wlk_. vagalis, _Wlk_. turpatalis, _Wlk_. hypernalis, _Wlk_. gravatalis, _Wlk_. tomodalis, _Wlk_.

Orthaga, _Wlk_. Euadrusalis, _Wlk_.

Hipoepa, _Wlk_. lapsalis, _Wlk_.

Lamura, _Wlk_. oberratans, _Wlk_.

Echana, _Wlk_. abavalis, _Wlk_.

Dragana, _Wlk_. pansalis, _Wlk_.

Pingrasa, _Wlk_. accuralis, _Wlk_.

Egnasia, _Wlk_. ephiradalis, _Wlk_. accingalis, _Wlk_. participalis, _Wlk_. usurpatalis, _Wlk_.

Berresa, _Wlk_. natalis, _Wlk_.

Imma, _Wlk_. rugosalis, _Wlk_.

Chusaris, _Wlk_. retatalis, _Wlk_.

Corgatha, _Wlk_. zonalis, _Wlk_.

Catada, _Wlk_. glomeralis, _Wlk_. captiosalis, _Wlk_.

Fam. PYRALADÆ, _Guén_.

Pyralis, _Linn._ igniflualis, _Wlk_. Palesalis, _Wlk_. reconditalis, _Wlk_. Idahalis, _Wlk_. Janassalis, _Wlk_.

Aglossa, _Latr_. Guidusalis, _Wlk_.

Labanda, _Wlk_. herbealis, _Wlk_.

Fam. ENNYCHIDÆ, _Dup._

Pyrausta. _Schr._ *absistalis, _Wlk_.

Fam. ASOPIDÆ, _Guén_

Desmia, _Westw_. afflictalis, _Guén_. concisalis, _Wlk_.

Ædiodes, _Guén._. flavibasalis. _Guén_. effertalis, _Wlk_.

Samea, _Guén_. gratiosalis, _Wlk_.

Asopia. _Guén_. vulgalis, _Guén_. falsidicalis, _Wlk_. abruptalis, _Wlk_. latim orginalis, _Wlk_. præteritalis, _Wlk_. Eryxelis, _Wlk_. rofidalis, _Wlk_.

Agathodes, _Guén_. ostentalis, _Geyer_.

Leucinades, _Guén_. orbonalis, _Guén_.

Hymenia, _Hübn_. recurvalis, _Fabr_.

Agrotera, _Schr_. suffusalis, _Wlk_. decessalis, _Wlk_.

Isopteryx, _Guén_. *melaleucalis, _Wlk_. *impulsalis, _Wlk_. *spromelalis, _Wlk_. acclaralis, _Wlk_. abnegatalis, _Wlk_.

Fam. HYDROCAMPIDÆ, _Guén_. Oligostigma, _Guén_. obitalis, _Wlk_. votalis, _Wlk_.

Cataclysia, _Herr Sch_. diaicidalis, _Guén_. bisectalis, _Wlk_. blaudialis, _Wlk_. elutalis, _Wlk_.

Fam. SPILOMELIDÆ, _Guén_. Lepyrodes, _Guén_. geometralis, _Guén_. lepidalis, _Wlk_. peritalis, _Wlk_.

Phalangiodes, _Guén_. Neptisalis, _Cram_.

Spilomela, _Guén_. meritalis, _Wlk_. abdicatis, _Wlk_. decussalis, _Wlk_.

Nistra, _Wlk_. coelatalis, _Wlk_.

Pagyda. _Wlk_. salvalis, _Wlk_.

Massepha, _Wlk_. absolutalis, _Wlk_.

Fam. MARGORODIDÆ, _Guén_.

Glyphodes, _Guén_. diurnalis, _Guén_. decretalis, _Guén_. coesalis, _Wlk_. univocalis, _Wlk_.

Phakellura, _L. Guild_. gazorialis, _Guén_.

Margarodes, _Guén_. psittæalis, _Hübn_. pomonalis, _Guén_. hilaralis, _Wlk_.

Pygospila, _Guén_. Tyresalis, _Cram_.

Neurina, _Guén_. Procopalis, _Cram_. ignibasalis, _Wlk_.

Hurgia, _Wlk_. detamalis, _Wlk_.

Maruca, _Wlk_. ruptalis, _Wlk_. caritalis, _Wlk_.

Fam. BOTYDÆ, _Guén_.

Botys, _Latr_. marginalis, _Cram_. sillalis, _Guén_. multilineatis, _Guén_. admensalis, _Wlk_. abjungalis, _Wlk_. rutilalis, _Wlk_. admixtalis, _Wlk_. celatalis, _Wlk_. deductalis, _Wlk_. celsalis, _Wlk_. vulsalis, _Wlk_. ultimalis, _Wlk_. tropicalis, _Wlk_. abstrusalis, _Wlk_. ruralis, _Wlk_. adhoesalis, _Wlk_. illisalis, _Wlk_. stultalis, _Wlk_. adductalis, _Wlk_. histricalis, _Wlk_. illectalis, _Wlk_. suspictalis, _Wlk_. Janassalis, _Wlk_. Cynaralis, _Wlk_. Dialis, _Wlk_. Thaisalis, _Wlk_. Dryopealis, _Wlk_. Myrinalis, _Wlk_. phycidalis, _Wlk_. annulalis, _Wlk_. brevilinealis, _Wlk_. plagiatalis, _Wlk_.

Ebulea, _Guén_. aberratalis, _Wlk_. Camillalis, _Wlk_.

Pionea, _Guén_. actualis, _Wlk_. Optiletalis, _Wlk_. Jubesalis, _Wlk_. brevialis, _Wlk_. suffusalis, _Wlk_.

Scopula, _Schr_. revocatalis, _Wlk_. turgidalis, _Wlk_. volutatalis, _Wlk_.

Godara, _Wlk_. pervasalis, _Wlk_.

Herculia, _Wlk_. bractialis, _Wlk_.

Mecyna. _Guén_. deprivalis, _Wlk_.

Fam. SCOPARIDÆ, _Guén_. Scoparia. _Haw_. murificalis, _Wlk_. congestalis, _Wlk_. Alconalis, _Wlk_.

Davana. _Wlk_. Phalantalis, _Wlk_.

Darsania, _Wlk_. Niobesalis, _Wlk_.

Dosara. _Wlk_. coelatella, _Wlk_. lapsalis, _Wlk_. immeritalis, _Wlk_.

Fam. CHOREUTIDÆ, _Staint_.

Niaccaba. _Wlk_. sumptialis, _Wlk_.

Simæthis. _Leach_. Clatella, _Wlk_. Damonella, _Wlk_. Bathusella, _Wlk_.

Fam. PHYCIDÆ, _Staint_.

Myelois, _Hübn_. actiosella, _Wlk_. bractiatella, _Wlk_. cantella, _Wlk_. adaptella, _Wlk_. illusella, _Wlk_. basifuscella, _Wlk_. Ligeralis, _Wlk_. Marsyasalis, _Wlk_.

Dascusa, _Wlk_. Valensalis, _Wlk_.

Daroma, _Wlk_. Zeuxoalis, _Wlk_. Epulusalis, _Wlk_. Timeusalis, _Wlk_.

Homoesoma, _Curt_. gratella, _Wlk_. Getusella, _Wlk_.

Nephopteryx, _Hübn_. Etolusalis, _Wlk_. Cyllusalis, _Wlk_. Hylasalis, _Wlk_. Acisalis, _Wlk_. Harpaxalis, _Wlk_. Æolusalis, _Wlk_. Argiadesalis, _Wlk_. Philiasalis, _Wlk_.

Pempelia, _Hübn_. laudatella, _Wlk_.

Prionapteryx, _Steph_. Lincusalis, _Wlk_.

Pindicitora, _Wlk_. Acreonalis, _Wlk_. Annusalis, _Wlk_. Thysbesalis, _Wlk_. Linceusalis, _Wlk_.

Lacipea, _Wlk_. muscosella, _Wlk_.

Araxes, _Steph_. admotella, _Wlk_. decusella, _Wlk_. celsella, _Wlk_. admigratella, _Wlk_. coesella, _Wlk_. candidatella, _Wlk_. Catagela, _Wlk_. adjurella, _Wlk_. acricuella, _Wlk_. lunulella, _Wlk_.

Fam. CRAMBIDÆ, _Dup_.

Crambus, _Fabr_. concinellus, _Wlk_.

Darbhaca, _Wlk_. inceptella, _Wlk_.

Jartheza, _Wlk_. honosella, _Wlk_.

Bulina, _Wlk_. solitella, _Wlk_.

Bembina, _Wlk_. Cyanusalis, _Wlk_.

Chilo, _Zinck_. dodatella, _Wlk_. gratiosella, _Wlk_. aditella, _Wlk_. blitella, _Wlk_.

Dariausa, _Wlk_. Eubusalis, _Wlk_.

Arrhade, _Wlk_. Ematheonalis, _Wlk_.

Darnensis, _Wlk_. Strephonella, _Wlk_.

Fam. CHLOEPHORIDÆ. _Staint_.

Thagora, _Wlk_. tigurans, _Wlk_.

Earias, _Hübn_. chromatana, _Wlk_.

Fam. TORTRICIDÆ, _Steph_.

Lozotænia, _Steph_. retractana, _Wlk_.

Peronea, _Curt_. divisana, _Wlk_.

Lithogramma, _Steph_. flexilineana, _Wlk_.

Dictyopteryx, _Steph_. punctana, _Wlk_.

Homona, _Wlk_. fasciculana, _Wlk_.

Hemonia, _Wlk_. obiterana, _Wlk_.

Achroia, _Hübn_. tricingulana, _Wlk_.

Fam. YPONOMEUTIDÆ, _Steph_.

Atteva, _Wlk_. niveigutta, _Wlk_.

Fam. GELICHIDÆ, _Staint_.

Depressaria, _Haw_. obligatella, _Wlk_. fimbriella, _Wlk_.

Decuaria, _Wlk_. mendicella, _Wlk_.

Gelechia, _Hübn_. nugatella, _Wlk_. calatella, _Wlk_. deductella, _Wlk_. Perionella, _Wlk_.

Gizama, _Wlk_. blandiella, _Wlk_.

Enisima, _Wlk_. falsella, _Wlk_.

Gapharia, _Wlk_. recitatella, _Wlk_.

Goesa. _Wlk_. decusella, _Wlk_.

Cimitra, _Wlk_. secinsella, _Wlk_.

Ficulea, _Wlk_. blandinella, _Wlk_.

Fresilia, _Wlk_. nesciatella, _Wlk_.

Gesontha, _Wlk_. cantiosella, _Wlk_.

Aginis, _Wlk_. hilariella, _Wlk_.

Cadra, _Wlk_. delectella, _Wlk_.

Fam. GLYPHYPTIDÆ, _Staint_.

Glyphyteryx, _Hübn_. scitulella, _Wlk_.

Hybele, _Wlk_. mansuetella, _Wlk_.

Fam. TINEIDÆ, _Leach_.

Tinea, _Linn._ tapetzella, _Linn._ receptella, _Wlk_. pelionella, _Linn._ plagiferella, _Wlk_.

Fam. LYONETIDÆ, _Staint_.

Cachura, _Wlk_. objectella, _Wlk_.

Fam. PTEROPHORIDÆ, _Zell_.

Pterophorus, _Geoffr_. leucadacivius, _Wlk_. oxydactylus, _Wlk_. anisodactylus, _Wlk_.

Order DIPTERA, _Linn._

Fam. MYCETOPHILIDÆ, _Hal_.

Sciara, _Meig_. *valida, _Wlk_.

Fam. CECIDOMYZIDÆ, _Hal_.

Cecidomyia, _Latr_. *primaria, _Wlk_.

Fam. SIMULIDÆ, _Hal_.

Simulium, _Latr_. *destinatum, _Wlk_.

Fam. CHIRONOMIDÆ, _Hal_.

Ceratopogon, _Meig_. *albocinctus, _Wlk_.

Fam. CULICIDÆ, _Steph_.

Culex, _Linn._ regius, _Thwaites_. fuscanns, _Wlk_. circumvolans, _Wlk_. contrahens, _Wlk_.

Fam. TIPULIDÆ, _Hal_.

Ctenophora, _Fabr_. Taprobanes, _Wlk_.

Gymnoplistia? _Westw_. hebes, _Wlk_.

Fam. STRATIOMIDÆ, _Latr_.

Ptilocera, _Wied_. quadridentata, _Fabr_. tastuosa, _Geist_.

Pachygaster, _Meig_. rutitarsis, _Macq_.

Acanthina, _Wied_. azurea, _Geist_.

Fam. TABANIDÆ, _Leach_.

Pangonia, _Latr_. Taprobanes, _Wlk_.

Fam. ASILIDÆ, _Leach_.

Trupanea, _Macq_. Ceylanica _Macq_.

