CHAPTER XXIII.

BUSH VETERINARY SURGERY AND MEDICINE.

Before starting on an expedition in which, the services of horses, mules, bullocks, and other animals are required it is well to be provided with such a store of veterinary requisites as are given at page 84 of this work; the nature of the work and the country in which it is intended to operate will mainly determine the necessity or otherwise for a portable forge and regular set of shoeing smith's appliances. When these are requisite it will be well to secure the services of one or more working farriers to take charge of and use them. A loose shoe, or even a set ready fitted, can be pretty successfully applied by an ingenious and handy amateur; but few, save those practically acquainted with the smith's art, could undertake the regular shoeing and fitting of an expedition train. Still we strongly recommend all those about to cast their fortunes in wild lands to attend frequently, before quitting England, at some good forge, in order that as many hints as possible may be gathered and stored up for future use. Horse shoeing like horse riding, cannot be taught by books. Every traveller should know how to take off and put on a shoe, and also how to use the drawing knife and searcher. In some countries horses are not shoed at all; in others, the fore feet only have shoes attached to them. And here we would offer a word of advice to travellers. Never attempt to alter the pattern of the shoe in which the horses of the country visited are in the habit of working, or disappointment and vexation are pretty sure to be the result. On our first visit to Turkey we regarded the round plates of iron with holes in their centres and hobnailed borders, called in that country by courtesy horse shoes, in the light of perfect abominations, and had our newly purchased animals shod in the English style. At the end of a week, however, we gladly gathered the cast off native shoes together and had them replaced by a native smith in order to avoid a broken neck. Should a horse or any other animal of burden, not excepting even an elephant, fall lame from any cause not absolutely patent and well known, look first to the foot of the affected limb and be sure that no stray nail, piece of broken iron, thorn, or other sharp substance, has found a lodgment. It is not our intention to enter on a consideration of the various diseases and ailments to which the animals of the traveller or settler are subject in different countries, as our space will not permit of our doing so. We must therefore content ourselves by giving such general hints and directions as may prove useful in the absence of a qualified veterinary surgeon. Many diseases to which pack and draught animals are subject are of such a character as to render it requisite that they should be either destroyed or left by the way in the hands of some responsible person for treatment.

It is never advisable to travel an animal suffering from lingering sickness. The first loss is generally the least in such cases. Severe cases of sore back should never occur in a well-regulated expedition; as pads or chambering should be had recourse to the very instant the slightest tendency to gall is perceived, and it is well, in many cases, to compel the rider of the animal to walk until the back is sound. Galls on the withers and poll of the head are more to be feared than any other injury of like kind, as matter is extremely liable to burrow in such situations, and lead to the formation of fistulous cavities and excessively troublesome wounds. Hot bathing and poultices formed from bran, or ground oil seeds and warm water, should be first used, with a view to the palliation of the mischief; but when once matter is formed, freely opening the pouch formed from top to bottom is the only course. To make a horse-poultice bag sew two pieces of soft tough material together in the form of a common shot-bag, closing both ends and sides; fasten a wide soft string to each corner, cut a straight slit in one face of the bag, and through it thrust the mixed poultice material until it is nearly full, when it can be secured over the seat of injury. Animals obtained from natives not unfrequently suffer from a peculiar description of gall, known as a "sitfast." Examination shows an irregular piece of dry, hard, dead skin, surrounded by a border or channel of sore. The only way to effectually treat such a case as this is to first secure the animal, and then, with a sharp-pointed knife, cut the island of dead cuticle clean from the wound, which, if kept clean and properly treated with any simple dressing, will soon heal. A mixture, consisting of common nitre, 1oz., to a pint of cold water, we have found very useful in such cases.

The frightful wounds on the backs of camels, too often caused by the carelessness of native camel-drivers, are particularly liable to take on an almost putrid condition. In the treatment of these we have found leather burned to a black, crisp mass, and then reduced to a fine powder, a most valuable preparation. Simply strewed over and into the wound, it quickly causes healthy action to be set up. Any sproutings of new flesh which mount above the surface of the skin are known as "proud flesh," and should be reduced to the proper level by the use of nitrate of silver, blue stone (sulphate of copper), nitric acid, or even the red-hot iron. In order to perform many of the operations for the treatment of diseased or injured animals, it will be requisite to cast and properly secure them. The horse is best thrown by the aid of hobbles, a set of which, as adjusted for use, are represented in the above illustration. The leather strap attached from the fore to the hind-leg is put on after the animal has been thrown down by hauling on the rope-ended chain, shown at the front of the fore-foot. When the legs are drawn sufficiently close together, a spring clip is passed through a link of the chain; when the horse is to be released, a small screw-pin is drawn, which causes all the four hobbles to be set free, they then fall off as the animal rises. {Makeshift casting ropes.} In the absence of regular hobbles, a very good substitute may be formed by doubling a very long pliant rope, knotting it securely far enough down the doubled end to form a collar for the head and neck of the animal to pass through (see Fig. 11, p. 796); the two free ends are now carried between the fore legs, under the body, inside the two hind legs, above the hocks; the ends are then brought forward on each side, and passed from within outwards, through the collar rope. When all is adjusted, the hind-leg rope loops may be evenly and gently shaken down until they rest in the hollows of the fetlock joints. On the free ends being hauled on the horse will be thrown, when the ends of the rope are secured by half-hitches. [Illustration] The annexed illustration will serve to explain the nature of this contrivance. A soft spot should be chosen to cast on; a halter should always be securely placed on the head, and in cases of great timidity a folded rug as a blind over the eyes. The head of a cast horse should be firmly held down by a man told off for the purpose, until the animal is freed from the ropes and about to rise. An ox is cast by catching his hind-leg, or both if possible, in a noose in the end of a reim held by means of a vangstock, or "catching stick;" another noose is thrown about his horns, one or two fellows catch his tail and pull against those who have the legs, while very likely, if he has tolerably large horns, another uses them as levers to throw him off his balance, and the spare hands assist by pushing with all their might at his broadside, when, as a matter of course, he must go down.

{Hints on camp medicine making.}

Large open gashes from horns, weapons, or tusks can be sewn up by separate stitches of either flexible wire or fine, smoothly-cut strips of raw hide. A very useful dressing for wounds of this character is made as follows: Common aloes, 1/2lb.; gum myrrh, 1/4lb.; spirits of almost any kind, 2 quarts; water, 1 quart; place the vessel containing this mixture in moderate sun heat for from twelve to fourteen days; strain and bottle for use; apply on lint, tow, or the plume of a large feather; myrrh can be obtained in the East from one of the Mimosa tribe, and aloes from the plant of that name.

In South Africa aloes juice is thus collected by the Hottentots: a hole is made in the earth, and a sheepskin forced into it. The leaves of the aloe are all cut off except two pairs of the youngest left in the form of a cross in the centre; the leaves are then ranged with their cut ends over the hollow in the sheepskin, and left to drain. If wind arises, however, it stops the drainage by coagulating the gum on the surface, and the labour is lost; the juice is thickened by boiling, and sold for exportation to England. The farmers use the fresh juice as a varnish for wood-work, to which it gives a good polish and a brown colour; it is said, also, to be an effectual vermifuge.

Wherever the aloe plant grows, the above rough and ready mode of obtaining its juices may be had recourse to. A very useful purgative for mules and horses is made by breaking a pound of aloes into rough pieces; throw these into seven pints of rain water, and then add a pint of spirit of some kind. The dose will vary with the size and condition of the animal from 4oz. to 6oz. Liquids are best given to animals from a small thin horn from which a long tapering slice has been cut, so as to form a sort of scoop.

The water and grain of some districts cause severe attacks of colic or gripes; these need immediate attention. A dose consisting of linseed oil, 1 pint; tincture of opium, 1oz.; nitric spirit of ether, 1oz.; mixed, should be given, and repeated in half an hour, if the pain is not subdued. Warm soapy water enemas should be frequently thrown up. An enema apparatus is easily extemporised from a large bladder or leather bag and hollow stick with its extreme end or mouth cut perfectly round and even. Soap suds are best formed by rubbing a piece of soap on a rough brush in a pail of warm water.

Opium is a most valuable pain-killer, either in its solid or liquid form. To prepare makeshift laudanum: Take of rough bazaar opium 3oz.; powder it roughly between two stones; throw the powder into an earthen pot, and add a quart of good clear sound spirit; cover with a flat stone, and place in the shade for twelve days; strain through a double cotton cloth, and bottle for general use of man or beast.

Animals much fed on barley or other heating grain are very liable to become affected with mange. Separate all the diseased from the healthy, as the disease is exceedingly contagious. Dress all your diseased cases with the following mixture, which may be rubbed in with a brush or piece of hide with the hair on: Common oil of tar, 1 quart; common spirits of turpentine, 1 quart; fish oil of any kind, or, in the absence of that, native seed oil, 1 quart; powdered brimstone, 1/2lb.; mix thoroughly in a convenient vessel with a stick. Rub in the mixture every other day for three complete dressings, and on the day after the last, wash well with warm water and plenty of rough soap.

1oz. of gunpowder and 1/4oz. of brimstone, rubbed into an ointment with 6oz. of fat, is a good makeshift remedy.

To prevent attacks of mange and other skin diseases in animals kept much on grain, it is well to give occasional doses of the following powder in the food: Common bazaar antimony (_the kohl_ of the dealers) 1/2lb.; brimstone in powder, 1lb.; nitre, 1/2lb.; mix: dose 1/2oz. Strains or severe injuries to joints or tendons, are often benefited in their second stage, that is, after all the benefit arising from fomentations, poultices, &c., has been taken advantage of, by the action of counter-irritation, in the form of a blister. Cantharides, or Spanish flies are commonly used for blistering purposes, but the spotted fly of India (_Mylabris cichorii_) answers every purpose. Blistering oil, which is useful for sprains or to rub into sore throats, is made as follows: Dried flies, roughly crushed, 1oz.; good clear vegetable oil, 1 pint; spirits of turpentine, 4oz.; mix; place the whole in an earthen chatty pot or jar; put the vessel in warm camp fire ashes for three hours, and then strain for use. Blistering ointment is made by reducing the dry fly to powder, taking care to cover the nostrils during the operation, and mixing 1oz. of the dust to 6oz. of clear fat; stand the pot containing the mixture in the hot ashes for eight hours, and then strain whilst warm through a coarse cloth doubled. Horses when blistered should have cane joint necklaces, or cradles as they are called, fitted on their necks, in order to prevent them from biting the blistered surface. It is generally best to remove the hair before applying the blister. When the skin has been well acted on, the blister may be washed off with warm water and soap, and fat or palm-oil applied in order to allay irritation.

{Fly-infested animals, to treat.}

The flies of tropical countries are much to be dreaded when the wounds of animals are under treatment; ova deposited by them arrive at maturity in an incredibly short space of time, when they burrow into the tissues, and cause much trouble to the attendant as well as pain to the animal. The "sheaths" of even healthy horses and mules not unfrequently become charged with a living mass of these carnivorous larvæ, which cause such irritation as to make the suffering animal kick violently up under its belly, and manifest other symptoms of uneasiness; a sharp watch should be kept for these symptoms, and when observed the animal should be at once cast, and the intruders routed out by manual manipulation; warm water and soap will cleanse the part, and a good dressing of oil will allay the irritation. Fly-infested wounds are best dressed with the following ointment: Common verdigris, ground to a very fine powder and sifted, 1oz.; common resin, 1oz.; fat or lard, 10oz.; first melt the fat in an earthen pot, and then stir in the powder; warm for one hour in the ashes, and stir till cold with a stick. There is an oil prepared from a species of Indian gum resin called "_diccimaulieh_," which is a valuable addition to the above ointment, as flies appear to entertain a rooted antipathy to it. Flies are not the only pests one has to guard against. {Mule leeches, to destroy.} Mules, especially those purchased in Spain, are not unfrequently found to have the insides of their mouths, as far back as the roots of their tongues, festooned with huge, bloated, black and green leeches. A number of our Andalusian mules were, on our voyage from Spain to the East, found by our chief muleteer to be so infested. We therefore brought the mules, one by one, to a stout post or stanchion, placed rope hobbles on their feet, and rope halters on their heads; when the head was well secured, a stout rope loop at the end of a stick was used to keep the mouth open, whilst a tow-ended stick, dipped in a strong solution of common salt in sea-water was used to thoroughly wash out the whole cavity of the mouth. The result was most satisfactory; the leeches tumbled helplessly out into the bucket of pickle held for their reception, and ultimately found their way into the sea. Our mules commenced to thrive from the day of our successful pickle hunt, and we never discovered another mule-leech during the expedition.

