PART II.

589-615. Missionary labours of St. Columban 205 612. Mahomet begins to publish his religion 169 627. Jerusalem taken by the Mussulmans 169 632. Death of Mahomet 169 635. Settlement of Scottish missionaries in Holy Island 172 664. Council of Whitby 172 724. Beginning of controversy as to images 170 732. Victory of Charles Martel over the Saracens 174 734. Death of the Venerable Bede 173 715-755. Missionary labours of St. Boniface 174 752. Pipin becomes king of the Franks 177 787. Second Council of Nicæa 180 794. Council of Frankfort 180 800. Charles the Great crowned as emperor 178 -- (about). Forgery of Constantine's donation 192 814. Death of Charles the Great 181 826-865. Missionary labours of Anskar 187 846 (about). Forgery of the False Decretals 192 860-870. Conversion of Bulgarians, Moravians, Bohemians, &c. 185 912. Foundation of the Order of Cluny 206 962. Otho I., emperor 183 988. Conversion of Basil, great prince of Russia 188 999. Sylvester II., pope 184 994-1030. Conversion of Norwegians 189 1046. Council of Sutri 185 1048. Pope Leo IX.--Beginning of Hildebrand's influence over the papacy 193 1073. Hildebrand elected pope (Gregory VII.) 193 1074. Foundation of the Carthusian Order 207 1085. Death of Gregory VII. 197 1098. Foundation of the Cistercian Order 208 1099. Jerusalem taken in the First Crusade 202 1113. Order of St. John (or Hospitallers) founded 209 1116. Order of the Temple founded 210 1123. Agreement between the pope and the emperor at Worms 198 1147-1149. The Second Crusade 213 1153. Death of St. Bernard 214 1154. Nicolas Breakspeare, an Englishman, chosen pope (Adrian IV.) 214 1170. Murder of Archbishop Thomas Becket 216 1189. The Third Crusade 217 1198. Innocent III. elected pope 218 1203. Constantinople taken by Crusaders 222 1208. England put under an interdict 219 1208-1229. War against the Albigenses 223 1215. Fourth Council of the Lateran--Innocent sanctions the Dominican and Franciscan Orders of Mendicant Friars 227 1240. First Crusade of St. Lewis 230 1270. Second Crusade and death of St. Lewis 231 1274. Second Council of Lyons 232 1294. Election of Pope Celestine V. 233 ---- Election of Pope Boniface VIII. 235 1300. Boniface celebrates the first jubilee 235 1303. Death of Boniface 239 1310. The popes settle at Avignon 240 1312. Council of Vienne--The Order of the Temple dissolved 243 1377. Gregory XI. removes the papacy from Avignon to Rome 253 1378. Beginning of the Great Schism of the West 254 1384. Death of John Wyclif 251 1414-1418. Council of Constance 258 1415. Pope John XXIII. deposed 260 ---- John Huss burnt by order of the Council 261 1417. Election of Pope Martin V., and end of the Schism 262 1418. Religious war of Bohemia breaks out 264 1431. Council of Basel opened 265 1438. Council of Ferrara and Florence 267 1453. Constantinople taken by the Turks 268 1455. Invention of Printing 269 1464. Pope Pius II. vainly attempts a crusade 270 1498. Death of Savonarola 274 1503. Death of Pope Alexander VI. 275 1517. Appearance of Martin Luther as a reformer 276

EXPLANATION OF THE MAP.

(_To be read after Chapter XXII._)

The Map is meant to give the names of such places only as are mentioned in the History.

The bounds of the patriarchates of Constantinople, Antioch, and Jerusalem are marked as they were settled at the Council of Chalcedon, in the year 451.

Only the northern part of the Alexandrian patriarchate is seen, as the Map does not reach far enough to take in Abyssinia, which belonged to it.

At the time of the Council of Nicæa (A.D. 325) the bishop of Rome's patriarchate was confined to the middle and the south of Italy, with the Islands of Sicily, Sardinia, and Corsica. It afterwards grew by degrees, until at length it took in all the countries of the west, although it had lost Illyricum, which was once a part of it. But this was not until long after the time to which our little book relates, and in the meanwhile its extent varied very much. The reason why its bounds, at the time of the Council of Chalcedon, or in the days of Gregory the Great, cannot well be marked in a map is, that in some countries the bishops of Rome had much _influence_, but had not _power_. They gave _advice_ to the bishops of Gaul (or France), Spain, and Africa, and sometimes ventured to give them _directions_. But they could not make the bishops of those countries obey their directions, and had not _authority_ over them in the same way as the patriarchs of Constantinople, Alexandria, Antioch, or Jerusalem had over the bishops within their patriarchates. To mark such countries as belonging to the Roman patriarchate would be too much; to mark them as if they had no connexion with it would be too little.

SKETCHES

OF

CHURCH HISTORY.