Asilus, _Linn._ flavicornis, _Macq_. Barium, _Wlk_.

Fam. DOLICHOPIDÆ, _Leach_.

Psilopus, _Meig_. *procuratus, _Wlk_.

Fam. MUSCIDÆ, _Latr_.

Tachina? _Fabr_. *tenebrosa, _Wlk_.

Musca. _Linn._ domestica, _Linn._

Dacus, _Fabr_. *interclusus, _Wlk_. *nigroæneus, _Wlk_. *detentus, _Wlk_.

Ortalis, _*Fall_. *confundens, _Wlk_.

Sciomyza, _Fall_. eucotelus, _Wlk_.

Drosophila, _*Fall_. *restituens, _Wlk_.

Fam. NYCTERIBIDÆ, _Leach_.

Nycteribia, _Latr_. ----? a species parasitic on Scatophilus Coromandelicus, _Bligh_.

Order HEMIPTERA, _Linn._

Fam. PACHYCORIDÆ, _Dall_.

Cantuo, _Amyot & Serv_. ocellatus, _Thunb_.

Callidea, _Lap_. superba, _Dall_. Stockerus, _Linn._

Fam. EURYGASTERIDÆ, _Dall_.

Trigonosoma, _Lap_. Destontainii, _Fabr_.

Fam. PLATASPIDÆ, _Dall_.

Coptosoma, _Lap_. laticeps, _Dall_.

Fam. HALYDIDÆ, _Dall_.

Halys, _Fabr_. dentata, _Fabr_.

Fam. PENTATOMIDÆ, _Steph_.

Pentatoma, _Oliv_. Timorensis, _Hope_. Taprobanensis, _Dall_.

Catacanthus, _Spin_. Incarnatus, _Drury_.

Rhaphigaster, _Lap_. congrua, _Wlk_.

Fam. EDESSIDÆ, _Dall_.

Aspongopus, _Lap_. anus, _Fabr_.

Tesseratoma, _Lep. & Serv_. papillosa, _Drury_.

Cyclopelta, _Am. & Serv_. siccifolia, _Hope_.

Fam. PHYLLOCEPHALIDÆ, _Dall_.

Phyllocephala, _Lap_. Ægyptiaca, _Lefeb_.

Fam. MICTIDÆ, _Dall_.

Mictis, _Leach_. castanea, _Dall_. valida, _Dall_. punctum, _Hope_.

Crinocerus, _Burm_. ponderosus, _Wlk_.

Fam. ANISOSCELIDÆ, _Dall_.

Leptoscelis, _Lap_. ventralis, _Dall_. turpis, _Wlk_. marginalis, _Wlk_.

Serinetha, _Spin_. Taprobanensis, _Dall_. abdominalis, _Fabr_.

Fam. ALYDIDÆ, _Dall_.

Alydus, _Fabr_. linearis, _Fabr_.

Fam. STENOCEPHALIDÆ, _Dall_.

Leptocorisa, _Latr_. Chinensis, _Dall_.

Fam. COREIDÆ, _Steph_.

Rhopalus, _Schill_. interruptus, _Wlk_.

Fam. LYGÆIDÆ, _Westw_.

Lygæus, _Fabr_. lutescens, _Wlk_. figuratus, _Wlk_. discifer, _Wlk_.

Rhyparochromus, _Curt_. testacelpes, _Wlk_.

Fam. ARADIDÆ, _Wlk_.

Piestosoma, _Lap_. pierpes, _Wlk_.

Fam. TINGIDÆ, _Wlk_.

Calloniana, _Wlk_. *elegans, _Wlk_.

Fam. CIMICIDÆ, _Wlk_.

Cimex, _Linn._ lectularius, _Linn._?

Fam. REDUVIIDÆ, _Steph_.

Pirates, _Burm_. marginatus, _Wlk_.

Acanthaspis, _Am. & Serv_. sanguimpes, _Wlk_. fulvispina, _Wlk_.

Fam. HYDROMETRIDÆ, _Leach_.

Ptilomera, _Am. & Serv_. laticanda, _Hardw_.

Fam. NEPIDÆ, _Leach_.

Belostoma, _Latr_. Indicum, _St. Farg_.

Nepa, _Linn._ minor, _Wlk_.

Fam. NOTONECTIDÆ, _Steph_.

Notonecta, _Linn._ abbreviata, _Wlk_. simplex, _Wlk_.

Corixa, _Geoff._ *subjacens, _Wlk_.

Order HOMOPTERA, _Latr_.

Fam. CICADIDÆ, _Westw_.

Dundubia, _Am. & Serv_. stipata, _Wlk_. Clonia, _Wlk_. Larus, _Wlk_.

Cicada, _Linn._ limitaris, _Wlk_. nubifurca, _Wlk_.

Fam. FULGORIDÆ, _Schaum_.

Hotinus, _Am. & Serv_. maculatus, _Oliv_. fulvirostris, _Wlk_. coccineus, _Wlk_.

Pyrops, _Spin_. punctata, _Oliv_.

Aphæna, _Guér_. sanguinalis, _Westw_.

Elidiptera, _Spin_. Emersoniana, _White_.

Fam. CIXIIDÆ, _Wlk_.

Eurybrachys, _Guér_. tomentosa, _Fabr_. dilatata, _Wlk_. crudelis, _Westw_.

Cixius, _Latr_. *nubilus, _Wlk_.

Fam. ISSIDÆ, _Wlk_.

Hemisphærius, _Schaum_. *Schaumi, _Staf_. *bipustulatus, _Wlk_.

Fam. DERBIDÆ, _Schaum_.

Thracia, _Westw_. pterophorides, _Westw_.

Derbe, _Fabr_. *furcato-vittata, _Stal_.

Fam. FLATTIDÆ, _Schaum_.

Flatoides, _Guér_. hyalinus, _Fabr_. tenebrosus, _Wlk_.

Ricania, _Germ_. Hemerobii, _Wlk_.

Poeciloptera, _Latr_. pulvernlenta, _Guér_. stellaris, _Wlk_. Tennentina, _White_.

Fam. MEMBRACIDÆ, _Wlk_.

Oxyrhachis, _Germ_. *indicans, _Wlk_.

Centrotus, _Fabr_. *reponens, _Wlk_. *malleus, _Wlk_. substitutus, _Wlk_. *decipiens, _Wlk_. *relinquens, _Wlk_. *imitator, _Wlk_. *repressus, _Wlk_. *terminalis, _Wlk_.

Fam. CERCOPIDÆ, _Leach_.

Cercopis, _Fabr_. inclusa, _Wlk_.

Ptyelus, _Lep. & Serv_. costalis, _Wlk_.

Fam. TETTIGONIIDÆ, _Wlk_.

Tettigonia, _Latr_. paulula, _Wlk_.

Fam. SCARIDÆ, _Wlk_.

Ledra, _Fabr_. rugosa, _Wlk_. conica, _Wlk_.

Gypona, _Germ_. prasina, _Wlk_.

Fam. IASSIDÆ, _Wlk_.

Acocephalus, _Germ_. porrectus, _Wlk_.

Fam. PSYLLIDÆ, _Latr_.

Psylla, _Goff_. *marginalis, _Wlk_.

Fam. COCCIDÆ, _Leach_.

Lecanium, _Illig_. Coffeæ, _Wlk_.

CHAP. XIII.

ARTICULATA.

* * * * *

_Arachinida--Myriopoda--Crustacea, etc._

With a few striking exceptions, the true _spiders_ of Ceylon resemble in oeconomy and appearance those we are accustomed to see at home;--they frequent the houses, the gardens, the rocks and the stems of trees, and along the sunny paths, where the forest meets the open country, the _Epeira_ and her congeners, the true net-weaving spiders, extend their lacework, the grace of the designs being even less attractive than the beauty of the creatures that elaborate them.

Such of them as live in the woods select with singular sagacity the bridle-paths and narrow passages for expanding their nets; perceiving no doubt that the larger insects frequent these openings for facility of movement through the jungle; and that the smaller ones are carried towards them by currents of air. Their nets are stretched across the path from four to eight feet above the ground, suspended from projecting shoots, and attached, if possible, to thorny shrubs; and they sometimes exhibit the most remarkable scenes of carnage and destruction. I have taken down a ball as large as a man's head consisting of successive layers rolled together, in the heart of which was the original den of the family, whilst the envelope was formed, sheet after sheet, by coils of the old web filled with the wings and limbs of insects of all descriptions, from large moths and butterflies to mosquitoes and minute coleoptera. Each layer appeared to have been originally hung across the passage to intercept the expected prey; and, when it had become surcharged with carcases, to have been loosened, tossed over by the wind or its own weight, and wrapped round the nucleus in the centre, the spider replacing it by a fresh sheet, to be in turn detached and added to the mass within.

Separated by marked peculiarities both of structure and instinct, from the spiders which live in the open air, and busy themselves in providing food during the day, the _Mygale fasciata_ is not only sluggish in its habits, but disgusting in its form and dimensions. Its colour is a gloomy brown, interrupted by irregular blotches and faint bands (whence its trivial name); it is sparingly sprinkled with hairs, and its limbs, when expanded, stretch over an area of six to eight inches in diameter. It is familiar to Europeans in Ceylon, who have given it the name, and ascribed to it the fabulous propensities, of the Tarentula.[1]

[Footnote 1: Species of the true _Tarentula_ are not uncommon in Ceylon; they are all of very small size, and perfectly harmless.]

The Mygale is found abundantly in the northern and eastern parts of the island, and occasionally in dark unfrequented apartments in the western province; but its inclinations are solitary, and it shuns the busy traffic of towns.

The largest specimens I have seen were at Gampola in the vicinity of Kandy, and one taken in the store-room of the rest-house there, nearly covered with its legs an ordinary-sized breakfast plate.[1]

[Footnote 1: See Plate opposite.]

This hideous creature does not weave a broad web or spin a net like other spiders, but nevertheless it forms a comfortable mansion in the wall of a neglected building, the hollow of a tree, or under the eave of an overhanging stone. This it lines throughout with a tapestry of silk of a tubular form; and of a texture so exquisitely fine and closely woven, that no moisture can penetrate it. The extremity of the tube is carried out to the entrance, where it expands into a little platform, stayed by braces to the nearest objects that afford a firm hold. In particular situations, where the entrance is exposed to the wind, the mygale, on the approach of the monsoon, extends the strong tissue above it so as to serve as an awning to prevent the access of rain.

The construction of this silken dwelling is exclusively designed for the domestic luxury of the spider; it serves no purpose in trapping or securing prey, and no external disturbance of the web tempts the creature to sally out to surprise an intruder, as the epeira and its congeners would.

By day it remains concealed in its den, whence it issues at night to feed on larvæ and worms, devouring cockroaches and their pupæ, and attacking the millepeds, gryllotalpæ, and other fleshy insects.

Mr. EDGAR L. LAYARD has described[1] an encounter between a Mygale and a cockroach, which he witnessed in the madua of a temple at Alittane, between Anarajapoora and Dambool. When about a yard apart, each discerned the other and stood still, the spider with his legs slightly bent and his body raised, the cockroach confronting him and directing his antennæ with a restless undulation towards his enemy. The spider, by stealthy movements, approached to within a few inches and paused, both parties eyeing each other intently; then suddenly a rush, a scuffle, and both fell to the ground, when the blatta's wings closed, the spider seized it under the throat with his claws, and dragged it into a corner, when the action of his jaws was distinctly audible. Next morning Mr. Layard found that the soft parts of the body had been eaten, nothing but the head, thorax, and clytra remaining.

[Footnote 1: _Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist._ May, 1853.]

But, in addition to minor and ignoble prey, the Mygale rests under the imputation of seizing small birds and feasting on their blood. The author who first gave popular currency to this story was Madame MERIAN, a zoological artist of the last century, many of whose drawings are still preserved in the Museums of St. Petersburg, Holland, and England. In a work on the Insects of Surinam, published in 1705[1], she figured the _Mygale aricularia_, in the act of devouring a humming-bird. The accuracy of her statement has since been impugned[2] by a correspondent of the Zoological Society of London, on the ground that the mygale makes no net, but lives in recesses, to which no humming-bird would resort; and hence, the writer somewhat illogically declares, that he "disbelieves the existence of any bird-catching spider."

[Footnote 1: _Dissertatio de Generatione et Metamorphosibus Insectorum Surinamensium_, Amst. 1701. Fol.]

[Footnote 2: By Mr. MACLEAY in a paper communicated to the Zoological Society of London, _Proc._ 1834, p. 12.]

Some years later, however, the same writer felt it incumbent on him to qualify this hasty conclusion[1], in consequence of having seen at Sydney an enormous spider, the _Epeira diadema_, in the act of sucking the juices of a bird (the _Zosterops dorsalis_ of Vigors and Horsfield), which, it had caught in the meshes of its geometrical net. This circumstance, however, did not in his opinion affect the case of the _Mygale_; and even as regards the _Epeira_, Mr. MacLeay, who witnessed the occurrence, was inclined to believe the instance to be accidental and exceptional; "an exception indeed so rare, that no other person had ever witnessed the fact."