{Teeth, and their irregularities.}

Both horses and mules will at times be found to "quid" their food as it is called, that is, to form during the process of mastication irregularly formed balls of partially crushed hay, straw, or grass. The discovery of these pellets should always be followed by an examination of the molar teeth, even should it be found necessary to cast the animal before the examination can be made, as loss of condition too frequently follows quidding. It will generally be found that irregularity of the edges of either the upper or lower rows of teeth have caused the infliction of wounds on the inside surfaces of the cheeks. In other cases, it will be found that from the decay of one or more teeth, those which should meet friction and consequent wear have, in the absence of it, grown to an inordinate and inconvenient length. These irregularities are best corrected by the aid of the tooth rasp, which is readily made by welding a worn out flat rasp to an iron rod about two feet in length. Bend your rasp, when united to the rod and still hot, into the form of a shallow gouge, and shorten it to about six inches; reset the teeth with a sharp punch, retemper, and insert in a common wooden handle for use. When about to purchase either horses or mules, see that the upper row of incisor teeth do not overhang the lower, constituting what is called parrot mouth. Animals so malformed rarely thrive well, from inability to crop their food. {Cautions regarding glanders.} Always regard with extreme suspicion any animal suffering from a thin, glue-like discharge from either one or both nostrils: look well up the nose, and be perfectly certain that there are no ulcers on the membrane, or perchance you may introduce a glandered subject, which will endanger the lives of both men and animals. Should such appearances as those just described present themselves in an animal after purchase, order it to be instantly destroyed, together with all the woollen or leather equipment belonging to it. The metal can be rendered free from the glander poison by thoroughly heating it in the camp fire, and then throwing it whilst fizzing hot into water. Never attempt to treat a case of even suspected glanders whilst travelling: shooting is the only safe method of relieving the animal from its sufferings. Horses or mules can be readily shot dead with either ball or small shot. To do this instantly, stand on the off-side of the animal, about six feet from and in a line behind the shoulder; aim well below the ear, in a direction from behind forwards, and from below upwards. A charge thus delivered from a gun, rifle, or large heavy pistol--not an insignificant popgun revolver--will strike the creature dead on the spot, and thus save it unnecessary torture.

{Hints on horse and mule purchase.}

Before quitting the subject of "Veterinary Surgery," it may be well to caution the intending purchaser against laying out his money in animals affected by cataract. In order to discover whether this defect exists, place the animal with its head just in a line with the two posts of a stable or shed doorway; screen the eye under examination from the direct rays of the sun with your cap or felt hat, look steadily and keenly down into the interior of the eye, and if a cataract is there it will be perceived in a pearl-tinted spot or patch on the crystalline lens of the eye, just as though the bull's-eye of a miniature lantern had received a mark from French chalk. Clouds on the outer surface of the ball of the eye or cornea are in no way to be confounded with cataract; clouds such as these are caused in a variety of ways--strokes from flexible branches, whip lashes, &c., and generally yield to treatment with as much calomel as will fill an ordinary percussion cap, rubbed up with a half-teaspoonful of honey. Place a piece as large as a No. 4 shot in the affected eye every other day, until the opacity passes away. Cataract, on the other hand, is beyond treatment, and greatly detracts from the value of the animal suffering from it. Bony excrescences round the coronets, constituting ring bone, and slits in the wall of the hoof, called sand-cracks, also detract much from either a horse's or mule's value for travelling, and should be carefully looked for. Do not, as a rule, purchase very young horses or mules, as they are far more likely to give trouble and fall sick than those of more matured age; those of from six to ten, or even eleven years old, if sound and in good condition, will do good service.

APPENDIX.

VELOCITY TABLE.

The following is a tabular form showing the velocities of moving bodies as given by Peschel:

Feet per second. Rivers 3-4 Very rapid stream 13 Wind (ordinary) 10 Storm 54 Hurricane 80-120 Sound (through air) 1100 Sound (through metal) 12,000 Air in vacuum 1280 Ball from air-gun } Air condensed 100 times } 697 Musket ball 1280 Rifle ball (at most) 1600 Cannon ball (24-pounder) 2450 Earth's rotation (at equator) 1525 Earth's centre in its orbit 101,061

Miles per hour. Racehorse 60 Pigeon 20-30 Peregrine falcon 120 Ocean steamers 21 River steamers 22 Railway train 80 Sailing vessel 10 Malay proa 20

Miles per second. Light 200,000 Electricity 576,000

WEIGHT OF A SUPERFICIAL FOOT OF PLATE OR SHEET IRON.

+----------+-----------+---------+ | No. of | Thickness | Weight | | the wire | in | in | | guage. | inches. | pounds. | +----------+-----------+---------+ | | 1 | 40 | | | 7/8 | 35 | | | 3/4 | 30 | | | 11/16 | 27·5 | | | 5/8 | 25 | | | 9/16 | 22·5 | | | 1/2 | 20 | | | 7/16 | 17·5 | | | 3/8 | 15 | | 1 | 5/16 | 12·5 | | 2 | | 12 | | 3 | | 11 | | 4 | 1/4 | 10 | | 5 | | 8·74 | | 6 | | 8·12 | | 7 | 3/16 | 7·5 | | 8 | | 6·86 | | 9 | | 6·24 | | 10 | | 5·62 | | 11 | 1/8 | 5 | | 12 | | 4·38 | | 13 | | 3·75 | | 14 | | 3·12 | | 15 | | 2·82 | | 16 | 1/16 | 2·50 | | 17 | | 2·18 | | 18 | | 1·86 | | 19 | | 1·70 | | 20 | | 1·54 | | 21 | | 1·40 | | 22 | 1/32 | 1·25 | | 23 | | 1·12 | | 24 | | 1 | | 25 | | 0·9 | | 26 | | 0·8 | | 27 | | 0·72 | | 28 | 1/64 | 0·64 | | 29 | | 0·65 | | 30 | | 0·50 | +----------+-----------+---------+

WEIGHT IN POUNDS OF ONE CUBIC FOOT OF THE FOLLOWING SUBSTANCES:

lbs. Cast iron 450 Wrought iron 486 Steel 489 Pine wood 29·5 Water 62·5 Air 0·075 Steam 0·036

WEIGHT OF ROD IRON ONE FOOT IN LENGTH OF THE FOLLOWING DIMENSIONS:

-----------------++-----------------++----------------- SQUARE IRON. || ROUND IRON. || FLAT IRON. ---------+-------++---------+-------++---------+------- Inch. |Pounds.|| Inch. |Pounds.|| Inch. |Pounds. 1/4 | 0·2 || 1/4 | 0·14|| 1/4 × 1 | 0·8 3/8 | 0·5 || 3/8 | 0·4 || 3/8 × 1 | 1·3 1/2 | 0·8 || 1/2 | 0·7 || 1/2 × 1 | 1·7 5/8 | 1·3 || 5/8 | 1 || 5/8 × 1 | 2·1 3/4 | 1·9 || 3/4 | 1·5 || 3/4 × 1 | 2·5 7/8 | 2·6 || 7/8 | 2 || 1/4 × 2 | 1·7 1 | 3·4 || 1 | 2·7 || 3/8 × 2 | 2·5 1-1/8 | 4·3 || 1-1/8 | 3·4 || 1/2 × 2 | 3·4 1-1/4 | 5·3 || 1-1/4 | 4·2 || 5/8 × 2 | 4·2 1-3/8 | 6·4 || 1-3/8 | 5 || 3/4 × 2 | 5·1 1-1/2 | 7·6 || 1-1/2 | 6 || 1/4 × 3 | 2·5 1-5/8 | 8·9 || 1-5/8 | 7 || 3/8 × 3 | 3·8 1-3/4 | 10·4 || 1-3/4 | 8·1 || 1/2 × 3 | 5·1 1-7/8 | 11·9 || 1-7/8 | 9·3 || 5/8 × 3 | 6·3 2 | 13·5 || 2 | 10·6 || 3/4 × 3 | 7·6 2-1/4 | 17·1 || 2-1/2 | 13·5 || 1/4 × 4 | 3·4 2-1/2 | 21·1 || 2-1/2 | 16·7 || 3/8 × 4 | 5·1 2-3/4 | 25·6 || 2-3/4 | 20·1 || 1/2 × 4 | 6·8 3 | 30·4 || 3 | 23·9 || 5/8 × 4 | 8·4 3-1/2 | 41·4 || 3-1/2 | 32·5 || 3/4 × 4 | 10·1 4 | 54·1 || 4 | 42·5 || 1/4 × 5 | 4·2 5 | 84·5 || 5 | 66·8 || 3/8 × 5 | 6·3 6 | 121·7 || 6 | 95·6 || 1/2 × 5 | 8·4 7 | 165·6 || 7 | 130 || 5/8 × 5 | 10·6 8 | 216·3 || 8 | 169·9 || 3/4 × 5 | 12·7 ---------+-------++---------+-------++---------+-------

RELATIVE HEAT-CONDUCTING POWER OF DIFFERENT BODIES.

Gold 1000 Platinum 981 Silver 973 Copper 898 Iron 574 Zinc 363 Tin 304 Lead 180 Marble 24 Porcelain 12·2 Fire brick 11 Fire clay 11.4

_With Water as a Standard._

Water 10 Pine 39 Lime 39 Oak 33 Ash 31 Apple 28 Ebony 22

RELATIVE CONDUCTING POWER OF DIFFERENT SUBSTANCES COMPARED WITH EACH OTHER.

Hare's fur 1·315 Eider down 1·305 Beaver's fur 1·296 Raw silk 1·284 Wool 1·118 Lamp black 1·117 Cotton 1·046 Lint 1·032 Charcoal ·937 Ashes (wood) ·927 Sewing silk ·917 Air ·576

RELATIVE CONDUCTING POWER OF FLUIDS.

Mercury 1·000 Water ·357 Proof spirit ·312 Alcohol (pure) ·232

RADIATING POWER OF DIFFERENT BODIES.

Water 100 Lamp black 100 Writing paper 100 Glass 90 Indian ink 88 Bright lead 19 Silver 12 Blackened tin 100 Clean tin 12 Scraped tin 16 Ice 85 Mercury 20 Polished iron 15 Copper 12

THE STONE WEIGHT.

The term "stone" is often used to indicate weight, but some confusion is apt to arise if the nature of the object or substance to be weighed is not clearly indicated; thus, in weighing men according to what is known as "horseman's weight," 14lb. avoirdupois are made use of; in weighing butcher's meat, 8lb.; iron, 14lb.; glass, 5lb.; hemp, 32lb.; cheese, 16lb.

THE QUALITIES OF GOLD.

Very few terms are more loosely used than that of "gold," and it is therefore necessary that the traveller should make himself fully acquainted with the nature of the alloy made use of under the name of gold in the various countries he may chance to visit. Let him not suppose that, because the glittering chain or ring displayed in an English jeweller's window is marked in conspicuous letters "Warranted fine gold," the ornament is as a matter of course composed of _pure gold_, or he will buy experience dearly. _Fine gold_ means nothing further than that an alloy of some kind containing some gold is for sale. It is well, therefore, to insist on the exact quality of the article (in carats--18 carats, 22 carats, or whatever it is represented to be) being stated on the vendor's bill of charge.

The nature of gold alloy differs materially in various countries. We have, therefore, thought it well to provide the reader with the following useful tables compiled by Mr. E. W. Streeter and used in his "Hints to Purchasers of Jewellery."