[Footnote 1: See _Ann. and Mag. of Nat. Hist._ for 1842, vol. viii. p. 324.]

Subsequent observation has, however, served to sustain the story of Madame Merian.[1] Baron Walckenær and Latreille both corroborated it by other authorities; and M. Moreau da Jonnès, who studied the habits of the Mygale in Martinique, says it hunts far and wide in search of its prey, conceals itself beneath leaves for the purpose of surprising them, and climbs the branches of trees to devour the young of the humming-bird, and of the _Certhia flaveola_. As to its mode of attack, M. Jonnès says that when it throws itself on its victim it clings to it by the double hooks of its tarsi, and strives to reach the back of the head, to insert its jaws between the skull and the vertebræ.[2]

[Footnote 1: See authorities quoted by Mr. SHUCKARD in the _Ann. and Mag. of Nat. Hist._ 1842, vol. viii. p. 436, &c.]

[Footnote 2: At a meeting of the Entomological Society, July 20, 1855, a paper was read by Mr. H.W. BATES, who stated that in 1849 at Cameta in Brazil, he "was attracted by a curious movement of the large grayish brown Mygale on the trunk of a vast tree: it was close beneath a deep crevice or chink in the tree, across which this species weaves a dense web, at one end open for its exit and entrance. In the present instance the lower part of the web was broken, and two small finches were entangled in its folds. The finch was about the size of the common Siskin of Europe, and he judged the two to be male and female; one of them was quite dead, but secured in the broken web; the other was under the body of the spider, not quite dead, and was covered in parts with a filthy liquor or saliva exuded by the monster. "The species of spider," Mr. Bates says, "I cannot name; it is wholly of a gray brown colour, and clothed with coarse pile." "If the Mygales," he adds, "did not prey upon vertebrated animals, I do not see how they could find sufficient subsistence."--_The Zoologist_, vol. xiii. p. 480.]

For my own part, no instance came to my knowledge in Ceylon of a mygale attacking a bird; but PERCIVAL, who wrote his account of the island in 1805, describes an enormous spider (possibly an Epeirid) thinly covered with hair which "makes webs strong enough to entangle and hold even small birds that form its usual food."[1]

[Footnote 1: PERCIVAL'S _Ceylon_, p. 313.]

The fact of its living on millepeds, blattæ, and crickets, is universally known; and a lady who lived at Marandahn, near Colombo, told me that she had, on one occasion, seen a little house-lizard (_gecko_) seized and devoured by one of these ugly spiders.

Walckenær has described a spider of large size, under the name of _Olios Taprobanius_, which is very common in Ceylon, and conspicuous from the fiery hue of the under surface, the remainder being covered with gray hair so short and fine that the body seems almost denuded. It spins a moderate-sized web, hung vertically between two sets of strong lines, stretched one above the other athwart the pathways. Some of the threads thus carried horizontally from tree to tree at a considerable height from the ground are so strong as to cause a painful check across the face when moving quickly against them; and more than once in riding I have had my hat lifted off my head by one of these cords.[1]

[Footnote 1: Over the country generally are scattered species of _Gasteracantha_, remarkable for their firm shell-covered bodies, with projecting knobs arranged in pairs. In habit these anomalous-looking _Epeirdæ_ appear to differ in no respect from the rest of the family, waylaying their prey in similar situations and in the same manner.

Another very singular subgenus, met with in Ceylon, is distinguished by the abdomen being dilated behind, and armed with two long spines, arching obliquely backwards. These abnormal kinds are not so handsomely coloured as the smaller species of typical form.]

An officer in the East India Company's Service[1], in a communication to the Asiatic Society of Bengal, describes the gigantic web of a black and red spider six inches in diameter, (his description of which, both in colour and size, seems to point to some species closely allied to the _Olios Taprobanius_,) which he saw near Monghyr on the Ganges; in this web "a bird was entangled, and the young spiders, eight in number, and entirely of a brick red colour, were feeding on the carcase."[2]

[Footnote 1: Capt. Sherwill.]

[Footnote 2: _Jour. Asiat. Soc. Bengal_, 1850, vol. xix. p. 475.]

The voracious _Galeodes_ has not yet been noticed in Ceylon; but its carnivorous propensities are well known in those parts of Hindustan, where it is found, and where it lives upon crickets, coleoptera and other insects, as well as small lizards and birds. This "tiger of the insect world," as it has aptly been designated by a gentleman who was a witness to its ferocity[1], was seen to attack a young sparrow half grown, and seize it by the thigh, _which it sawed through_. The "savage then caught the bird by the throat, and put an end to its sufferings by cutting off its head." "On another occasion," says the same authority, "Dr. Baddeley confined one of these spiders under a glass wall-shade with two young musk-rats (_Sorex Indicus_), both of which it destroyed." It must be added, however, that neither in the instance of the bird, of the lizard, or the rats, did the galeodes devour its prey after killing it.

[Footnote 1: Capt. Hutton. See a paper on the _Galeodes voræ_ in the _Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal_, vol. xi. Part 11. p. 860.]

In the hills around Pusilawa, I have seen the haunts of a curious species of long-legged spiders[1], popularly called "harvest-men," which congregate in hollow trees and in holes in the banks by the roadside, in groups of from fifty to a hundred, that to a casual observer look like bunches of horse-hair. This appearance is produced by the long and slender legs of these creatures, which are of a shining black, whilst their bodies, so small as to be mere specks, are concealed beneath them. The same spider is found in the low country near Galle, but there it shows no tendency to become gregarious. Can it be that they thus assemble in groups in the hills for the sake of accumulated warmth at the cool altitude of 4000 feet?

[Footnote 1: _Phalangium bisignatum_.]

_Ticks_.--Ticks are to be classed among the intolerable nuisances to the Ceylon traveller. They live in immense numbers in the jungle[1], and attaching themselves to the plants by the two forelegs, lie in wait to catch at unwary animals as they pass. A shower of these diminutive vermin will sometimes drop from a branch, if unluckily shaken, and disperse themselves over the body, each fastening on the neck, the ears, and eyelids, and inserting a barbed proboscis. They burrow, with their heads pressed as far as practicable under the skin, causing a sensation of smarting, as if particles of red hot sand had been scattered over the flesh. If torn from their hold, the suckers remain behind and form an ulcer. The only safe expedient is to tolerate the agony of their penetration till a drop of coco-nut oil or the juice of a lime can be applied, when these little furies drop off without further ill consequences. One very large species, dappled with grey, attaches itself to the buffaloes.

[Footnote 1: Dr. HOOKER, in his _Himalayan Journal_, vol. i. p. 279, in speaking of the multitude of those creatures in the mountains of Nepal, wonders what they tend to feed on, as in these humid forests in which they literally swarmed, there was neither pathway nor animal life. In Ceylon they abound everywhere in the plains on the low brush-wood; and in the very driest seasons they are quite as numerous as at other times. In the mountain zone, which is more humid, they are less prevalent. Dogs are tormented by them: and they display something closely allied to cunning in always fastening on an animal in those parts where they cannot be torn off by his paws; on his eye-brows, the tips of his ears, and the back of his neck. With a corresponding instinct I have always observed in the gambols of the Pariah dogs, that they invariably commence their attentions by mutually gnawing each other's ears and necks, as if in pursuit of ticks from places from which each is unable to expel them for himself. Horses have a similar instinct; and when they meet, they apply their teeth to the roots of the ears of their companions, to the neck and the crown of the head. The buffaloes and oxen are relieved of ticks by the crows which rest on their backs as they browse, and free them from these pests. In the low country the same acceptable office is performed by the "cattle-keeper heron" (_Ardea bubulcus_), which is "sure to be found in attendance on them while grazing; and the animals seem to know their benefactors, and stand quietly, while the birds peck their tormentors from their flanks."--_Mag. Nat. Hist._ p. 111, 1844.]

_Mites_.--The _Trombidium tinctorum_ of Hermann is found about Aripo, and generally over the northern provinces,--where after a shower of rain or heavy night's dew, they appear in countless myriads. It is about half an inch long, like a tuft of crimson velvet, and imparts its colouring matter readily to any fluid in which it may be immersed. It feeds on vegetable juices, and is perfectly innocuous. Its European representative, similarly tinted, and found in garden mould, is commonly called the "Little red pillion."

MYRIAPODS.--The certainty with which an accidental pressure or unguarded touch is resented and retorted by a bite, makes the centipede, when it has taken up its temporary abode, within a sleeve or the fold of a dress, by far the most unwelcome of all the Singhalese assailants. The great size, too (little short of a foot in length), to which it sometimes attains, renders it formidable, and, apart from the apprehension of unpleasant consequences from a wound, one shudders at the bare idea of such a hideous creature crawling over the skin, beneath the innermost folds of one's garments.

At the head of the _Myriapods_, and pre-eminent from a superiorly-developed organisation, stands the genus _Cermatia_: singular-looking objects; mounted upon slender legs, of gradually increasing length from front to rear, the hind ones in some species being amazingly prolonged, and all handsomely marked with brown annuli in concentric arches. These myriapods are harmless, excepting to woodlice, spiders, and young cockroaches, which form their ordinary prey. They are rarely to be seen; but occasionally at daybreak, after a more than usually abundant repast, they may be observed motionless, and resting with their regularly extended limbs nearly flat against the walls. On being disturbed they dart away with a surprising velocity, to conceal themselves in chinks until the return of night.

But the species to be really dreaded are the true _Scolopendræ_, which are active and carnivorous, living in holes in old walls and other gloomy dens. One species[1] attains to nearly the length of a foot, with corresponding breadth; it is of a dark purple colour, approaching black, with yellowish legs and antennæ, and in its whole aspect repulsive and frightful. It is strong and active, and evinces an eager disposition to fight when molested. The _Scolopendræ_ are gifted by nature with a rigid coriaceous armour, which does not yield to common pressure, or even to a moderate blow; so that they often escape the most well-deserved and well-directed attempts to destroy them, seeking refuge in retreats which effectually conceal them from sight.

[Footnote 1: _Scolopendra crassa_, Temp.]

There is a smaller species[1], that frequents dwelling-houses; it is about one quarter the size of the preceding, and of a dirty olive colour, with pale ferruginous legs. It is this species that generally inflicts the wound, when persons complain of being bitten by a scorpion; and it has a mischievous propensity for insinuating itself into the folds of dress. The bite at first does not occasion more suffering than would arise from the penetration of two coarsely-pointed needles; but after a little time the wound swells, becomes acutely painful, and if it be over a bone or any other resisting part, the sensation is so intolerable as to produce fever. The agony subsides after a few hours' duration. In some cases the bite is unattended by any particular degree of annoyance, and in these instances it is to be supposed that the contents of the poison gland had become exhausted by previous efforts, since, if much tasked, the organ requires rest to enable it to resume its accustomed functions and to secrete a supply of venom.

[Footnote 1: _Scolopendra pallipes_.]

_The Fish-insect_.--The chief inconvenience of a residence in Ceylon, both on the coast and in the mountains, is the prevalence of damp, and the difficulty of protecting articles liable to injury from this cause. Books, papers, and manuscripts rapidly decay; especially during the south-west monsoon, when the atmosphere is saturated with moisture. Unless great precautions are taken, the binding fades and yields, the leaves grow mouldy and stained, and letter-paper, in an incredibly short time, becomes so spotted and spongy as to be unfit for use. After a very few seasons of neglect, a book falls to pieces, and its decomposition attracts hordes of minute insects, that swarm to assist in the work of destruction. The concealment of these tiny creatures during daylight renders it difficult to watch their proceedings, or to discriminate the precise species most actively engaged; but there is every reason to believe that the larvæ of the death-watch and numerous acari are amongst the most active. As nature seldom peoples a region supplied with abundance of suitable food, without, at the same time, taking measures of precaution against the disproportionate increase of individuals; so have these vegetable depredators been provided with foes who pursue and feed greedily upon them. These are of widely different genera; but instead of their services being gratefully recognised, they are popularly branded as accomplices in the work of destruction. One of these ill-used creatures is a tiny, tail-less scorpion (_Chelifer_[1]), and another is the pretty little silvery creature (_Lepisma_), called by Europeans the "fish-insect."[2]

[Footnote 1: Of the first of these, three species have been noticed in Ceylon, all with the common characteristics of being nocturnal, very active, very minute, of a pale chesnut colour, and each armed with a crab-like claw. They are

_Chelifer Librorum_, Temp. _Chelifer oblongus_, Temp. _Chelifer acaroides_, Hermann.

Dr. Templeton appears to have been puzzled to account for the appearance of the latter species in Ceylon, so far from its native country, but it has most certainly been introduced from Europe, in Dutch or Portuguese books.]

[Footnote 2: _Lepisma niveo-fasciata_, Templeton, and _L. niger_, Temp. It was called "Lepisma" by Fabricius, from its fish-like scales. It has six legs, filiform antenna, and the abdomen terminated by three elongated setæ, two of which are placed nearly at right angles to the central one. LINNÆUS states that the European species, with which book collectors are familiar, was first brought in sugar ships from America. Hence, possibly, these are more common in seaport towns in the South of England and elsewhere, and it is almost certain that, like the chelifer, one of the species found on book-shelves in Ceylon, has been brought thither from Europe.]

The latter, which is a familiar genus, comprises several species, of which only two have as yet been described; one is of a large size, most graceful in its movements, and singularly beautiful in appearance, owing to the whiteness of the pearly scales from which its name is derived. These, contrasted with the dark hue of the other parts, and its tri-partite tail, attract the eye as the insect darts rapidly along. Like the chelifer, it shuns the light, hiding in chinks till sunset, but is actively engaged throughout the night feasting on the acari and soft-bodied insects which assail books and papers.

_Millepeds_.--In the hot dry season, and more especially in the northern portions of the island, the eye is attracted along the edges of the sandy roads by fragments of the dislocated rings of a huge species of millepede[1], lying in short curved tubes, the cavity admitting the tip of the little finger. When perfect the creature is two-thirds of a foot long, of a brilliant jet black, and with above a hundred yellow legs, which, when moving onward, present the appearance of a series of undulations from rear to front, bearing the animal gently forwards. This _Julus_ is harmless, and may be handled with perfect impunity. Its food consists chiefly of fruits and the roots and stems of succulent vegetables, its jaws not being framed for any more formidable purpose. Another and a very pretty species[2], quite as black, but with a bright crimson band down the back, and the legs similarly tinted, is common in the gardens about Colombo and throughout the western province.

[Footnote 1: _Julus ater_.]

[Footnote 2: _Julus carnifex_, Fab.]

CRUSTACEA.--The seas around Ceylon abound with marine articulata; but a knowledge of the crustacea of the island is at present a desideratum; and with the exception of the few commoner species that frequent the shores, or are offered in the markets, we are literally without information, excepting the little that can be gleaned from already published systematic works.

In the bazaars several species of edible crabs are exposed for sale; and amongst the delicacies at the tables of Europeans, curries made from prawns and lobsters are the triumphs of the Ceylon cuisine. Of these latter the fishermen sometimes exhibit specimens[1] of extraordinary dimensions and of a beautiful purple hue, variegated with white. Along the level shore north and south of Colombo, and in no less profusion elsewhere, the nimble little Calling Crabs[2] scamper over the moist sands, carrying aloft the enormous hand (sometimes larger than the rest of the body), which is their peculiar characteristic, and which, from its beckoning gesture has suggested their popular name. They hurry to conceal themselves in the deep retreats which they hollow out in the banks that border the sea.

[Footnote 1: _Palinurus ornatus_, Fab. P--n. s.]

[Footnote 2: _Gelasimus tetragonon_? Edw.; _G. annulipes_? Edw.; _G. Dussumieri_? Edw.]

_Sand Crabs_.--In the same localities, or a little farther inland, the _Ocypode_[1] burrows in the dry soil, making deep excavations, bringing up literally armfulls of sand; which with a spring in the air, and employing its other limbs, it jerks far from its burrows, distributing it in a circle to the distance of several feet.[2] So inconvenient are the operations of these industrious pests that men are kept regularly employed at Colombo in filling up the holes formed by them on the surface of the Galle face. This, the only equestrian promenade of the capital, is so infested by these active little creatures that accidents often occur through horses stumbling in their troublesome excavations.

[Footnote 1: _Ocypode ceratophthamus_. Pall.]

[Footnote 2: _Ann. Nat. Hist_. April, 1852. Paper by Mr. EDGAR L. LAYARD.]

_Painted Crabs_.--On the reef of rocks which lies to the south of the harbour at Colombo, the beautiful little painted crabs[1], distinguished by dark red markings on a yellow ground, may be seen all day long running nimbly in the spray, and ascending and descending in security the almost perpendicular sides of the rocks which are washed by the waves. _Paddling Crabs_[2], with the hind pair of legs terminated by flattened plates to assist them in swimming, are brought up in the fishermen's nets. _Hermit Crabs_ take possession of the deserted shells of the univalves, and crawl in pursuit of garbage along the moist beach. Prawns and shrimps furnish delicacies for the breakfast table; and the delicate little pea crab, _Pontonia inflata_[3], recalls its Mediterranean congener[4], which attracted the attention of Aristotle, from taking up its habitation in the shell of the living pinna.

[Footnote 1: _Grapsus strigosus_, Herbst.]

[Footnote 2: _Neptunus pelagicus_, Linn.; _N. sanguinolentus_, Herbst, &c. &c.]

[Footnote 3: MILNE EDW., _Hist. Nat. Crust_., vol. ii. p. 360.]

[Footnote 4: _Pinnotheres veterum_.]

ANNELIDÆ.--The marine _Annelides_ of the island have not as yet been investigated; a cursory glance, however, amongst the stones, on the beach at Trincomalie and in the pools that afford convenient basins for examining them, would lead to the belief that the marine species are not numerous; tubicole genera, as well as some nereids, are found, but there seems to be little diversity, though it is not impossible that a closer scrutiny might be repaid by the discovery of some interesting forms.

_Leeches_.--Of all the plagues which beset the traveller in the rising grounds of Ceylon, the most detested are the land leeches.[1] They are not frequent in the plains. which are too hot and dry for them; but amongst the rank vegetation in the lower ranges of the hill country, which is kept damp by frequent showers, they are found in tormenting profusion. They are terrestrial, never visiting ponds or streams. In size they are about an inch in length, and as fine as a common knitting needle; but they are capable of distension till they equal a quill in thickness, and attain a length of nearly two inches. Their structure is so flexible that they can insinuate themselves through the meshes of the finest stocking, not only seizing on the feet and ankles, but ascending to the back and throat and fastening on the tenderest parts of the body. In order to exclude them, the coffee planters, who live amongst these pests, are obliged to envelope their legs in "leech gaiters" made of closely woven cloth. The natives smear their bodies with oil, tobacco ashes, or lemon juice[2]; the latter serving not only to stop the flow of blood, but to expedite the healing of the wounds. In moving, the land leeches have the power of planting one extremity on the earth and raising the other perpendicularly to watch for their victim. Such is their vigilance and instinct, that on the approach of a passer-by to a spot which they infest, they may be seen amongst the grass and fallen leaves on the edge of a native path, poised erect, and preparing for their attack on man and horse. On descrying their prey they advance rapidly by semi-circular strides, fixing one end firmly and arching the other forwards, till by successive advances they can lay hold of the traveller's foot, when they disengage themselves from the ground and ascend his dress in search of an aperture to enter. In these encounters the individuals in the rear of a party of travellers in the jungle invariably fare worst, as the leeches, once warned of their approach, congregate with singular celerity. Their size is so insignificant, and the wound they make is so skilfully punctured, that both are generally imperceptible, and the first intimation of their onslaught is the trickling of the blood or a chill feeling of the leech when it begins to hang heavily on the skin from being distended by its repast. Horses are driven wild by them, and stamp the ground in fury to shake them from their fetlocks, to which they hang in bloody tassels. The bare legs of the palankin bearers and coolies are a favourite resort; and, as their hands are too much engaged to be spared to pull them off, the leeches hang like bunches of grapes round their ankles; and I have seen the blood literally flowing over the ledge of a European's shoe from their innumerable bites. In healthy constitutions the wounds, if not irritated, generally heal, occasioning no other inconvenience than a slight inflammation and itching; but in those with a bad state of body, the punctures, if rubbed, are liable to degenerate into ulcers, which may lead to the loss of limb or even of life. Both Marshall and Davy mention, that during the march of troops in the mountains, when the Kandyans were in rebellion, in 1818, the soldiers, and especially the Madras sepoys, with the pioneers and coolies, suffered so severely from this cause that numbers perished.[3]

[Footnote 1: _Hæmadipsa Ceylanica_. Bose. Blainv. These pests are not, however, confined to Ceylon, they infest the lower ranges of the Himalaya.--HOOKER, vol. i. p. 107; vol. ii. p. 54. THUNBERG, who records (_Travels_, vol. iv. p. 232) having seen them in Ceylon, likewise met with them in the forests and slopes of Batavia. MARSDEN (_Hist_. p. 311) complains of them dropping on travellers in Sumatra. KNORR found them at Japan; and it is affirmed that they abound in islands farther to the eastward. M. GAY encountered them in Chili.--(MOQUIN-TANDON, _Hirudinées_, p. 211, 346). It is very doubtful, however, whether all these are to be referred to one species. M. DE BLAINVILLE, under _H. Ceylanica_, in the _Dict. de Scien. Nat_. vol. xlvii. p. 271, quotes M. Bosc as authority for the kind, which that naturalist describes being "rouges et tachetées;" which is scarcely applicable to the Singhalese species. It is more than probable therefore, considering the period at which M. BOSC wrote, that he obtained his information from travellers to the further east, and has connected with the habitat universally ascribed to them from old KNOX'S work (Part 1. chap. vi.) a meagre description, more properly belonging to the land leech of Batavia or Japan. In all likelihood, therefore, there may be a _H. Boscii_, distinct from the _H. Ceylanica_. That which is found in Ceylon is round, a little flattened on the inferior surface, largest at the anal extremity, thence gradually tapering forward, and with the anal sucker composed of four rings, and wider in proportion than in other species.

It is of a clear brown colour, with a yellow stripe the entire length of each side, and a greenish dorsal one. The body is formed of 100 rings; the eyes, of which there are five pairs, are placed in an arch on the dorsal surface; the first four pairs occupying contiguous rings (thus differing from the water-leeches, which have an unoccupied ring betwixt the third and fourth); the fifth pair are located on the seventh ring, two vacant rings intervening. To Mr. Thwaites, Director of the Botanic Garden at Peradenia, who at my request examined their structure minutely, I am indebted for the following most interesting particulars respecting them. "I have been giving a little time to the examination of the land leech. I find it to have five pairs of ocelli, the first four seated on corresponding segments, and the posterior pair on the seventh segment or ring, the fifth and sixth rings being eyeless (_fig_. A). The mouth is very retractile, and the aperture is shaped as in ordinary leeches. The serratures of the teeth, or rather the teeth themselves, are very beautiful. Each of the three 'teeth,' or cutting instruments, is principally muscular, the muscular body being very clearly seen. The rounded edge in which the teeth are set appears to be cartilaginous in structure; the teeth are very numerous, (_fig_. B); but some near the base have a curious appendage, apparently (I have not yet made this out quite satisfactorily) set upon one side. I have not yet been able to detect the anal or sexual pores. The anal sucker seems to be formed of four rings, and on each side above is a sort of crenated flesh-like appendage. The tint of the common species is yellowish-brown or snuff-coloured, streaked with black, with a yellow-greenish dorsal, and another lateral line along its whole length. There is a larger species to be found in this garden with a broad green dorsal fascia; but I have not been able to procure one although I have offered a small reward to any coolie who will bring me one." In a subsequent communication Mr. Thwaites remarks "that the dorsal longitudinal fascia is of the same width as the lateral ones, and differs only in being perhaps slightly more green; the colour of the three fasciæ varies from brownish-yellow to bright green." He likewise states "that the rings which compose the body are just 100, and the teeth 70 to 80 in each set, in a single row, except to one end, where they are in a double row."]

[Footnote 2: The Minorite friar, ODORIC of Portenau. writing in A.D. 1320, says that the gem-finders who sought the jewels around Adam's Peak, "take lemons which they peel, anointing themselves with the juice thereof, so that the leeches may not be able to hurt them."--HAKLUYT, _Voy._ vol. ii. p. 58.]

[Footnote 3: DAVY'S _Ceylon_, p. 104; MARSHALL'S _Ceylon_, p. 15.]

One circumstance regarding these land leeches is remarkable and unexplained; they are helpless without moisture, and in the hills where they abound at all other times, they entirely disappear during long droughts;--yet re-appear instantaneously on the very first fall of rain; and in spots previously parched, where not one was visible an hour before, a single shower is sufficient to reproduce them in thousands, lurking beneath the decaying leaves, or striding with rapid movements across the gravel. Whence do they re-appear? Do they, too, take a "summer sleep," like the reptiles, molluscs, and tank fishes? or may they, like the _Rotifera_, be dried up and preserved for an indefinite period, resuming their vital activity on the mere recurrence of moisture?[1]

[Footnote 1: See an account of the _Rotifera_ and their faculty of repeated vivifaction, in the note appended to this chapter.]