_Qualities of Gold manufactured in different Parts of the World._

£ _s._ _d._ England From 1 carat, worth 0 3 6 to 22 carats, worth 3 17 10-1/2 France " 18 carats, " 3 3 8-1/2 only common by special permission. Denmark " 18 " " 3 3 8-1/2 Baden " 14 " " 2 9 6-1/2 Germany (all States) " 12 " " 2 2 5-1/2 to 15 carats, worth 2 13 1 Russia " 15 " " 2 13 1 to 22 " " 3 17 10-1/2 Austria " 10 " " 1 15 4-1/4 to 18 " " 3 3 8-1/2 Italy " 12 " " 2 2 5-1/2 to 22 " " 3 17 10-1/2 Holland " 4 " " 0 14 2 to 22 " " 3 17 10-1/2 Africa " 23 " " 4 3 1-1/2 India " 22 " " 3 17 10-1/2 to 23-1/2 " " 4 3 1-1/2 Rome All 18 " " 3 3 8-1/2 U. States of America From 1 " " 0 3 6 to 18 " " 3 3 8-1/2 Norway and Sweden All 18 " " 3 3 8-1/2 Belgium From 18 " " 3 3 8-1/2 to 22 " " 3 17 10-1/2 Spain All 18 " " 3 3 8-1/2 Switzerland All 18 " " 3 3 8-1/2 Geneva From 14 " " 2 9 6-1/2 Watch cases only. China From 16 " " 2 16 7-1/2 to 23-3/4 carats, worth 4 4 0 Japan From 18 " " 3 3 8-1/2 to 23-3/4 " " 4 4 0 Brazil All 18 " " 3 3 8-1/2 Hamburg From 13-1/2 " " 2 11 3-1/2 to 18 " " 3 3 8-1/2 Turkey " 18 " " 3 3 8-1/2 Greece " 10 " " 1 15 4-1/4 to 16 " " 2 16 7-1/2 Persia " 3 " " 0 10 7-1/2 to 23-1/2 " " 4 3 1-1/2 Egypt " 18 " " 3 3 8-1/2 Rio Janeiro Imported from 1 carat 0 3 6 to 22 " " 3 17 10-1/2 Chili " " 0 3 6 to 22 " " 3 17 10-1/2 Peru " " " 0 3 6 to 22 " " 3 17 10-1/2 Siam Nearly pure, fine work. Australia Same as England, except that made up from the diggings. Mexico Principal manufacture fine.

Any quality is allowed to be imported into these countries.

The following table by the same author will serve to show in a condensed form, the value of different gold alloys relatively, and also the extremely low standard at which so called "gold articles" are manufactured in this country.

_Gold Value Table._

£ _s._ _d._ 22-carat gold is worth 3 17 10-1/2 per oz. 18 " " 3 3 8-1/2 " 16 " " 2 16 7-1/2 " 14 " " 2 9 6-1/2 " 10 " " 1 15 4-1/4 " 9 " " 1 11 10 " 8 " " 1 8 3-3/4 " 6 " " 1 1 2-1/2 " 4 " " 0 14 2 " 2 " " 0 7 1 " 1 " " 0 3 6 "

Since writing the early portion of this work, we have found it requisite, in order to supply a manifest want, to have manufactured a small leather case (on the exact model of our own), containing all the tests and appliances requisite for the identification of precious metals or precious stones.[D]

We have also caused to be constructed, from our own pattern, a small triple branch of gold of different degrees of alloy. Each branch, when rubbed on the touch stone, and treated with nitric acid, will leave a characteristic streak, which may be compared with one formed by rubbing the article to be tested, and treating it with acid in the same manner; the nature of the alloy will thus be found by comparison.[E]

EMERSON'S TABLE OF STRENGTHS, SHOWING THE LOAD THAT CAN BE SAFELY BORNE BY A SQUARE INCH ROD OF EACH OF THE FOLLOWING SUBSTANCES: lbs. avoir. Iron rod, 1in. square, will bear 76,400 Brass 35,600 Ivory 15,700 Oak, box, yew, plum-tree 7,850 Elm, ash, beech 6,070 Walnut, red fir, holly, elder, plane, crab 5,000 Cherry, hazel 4,760 Alder, asp, birch, willow 5,000 Lead 430 Freestone 914

[D] This, together with its accompanying instruction book, can be obtained at the explorer's room, established by S. W. Silver & Co., 66 & 67, Cornhill.

[E] This test branch can be obtained either at the explorer's room, or from Mr. E. Streeter, Conduit-street, Bond-street.

Emerson's rule is, that a cylinder, the diameter of which is _d_ inches, loaded to one fourth of its absolute strength, will carry as follows:

cwt. Iron 135 × _d_^2 Good rope 22 × _d_^2 Oak 14 × _d_^2 Fir 9 × _d_^2

Another of his rules is that a cylindrical rod of well-seasoned clean-grown fir of an inch circumference drawn in length will bear at its extremity 400lbs. and a spar of fir 2in. in diameter will bear about 7 tons, but not more. A well-made and carefully-kept hemp rope of one inch in circumference, will bear 1000lbs. being at its extremity.

Mr. Barlow has formed the following table as a mean resulting from experiments on the strength of direct cohesion on a square inch of the following substances:

lbs. Box 20,000 Ash 17,000 Teak 15,000 Fir 12,000 Beech 11,500 Oak 10,000 Pear 9,800 Mahogany 8,000

He also states as follows regarding the transverse strength of beams, &c. Mr. Weale thus quotes from Mr. Barlow's essay: "The transverse strength of rectangular beams, or the resistance which they offer to fracture, is as the breadth and square of the depth; therefore, if two rectangular beams have the same depth, their strengths are to each other as their breadths, but if their breadths are the same, then their strengths are to each other as the square of their depths. The transverse strengths of square beams are as the cubes of the breadths or depths. Also in cylindrical beams the transverse strengths are as the cubes of the diameters. Thus, if a beam which is one foot broad and one foot deep support a given weight, then a beam of the same depth and two feet broad will support double the weight; but if a beam be one foot broad and two feet deep it will support four times as much as a beam one foot broad and one foot deep. If a beam one foot square support a given weight, then a beam two feet square will support eight times as much. Also a cylinder of two inches in diameter will support eight times as much as a cylinder one inch in diameter. The appended table gives data bearing on the subject.

Teak 2·462 English oak 1·672 Canadian oak 1·766 Dantzic oak 1·457 Adriatic 1·383 Ash 2·026 Beech 1·556 Elm 1·013 Pitch pine 1·632 Red pine 1·341 New England fir 1·102 Riga fir 1·108 Mar Forest fir 1·262 Larch 1·127

INDEX.

A.

Abyssinian mule platforms, 345

Accommodation of tents, to increase, 61

Adaptation of hames to collars, 460

Admiral Belcher's expedient for moving vessels during calms, 175

Adzes or axes, makeshift, 381

African boots, 412

Aguardiente, to make, 579

Albatross, catching, 587

Alligators, catching, 590 Securing snared fish from, 591

Aloe juice, extracting, 802

Altitudes, ascertaining, 741 Low, or levels, to obtain, 734 Table of, 742

American cordway, 324 Indian lodges, 308 Life raft, 167 Portable boat, 154 Wild fruits, 530

Ammunition, packing, 17 Taking abroad, 17, 19

Amphibious animals, trapping, 666

Anchors, 375

Angle at which to pitch a tent, 56

Animals, calls of, 679 Infested with fly, treatment of, 804 Purgative for, 802 Skin of, as food, 557 Wild, observation of the habits of, 773

Antidotes for poison, 80 From arrows, 620

Ants, locusts, and other insects and their larvæ as food, 562

Anvils, 193, 197

Aparejo, 463

Application of wind power to horizontal wheel, 512

Aps or chupatee, 544

Aquatic birds, traps for, 675

Arctic regions, hints for the, 309, 316 Hutting in the, 309

Armament, hunter's, 655

Arobas waggon, 441

Arrest hemorrhage, 695

Arrow-fishing, 594 Trap, 657

Arrows, harpoon, 594 Poisoned, 619, 622 Rifling, 624

Artificial horizon, 29 And sextant, use of, 743

Artillery, charges for, 241 Cartridges and wads for, 243 Dromedary or Zembourcks, 245 Field, 448 Repairing, 243 Shot for, 246 Sledges, 406 Unspiking, 243 Zembourcks, 245

Artist's materials, 22

Ascertaining altitudes, 741 Variations of the compass, 732

Ash cake, 549

Assegais, to render useless, 203

Attachment of straps, for sledges, 399

Australian bark canoe, 162 Spears and spear throwing, 616 Tent, 59 Two-wheel drays, 454

Axes or adzes, makeshift, 381

Axles, to make and repair, 215

B.

Baggage derrick, extempore, 330

Bags, pack-saddle, 36 Sleeping, 786

Baits, fish, hints on, 605 For traps, 667

Baking bread, 550 Cakes, 549

Ballast for boats, 177

Balsas canoe, 140

Bamboos, building with, 289 Various uses for, 358

Bananas and plantains for food, 533

Bandages, surgical, 689

Bark canoes, 105 Australian, 162 Canadian, 157 For canoes, mode of stripping, 156 Stripping from trees, 789 Uses of, 789

Base metals, to detect, 263

Baskets, fish traps, 595, 597 Waterproof, 500

Bayonets, 11 Sheath knives as, 202

Beams, masts, &c. for platform boats, 114

Bear trap, 663

Bechuana hut, 280

Beds, camp, 44

Beehive hut, Kafir, 279

Bees' Nests, taking, 580 Wild, to smoke out, 537

Bell mules, 466

Bellows, 69 And forge, extempore, 213

Bell-tent made to hold many people, 61

Bent wood, 380

Biltong, 575

Birch bark canoes, 157 For canoes, 156

Birdlime, 679

Birds, aquatic, traps for, 675 Calls for, 679 Traps for, 673 Preserving, 574 Sea, cooking, 584 Snaring, 673

Bite of tsetse fly, 653

Bits, 34

Blackcock trap, 672

Bladders and paunches for holding water, 499 And water-skins, repairing of, 783 Use of, 783

Blanket used for extemporising a tent, 59

Blindfolding pack animals, 465

Blockhouse, 296

Blocks and pulleys, 383 Double, 386 Signal, 385 Snatch, 385

Board house, 278 Wigwam, 274

Boards, ice, 403

Boats, American portable, 154 Ballast for, 177 Bridges of, 350 Building, 121, 125, 128 Canvas or skin, 48, 100 Cape waggon, 129, 131 Catamaran, 165 Clinker, 125, 128 Collapsible, 155 Connecting beams, masts, &c. for platform, 114 Copper, 50, 118 Copper, materials used in, 54 Copper platform, 110 Corrugated iron, 51 Esquimaux, 103 Fitted with inflated tubes, 170 Indian cattle, 99 Inflated canvas, 48 Inflated, to make safe, 117 Iron, 51, 118, 123 Leaky, 91 Massoolah, 164 Metal life, 124 Metal platform, 107, 110 Metal, to connect odd sections of, 125 Mixture for painting metal, 113 Models of, 105, 119 Norwegian, 165 Paddling, 134 Portable canvas, 49 Portable steel, 166 Proas, 135 Quagga hide, 102 Reed, 97 Rules for sailing, 177 Russian cargo, 102 Sculling, 132 Skin, 100 Things to be thought of when designing, 105 Torres Straits, 162 Wattled, 125 Whale, 610 Without nails, 165 Wooden platform, materials for, 114

Boers' method of loading guns quickly, 228

Boiling meat, 553 Rice, 565 Water without pots, 553

Bolts and nuts, dies and taps for, 198

Bones, horns, tendons, fish skin, &c. use of, 784

Books for travellers, 29, 31

Boomerang, 617

Boots, African, 412 And shoes, 6, 412 Clamps for, 420 India rubber, to mend, 429 In tropical countries, hints on, 429 Laces, 7 Lasts for, 416 Making, 417 Sledge dogs', 403 Snow shoe, 410 Stitching, 421 Thread for, 420 Wading among rocks, 429

Boring heavy logs, 376

Botanical specimens, collecting, 764 Packing and preserving, 771

Boulders, to remove, 265

Buoys, life, 95

Bowls, wooden, 393

Bows, cross, Chinese, 623 Pellet, Indian, 624 Strings, tightening, 622

Box markings, 700

Boxes as floats, 97 Copper, 8 For Cape waggon travelling, 9 For rafts, 144

Braces, 5

Brands of camels, 481 Cattle, making, 480

Branding cattle, 478

Branch, peg, and log ladders, 349

Brass guns and their charges, 241 For barter with natives, 210 Softening and hardening, 210

Bread baking, 550

Breakers, rules for passing through, 176

Break for wheels, 443

Brick tea, 571

Bridge shears, to construct, 336

Bridges, boat, 350 Cable and twig, 335 Chain, 331 Deodar beam, 341 Fly, 331 Gabion, 327 Ice, 343 Indian rope, 341 Natural, 346 One tree, 325 Rafter, plank, and slab, 342 Swamp, 326 Tartar, 328

Bridles, 34

Broken masts, 182 Spars, scarfing, or fishing of, 181

Bruised gun barrels, to repair, 226

Buckets, bamboo, 358 Canvas, 67 Gutta percha, 73 Leather, 72 Palm, 523

Buck-shot moulds, 19, 222

Buik-waggon, 437

Building, bamboo for, 289 Boats, clinker, 128 Boats, hints on, 128 Boats of metal, 121 Boats of wood, 123 Boats, things to be thought of when, 105 Fires, 539, 540 Jetty, 329 Mission Churches, plans for, 301 Of the Portuguese in Africa, 305 Rafts, principles of, 147 Walls, 291 Wheels, 366, 371

Bullet moulds, 9, 220, 230

Bullets, cleft, 229 Hardening, 228

Bullock trunks, 8

Bull's-eye lantern, 86

Burning charcoal, 266

Bush knife, 11

Bushman's hut, 278

Bustard shooting, 670

Butter, preserving, 583

Buying horses, 577 Second-hand guns, hints on, 11

C.