Besides a species of the medicinal leech, which[1] is found in Ceylon, nearly double the size of the European one, and with a prodigious faculty of engorging blood, there is another pest in the low country, which is a source of considerable annoyance, and often of loss, to the husbandman. This is the cattle leech[2], which infests the stagnant pools, chiefly in the alluvial lands around the base of the mountain zone, whither the cattle resort by day, and the wild animals by night, to quench their thirst and to bathe. Lurking amongst the rank vegetation that fringes these deep pools, and hid by the broad leaves, or concealed among the stems and roots covered by the water, there are quantities of these pests in wait to attack the animals on their approach to drink. Their natural food consists of the juices of lumbrici and other invertebrata; but they generally avail themselves of the opportunity afforded by the dipping of the muzzles of the animals in the water to fasten on their nostrils, and by degrees to make their way to the deeper recesses of the nasal passages, and the mucous membranes of the throat and gullet. As many as a dozen have been found attached to the epiglottis and pharynx of a bullock, producing such irritation and submucous effusion that death has eventually ensued; and so tenacious are the leeches that even after death they retain their hold for some hours.[3]

[Footnote 1: _Hirudo sanguisorba_. The paddi-field leech of Ceylon, used for surgical purposes, has the dorsal surface of blackish olive, with several longitudinal striæ, more or less defined; the crenated margin yellow. The ventral surface is fulvous, bordered laterally with olive; the extreme margin yellow. The eyes are ranged as in the common medicinal leech of Europe; the four anterior ones rather larger than the others. The teeth are 140 in each series, appearing as a single row; in size diminishing gradually from one end, very close set, and about half the width of a tooth apart. When full grown, these leeches are about two inches long, but reaching to six inches when extended. Mr. Thwaites, to whom I am indebted for these particulars, adds that he saw in a tank at Kolona Korle leeches which appeared to him flatter and of a darker colour than those described above, but that he had not an opportunity of examining them particularly.

Mr. Thwaites states that there is a smaller tank leech of an olive-green colour, with some indistinct longitudinal striæ on the upper surface; the crenated margin of a pale yellowish-green; ocelli as in the paddi-field leech; length, one inch at rest, three inches when extended.

Mr. E.L. LAYARD informs us, _Mag. Nat. Hist_. p. 225, 1853, that a bubbling spring at the village of Tonniotoo, three miles S.W. of Moeletivoe, supplies most of the leeches used in the island. Those in use at Colombo are obtained in the immediate vicinity.]

[Footnote 2: _Hæmopsis paludum_. In size the cattle leech of Ceylon is somewhat larger than the medicinal leech of Europe: in colour it is of a uniform brown without bands, unless a rufous margin may be so considered. It has dark striæ. The body is somewhat rounded, flat when swimming, and composed of rather more than ninety rings. The greatest dimension is a little in advance of the anal sucker; the body thence tapers to the other extremity, which ends in an upper lip projecting considerably beyond the mouth. The eyes, ten in number, are disposed as in the common leech. The mouth is oval, the biting apparatus with difficulty seen, and the teeth not very numerous. The bite is so little acute that the moment of attachment, and the incision of the membrane is scarcely perceived by the sufferer from its attack.]

[Footnote 3: Even men, when stooping to drink at a pool, are not safe from the assault of the cattle leeches. They cannot penetrate the human skin, but the delicate membrane of the mucous passages is easily ruptured by their serrated jaws. Instances have come to my knowledge of Europeans into whose nostrils they had gained admission and caused serious disturbance.]

* * * * *

ARTICULATA.

_APTERA_.

THYSANURA.

Podura _albicollis_. _atricollis_. _viduata_. _pilosa_.

Archoreutes _coccinea_.

Lepisma nigrofasciara, _Temp_. _nigra._

ARACHNIDA.

Buthus afer. _Linn_. Ceylonicus, _Koch_.

Scorpio _linearis_.

Chelifer librorum. _oblongus_.

Obisium _crassifemur_.

Phrynus lunatus, _Pall_.

Thelyphonus caudatus, _Linn._

Phalangium _bisignatum_.

Mygale fasciata, _Walck_.

Olios taprobanius, _Walck_.

Nephila ... ?

Trombidium tinctorum, _Herm_.

Oribata ... ?

Ixodes ... ?

MYRIAPODA.

Cermatia _dispar_.

Lithobius _umbratilis_.

Scolopendra _crassa_. spinosa, _Newp_. _pallipes_. _Grayii_? _Newp_. tuberculidens, _Newp_. Ceylonensis, _Newp_. flava, _Newp_. _olivacea_. _abdominalis_,

Cryptops _sordidus_. _assimilis_.

Geophilus _tegularius_. _speciosus_.

Julus _ater_. carnifex, _Fabr_. _pallipes_. _fiaviceps_. _pallidus_.

Craspedosoma _juloides_. _præusta_.

Polydesmus _granulatus_.

Cambala _catenulata_.

Zephronia _conspicua_.

_CRUSTACEA_.

DECAPODA BHACHTUEA.

_Polybius_.

Neptunus pelagicus, _Linn._ sanguinolentus, _Herbst_.

Thalamlta ... ?

Thelphusa _Indica, Latr_.

_Cardisoma_ ... ?

Ocypoda ceratophthalmus, _Pall_, _macrocera, Edw_.

Gelasimus _tetragonon, Edw_. _annulipes, Edw_.

Macrophthalmus _carinimanus, Latr_.

Grapsus _messor, Forsk_. strigosus, _Herbst_.

Plagusia depressa, _Fabr_.

Calappa philargus, _Linn._ _tuberculata, Fabr_.

Matota victor, _Fabr_.

Leucosia _fugax, Fabr_.

_Dorippe_.

DECAPODA ANOMURA.

_Dromia_ ... ?

Hippa Asiatica, _Edw_.

Pagurus affinis, _Edw_. _punctulatus, Oliv_.

_Porcellana_ ... ?

DECAPODA MACRURA.

Scyllarus _orientalis, Fabr_.

Palinurus ornatus, _Fabr_. affinis, _N.S._

_Crangon_ ... ?

_Alpheus_ ... ?

Pomonia inflata, _Edw_.

Palæmon carcinus, _Fabr_.

Steaopus ... ?

Peneus ...?

STOMATOPODA.

_Squilla_ ... ?

Gonodactylus chiragra, _Fabr_.

_CIRRHIPEDIA_.

_Lepas_.

_Balanus_.

_ANNELIDA_.

Tubicolæ.

Dorsibranchiata.

Abranchia. Hirudo _sanguisorba_. _Thwaitesii_. Hæmopsis _paludum_. Hæmadipsa Ceylana. _Blainv_.

Lumbricus ... ?

* * * * *

NOTE

ON THE FACULTY OF REPEATED RE-VIVIFICATION POSSESSED BY THE _ROTIFERA_, ETC.

The _Rotifer_, a singular creature, although it can only truly live in water, inhabits the moss on house-tops, dying each time the sun dries up its place of retreat, to revive as often as a shower of rain supplies it with the moisture essential to its existence; thus employing several years to exhaust the eighteen days of life which nature has allotted to it. These creatures were discovered by LEUWENHOECK, and have become the types of a class already numerous, which undergo the same conditions of life, and possess the same faculty. Besides the _Rotifera_, the _Tardigrades_, (which belong to the _Acari_,) and certain paste-eels, all exhibit a similar phenomenon. But although these different species may die and be resuscitated several times in succession, this power has its limits, and each successive experiment generally proves fatal to one or more individuals. SPALLANZANI, in his experiments on the _Rotifera_, did not find that any survived after the sixteenth alternation of desiccation and damping, but paste-eels bore seventeen of those vicissitudes.

SPALLANZANI, after thoroughly drying sand rich in _Rotifera_, kept it for more than three years, moistening portions taken from it every five or six months. BAKER went further still in his experiments on paste-eels, for he kept the paste from which they had been taken, without moistening it in any way, for twenty-seven years, and at the end of that time the eels revived on being immersed in a drop of water. _If they had exhausted their lives all at once and without these intermissions, these Rotifera and paste-eels would not have lived beyond sixteen or eighteen consecutive days._

To remove all doubt as to the complete desiccation of the animalcules experimented on by SPALLANZANI and BAKER, M. DOYÈRE has published, in the _Annales des Sciences Naturales_ for 1842, the results of his own observation, in cases in which the mosses containing the insects were dried under the receiver of an air-pump and left there for a week; after which they were placed in a stove heated to 267° Fahr., and yet, when again immersed in water, a number of the _Rotifera_ became as lively as ever.

Further particulars of these experiments will be found in the Appendix to the _Rambles of a Naturalist, &c._, by M. QUARTREFAGE.

INDEX.

* * * * *

ABOU-ZEYD, his account of fish on dry land, 350 n. Abyssinia, fishes of, 352. _Acalephæ_, 398. _See_ Radiata. Acanthopterygii, 360. Accipitres, 245. _Acherontia Sathanas_, 427 Adam's Peak, elephants on the summit, 109. Ælian's account of the mermaid, 69. his statement as to the export of elephants from Ceylon, 77 _n_., 209 _n_. error as to the shedding of the elephant's tusks, 79 _n_. describes elephants killing criminals with their knees. 87 _n_. error as to elephants' joints, 102. his account of Ceylon tortoises, 293. his account of the superiority of the elephants of Ceylon, 209 _n_. his description of the performances of the trained elephants at Rome, 237. his account of the sword-fish, 328. describes a _Cheironectes_, 331. African elephant, its peculiarities, 65. not inferior to the Indian in tractability, 208. Albino buffalo, 57. deer, 59. Albyrouni, on the pearl oyster, 375. Alce, described by Pliny and Cæsar, 101 _n_. Alexandria, story of the dogs at, 34. Alligator, 283. _See_ Crocodile. Almeida, Manoel de, on burying fishes, 353 _n_. Amboina, mermaids at, 70. Ampullaria, its faculty of burying itself, 355. _Anabas_, 354. Daldorf's account of, doubted, 349, 350. accidents from, 351 n. Angling bad in Ceylon, 335 _n_., 341. _Annelidæ_, leeches, 479. land-leech, its varieties, 482. land-leech, its teeth and eyes, 480. its tormenting bite, 482. list of, 485. Anseres, 260. Ansted, Prof., on the geology of Ceylon, 61. his statement as to the height of Indian elephants, 100 _n_. Antiochus, elephants used by, 208. Antipater, the first to bring the Indian elephant to Europe, 207. Ant-lion, 411. _See_ Insects. Ants, 420 _See_ Insects. red, 420, 422. white, 412. _See Termites_. their faculty in discovering food, 421. Armandi's work on the use of elephants in war, 208 _n_. Aphaniptera, 433. _Arachnidæ_, spiders, 464. extraordinary webs, _ib_. _Olios Taprobanius_, 470. _Mygale fasciata_, 465. erroneously called "tarentula," _ib_. anecdote of, 466. spiders, the Mygale, 465. birds killed by it, 468. Galeodes, 470. ticks, their multitude, 471. mites, 472. _Trombidium tinctorum_, 472. list of, 485. Argus cowrie, 369. Aripo, the sea-shore, 373. Aristotle, account of fishes migrating overland, 344. sounds made by elephants, 97. his error as to the elephant's knees, 101. Armitage, Mr., story of an elephant on his estate, 139. Articulata, list of, 485. Athenæus, anecdotes of fishes on dry land, 346. Avicula, 373. _See_ Pearl Fishery. Avitchia, story of, 244. _See_ Jackdaw. Ayeen Akbery, elephant stomach described in, 128.

Baker, Mr., his theory of the passion for sporting, 142 n. its accuracy questionable, 142 _n_. Badger, the Ceylon, 38. _See_ Mongoos. Bandicoot rat, 44. Barbezieux, on the elephant, 104. _Batocera rubus_, 406. Batrachia, 318. Bats, 13 _See_ Mammalia _and_ Cheiroptera. orange-coloured bats, 14. bats do not hybernate in Ceylon, 18. horse-shoe bat, 19. sense of smell and touch, 19. small bat, _Scotophilus Coromandelicus_, 20. their parasite (Nycteribia), 20-22. Batticaloa, musical fish, 380. Bears, 22. _See_ Mammalia. ferocity of, 23. charm to protect from, 25 _n_. Beaters for elephants, 150. Beaver, on African elephant, 234. Beckman's account of fishes on dry land, 346. Bees, 419. _See_ Insects. Beetles, 405. _See_ Insects. instincts of the scavenger beetle, 405. coco-nut beetle, 407. tortoise beetle, 408. Bell, Sir Charles, on the elephant's shoulder, 108. Benary, his derivation of the word elephant, 76 _n_. Bengal mode of taking elephants, 164. Bennett's account of Ceylon, _Introd_. work on its Ichthyology, 323. Bernier, on the Ceylon elephant, 209. Bertolacci, on form of _chank shell_, 372. Bestiaries, 104. Bicho de Mar. _See_ Holothuria. Birds of Ceylon, 241. their number and character, _ib_. few songsters, 242. pea-fowl, 244. eagles and hawks, 245. owls, devil bird, 246, 247. swallows, 248. edible bird' nests, 248. kingfisher, sun birds, 249. bulbul, tailor bird, weaver bird, 251. crows, anecdotes of, 253. paroquets, 256. pigeons, 257. jungle-fowl, 259. _grallæ_, flamingoes, 260. list of Ceylon birds, 265. Bird-eating spiders, 469. Birds' nests, edible, 248. Blainville, De, on the age of the elephant, 232. Blair, on the anatomy of the elephant, 123 _n_. Bles, Marcellus, on the elephants of Ceylon. 113 _n_., 215 _n_. Blood-suckers, 275. Blyth, Mr., of Calcutta, his cultivation of zoology, 4. his revision of this work, _Introd_. Boa, 303. _See_ Python. Boar, wild, 59. Bochart, 68. his derivation of the word "elephant," 76 _n_. Bora-chung, a curious fish, 367. Bosquez, Demas, account of a mermaid, 70. Bowring, Sir John, on the fishes of Siam, 348. Broderip, on the elephant, 122. Browne, Sir Thomas, _vulgar errors_, 100, 105. error as to elephants' joints, 102. Brun, Le, account of the elephants at Colombo, 77 _n_. Bruno _or_ Braun, his account of the Guinea worm, 397. Buchanan, story of buffalo "rogues," 115 _n_. Buffalo, 54. _See_ Mammalia. its temper, 54. sporting buffaloe, 55. peculiar structure of its foot, 56. rogue buffalo, 115 _n_. buffalo's stomach and its water-cells, 129 _n_. Buffon, on the elephant, 113 _n_., 215. Bugs, 433. _See_ Insects _and_ Coffee-bug. Buist, Dr., account of fish fallen from clouds, 362. Bulbul, 251. _See_ Birds. _Bulimi_, their vitality, 357. _Bullia_, curious property of, 370. Bullocks for draught, 50. Burying fishes, 351. Butterflies, 403, 425. _See_ Insects. migration of, 403 _n_. the spectre butterfly, 426.

Cæcilia, 317. _See_ Reptiles. Cæsar's description of the "_alce_," 100 _n_. Cajan, 373 _n_. Caldera, in Chili, musical sounds under water, 383. Calotes, the green, 276. Camel, attempt to domesticate in Ceylon, 53 _n_. stomach of, 128. antipathy to the horse, 83 _n_. Camper, on the anatomy of the elephant's stomach, 125. Carawala, 296. _See_ Reptiles. Carnivora, 74. Carpenter bee, 418. _See_ Insects. Caterpillars, stings of, 429. Cats attracted by the _Cuppa-may-niya,_ 33. Centipede, 474. _See_ Myriapoda _and_ Scolopendræ. _Ceratophora_, 279. _Cerithia_, 381. probably musical, 381 _n._ _Cermatia_, 473. _See_ Myriapoda. Cetacea, 68, 74. described by Megasthenes and Ælian, 69. Chameleon, 278. _See_ Reptiles. Chank shell, Turbinella rapa, 371. _See_ [Greek: Kochlious] and _Schenek_. Cheetah, 26. _See_ Leopard. Cheironectes, described by Ælian, 331. Cheiroptera, 13, 74. _Chelifer_, 475. Chelonia, 322. Chena cultivation, 130. Cicada, 432. _See_ Insects. _Cirrhipeda_, 486. Cissa, 252. Civet, 32. _See_ Genette. Climbing fish (_Anabas scandens_), 349. Cluverius, 68. Cobra de Capello, anecdotes of, 297. legend of, 297 _n_. a white cobra, 298 _n_. a tame cobra, 299 _n_. cobra crossing the sea, 300. curious belief as to the cobra, 300, 301. worship of, 303. Cobra-tel, poison, 272. _See_ Kabara-tel. Coecilia glutinosa, 317. attacked and killed by ants, 422. Coco-nut beetle, 407. Coffee-bug, _Lecanium Caffeæ_, 436. Coffee rat, 43. Coleoptera, 405. Columbidæ, 257. Conchology. _See_ Shells. Cooroowe, elephant catchers, 181. Corral for taking elephants, 156, 164. _See_ Elephant. process of its construction, 170. mode of conducting the capture, 156, 169. Corse, Mr., account of elephants, 114. Cosmas Indico pleustes, his reference to chanks at Marallo, 371. Cotton-thief, 250. _See_ Tchitrea. Crabs, 477. _See_ Crustacea. Cripps, Mr., on sounds produced by elephants, 98. his story of an elephant which feigned death, 135. his account of fishes after rain, 343. Crocodile, 282. _See_ Reptiles. its sensibility to tickling, 285. habit of the crocodile to bury itself in the mud, 286. its flesh eaten, 284 _n._ their vitality, 288 _n_. one killed at Batticaloa, 287. Crows, 233. _See_ Birds. anecdotes of, 254. story of a crow and a dog, 255. Cruelty to turtle, &c., 291. _Crustacea_, calling crabs, 477. Sand crabs (ocypode), 478. Painted crabs, 478. Paddling crabs, 478. Hermit crabs, 478. Pea crabs, 479. List of Ceylon Crustacea, 486. Ctesias' error as to the elephant's knee, 101. Cumming, Mr. Gordon, on the power of the elephant in overturning trees, 218 _n_. _Cuppa-moy niya_ plant, its attraction for cats, 33 _n_. Cuvier, on the elephant, 133. on the structure of its tusks, 228. on the elephant's age, 232.

Daldorf's account of climbing fish, 350. his story doubted, 350. Darwin, burying-place of llamas and goats, 236 _n_. on the coleoptera of Brazil, 405. Davy, Dr. John, describes the reptiles of Ceylon, 3. stimulates study of natural history, 3. operation on a diseased elephant, 224. Dawson, Captain, story of an elephant, 107. Deafness frequent in elephants, 98. Death's-head moth, 427. Decoy elephants, 157. _Decapoda brachyura_, 486. _anomura_, 486. _macrura_, 486. Deer, 57. meminna, 58. Ceylon elk, 59. milk-white, 59 _n_. Demon-worship, anecdote of, 408. Denham, error as to height of elephants, 99. Devil-bird, 246. _See_ Owls. Mr. Mitford's account of, 247 _n_. Diard, M., sends home an elephant for dissection, 123 _n_. Dicuil on the elephant, 103. Diptera, 434. Dogs, 33. device of, to escape fleas, 433, 434. dog-tax, 33. republican instincts, 34. disliked by elephants, 82, 84. Donne, on the elephant, 105. Doras, fish of Guiana, 347. Dragon-flies, 411. _See_ Insects. Dugong, 68, 69. abundant at Manaar, 69. origin of the fable of the mermaid, 69. Dutch belief in the mermaid, 70.

Eagles, 245. _See_ Birds. Edentata, 46, 74. Edrisi, the Arabian geographer, his account of musk, 32 _n_. Eels, 337, 347 _n_. Eginhard, life of Charlemagne, 103. Elephant, 64, 75. Sumatran species, 64. points of distinction, 65. those of Ceylon extolled, 209. elephants on Adam's Peak, 109. numbers in Ceylon, 76. [Greek: Elephas], derivation of the word, 76 _n_. antiquity of the trade in, 77. numbers diminishing, 77. mode of poisoning, 77 _n_. tusks and their uses, 78. disposition gentle, 81. accidents from, 81. antipathy to other animals, 82; to the horse, 83. jealousy of each other, 86. mode of attacking man, 87. anecdote of a tame elephant, 89. African elephant differs from that of Ceylon, 64. skin, 91. white elephant, 92. love of shade, 94. water, not heat, essential to them, 94. sight limited--smell acute, 95. anatomy of the brain, 95. power of smell, 96. sounds uttered by, 96. subject to deafness, 98. exaggeration as to size, 98. source of this mistake, 98 _n_. stealthy motions, 100. error as to the elephant's want of joints, 100. probable origin of this mistake, 106. mode of lying down, 107. ability to climb acclivities, 108. mode of descending a mountain, 110. a herd is a family, 111. attachment to young, 112. young suckled by all the females in a herd, 113. theory of this, according to White, 113 _n_. a rogue, what, 114. savage attacks of rogues, 116. character of the rogues, 116, 147. habits of the herd, 117. anecdote of, 118. elephant's mode of drinking, 120. their method of swimming, 121. wells sunk by, 122. receptacle in the stomach, 122. stomach, anatomy of, 124. food of the elephant, 129. instinct in search of food, 130. dread of fences, 131. their caution exaggerated, 132. spirit of curiosity in elephants, 132. anecdote of Col. Hardy, 132, 133. sagacity in freedom over-estimated, 134. leave the forests during thunder, 134. cunning, feign death, 135. stories of encounters with wild elephants, 136. sporting, numbers shot, 142. butchery by expert shots, 142 _n_. fatal spots in the head, 144, 145. peculiar actions of elephants, 148. love of retirement, 149. elephant-trackers, 150. herd charging, 151. carcase useless 153. remarkable recovery from a wound, 154. _See Lieut_. Fretz. mode of taking in India, 157-162. height measured by the circumference of the foot, 159. mode of shipping elephants at Manaar, 162. mode of shipping elephants at Galle, in 1701, 163 _n_. _keddah_ for taking elephants in Bengal, 164. a corral (kraal) described, 165, 166. derivation of the word _corral_, 165 _n_. corral, its construction, 167, 172. corral, driving in the elephants, 173. the capture, 177. mode of securing, 181. the "cooroowe," or noosers, 181. tame elephants, their conduct, 182, 191. captives, their resistance and demeanour, 184. dread of white rods, 186. their contortions, 190. a young one, 206. conduct in captivity, 207. mode of training, 211. their employment in ancient warfare, 207. superiority of Ceylon, a fallacy, 209. elephant driver's crook (hendoo), 212. hairy elephants in Ceylon, 215 _n_. Elephants, capricious disposition of, 215. first labour intrusted to them, 217. his comprehension of his duties, 218. exaggeration of his strength in uprooting trees, 218 _n_. Mahouts and their duties, 221. Their cry of _urre!_ 222 _n_. elephant's sense of musical notes, 223. its endurance of pain, 224. diseases in captivity, 225. subject to tooth-ache, 227. questionable economy of keeping trained elephants for labour, 229. their cost, 230. their food, 230 _n_. fallacy of their alleged reluctance to breed in captivity, 231. duration of life in the elephant, 232. theory of M. Fleurens, 232. instances of very old elephants in Ceylon, 233. dead elephant never found, 234. Sinbad's story, 236. passage from Ælian regarding the, 237. Elk, 59. _See_ Deer; Mammalia. Emydosauri, 321. Emys trijuga, 290. Englishman, anonymous, his story of a fight between elephants and horses, 84.

Falconer, Dr., height of Indian elephant, 99 _n_. Falkland Islands, peculiarity in the cattle there, 372 _n_. Fauna of Ceylon, not common to India, _Introd_. 62. peculiar and independent, _Introd_. 62. have received insufficient attention, 3. first study due to Dr. Davy, 3. subsequent, due to Templeton, Layard, and Kelaart, 3, 4. Fishes of Ceylon, little known, 323. seir fish, and others for table, 324. abundance of perch, soles, and sardines, 324. explanation of Odoric's statement, 324 _n_. sardines, said to be poisonous, 324. shark, and sawfish, 325. sawfish, 325. ray, 326. swordfish, 328. cheironectes of Ælian, 331. fishes of rare forms, and of beautiful colours, 332. fresh-water fishes, their peculiarities, 335. fresh-water, little known, _ib_.; reason, 335 _n_. eels, 337. reappearance of fishes after the dry season, 340. Fishes, similar mysterious re-appearances elsewhere, 342 _n_. method of taking them by hand, 340. a fish decoy, 342. fish filling from clouds, 342 _n_., 362. buried alive in mud, 347. Mr. Yarrell's theory controverted, 344. travelling overland, 345. the fact was known to the Greeks and Romans, 345. instances in Guiana and Siam, 347. faculty of all migratory fish for discovering water, 347 _n_. on dry land in Ceylon, 348. fish ascending trees, 349. excerpt from letter by Mr. Morris, 348 _n_. Anabas scandens, 349, 350. Daldorf's statement, anticipated by Abou-zeyd, 350 _n_. accidents when fishing, 351 _n_. burying fishes and travelling fish, 351. occurrence of similar fish in Abyssinia and elsewhere, 352. statement of the patriarch Mendes, 553 _n_. knowledge of habits of Melania employed judicially by E.L. Layard, 355 _n_. illustrations of æstivating fish and animals, 356. æstivating shell-fish and water-beetlea, 351. fish in hot water, 358. list of Ceylon fishes, 359. Professor Huxley's memorandum on the fishes of Ceylon, 364. Dr. Gray's memorandum, 366. _Note_ on the _Bora-chung_, 367. Fishing, native mode of, 340. Fish insect, 475. Flamingoes, 261. _See_ Birds. Fleas, 433. _See_ Insects. Fleurens, on the duration of life in the elephant, 232. Flies, their instinct in discovering carrion, 196 _n_. mosquitoes, the plague of, 434. Flowers, fondness of monkeys for, 7. Flying Fox. _Pteropus Edwardsii_, 14. _See_ Mammalia. its sizes, 14. skeleton of, 15. food, 16. habits, 16. numbers, 16. strange attitudes, 17. food and habits, 18. drinking toddy, 18. Flying squirrels, 41. Fresh-water fishes, 335. Fretz, Lieut., his singular wound, 154. Frogs, 318. tree frogs, 319, 320.