Cable and twig bridge, 335

Cakes, baking, 549 Meat, 566 Sago, 556

Calabashes, float, 96 For holding water, 498

Calls, bird and animal, 679

Calming troubled water by means of oil, 176

Camels, 475 Brands, 481 Embarking, 487 Feeding, 486 Harnessing, 476 Hints on, 483, 486 Journal or diary, 489 Loads and distances, for, 485 On shipboard, fastening, 489 Water in stomach, 487 Wounds on backs of, 800

Camp beds, 44 Filters, 501 Furniture, 389 Medicine-making, hints on, 802 Of ox waggons, to defend, 297

Canadian bark canoe, 157

Candles, 86 Guttering, to prevent, 556 Making, 87 Malay, 89 Packing, 88 Screens for, 88

Cannon, cartridges for, 243 Charges, &c. 241 Mounting, 237, 240 Repairing, 243 Shot for, 220, 246 Unspiking, 243 Wads, 243 (See also Artillery.)

Canoes, Australian bark, 162 Balsas, 140 Bark, 105, 157, 160, 162 Birch for, 156 Canadian bark, 157 Carriage for, 159 Cedar bark, 160 Dug-out, 104, 163 Fejee, 139 Fuegian, 161 Inflated canvas for one man, 50 Long, 163 Mode of stripping bark for, 156 Outriggers for, 99 Queen Charlotte's Island, 158 Shoe, 161 Water transport, 496

Canteens, 70

Canvas boat, inflated, 49 Boat, portable inflated, 48, 100 Buckets, 67 Canoe for one man, inflated, 50 Or skin boat, 100

Cape waggon, 433 Boats, 129, 131 Chests as rafts, 140 Load for, 453 Tent, 59 Tent or tilt, 130 Wine, 440

Cap squares of a gun, makeshift for, 239

Caps for the head, 5 Percussion, and their substitutes, 240 Priming, to make, 244

Capstan, gunner's, 374

Cargo boat, Russian, 102

Carnivora, hunting of, 646

Carpenter's tools, 41

Carriages, canoe, 159 Wheeled measuring distances travelled by, 726

Carrying, rolling, and parbuckling heavy spars, 352

Carrying water, 495

Cartridges and wads for cannon, 243 Making, 232, 235

Case hardening, 205

Cases for saddles, 34 Tin, utilisation of, 212

Casting horses, 800 Oxen, 801 Ropes for horses, 801

Casks, water, to embark, 379

Catamaran float, 165

Catching albatrosses, 587 Alligators, 590 Cattle, 654 Crayfish, lobsters, &c., 604 Crows, 680 Deer with thorn wreaths, 624 Ducks, &c. 675 Fish, 585, 587 Musk rats, 667 Ostriches, emus, &c., 668 Porpoises, 612 Sea fish, 585 Turkeys, 670

Catgut and parchment, 782

Cattle boat, 99 Brands, making, 480 Catching, 654 Drinking troughs for, 493 Hobbling, 469 Marking, 478 Watering, 493

Cautions regarding glanders, 806

Cedar bark canoe, 160

Cereals as food, 569

Chain and rope ladders, 348 And links, 462 Bridges, 331 Pole, 335

Chalk lines, 292

Charcoal burning, 266

Charges, &c. for brass guns, 241

Chemical tests, for minerals and metals, 260

Chests as rafts, Cape waggon, 140

Chinese cross-bow, 623 Slab and trestle bridge, 343

Chisels, cold, 204 Making incisions in iron with, 194

"Chucknuck," or "strike-a-light," 537

Chupatee or aps, 544

Chupper screens, 294

Churches, fortifying, 301 Mission, plans for building, 301

Cider, plantain, 533

Clamps for boot making, 420

Cleaning guns, 237

Clearing fine sand from gun-locks, 69 Nut, 505

Cleft bullets, 229

Climb palms, to, 523

Clinker boat, 125, 128

Clinometer, makeshift, 738

Clip for holding posts, &c., 273

Clock, water, 741

Cloths, saddle, 33

Coats, 5, 6

Cocoa nut palm, uses for, 360 Shells, use of, 526 Use of, 524

Cold chisel, making, 204 Making incisions in iron with, 194

Colic or gripes, remedy for, 802

Collapsible boat, 155

Collars, horse, 457

Collecting botanical specimens, 764 Dew, 518, 523 Mineralogical and geological specimens, 771 Natural history specimens, 763 Water from rain-falls, 504

Colonists and natives, to obtain information from, 758

Common dog sledge, 404

Companions and servants, conduct to, 702

Compass, pocket, 28 Points of, 633 Variation of, to ascertain, 732 Marking distances with, 30

Conduct to companions and servants, 702

Connecting beams, masts, &c. for platform boats, 114

Contusions, remedy for, 79

Convenient tool hold-all, 43

Cooking pots, 71 Sea birds, 584 Stove, Norwegian, 558

Copper and iron, to tin, 210 Boats, 50, 51 Boats, materials used in, 54 Boxes, 8 Or iron skiff, 118 Skiff, 118 Tinning, 210 Water flasks, 495

Cooper's work, 377

Coracle, 100

Cordway, American, 324

Corrugated iron boat, 51 Houses, 305

Cost and materials of metal platform boat, 110

Cotton torch, 89

Covers for lamps, 87

Cravats, hog's, 391

Crayfish, lobsters, &c. to catch, 604

Creeper or grapnel, to trip, 603

Crimea, tent used in, 62

Crook and prong house, to build, 284

Cross-bow, Chinese, 623

Cross-tree saddles, 465

Crows, catching, 680

Cup lamp, 85

Cupping, 695

Cutting gun barrels, 198 Sheet metal, snips for, 213 Timber, season for, 270 Up large game, 575

D.

D'Abri, Tente, 57

Damaras hut, 282

Damper, 549

Damp places, procuring water from, 492

Dams, weirs and spears, 596

Dead game, protecting, 660

Deep-water glass, 187

Deer catching with thorn wreaths, 624 Enticing, 660 Traps, 659

Defensible camp with ox-waggons, 297 Churches, 301 Farm-house and village, 295, 298

Deodar beam bridge, 341

Derrick, baggage, 330 Landing, 349

Deris, to make, 342

Designing boats, things to be thought of when, 105

Destroy mule leeches, to, 805

Detection of base metal, 263

Dew, collecting, 518, 523

Diarrhoea and its remedy, 79

Diary, &c. in duplicate, 21 Or journal, camel, 489

Dies and taps for bolts and nuts, 198

Dimensions of sledges, 394

Disabled artillery, management of, 448

Dishes and plates, to make, 213

Dislocated shoulder, reducing, 694

Distances, estimation of, 739 For camels, 485 Measurement, 30, 726 Travelled by wheeled carriage, measuring, 726

Distil aguardiente, to, 579 Water, to, 494

Ditty bag, 68

Dividing and packing venison, 661

Dogs, boots for, 403 Free from the attacks of the tsetse fly, 652 Packs for, 405 Securing to sledges, 400 Sledge and harness for, 396, 404 Sledge, food for, 400

Doors and gates, to make and hang, 289

Double boat of copper, 51 Block, 386 Canvas boat, inflated, 49 Metal boats, 107 Sextant, 26

Dough nuts, 550

Drags for wheels, 443

Drawing sledges, 395

Drays, Australian, 454

Dressing for wounds, 73 Skins, 779

Dried flesh, 558

Drills and saws, 376

Drinking troughs for cattle, 493

Driving a coracle, 100 And leading horses, 473

Droge, the, 167, 168

Dromedary brands, 481 Points in the, 483 (Zemboureks), artillery, 245

Drowned, treatment of the apparently, 188

Drugging fish, 606

Dubbin, to make, 429

Duck for ground sheet, &c., 6

Ducks, &c., catching, 675

Dug-out canoes, 104, 163

Duplicates of correspondence, &c., 21

E.

Economy in food, 560

Edible frog, 564

Eggs, ostrich, 565 Preserving, 583 Shells of, horns and calabashes for holding water, 498

Elephant hunting, 634

Elg-Led, 658

Elk trap, 658

Embarking camels, 487 Horses, 473 Water casks, 379

Emus, ostriches, &c., catching, 668

England, outfit to take from, 4

Enticing deer, 660

Equipment, mule, hints on, 468 North Australian expedition, 35 Sledge, 399 Waggon, 446

Erecting a perpendicular on a given point, 320

Escape, fire, 353 Pole, Indian, 347

Esquimaux boat, 103 Ice hut, 314 Lamp, 86 Sledges, 398 Snow hut, &c., 312 Summer tents, 315

Establishing communication with a lee shore by means of a kite, 185

Estimate distance, to, 739 Strength of ropes, to, 793 Time, 740 Weight of rope, to, 793

Expedients for moving vessels during calms, Admiral Belcher's, 175 For saving boats in rough water, 176 For working ships' pumps, 176

Expedition by twenty-one men for eighteen months, stores, &c., required for, 46

Extracting gun nipple, 204 Sap from timber, 355

Extricating waggons from quicksands, &c., 145

F.

Fall-traps, 662 Plank, 664

Farmer's stores and horse medicines, 84

Farmhouse, defensible, 295, 298 And village, to fortify, 298

Fastening camels on shipboard, 489 Horses, 472 Makeshift, 335

Fat, to treat, 784

Feathers, ostrich, packing, 622

Feeding of camels, 486

Feet, sore, 430

Felling timber, 268

Fences, 273, 291

Ferries and fly bridges, 331

Ferrying wheels over rivers, 144

Fever and its remedy, 77

Field artillery, 448 Sledges, 406 Guns and their charges, 241

Figure of four traps, 663

Fijee canoes, 139

Filing up and trimming iron after forging, 194

Filters, camp, 501 Extemporised, 501, 503, 506 Patent, 506

Finding height of a tree or other object, whose base is accessible, without instruments, 321 Points of the compass, 633 River pearls, 256 Water, 493 Width of rivers or ravines without instruments, 318

Firearms, hints on, 236 Makeshift, 245 Testing, 13

Fire baskets, 555 Building, a, 539, 540 Escapes, 353 Fuel for, 539, 541, 542, 543 Maintaining, 542 Places, makeshift, 553 Producing, 535 Signal, as a, 539

Fish baits, hints on, 605 Catching, 587 Drugging, 606 Haunts of, hints on, 605 Hooks, makeshift, 586, 587 Hooks, to make, 209 Roe, preserving, 583 Sea, Catching, 585 Securing from alligators, 591 Skin, use of, 784 Spearing, 607, 608 Spears, weirs, and dams, 596 Torch, 89 Traps, baskets, 595, 597

Fishing broken spars, 181 Implements, 604 Lines, to make, 597 Nets, 600, 603 Tackle making, and hints on, 588 Under ice, 602

Fitting-up of tents, 61

Flasks, water, copper, 495

Flat-bottomed steel boat, 166

Flesh, dried, 558 Preserving, 572 Transportation of, hints on, 576

Flint muskets, 10

Float for one man, skin, 154 Waggons, to, 144

Floats, calabash, 96; boxes, 96 Catamaran, 165 Bark, 99 Inflated skin, 152 Mangrove wood, 163 Milk-bush, 163 Skin, 99 Wood, 99

Flour, preserving from weevils, 556 From wrecks, 557

Fly bridge and ferries, 331 Infested animals, treatment of, 804 Tsetse, 650

Flying railway at Ichaboe, 338

Food, economy in, 560 Gathering, hints on, 577 Insects and their larvæ as, 562, 581 Reptiles as, 560, 564 Sledge dogs', 400 Various, 566 Vegetable, 563

Foot coverings, makeshift, 425

Footways, tree, 330

Fording rivers, hints on, 344

Forge and bellows, extempore, 213

Forecastle lamp, 87 Hints on the management of the, 192

Forked sticks, uses of, 388

Form of tent peg, 64

Fortifying churches, 301 Farm and village, 298

Foundations for houses, 304

Fox trap, 664

Fracturing glasses, as to obtain a sharp edge, 625

Fritters, 536

Frogs, edible, 564

Fruits, obnoxious juices, removing of, 520 Wild, 567 Wild, of America, 530

Fuel for fires, 539, 541, 542, 543, 556

Fuegean pole house, 309 Canoe, 161

Furnace, makeshift, 553

Furniture, camp, 389

G.

Gaberdine, 4

Gabion bridge, 327

Galls in horses, 799

Game, dead, protecting, 660 Pegs, &c., 392

Gates, latches for, 390 Making and hanging, 289

Gathering food, hints on, 577 Mushrooms, hints on, 582

General hints on boat building, 128

Geographical information, to obtain from natives and colonists, 758

Geological and mineralogical specimens, collecting, 771

Geology for travellers, 250

Gipsy tent, 57

Glanders, cautions regarding, 806

Glass bottles, lightning averted by, 289 Fracturing, so as to obtain a sharp edge, 625

Gloves, 5

Gold, identifying, 257 Qualities of, 810 Searchers, hints to, 251

Grapnel or creeper, to trip, 603

Grass filters, 504

Grenades and rocket arrows, 246

Grindstones, mounting, 387

Gripes or colic, remedy for, 802

Ground lines, and their management, 593 For tent pitching, 66

Guano stages at Ichaboe, 337

Gum-tree bark canoe, 162

Gun barrels, to cut, 198 Barrels, to repair when bruised, 226 Cleaning, 237 Locks, oil for, 236 Nipple, to extract a, 204 Repairing, 199 Rests, 392 Second-hand, hints on buying, 11 Sighting, 200 Sights, 201 Slings, 39 Spring, 656 Telling time by, 238

Gunner's capstan, 374

Gunpowder, to make, 247 Plan for securing, 37

Gunyah, the, 278

Gut, silkworm, 599

Guttapercha buckets, 73

Guttering in candles, to prevent, 536

H.

Habits of wild animals, observation of, 773

Halters, 37

Hames, adaptation to collars, 460 Makeshift, 458

Hammocks, 45

Handbarrow, makeshift, 389

Hand mill, 544

Hanging doors and gates, 289

Handles of stock whips and lead pencils, 225

Hardening brass, 210 Bullets, 228

Hard rove rope, treatment of, 793 Wood, 358

Harness and pack animals, 457 For dog sledge, 396 Hints on, 461 Mule, 459 Tightening, 465

Harnessing and yoking draught oxen, 452, 454, 455 Camels, 476 Hints on, 461 Reindeer, 406

Harpooning hippopotami, 613 Seals under ice, 603

Harpoons, 609 Arrow, 594

Hartebeeste hut, 282

Hats and caps, 5

Haunts of fish, hints on, 605

Hay and straw ropes, spinning, 792

Headstalls, 37

Heat-conducting bodies, 809, 810

Heavy spars, to carry, roll, or parbuckle, 352

Height of a tree, or other object whose base is accessible, to find without instruments, 321

Hemorrhage, to arrest, 695

Hide boat, quagga, 102 Ropes, 784

Hints on boat building, 128 Boots in tropical countries, 429 Buying second-hand guns, 11 Camels, 486 Camp medicine making, 802 Fire-arms, 236 Fish baits, 605 Fishing tackle, 588 Food gathering, 577 Fording rivers, 344 Gold searching, 251 Gathering mushrooms, 582 Harness and harnessing, 461 Haunts of fish, 605 Horse and mule purchase, 806 Hygeens, and camels, 483 Management of the forge, 192 Matters connected with waggons, 446 Mule equipment, 468 Mule purchasing, 466 Raft building, 147 Sentries, 301 Servants and slaves, 704 Serving rations, 559 Shoeing horses, 798 Sledges, 401 Transportation of flesh, 576 Trapping, 666 Travel, 701 Travelling in the arctic regions, 309, 316

Hippopotami, use of, 616 Harpooning, 613

Hitches and knots, 794 On measuring lines, 365

Hobbles, 38

Hobbling cattle, 469

Hogs' cravats, 391

Hold-all for tools, 43

Holder for torches, 555

Honey, finding and taking, 580

Hook trap, 664

Hooks, fish, 209, 586, 587

Hoop-iron, uses for, 194

Horizon, artificial, 29 Artificial, and sextant, use of, 743

Horizontal wheel, application of wind power to, 512

Horn lantern, 86

Horns for holding water, 498 Use of, 784

Horse and mule waggons, 442

Horses, buying, 577 Casting ropes for, 801 Collars, 457 Embarking, 473 Fastening, 472 Galls, 799 Glanders, 806 Leading and driving, 473 Medicines and farrier's stores, 84 Poultice, 799 Purchase of, hints on, 806 Securing, 800 Shoeing, hints on, 798 Sledges, 405 Sore backs, 799 Teeth, and other irregularities, 805 Throwing, 800

Hour glass, 740

Houses, African, Portuguese, 305 Board, 278 Crook and prong, 284 Corrugated iron for, 305 Defensible farm, 295, 298 Foundations for, 304 Fuegean pole, 309 Log, 275 Logier hill, 287 Reed, 293 Thatches for, 285, 288

Howitzers, and their charges, 242

Hunter's armament, 655

Hunting elephants, 634 Large carnivora, 646 Lions, 642

Hurdle or wattle work, 382

Husks of cocoa nut, use of, 526

Huts, Bechuana, 280 Beehive, 279 Bushman's, 278 Damaras, 282 Fuegean, 309 Hartbeeste, 282 Ice, 314 Namaqua Hottentot, 283 Papuan tree, 307 Peat, 309 Savages', 278 Snow, 312 Stone, 280 Rio Negro, 307 Tartar, 294 Thatches for, 285, 288 Vaal river, 281

Hutting in the arctic regions, 309, 316

Hygeens and camels, hints on, 483

I.

Ice boards, 403 Bridging a river by means of, 343 Fishing under, 602 Harpooning seals under, 603 Huts, 314 Getting under, 602

Ichaboe guano stages and flying railway, 338

Identification of gold, 257 Precious stones, 254

Implements, fishing, 604

Impurities from water, removing, 505

Incisions in iron with cold chisels, to make, 194

Increase accommodation of tents, 61

Increase size of bell-tent, 61

Indian (American) lodges, 308 Cattle boat, 99 Escape pole, 347 Gharrie waggon, 441 Lamp, 87 Pellet bow, 624 Rope bridge, 341 Scaling ladders, 348

Indiarubber boots, to mend, 429

Inflated boats, to make safe, 117 Canvas boat, 48, 49, 50 Skin floats, 152 Tubes, boat fitted with, 179

Information from natives and colonists, to obtain, 758

Insects and their larvæ as food, 562, 581

Inspanning, 452

Instruments for mapping, 31 For mapping a route, 24 Stands for, 738

Intestines for holding water, 500

Introduction, 1

Iron articles, selection of, 446 Boats, 51, 123 Corrugated for houses, 305 Making incisions with cold chisels in, 194 Ore, to smelt, 258 Platinizing, 206 Rod, weight of, 809 Rusting, to prevent, 207 Skiff, 118 Test for wrought or malleable, 447 Tinning, 210 Trap, 665 Uses for scrap and hoop, 194 Welding of, 192

Irregularities of teeth in draught animals, 805

Irritated surfaces, remedy for, 80

J.

Jackets, 4 Making, 698

Jetty, to build an extempore, 329

Joining odd sections of metal boats, 125 Sheet metal, 211

Journal in duplicate, 21 Or diary, 20 Or diary, camel, 489

Juices, obnoxious, removing from fruits, &c., 520

K.

Kaffir beehive hut, 279

Killing sheep, 560

Kites as auxiliaries to swimming, 183 As sails, 182 Establishing communication with a lee shore by means of, 185 Scaling cliffs with, 185 Signalling by means of, 184 Tacking by means of, 184

Knives, 40

Knives, makeshift, 193 Sheath and bayonets, 202

Knots and hitches, 794

L.

Ladders, 353 Indian scaling, 348 Makeshift, 348 Miners', 347 Peg, branch, and log, 349 Rope and chain, 348

Ladles, spoons, and their substitutes, 227

Lamps, bull's-eye, 86 Covers for, 87 Cup, 85 Esquimaux, 86 Forecastle, 87 Indian, 87 Railway, 87 Oils for, 85 Portuguese, 84 Reflecting, 87 Wicks for, 85

Lancers' tent, 58

Landing derrick, 349

Lanterns, bull's-eye, 86 Horn, 86

Larch trees, 358

Large game, cutting up, 575

Larvæ of insects as food, 562

Lasts for boots, 416

Latches, 390

Lathes, makeshift, 386

Laudanum, preparation of, 803

Lead ore smelting, 228 Pencils and stock whip handles, 225 Plates, to make, 225

Leading and driving horses, 472

Leaf torch, 89

Leakage in water-skins, repairing of, 499

Leaky boats, to stop, 91

Leaping-poles, 347

Leather buckets, 72

Leeches, mule, to destroy, 805

Lee shore, establishing communication by kites with a, 185

Levelling, 340 Staff, extemporised sight vane for, 737

Levels or low altitudes, to obtain, 734 Water, substitute for, 738

Library, the traveller's, 29, 31

Life-belts, 94 Boat, metal, 124 Buoys, 95 Line, 96 Raft, American, 167

Liggers and trimmers, 591

Lighting a fire, 539, 540

Lightning, averted by glass bottle, 289

Line slings and lob sticks, 334

Lines, fishing, 597 For measuring, 292 Ground, and their management, 593 Measuring, 365

Lining for old huts, tents as, 61

Links and chains, 462

Lion hunting, 642

Lizards, snakes, &c. as food, 560

Loads for camels, 485 Cape waggon, 453

Lobsters, crayfish, &c. to catch, 604

Lob sticks and line slings, 334

Locality for water, 491

Lodges of the American Indian, 308

Logging-up timber, 269

Logier hill house, 287

Log, boring a, 376 Clip, 273 For sledges, to make, 399 House, to build, 275 Peg and branch ladders, 349 Splitting, 543 Steaming, 357

Long canoes, 163

Lotus roots and seeds as food, 564

Low altitude or levels, to obtain, 734

M.