Galle, elephants shipped in 1701, 163 _n_. Gallinæ, 259. Galloperdix bicalcaratus, 259. Gallwey, Capt. P.P., great number of elephants shot by him, 142. Game birds, 265. Gardner, Dr., his account of the coffee bug, 436-441. Gaur, 49 _See_ Mammalia. Knox's account of the gaur, 49. Geckoes, 281. Gemma Frisius, 68. Genette, 32. Geology of Ceylon, errors as to, 60. previous accounts, 61. traditions of ancient submersion, 61, 67. Ceylon has a fauna distinct from India, 62. "Golden Meadows," 211 _n_. _See_ Massoude. Golunda rat, 43. _Goondah_, 114. _See_ Rogue. Gooneratne, Mr., _Introd_. his story of the jackal, 35. Gordon Cumming, his butchery of elephants in Africa, 146 _n_. Gowra-ellia, 49. Grallæ, 260. Gray, Dr. J.E., Brit. Mus., _Introd_. notice of Ceylon fishes, 366. Great fire-fish, 332. Guinea worm, 397. Günther, Dr. A., on Ceylon reptiles, 275 _n_., 304. Gwillim's Heraldry, error as to elephants, 105 _n_.

Hambangtotte, elephants of, 99. Hardy, Col, anecdote of, when chased by an elephant, 133. Hardy, Rev. Spence, describes a white monkey, 8. Haroun Alraschid, sends an elephant to Charlemagne, 103. Harrison, Dr., 95. his anatomy of the elephant, 123 _n_., 126. his account of elephant's head, 142. of the elephant's ear, 223. Hastisilpe, a work on elephants, 87 _n_., 91. Hawking, 246. Hawks. _See_ Birds, 246. Hedge-hog, 46. Helix hæmastoma, its colouring, 372. Hemiptera, 433, 462. Hendoo, crook for driving elephants, 212. Herd, a, of elephants, is a family, 111. its mode of electing a leader, 117. Herodotus, on mosquitoes, 435. antipathy of the elephant to the camel, 83 _n_. Herpestes, 38. Herport, Albrecht, his work on India, 71 _n_. _Hesperidæ_, 426. Hill, Sir John, error as to elephants, 98. Hippopotamus rogues, 115 _n_. Histiophorus, 330. _See_ Sword-fish. Holland, Dr., his theory as to the formation of tusks, 89 _n_. _Holothurin_, sea-slug and Trepang, 396. Home, Sir Everard, on the elephant's stomach, 124. error as to the elephant's ear, 223. Home, Randal, error as to elephant, 105 _n_. Homoptera, 462, 463. Honey-comb, great size of, 418. Hooker, Dr. J.D., on the elephants of the Himalaya, 110 _n_. error as to white ants' nests, 413. on ticks in Nepal, 471 _n_., 472. _Hora_, 115. _See_ Rogue. Horace, alludes to a white elephant, 92 _n_. Hornbill, _Buceros_, 242, 243. Horse, alleged antipathy to the elephant, 83. to the camel, 83 _n_. story of, and an elephant, 89. horses taught to fight with elephants, 84. Hotambeya, 40. _See_ Mongoos. Hot-water fishes, 358. Hunt, mode of conducting an elephant-hunt, 157. Hunter, Dr. John, his theory of æstivation, 356. Hurra! 223 _n_. Huxley, Prof., _Introd_. his memorandum on the fishes of Ceylon, 364. Hydrophobia in jackals, 36. Hymenoptera, 416.

_Ianthina_, 370. Ichneumon, 39. _See_ Mongoos. Iguana, 271. _See_ Reptiles. _Infusoria_, Red, in the Ceylon seas, 400. Insects of Ceylon, 403. their profusion and beauty, 403. hitherto imperfectly described, 404. coleoptera, 405. Beetles, scavengers, 405. coco-nut beetle, tortoise beetle, 407. tortoise beetle, 408. Orthoptera, 408. the soothsayer, leaf-insect, 410. Neuroptera, 411. dragon-flies, 411. ant-lion, 411. white ant, termites, 411. Insects, _Hymenoptera_, mason-wasp, 416. wasps, bees, wasps' nest, 418. carpenter bee, 418. ants, 420. value of scavenger ants to conchologists, 421. dimiya or red ant, 422. introduced to destroy coffee-bug, 423. _Lepidoptera_, butterflies, 424. _lycænidæ, hesperidæ_, 426. _acherontia sathanas_, 427. moths, silk-worm, 427. stinging caterpillars, 429. oiketicus, 430. _Homoptera, cicada_, the "knife-grinder," 432. Flata, 433. _Aphaniptera_--fleas, 433. _Diptera_--mosquitoes, 434. Coffee bug, 436-441. Mr. Walker's memorandum on Ceylon insects, 442. list, 447. Ivory, annual consumption, 78 _n_. superiority of Chinese, _ib_.

Jackal, 35. its cunning, 35. probably the "fox" of Scripture, 35. its sagacity in hunting, 36. subject to hydrophobia, 36. jackal's horn, the _narric comboo_, 37. superstitions connected with, 37. Jackdaw, fable of, 244. _See_ Avitchia. Jardine, Sir W., error as to elephants shedding their tusks, 79 _n_. Jay, the mountain, 252. _See_ Cissa. Joinville, on the parasite of the bat, 20. _Julus_, 477. Jungle fowl, 259. _See_ Birds. Juvenal's allusion to fishes on land, 346.

Kabragoya, 272, 273. _See_ Iguana. Kabara-tel, poison, 274. Kanats in Persia, 339 _n_. Keddah, for taking elephants, 164. Kelaart, Dr., work on the Zoology of Ceylon, 4. examination of the Radiata, 395. discoveries as to the pearl oyster, 375. Kingfisher, 249. _See_ Birds. Kinnis, Dr., cultivates zoology, 4. Kite, on Egyptian sculpture, 246 _n_. Knife-grinder, 432. _See_ Cicada. Knox, R., account of Ceylon fauna, _Introd_. his description of the Wanderoo, 5. of elephants executing criminals, 87. of the mode of catching elephants, 157. Knox, his description of natives fishing, 340. [Greek: Kochlious], 371. Kombook tree, its bark, 170. _Korahl_, 165. _See_ Kraal _and_ Corral. derivation of the word, 165 _n_. Kornegalle, beauty of the place, 167. Kottiar, immense oysters, 371 _n_. _See_ Cottiar. Kraal, 165. _See_ Corral _and_ Korahl. Krank-bezoeker, 71 _n_.

Layard, E.A., his knowledge of Ceylon zoology, 4. his collections of Ceylon birds, 241. story of fish on dry land, 318. anecdote of burying molluscs, 355. Leaf insect. 408-410. _See_ Insects. Leaping fish, 332. _See Salarias alticus_. _Lecanium Caffeæ_, 436. Leeches, 479. _See Annelidæ_. land leech, 479. medicinal leech, 483. cattle leech, 344. Leopard, 25. in Ceylon confounded with the _cheetah_, 26. superstitions regarding, 26. anecdotes of their ferocity, 27. attracted by the small-pox, 28. story of Major Skinner, 29. monkeys killed by leopards, 31. Lepidoptera, 424. _Lepisma_, the fish insect, 474. Lima, General de, his account of the weight of elephants' tusks at Mozambique, 79 _n_. Livingstone's account of the "rogue" hippopotamus, 115 _n_. Llama of the Andes, its stomach, 128 _n_. Livy, account of fishes on dry land, 346. Lizards, 271. _See_ Reptiles. Lophobranchi, 362. _Loris_, 12. _See_ Mammalia. two varieties in Ceylon, 12. torture inflicted on it, 13. Lucan, description of the ichneumon, 39. _Lycænidæ_, 426. Lyre-headed lizard, 277.

Macabbees iii. Book, allusion to elephants, 87 _n_., 211 _n_. Macacus monkey, 5. Machlis described by Cæsar, 101. Macready, Major, account of a noise made by elephants, 97. his opinion as to the vulnerable point in the elephant's head. 145 _n_. Mahawanso, mentions a white elephant, 93. Mahout, an elephant driver, 181. _See_ Ponnekella. Mahout, alleged short life, 222. _Malacopterygii abdominales_, 362. _sub-branchiati_, 362. _apoda_, 362. Mammalia, 3. Monkeys, 5. Rilawa,5. Wanderoo, 6. error as to the Ceylon Wanderoo, 6, _n_. Wanderoo, mode of flight among trees, 9. monkeys never found dead, 11. _Loris_, 12. tortures inflicted on it, 13. Bat, flying fox, 14. skeleton of, 14. attracted by toddy to the coco-nut palms, 18. horse-shoe bat, 18. parasite of the bat, Nycteribia, 20, 21. bears, 22. bears dreaded in Ceylon, 24. leopards, 25. attracted by the odour of small pox, 28. anecdote of a leopard, 29. lesser felines, 32. dogs, Pariah, 34. jackal, 34. the jackal's horn, 36. Mongoos, 37. assaults of Mongoos on the serpent, 38. squirrels, 41. the flying squirrel, 41. rats, the rat snake, 42. coffee rat, 43, 44. bandicoot, 44, 45. porcupine, 45. pengolin, 46-48. the gaur, 49. the ox, 50. anecdote of, 51. draft oxen, 51-53. the buffalo, 54. sporting buffaloes, 55. peculiarity of the buffalo's foot, 56. deer, 57. meminna, 57, 58. Ceylon elk, 59. wild boar, 59. elephant, 69, 75. whale and dugong, 68, 69. peculiarities of Ceylon mammalia, 73. list of, 73. Manaar, mermaid taken at, 69. elephants shipped at, 162. pearl fishery, 373. Manis. _See_ Pengolin, 46. Mantis, 410. Massoudi, on the use of elephants in war, 211 _n_. his account of pearl-diving, 377 _n_. _Mastacembelus_, 338. _See_ Eels. Megasthenes' account of the mermaid, 69. Mehemet Ali, story of, 34. _Melania Paludina_, its habit of burying itself, 355. its hybernation, 355. Melania, story of a law suit decided by, 355 _n_. Meleagrina, 373 _n_. _See_ Pearl fishery. Meminna deer, 58. Mercator, 68. Mercer, Mr., his story of an elephant fight, 86. Mermaid, 68. _See_ Dugong. Mermaids, at Manaar, 69. at Amboina, 70. at Booro, 71. at Edam, 72. Millipeds, _Julus_, 477. Mites, 472. Mollusca. _See_ Shells. Molyneux, on the anatomy of the elephant, 122 _n_. Mongoos, 38. _See_ Ichneumon. species at Neuera-ellia, _Herpestes Vitticollis_, 38. story of its antidote against the bite of serpents, 39. its mode of killing snakes, 39. Monkeys, 5. never found dead, 11. a white monkey, 8. Moors of Galle, make ornaments of the elephant's teeth, 153. Moors, as caravan drivers, 53. Moose deer, 58. _See_ Meminna. Morris, Mr., account of fishes on land, 348. Mosquitoes, their cunning, 434. Herodotus, account of, 436. probably the plague of flies, 434 _n_. Moths, 427. _See_ Insects. Munster, Sebastian, 68. Musical fishes, 380. account of, at Batticaloa, 380. similar phenomena at other places, 383 _n_. fishes known to utter sounds, 384. _Tritonia arborescens_, 385. Musk, 32. Mygale, spider, 465. Myriapods, 472.

Narric-comboo, 37. _See_ Jackal's Horn. Natural history neglected in Ceylon, 3. Neela-cobeya, pigeon, 258. Neuroptera, 411. Nietner, on Ceylon insects, _Introd_. _Nycteribia_, parasite of the bat, 20, 21. its extraordinary structure, 22.