Maintain a fire, 542

Maize, preserving, 569

Malay torch, 89

Mallets for driving tent pegs, 64

Management of forges, hints on the, 192 Disabled artillery, 448 Ground line, 593

Mange, preventive and remedy, 803

Mangrove wood floats, 163

Manna and its preparation, 529

Maple sugar, 528

Mapping, 30 Instruments for, 31 On Mercator's projection, 754 Routes, instruments for, 24 Tables, 755

Marking boxes, 700 Cattle, 478

Marrow bones, 557

Martin trap, 662

Massoolah boats, 164

Masts, broken, 182 For platform boats, 114

Matches from blue lights, 556

Materials for copper boats, 54 Metal platform boat, 110 Ropes, 788 Sketching, &c. 22 Wooden platform boat, 114

Mats, rush, 283

Measurements, extemporary, 363 Of distances, 30 Of distances travelled by wheeled carriages, 726 Of time, 740 Of waterflow of a river, 757 Rough modes of, 363

Measuring lines, 292, 365 Lines, hitches on, 365 Tape, to make, 320

Meat, boiling, 553 Cakes, 566 Preserving, 572 Roasting, 551 Transportation of, hints on, 576

Medical stores, 73

Medicines, 73 Hints on making, 802 Horse, and farrier's stores, 84

Mercator's projection, mapping on, 754

Mescal, to make, 579

Metal (base), to detect, 263

Metal boat, building a, 121 Double, 107 Joining odd sections of, 125 Life, 124 Mixture for painting, 113 Platform, 107, 110 Steel, 166

Metal pannikin, making, 211 Sheet, joining, 211 Sheet, snips for cutting, 213

Metals, tests for, 260

Milk-bush floats, 163 Preserving, 582 Spirit, 534

Mills, makeshift, 544

Mineralogical and geological specimens collecting, 771

Minerals, chemical tests for, 260

Miner's pump, to make, 266 Swing and ladder, 347 Tools and mining, 252

Mining and miner's tools, 252

Mission churches, plans for building, 301

Mixture for painting metal boats, 113

Mocassins, 424

Models of boats, 105, 119

Mosquito nets, 67

Moulds, buck shot, 19 Bullet, 220, 230 Shot, 222

Mounting cannon, 237, 240 Grindstones, 387

Moving vessels during calms, Admiral Belcher's expedient for, 175

Mules, bell, 466 Equipment, hints on, 468 Harness for, 459 Leeches, to destroy, 805 Packing purposes, 467 Platforms, Abyssinian, 345 Purchase of, hints on, 466, 806 Refractory, to secure, 459 Teeth and their irregularities, 805 Waggons for, 442

Mushrooms, hints on gathering, 582

Muskets, flint, 10 Repairing, 208

Musk rats, catching, 667

N.

Namaqua Hottentot hut, 283

Nardoo for meal, 545

Natives and colonists, to obtain information from, 758

Natives, plough, 390 Rewarding, 493

Natural bridges, 346 History specimens, preserving and packing, 766 History specimens, collecting, 763

Naturalists' outfit, 761

Nave auger, to work, 376 Turning, 370

Necessaries for the table, 70

Necessary carpenter's tools, 41

Nets, fishing, 600, 603 Mosquito, 67

Netting, 797 Under ice, 602

Nipple of a gun, to extract, 204

North American wild fruits, 530 Australian expedition, equipment of, 35

Norwegian cooking stove, 558 Boats, 165 Skidor, 411

Nuts and bolts, taps and dies for, 198

O.

Oars for travellers, 114

Observation of the habits of wild animals, 773

Observatory, portable, 29

Obtain geographical information from natives and colonists, 758 Levels or low altitudes, to, 734

Odds and ends for sledging, 402 To take abroad, 69, 73

Offal of animals, 557

Oil for gun locks, 236 For lamps, 85 On troubled waters, 176 Or sugar cane mill, 546 Palm, 525

Ointment for wounds, 802

Oneida trap, 665

One man, inflated canvas canoe for, 50

One-tree bridge, 325

Ore, iron, smelting, 258 Lead, smelting, 228

Ostriches, catching, 668 Eggs, 565 Feathers, packing, 622

Otter, making and working, 593

Outfit for artists, 22 Naturalist's, 761

Outriggers for canoes, 99 Makeshift, 92

Outspanning, 453

Ovens, makeshift, 550

Oxen, casting, 801 Yoking and harnessing, 452, 454

P.

Pack animals, 463, 474 Animals, blindfolding, 465 Oxen, 654

Pack ropes, 465 Saddle, 35 Saddle bags, 36 Saddle crooks, 388 Saddle, Spanish, 463

Packing ammunition, 17 Botanical specimens, 771 Candles, 88 Natural history specimens, 766 Ostrich feathers, 622 Riding saddles, 37 Venison, 661

Packs and pack animals, 474 Dog, 405

Paddling, 134

Pail-yoke, 391

Pails, palm, 523 Water, 496

Painting and sketching under difficulties of travel, 716 Metal boats, mixture for, 113

Palanquins, stretchers, &c., 682

Palm, bucket of, 523 Cabbage, 523 Climbing, 523 Cocoa nut, 360 Leaves, use of, 527 Oil, 525 Range and uses of the, &c. 524, 526 Sugar, 525 Toddy, 524 Vinegar from, 525

Pannikin, to make, 211

Papuan tree hut, 307

Parbuckling, carrying, and rolling heavy spars, 352

Parchment and catgut, 782

Passing through breakers, rules for, 176

Patent filter, 506

Patrol tent, 55

Paunches and bladders for holding water, 499

Pearls, river, to find, 256

Peat hut, 309

Pegs and rests for guns, game, &c. 392 Branch and log ladders, 349

Pellet bow, 624

Pemmican, 573

Pencils and stock whip handles, 225

Penetration of rifle balls, 17

Pen trap, 671

Perch bolts, to repair, 197

Percussion caps and their substitutes, 240

Perpendicular, on a given point, to erect, 320

Pipes, buckets, &c. of bamboo, 358

Pistols, 18

Pitching tents, 55 Selection of ground for, 66

Pitfall, 647

Plane table and its use, 735

Plank fall trap, 664 House, 278 Rafter, and slab bridges, 342 Screens, to make, 292

Plans for building mission churches, 301

Plantains, cider, 533

Plantains for food, 533

Plants holding water, 504, 522 Sap as substitute for water, 491 Yielding sap as a substitute for water, 516, 518, 521

Plates, lead, to make, 225 Making, 213

Platform boats, connecting beams, masts, &c. for, 114 Metal, 107, 110 Wooden, 114

Platforms, Abyssinian mule, 345

Platinizing iron, &c., 206

Ploughs, native, 390 Settlers', 391

Pocket compass, 28 Handkerchiefs, 5

Points in the dromedary, 483 Of the compass, 633

Poisoned arrows, 619, 622 Cure of wounds from, 620

Poisons, 680 And their antidotes, 80

Pole chains, 335 House, Fuegean, 309 Indian escape, 347

Poles, leaping, 347 Repairing, 218

Porcupine trap, 657

Porpoises, catching, 612 Uses of, 613

Portable boat, American, 154 Boat of inflated canvas, 48 Boat, steel, 166 Observatory, 29 Tool chest, 44

Portuguese buildings in Africa, 305 Lamp, 84

Potato whiskey, 534

Pots and pans, 71 Raft of, 150 Sugar making, 548

Poultice, horse, 799

Powder-flasks, 19

Precious stones, to identify, 254

Preparation of American wild fruits, 530 Laudanum, 803 Manna, 529 Skin for boots, 414

Preserving birds, 574 Botanical specimens, 771 Fish roe, eggs and butter, 583 Flesh, 572 Flour from weevils, 556 Iron from rusting, 207 Maize, 569 Milk, 582 Natural history specimens, 766 Skins, 774

Preserved vegetables, 582

Preventing a candle from guttering, 556 Iron rusting, 207

Preventive and remedy for mange, 803 Of tsetse fly bite, 654

Priming caps, to make, 244

Principles of raft building, 147

Proas, 135

Procuring aloe juice, 802 Fire, 535, 540 Water from damp places, 492 Water from wells, 492

Producing fire, 535

Projection, Mercator's, mapping on, 754 Of routes, 751

Prong and crook house, to build, 284

Protecting dead game, 660

Pulleys or blocks, 383

Pumping ships, 176

Pumps, extemporised, 516 Miners', to make, 266

Punk, 537

Purchase of horses and mules, hints on, 806

Purgative for animals, 802

Purifying water, 507

Q.

Quadrant, 744

Quagga hide boat, 102

Qualities of gold, 810

Quantity and nature of stores required by 21 men for 18 months, 46 Of ammunition to take abroad, 17

Quarrying stone, 263

Queen Charlotte's Island canoe, 158

Queen, the, 544

Quicksands, extricating waggons from, 145

R.

Radiating heat power of various bodies, 810

Rafter, plank and slab bridges, 342

Rafts, American life, 167 Cape-waggon chests as, 140 From wrecked ships, 92 Inflated skin, 152 Pot, 150 Principles of building, 147 Reed, 98 Sedge grass, 150 Trennelled, 146

Rail splitting, 272

Railway lamp, 87

Rainfalls, collecting water from, 504

Raising a roof, 287 Water from wells, 508 Waggons, &c. from quicksands, &c. 145

Rakes, forks, &c. from sticks, 391

Rations for one man for six days, 566 Scale of, for rough travelling, 559 Hints on serving, 559

Ravines or rivers, to find the width of without instruments, 318

Reducing dislocated shoulder, 694

Reed boat, 97 Houses, screens and sheds, 293 Raft, 98

Reefing of sails from the sides, 174

Reflecting lamp, 87

Reindeer sledge, 406 Harnessing, 406

Refractory mule, to secure, 459

Region of the tsetse fly, 652

Remedy for colic and gripes, 802 Diarrhoea, 79 Fever, 77 Irritated surfaces, 80 Mange, 803 Snow blindness, 79 Strains and contusions, 79

Removing boulders, 265 Obnoxious juices from fruits, &c., 520 Sand, &c. from gun locks, 69

Render boats safe, 92

Repairing axles, 217 Bladders, water skins, &c., 783 Bruised gun-barrels, 226 Cannon, 243 Guns, 199 Leakage in water skins, 499 Muskets, 208 Perch-bolts, 197 Poles, 218 Vessels, temporary, 168 Wheels, 218 Wheel-tires, 195

Reptiles as food, 560, 564

Rests for guns, &c., 392 Rifle shooting, 203

Revolvers, 18

Rewarding natives, 493

Rice, boiling, 565

Riding and pack oxen, 654 Saddles, packing of, 37

Rifle balls, penetration of, 17 For travellers, 231 Rests, 203 Selecting, 10 Sights, 16, 201 Shells, extempore, 226 Sporting, 231

Rifling arrows, 624

Rigs of vessels, 172

Rio Negro huts, 307

Rivers, ferrying wheels over, 144 Hints on fording, 344 Or ravines, to find the width of without instruments, 318 Pearls, to find, 256 Water flow, measurement of, 757

Rivets, 213

Roads, to make swamp, 317

Roadways, cane and twig, 335

Roasting meat, 551

Rocket arrows and grenades, 246

Rod iron, weight of, 809

Rolling, carrying, and parbuckling heavy spars, 352

Roof, to raise a, 287

Roots for food, 533 Of lotus as food, 564 Yielding sap as a substitute for water, 516, 518, 521

Rope bridge, Indian, 341 Casting, for horses, 801 Chain ladders, 348 Hard rove, treatment of, 793 Hay, 792 Hide, 784 Ladders, 348 Making, 790 Materials for, 788 Pack, 465 Straw, 792 Strength of, to estimate, 793 Weight of, to estimate, 793

Rucksacks, 787

Rudders, temporary, 178

Rue ruddy, 395

Rules for passing through breakers, 176 For sailing boats, 177 To be observed when sledging, 401

Rush mats, 283

Russian cargo boat, 102

Routes, projection of, 751

S.

Sabots and socks, 428

Sacks, ruck, 787 Water, skin, 780

Saddles, 32 And gun rests, 392 Cases, 34 Cloths, 33 Cross-tree, 465 Pack, 35 Packing of, 37 Spanish pack, 463

Sago cakes, 556 Making, 532

Sailing boats, rules for, 177

Sails and their substitutes, 172 Kites used as, 182 To reef from the sides, 174 Substitutes for, 174

Samovar, 90

Sandals, 426

Sand, &c. from gun locks, to remove, 69

Sap from timber, to extract, 355 Of plants as substitute for water, 491

Savages' huts, 278

Saw-pit, substitute for, 274

Saws and drills, 376

Scale of rations for rough travelling, 559

Scaling cliffs, &c. kites for, 185 Ladders, Indian, 348

Scarfing of broken spars, 181

Scissors, 41

Scrap-iron, uses for, 194

Screens, Chuppar, 294 For candles, 88 Plank, 292 Reed, 293

Sculling, 132

Sea-birds, cooking, 584

Sea-fish, catching, 585

Season for cutting timber, 270

Seals, harpooning under ice, 603

Seasoning wood, 355

Second-hand guns, hints on buying, 11

Sections, odd, of metal boats, to join, 125

Securing cattle, 469 Fish from alligators, 591 Gunpowder, mode of, 37 Horses, 472 Horse for an operation, 800 Tent ropes, modes of, 65

Seeds and roots of lotus as food, 564

Sedge grass raft, 150

Selection of bullet moulds, 9 Ground for tent pitching, 66 Guns, 9 Iron articles, 446 Rifles, 10 Servants, 704

Sentries, hints for, 301

Servants and companions, conduct to, 702 Slaves, hints on, 704

Serving rations, hints on, 559

Settlers' plough, 391

Setting traps, 665

Sextant and artificial horizon, use of, 743

Sheds, reed, 293

Sheath knives or bayonets, 202

Shears to construct bridge, 336

Sheep killing, 560

Sheet-copper boat, 50, 51 Iron, weight of, 808 Metal, to join, 211 Metal, snips for cutting, 213

Shells for rifles, extempore, 226 Of cocoa-nut, use of, 526

Shelves, makeshift, 293

Ship-board, fastening camels on, 489

Ships, rafts from, 92 Pumping, 176 Water-bags, 498

Shirts, 4 Making, 696

Shoe canoe, 161

Shoeing horses, hints on, 798

Shoemaker's wax, 415

Shoes and boots, 6, 412 Snow, 408

Shooting bustards, 670 Tortoises with arrows, 624

Shot belts, 19 Cannon, 220 Cannon, makeshift, 246 Making, 223 Moulds, 222

Signal clock, 385 Fire as a, 539

Signalling by means of kites, 184

Signs of the weather, 185

Sight vane for levelling staff, extemporised, 737

Sighting guns, 200

Sights, gun, 201 Rifle, 16, 201

Silkworm gut, 599

Sinking wells, 513

Skates and their substitutes, 411

Sketching and painting, under difficulties of travel, 716

Skidor, Norwegian, 410

Skiff of copper or iron, 118

Skins as food, 557 Boat, 100 Cattle boat, 99 Dressing, 779 Float for one man, 154 Floats, 99 Preparation of, for boots, 414 Sleeping bags, 786 Treatment, 774 Use of, 784 Water, 496 Water, and bladders, repairing, 783 Water, repairing leakage in, 499 Water sacks, 780

Slab plank and rafter bridges, 342

Slaughtering sheep, 560

Slaves and servants, hints on, 704

Sledges, attachment of straps for, 399 Dimensions, 394 Dog, 396, 404 Drawing, 395 Equipment of, 399 Esquimaux, 398 Field artillery, 406 Harness for dog, 396 Hints on, 401 Horse, 405 Ice board, 403 Log for, 399 Reindeer, 406 Runners of, to smooth, 398 Speed of, to check, 400 Stopping, 400 Summer, 408 Tobogun, 403 Travail, 404 Whip, 397

Sleeping bags, 786

Slings for guns, 39

Slow match and tinder, 537

Slugs, making, 223

Smelting iron ore, 258 Lead ore, 228

Smith's tools for travelling, 208

Smoking out wild bees, 537

Smoothing roughened runners of sledges, 398

Snakes as food, 560 Bites, &c., 82

Snares, 673

Snatch block, 385

Snips for cutting sheet metal, 213

Snow-blindness, and its remedy, 79 Hut, 312 Shoe-boots, 410 Shoes, 408

Soap making, 785

Socks and sabots, 428 And stockings, 5

Softening brass, 210

Solids, Weight of, 809

Sore backs, 799 Feet, 430

Spanish pack saddle, 463

Spawn, fish, preserving, 583

Spars, carrying, rolling, or parbuckling, 352 Scarfing or fishing of broken, 181

Spearing fish, 607, 608

Spears, Australian, 616 Fish, weirs and dams, 596 Throwing, Australian, 616 Turtle, 617

Specimens, botanical, collecting, 764 Botanical, packing and preserving, 771 Geological and mineralogical, collecting, 771 Natural history, collecting, 763 Natural history, preserving and packing, 766

Speed of a sledge, to check, 400

Spinning hay and straw ropes, 792

Spirit from milk, 534

Splicing, 797

Splints, surgical, 691

Splitting logs, 543 Rails, 272 Timber, 271

Spoons, ladles, and their substitutes, 227

Spooring, 628

Sporting rifles, 231

Spring guns, 656

Spurs, 34

Square, to make a, 320

Squirrel trap, 663

Stables, temporary, 294

Stages at Ichaboe, guano, 337

Stands for instruments, 738

Steaming log, 357

Steel boat, portable, 166 Making, 259 Traps, 665

Steering wheel, to make, 372

Stern-posts, temporary, 181

Sticks, forked, uses of, 388

Still, makeshift, 494

Stirrups, 34, 380

Stitching boots, 421

Stockings and socks, 5

Stock-whip handles and lead pencils, 225

Stone hut, 280 Quarry, 263 Treatment of, 264 Weapons, manufacture of, 625 Weight, the, 810

Stopping leaky boats, 91

Stores, &c. required by 21 men for an 18 months' expedition, 46 Farriers' and horse medicines, 84

Stoves, Norwegian, 558

Strains, remedy for, 79

Straps for sledges, attachment of, 399

Straw and hay ropes, spinning, 792

Strength of ropes, to estimate, 793 Various bodies, 812

Stretchers, palanquins, &c., 682

"Strike-a-light" or "Chuckmuck," 537

Stripping bark for canoes, mode of, 156 From trees, 789

Sugar cane or oil mill, 546 Making, 546 Maple, 528 Palm, 525 Pots, making, 548

Summer sledges, 408 Tents, Esquimaux, 315

Supple jack, 392

Surgical bandages, 689 Splints, 691

Swamp roads, to make, 317

Swimming to a lee shore, kite as an assistance in, 183

Swing and ladder, miners', 347

Swinging derrick, 349

Swivels, wooden and other, 361

Symptoms of fever, 77 Tsetse fly bite, 653

T.

Table necessaries, 70 Plane, and its use, 735

Tables, altitudes, 742 Heat conducting bodies, 809, 810 Mapping, 755 Quality of gold, 810 Radiating heat power of bodies, 810 Strength of various bodies, 812 Trocheameter, 729 Velocity, 808 Weight of rod iron, 809 Weight of sheet iron, 808 Weight of solids, 809

Tacking by means of kites, 184

Tackle, fishing, making, and hints on, 583

Tailor's work, 696

Taking bees' nests, 580

Tana trap, 664

Tanning skins, 779

Taps and dies for bolts and nuts, 198

Tartar bridges, 328 Hut, 294

Tea, uses of, 570

Teeth of draught animals and their irregularities, 805

Tempering tools, 204

Temporary repairs of vessels, 168 Rudders, 178 Stables, 294 Stern-posts, 181 Wigwam, 277

Tendons, use of, 784

Tente d'abri, 57

Tents, Australian, 59 Belt, to increase size of, 61 Blanket, 59 Cape-waggon, 59 D'abri, 57 Esquimaux, 315 Extemporary, 60 Fitting up of, 61 Gipsy, 57 Lancers', 58 Lining to old huts, 61 Or tilt for Cape waggons, 130 Patrol, 55 Pegs, 64 Pitching, 55 Pitching, selection of ground for, 66 Ropes, modes of securing, 65 Umbrella, 67 Used in Crimea, 62

Testing firearms, 13

Tests for minerals and metals, 260 For wrought or malleable iron, 447

Thatches for houses and huts, 285, 288

Theodolite, 745

Thermometers, 26

Things to be thought of when designing a boat, 105

Thorn wreath, catching deer with, 624

Thread for boot making, 420

Throwing a horse, 800 Oil on troubled waters, 176

Tightening harness, 465 String of bow, 622

Tilt or tent for Cape waggons, 130

Timber, extraction of sap, 355 Felling, 268 Hardening, 357 Logging-up, 269 Seasoning, 355 Splitting, 271 Steaming, 357 Vice for holding, 166 When to cut, 270

Time, estimation of, 740 Guns, 238

Tin cases, utilisation of, 212

Tinder and slow match, 537

Tinning copper and iron, 210

Tip-up, 602

Tires of wheels, to repair, 195

Tobogun sledge, 403

Toddy, palm, 524

Tools, chest, portable, 44 Carpenter's, 41 For mining, 252 Hold-all, convenient form of, 43 Smith's, for travelling, 208 Tempering, 204 To take abroad, 44

Torches, 89 Holder, 555

Torres Straits boats, 162

Tortillas, 544

Tortoises, shooting, with arrows, 624

Tourniquets, 695

Tracking, 628

Transportation of flesh, hints on, 576

Traps, arrow, 657 Aquatic bird, 675 Baits for, 667 Bear, 663 Bird, 673 Blackcock, 672 Deer, 659 Elk, 658 Fall, 662 Figure of four, 663 Fish, basket, 595, 597 Fox, 664 Hook, 664 Iron, 665 Martin, 662 Oneida, 665 Pen, 671 Plank fall, 664 Porcupine, 657 Setting of, 665 Squirrel, 663 Tana, 664 Turkey, 671

Trapping amphibious animals, 666 Hints on, 666

Travail sledge, 404

Travel, hints on, 711 Painting and sketching during, 716

Traveller, making and working a, 594

Travellers, geology for, 250 Library for, 29, 31

Treating fat, 784

Treatment of apparently drowned persons, 188 Fly infested animals, 804 Hard rove rope, 793 Skins, 774 Stone, 264

Tree footways, 330

Trees, larch, 358 Stripping bark from, 789 Whose bases are accessible, to find the height of without instruments, 321 Yielding manna, 529

Treenails, making, 326

Trenneled rafts, 146

Trestle bridge, Chinese, 343

Trimmers and liggers, 591

Trimming and filing up after forging, 194

Tripping a grapnel or creeper, 603

Trocheameter, 727 Tables, 729

Troughs, cattle, for drinking, 493

Trousers, 4 Making, 696

Trunks, bullock, 8

Tsetse-fly, 650 Preventive of bite, 654 Region of the, 652 Symptoms of bite, 653

Tubes of inflated canvas, boat fitted with, 170

Turkeys, catching, 670 Traps, 671

Turning wheel naves, 370

Turtle spears, 617

Twisting fishing lines, 598 Ropes, 790

Two-wheeled drays, Australian, 454

U.

Umbrella tent, 67

Union links, 462

Unspiking cannon, 243

Use of bladders, 783 Horns, bones, tendons, fish skins, &c., 784 Plane table, 735 Sextant and artificial horizon, 743 Waggon wheels in tents, 63

Useful roots for food, 533

Uses of bamboos, 358 Bark, 789 Bent wood, 380 Cocoa-nut palms, 360 Forked sticks, 388 Hippopotami, 616 Porpoises, 613 Scrap and hook iron, 104 Tea, 570

Utilisation of tin cases, 212

V.

Vaal River hut, 281

Vane, sight, extemporised for levelling staff, 737

Variation of the compass, to ascertain, 732

Various foods, 566

Vegetables and fruit, 567 Food, 563, 567 Preserved, 582

Vehicles, wheeled, measuring distances travelled by, 726

Velocity table, 808

Vessels during calms, Admiral Belcher's expedient for moving, 175 Rigs of, 172 Temporary repairs of, 168

Vices and anvils, extempore, 197 For holding timber, 166

Village and farm, to fortify, 298

Vinegar, Palm, 525

W.