Odoric of Portenau, his cure for leech bites, 481. his account of birds with two heads, 243. his account of fishes in Ceylon, 324 _n_. _Oiketicus_, 430. Oil-bird, 269. Ophidia, 321. Ortelius, 68. Orthoptera, 408. Ouanderoo. _See_ Wanderoo. Owen, Professor, on the structure of the elephant's tusk, 228. on the Protopterus of the Gambia, 352. Owls. _See_ Birds. Oxen, their uses and diseases, 50. anecdote of a cow and a leopard, 51. white, eight feet high, seen by Wolf, 52 _n_. Oysters at Bentotte, 371. immense, at Kottiar, 371 _n_.

Pachydermata, 59, 74. Padivil, the great tank, 262. Pallegoix, on the elephants of Siam, 98 _n_. on the fishes of Siam, 347. Palm-cat, 32. Panickeas, elephant catchers, 150, 158. their skill, 159. Pariah dogs, 33. Paris, Matthew, on the elephant, 103. Paroquets, their habits; anecdote of, 256. Passeres, 248. Patterson, R., Esq., _Introd_. Pea-fowl, 244. _See_ Birds. fable of the jackdaw, 244. Pearl fishery of Ceylon, its antiquity, 373. dreary scenery of Aripo, 373. disappearances of the pearl-oyster, 374. capable of transplantation, 376. operation of diving, 377. endurance of the divers under water, 377. growth of the pearl-oyster, 379. pearls of Tamblegam, 380. Pelicans, 262. strange scene at their breeding place, 263. Pengolin, 46. its habits and food, 47. skeleton of, 48. Phile, his account of the elephant, 103. error as to its joints, 107. describes its drinking, 121 _n_. its dispositions, 216 _n_. on the elephant's ear, 224. on elephants burying their dead, 235. Phillipe, on the elephant of Ceylon, 209. Phyllium, 410. _See_ Leaf Insect. Physalus urticulus, 400. _See_ Portuguese Man-of-war. Pictet, Mon., his derivation of the word "elephant," 76 _n_. Pigeons, 257. _See_ Birds. Pigeons, Lady Torrington's pigeon, 258. _Placuna placenta_, pearls of, 380. _Planaria_, 398. _See Radiata_. Pliny's nereids, 72 _n_. error as to elephants shedding their tusks, 79 _n_. error as to their antipathy to other animals, 85. error as to elephant's joints, 100. account of the _machlis_, 101 _n_. his knowledge of the vulnerability of the elephant's head, 144 _n_. of fishes on dry land, 346. Ponnekella. _See_ Mahout. Polybius' account of fishes on dry land, 346. Pomponius, Mela, account of fishes on land, 346. Porcupine, 45. Portuguese belief in the mermaid, 69. Man-of-war, 400. Pott, his derivation of the word elephant, 76 _n_. Presbytes _cephalopterus_, 7. _ursinus_, 6, 9. _Thersites_, 6, 10. its fondness of attention, 10. _Priamus_, 10. its curiosity, 11. Protopterus of the Gambia, 352. Pseudophidia, 322. Pterois volitans, 333. _Pterophorus_, 430. _See_ Insects. Pteropus, 14. _See_ Flying Fox. Pyrard de Laval, on the Ceylon elephant, 209. Python, its great size, 303.

Quadrumana, 5, 74. Quatrefage on the Rotifera, 487.

_Radiata_, star-fish, 395. sea-slugs, holothuria, 396. parasitic worms, 396. Guinea worm, 397. _planaria_, 398. _acalephæ_, 398. Portuguese Man-of-war, 400. Red infusoria, 400. Raja-kariya, forced labour, in elephant hunts, 170. Raja-welle estate, story of an elephant at, 133 _n_. Ramayana, Ceylon elephants mentioned in, 210. Rats, 42. eaten as food in Oovah and Bintenne, 43. liable to hydrophobia, 43. coffee rat, 43. bandicoot, 44. Rat snake, anecdote of, 43. Rat-snake, domesticated, 299 _n_. Ray, 326, 327. Reinaud, on the ancient use of the elephant in Indian wars, 205 _n_. Reptiles of Ceylon described by Dr. Davy, _Introd_. lizards, iguana, 271. kabara-tel, poison, 272. blood-suckers, 275. calotes, the green, 276. lyre-headed lizard, 277. chameleon, 278. _ceratophora_, 279. gecko, anecdotes of, 281, 282. crocodile, anecdotes of, 282, 283. crocodile and alligator, skulls of, 283. tortoises, 289. parasites of the tortoise, 289. Terrapins, 290. cruel mode of cutting up turtle, 291. turtle, said to be poisonous, 292. hawk's-bill turtle, 293. cruel mode of taking tortoise-shell, 293. snakes, few poisonous, 294. tic-polonga, 296. cobra de capello, 297. legends of the cobra, 297-298 _n_. _uropeltis_, 301. the python, 303. haplocercus, 304. tree-snakes, 305. water snakes, 308. sea snakes, 308. the snake-stone and its composition, 312-317. _cæcilia_, 317. frogs, 318. tree frogs, 319. list of Ceylon reptiles, 321. snakes peculiar to Ceylon, 322. Rhinolophus, 19. _See_ Horse-shoe Bat. Ribeyro's account of pearl-diving, 378. Rilawa monkey, 5. Rodentia, 41, 74. Rogers, Major, story of his horse, 84. his death by lightning, 84 _n_. anecdote of an elephant killed by him, 107. great numbers of elephants shot by him, 142. "A Rogue" elephant. _See_ Elephant, 114. derivation of the term "Rogue," 114. _Ronkedor_, 114. _See_ "Rogue." _Ronquedue_, 114. _See_ "Rogue." dangerous encounters with, 136. Rotifera, marvellous faculty in, 486. Rousette. _See_ Flying-fox _and_ Pteropus, 14. Ruminantia, 49, 74.

_Salarias Alticus_, 332. almasius, 68. Sardines, said to be poisonous, 324. Saw fish, 325. _See_ Fishes. Scaliger, Julius, 68. Scansores, 256. _Scarus harid_, 335. _Schenck_, 371. _See_ Chank. Schlegel's essay on the elephant, 208 _n_. Schlegel, Prof., of Leyden, his account of the Sumatran elephant, 66. Schmarda, Prof., 5. Schomburgk, Sir R., on the fishes of Guiana, 347. Sciurus Tennentii, 41 _n_. _Scolopiendræ_, centipede, 474. Scorpions, 474. Sea slugs, _holothuria_, 397. Sea snakes, 308. Seir-fish, 324. Seneca, account of fishes on dry land, 346. Septuagint, allusion to elephants in, 87, 210 _n_. Serpents, 294. _See_ Reptiles. Shakspeare, on the elephant, 105. describes its capture in pit-falls, 157 _n_. Sharks, 325. Shark charmer, 378. Shaw, error as to elephants shedding their tusks, 79 _n_. Shells of Ceylon, 369. lanthina, 370. Bullia vittata, 370. chanks, 371. oysters, immense, 371 _n_. Helix hæmastoma, 372. Pearl fishery, 373. Musical shells, 381. Mr. Henley's memorandum, 386. uncertainty as to species, 387. list of Ceylon shells, 388. Siam, fishes on dry land, 347. Silk, cultivated by the Dutch, 429. Silkworm. _See_ Insects. Sindbad's story of the elephants burying-place, 236. Skinner, Major, knowledge of Ceylon. _Introd_. _n_. adventure with a leopard, 30. great number of elephants killed by him, 142. description of the Panickeas or elephant catchers, 158, 159 _n_. anecdotes of elephants, 118. collection of Ceylon fish, 339. Small-pox attracts the leopard, 28. native superstition, 29. Snakes, 294. _See_ Reptiles. few venomous, 296. tic-polonga, 296. cobra de capello, 297. legends of, 297 _n_. stories of, 298. Snakes, tamed snakes, 299 _n_. snakes crossing the sea, 300. curious tradition of the cobra-de-capello, 300. uropeltis, and explanation of the popular belief, 302. reluctance of Buddhists to kill snakes, 303. python or "boa," 303. tree snakes, 305. the _Passerita fusca_, 306. water snakes, 308. sea snakes, 308. their geographical distribution, 309. their habits, 310. cæcilia, 317. Snake-stone, its alleged virtue, 312. anecdotes of its use, 312. analysis of, by Professor Faraday, 315. Sofala, pearls at, 375 _n_. Solinus, on the elephant, 103. Soothsayer insect, 410. Spectre butterfly, 426. Spiders. _See Arachnida_, 464. at Gampola, 465. at Pusilawa, 471. Squirrel, 41. the flying squirrel, 44. Star-fish, 396. _See Radiata_. Stick insect, 410. _See_ Insects. Stinging caterpillars, 429. Strabo, his account of fishes on dry land, 346. Strachan, Mr., account of the elephants shipped at Ceylon, 163 _n_, 210 _n_. Stuckley, on the anatomy of the elephant, 123 _n_. Sumatra confounded with Ceylon, 67. elephant of, 64. points in which it differs from that of India, 65. Sun bird, 249. _See_ Birds. Superstitions:--Singhalese folk-lore regarding bears, 24 _n_. leopards, 27, 29. mongoos, 38. kabra-goya, 273. cobra-de-capello, 300. use of snake-stones, 315. elephants' burial-place, 236. Suriya trees, caterpillars on, 429. Syrnum Indranee, 246. _See_ Devil-bird. Swallows, 248. _See_ Birds. Sword-fish, 328.

Tailor-bird, 251. _See_ Birds; Tamblegam, lake of, 380. pearls, 380. Tarentula, _Mygale fasciata_, 465. fight with a cockroach, 467. numerous at Gampola, 465. Tavalam, a caravan of bullocks, 53. Tavernier, error as to Ceylon elephants, 203, 214. Taylor, the translator of Aristotle, his error as to elephants' joints, 102. Tchitrea paradisi, 250. Temminck, his discovery of the Sumatran elephant, 64. his account of it, 65. Templeton, Dr. R.A., his knowledge of Ceylon, _Introd_. his valuable aid in the present work, _ib_. his cultivation of zoology, 4. notice of Ceylon monkeys, 6. _Termites_, white ants, their ravages, 412. whence comes their moisture, 412 _n_. Terrapins, 290. Terrier, attacks an elephant, 85. Testudinata, 289. Thaun, Philip de, on the elephant, 104. Theobaldus' _Physiologus_, 104. Theophrastus' account of fishes on dry land, 344, 345. Thevenot, on the Ceylon elephant, 203. Thomson's "_Seasons_," error as to the elephant, 106. Thunberg, account of the snake-stone, 317. _Thysdnura_, 464. Ticks, 475. Tic-polonga, 296. See Reptiles. Tiger at Trincomalie, 25 _n_. Toad, 319. Torrington, Viscount, his tax on dogs, 33. Tortoises, 289, 291. _See_ Turtle. parasite of, 289. fresh-water tortoises, 290. _See_ Terrapins. Tortoise-shell, cruel mode of taking, 293. Tree frogs, 320. Tree snakes, 304. Trepang, 396. _See_ Sea-slug. _Tritonia arborescens_, 385. _See_ Musical Fish. letter on, 401. _Trombidium tinctorum. See_ Mites. Trumpeting of elephants, 97, 201. Trunk, elephant's, origin of the name, 97 _n_. Tsetse fly of Africa, 40. Turbinella rapa, 371. _See_ Chank. Turtle, 291. _See_ Reptiles. barbarous treatment of, 291. Tushes, 79. Tusks, 79. _See_ Elephant; Ivory. fallacy that they are shed, 79. weight of, 80. their uses, 80. singular shapes of, 88 _n_. Tusks, Dr. Holland's theory of their formation, 88 _n_. Tytler, Mr., story of an elephant, 133 _n_.

_Uropeltis_, 301. Urré! cry of the elephant drivers, 222.

Valentyn's account of the mermaid, 70. Dutch mode of taking elephants, 164. Venloos Bay, its profusion of shells, 369. Vossius, Isaac, 68.

Waloora. _See_ Wild-boar, 59. dreaded by the Singhalese, 59. Wanderoo monkey, 5. Wasps, wasps' nest, 418. mason-wasp, 416. Water-fowl, 260, 262. Water snakes, 308. Weaver-bird, 251. Whales, 68. _See_ Cetacea. White, Adam, Esq., Brit Mus., _Introd_. White, of Selbourne, his theory of animals suckled by strange mothers, 113 _n_. White ants, 411. _See_ Termites. Whiting, Mr., account of buried fishes, 342 _n_., 354. Wild-boar, 59. Wolf, Jo. Christian, travels in Ceylon, 99 _n_., 115 _n_. his account of elephants there, 99. describes pitfalls for elephants, 157 _n_. Wood-carrying moth, 430. See Insects. Worms, parasite, 396. _See Radiata_. Wound when elephant shooting, 154. Wright, Thomas, Esq., F.S.A., 104.

Yarrell's theory of buried fish, 342. Yule's embassy to Ava, 216 _n_.

Zimb fly, 434. Zoology neglected in Ceylon, 3. _See_ Natural History. partial extent to which it has been cultivated, _Introd_.

THE END.

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