Wads and cartridges for cannon, 243

Walls, to build, 291

Waggons and other wheeled vehicles, 432 Arobas, 441 Australian two-wheeled, 454 Buik, 437 Buy, 297 Cape, 433 Cape wine, 440 Equipment, 446 Floating, 144 From quicksands, &c. to extricate, 145 Load for Cape, 453 Indian gharrie, 441 Hints on matters connected with, 446 Horse and mule, 442 Makeshift, 438 Wilson (American), 443

Waistcoats, 4

Watch, 29 Key, to make a, 204

Wattle on hurdle work, 382

Wattled boat, 125

Water and the sap of plants, 491 Bags, ships', 498 Baskets for holding, 500 Bladders and panniers for holding, 499 Boiling without pots, 553 Calabashes, horns, and egg shells for holding, 498 Carrying, 495, 500 Casks, to embark, 379 Clock, 741 Collecting from rainfalls, 504 Dew collecting, 518, 523 Distilling, 494 Filters, 501, 503, 506 Finding, 493 Flasks, copper, 495 From damp places, procuring, 492 From wells, procuring, 492 Glass, the deep, 187 In camel's stomach, 487 Intestines for holding, 500 Level, substitute for, 738 Locality for, 491 Pails and skins, 496 Plants holding, 504, 522 Substitute, plants and roots yielding sap as a, 516, 518, 521 Power wheels, 511 Purifying, 507 Raising from wells, 508 Removing impurities, 505 Sacks, skins, 780 Skins and bladders, repairing, 783 Skins and pails, 490 Skins, repairing leakage in, 499 Transport, canoe, 496

Waterflow of river, measurement of, 757

Watering cattle, 493

Waterproofing, 186

Waterspout baskets, 500

Wax, shoemakers', 415

Weapons, stone, manufacture of, 625

Weather signs, 185

Weevils, preserving flour from, 556

Weight of rod iron, 809 Of rope, to estimate, 793 Of sheet iron, 808

Weirs, dams, and fish spears, 596

Welding iron, 192

Wells, making extempore, 492 Procuring water from, 492 Raising water from, 508 Sinking, 513

Whale boat, 610

Whaling, 610

Wheeled carriages, measuring distances travelled by, 726

Wheels, drags for, 443 Horizontal, application of wind power to, 512 In tents, use of, 63 Making or building, 366, 371 Over rivers, ferrying, 144 Repairing, 195 Substitute for a, 445 Tires, to repair, 195 Water power, 511

Wheeled vehicles, 432

Whip handles and lead pencils, 225 Sledge, 397

Whiskey, Potato, 534

White ants, locusts and other insects, and their larvæ as food, 562

Wicks for lamps, 85

Width of rivers or ravines, to find without instruments, 318

Wigwam, board, 274 Temporary, 277

Wild animals, observation of habits of, 773 Bees, to smoke out, 537 Fruits of America, 530

Wind power to horizontal wheel, application of, 512

Windlasses, 373

Womera, 617

Wood, bent, 380 Extraction of sap, 355 Floats, 99, 163 Hard, 358 Hardening, 357 Seasoning, 355 Steaming, 357

Wooden bowls, 393 Dingey, building a, 123 Platform boat, materials for, 111 Swivels, 361

Working a nave auger, 376 Otter, 593 Travellers, 594 Trimmers and liggers, 591

Wounds, dressing for, 73 From poisoned arrows, cure of, 620 Ointment for, 802 On camels' backs, 800

Wrappers as blankets, 46

Wreaths, thorn, catching deer with, 624

Wrecked ships, rafts from, 92

Wrecks, Flour from, 557

Wrought or malleable iron, test for, 447

Y.

Yoke, pail, 391

Yoking and harnessing draught oxen, 452, 454, 455

Z.

Zembourcks or dromedary artillery, 245

LONDON: PRINTED BY HORACE COX. 346, STRAND, W.C.

ADVERTISEMENTS.

BOOKS PUBLISHED BY HORACE COX,

346, STRAND, W.C.

THE ART of SKATING, containing many figures never previously described; with Illustrations, Diagrams, and plain Directions for the acquirement of the most difficult and elegant movements. By GEORGE ANDERSON ("Cyclos"), for many years President of the Glasgow Skating Club. In large 8vo. Price 2_s._ 6_d._ limp cloth gilt. Post free 2_s._ 8_d._

REPORTS on SALMON LADDERS, with original Drawings, Plans, and Sections. By FRANCIS FRANCIS. Price 2_s._ 6_d._

THE ANGLER'S DIARY and FISHERMAN'S GUIDE to the Rivers and Lakes of the World; to which is added Forms for Registering the Description, Weight, &c., of the Fish caught during the year. In crown 4to. Price 1_s._ 6_d._ cloth, or post free for twenty stamps.

FACTS and USEFUL HINTS relating to FISHING and SHOOTING (profusely Illustrated and with a copious Index); being a Collection of Information and Recipes of all descriptions, of the greatest utility to the general Sportsman, to which is added a series of Recipes on the Management of Dogs in Health and Disease. Vol. I. of "THE FIELD" LIBRARY. Second Edition, enlarged and revised. In large post 8vo. Price 5_s._ cloth.

THE COUNTRY HOUSE: A Collection of Useful Information and Recipes, adapted to the country gentleman and his household, and of the greatest utility to the housekeeper generally. Illustrated, and with copious Index. Vol. II. of "THE FIELD" LIBRARY. Second Edition, enlarged and revised. In large post 8vo. Price 5_s._ cloth.

THE FARM: being Part I. of the SECOND EDITION of the FARM, GARDEN, STABLE, and AVIARY. Its contents will be found especially valuable to Country Gentlemen, Farmers, &c. Vol. III. of "THE FIELD" LIBRARY. Price 5_s._ cloth.

THE GARDEN: being Part II. of the SECOND EDITION of the FARM, GARDEN, STABLE, and AVIARY. The contents are adapted as a book of reference for all amateur gardeners. Price 5_s._ cloth.

A YEAR OF LIBERTY; or, Salmon Angling in Ireland, from Feb. 1 to Nov. 1. Being a Description of and Guide to the best Salmon Angling Stations in Ireland. To which is added an Appendix, giving full particulars for Six Angling Tours. By WILLIAM PEARD, Esq., M.D., LL.B. Vol. IV. of "THE FIELD" LIBRARY. In large post 8vo. Price 5_s._ cloth.

PRACTICAL FALCONRY: to which is added, How I became a Falconer. By GAGE E. FREEMAN, M.A. ("Peregrine" of THE FIELD). Vol. VII. of "THE FIELD" LIBRARY. Large post 8vo. Price 5_s._ cloth.

THE ARTS of ROWING and TRAINING; containing complete Instructions on Learning to Row--On the Physical preparation of Oarsmen and Scullers--and on the Management of Regattas. An Appendix gives the Laws of Boat-racing, Qualifications, &c. By "ARGONAUT." In small 8vo. Price 4_s._ cloth gilt. Post free 4_s._ 2_d._

THE RAIL and the ROD; or, the Tourist-Angler's Guide to Waters and Quarters 30 miles round London. By GREVILLE FENNELL. Nos. I., II., and III. ready, price 1_s._ each; in cloth, 1_s._ 6_d._; post free 2_d._ extra.

No. 1. GREAT EASTERN RAILWAY.

No. 2. GREAT WESTERN RAILWAY.--N.B. This number contains particulars of the fishing, &c., for a further distance of 33 miles, making a total of 63 miles from London.

No. 3. SOUTH-WESTERN RAILWAY.

Or the three bound in one, price 4_s._ cloth.

No. 4. THE SOUTH-EASTERN RAILWAY. Price 1_s._; cloth, 1_s._ 6_d._

THE RIVER'S SIDE; or, TROUT and GRAYLING, and How to catch Them. By Sir RANDAL ROBERTS, Bart. (Illustrated.) In small 8vo. Price 3_s._ 6_d._ cloth gilt. Post free 3_s._ 8_d._

THE DOGS of the BRITISH ISLANDS; their History and Characteristics, with the Opinions of various Breeders of Note. Edited by "STONEHENGE." Profusely Illustrated. In crown 4to, on toned paper. Price 16_s._, handsomely bound in cloth gilt, gilt edges.

THE SILKWORM BOOK; or, SILKWORMS ANCIENT and MODERN, THEIR FOOD and MODE of MANAGEMENT. This work treats of all the known kinds of silk-producing worms, the food that should be given them, and the way they should be managed. It is well illustrated with engravings of the caterpillar, moth, and cocoon of the Oak-leaf Silkworm (the Yama Mai), the Ailanthus, &c., and illustrations descriptive of the apparatus, &c., used in the management of the worms, and the preparation and winding off of the silk from the cocoons. By W. B. LORD, R.A. In demy 8vo. Price 2_s._ 6_d._ cloth gilt. Post free 2_s._ 8_d._

ASK ANY TRAVELLER WHOSE WATERPROOFS ARE THE BEST. CORDING'S.

They have been proved for several years, and are acknowledged by those who have used them to be the best and only ones to be relied on

IN ALL CLIMATES.

* * * * *

THE IDSTONE BOOT (REGISTERED), as suggested and recommended by "IDSTONE" OF THE "FIELD," well adapted for all purposes of CAMP LIFE, FISHING, SHOOTING, HUNTING, &c., MANUFACTURED ONLY BY J. C. CORDING.

* * * * *

CORDING'S YACHTING BOOTS, COATS, AND TROWSERS ARE HIGHLY APPROVED.

FISHING AND SHOOTING BOOTS AND STOCKINGS.

See _Sporting Life_, Jan. 27th and Sept. 1st, _Land and Water_, March 2nd, _Standard_, July 12th, and _Paris Times_, Sept. 1st.

LIFE BELTS, AIR BEDS. COMPRESSIBLE SPONGING BATHS FOR TRAVELLERS. BOX-GIG AND DOG-CART APRONS. ORIENTAL DREADNOUGHT COAT. LADIES' WATERPROOFS. PORTABLE BOATS.

* * * * *

CAUTION.--All Genuine Goods are stamped with the Name, J. C. CORDING, 231, STRAND, TEMPLE BAR, LONDON.

ESTABLISHED OVER FIFTY YEARS.

EDWARD LONDON, GUN AND RIFLE MAKER.

CENTRAL FIRE BREECH-LOADERS.

DOUBLE-GRIP SNAP-ACTION BREECH-LOADERS.

SELF HALF-COCKING BREECH-LOADERS.

SINGLE-BARREL BREECH-LOADERS.

RIFLES, MILITARY & SPORTING.

MUZZLE-LOADERS CONVERTED.

SWORDS OF ALL PATTERNS.

REPAIRS OF EVERY DESCRIPTION, AND ALL ARTICLES NECESSARY FOR SPORTSMEN AND RIFLEMEN.

51, LONDON-WALL, LONDON.

ARMS AND EQUIPMENT FOR WILD COUNTRIES.

=THE EXPLORER'S ROOM=, 66 and 67, CORNHILL, has been by Messrs. SILVER and CO. established in order that officers departing on foreign service, explorers, missionaries, and emigrants, may, without the needless expenditure of valuable time, select from carefully-chosen stores every article of equipment required to meet the exigencies of "Camp Life, Travel, or Exploration." Amongst other requisites will be found Firearms of the most approved forms of construction.

=THE SETTLER'S DOUBLE GUN=, designed by an old hunter, and constructed expressly for rough and ready work in wild countries. It is a muzzle-loader of 11-bore, weight 9lb., is 2ft. 6in. in the barrels, and shoots either ball or shot. In its production elaborate finish and ornamentation have been dispensed with, in order that the barrels and locks may be of good and reliable quality. Price 7_l._ These guns are only to be obtained at the "Explorer's Room." No gun so named is genuine unless marked on the heel plate with the trade mark of the firm.

=THE SETTLER'S DOUBLE RIFLE=, a companion gun to the above.

The Naturalist's Collecting Gun, Revolvers, Hunting Knives, Axes, &c. The Explorer's Tool Chest and Portable Tool Box. The Explorer's Test Case, with its accompanying "Key to Fortune in New Lands," by the aid of which the precious metals, minerals, and gems may be identified. Fishing Tackle, Beads, and other articles of barter with wild tribes in great variety. Tents of the best patterns.

* * * * *

_Tents, Saddlery, Tools, Cooking Utensils (including the "Patent Norwegian Cooking Apparatus or Traveller's Kitchen"), Instruments, Fishing-gear, and articles for barter with Wild Tribes, always on view in the Explorer's Room._

* * * * *

"S. W. S. & Co.'s Circular," published monthly, contains latest colonial news, prices of provisions, rates of wages, statistics, shipping information, &c.

CIRCULAR NOTES (S. W. SILVER & CO.'S), in triplicate, payable in all the colonies. Colonial Papers filed. Directories and Almanacs for reference. General information supplied. List of necessaries for voyage. Goods shipped and warehoused. Passages secured. Insurances effected.

* * * * *

S. W. SILVER & CO., 66 & 67, Cornhill, and 2, 3, & 4, Bishopsgate Within, LONDON, E.C., And at 4, Norfolk-street, MANCHESTER. STEAM MILLS, LIMEHOUSE, E.

_In post 8vo., cloth, price 5s._

THE EXPERIENCES OF A GAME PRESERVER. By "DEADFALL" of "THE FIELD." VOL. VI. OF THE FIELD LIBRARY.

* * * * *

_In post 8vo., cloth, price 5s._

POPULAR ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE LOWER FORMS OF LIFE. COMPRISING: I. THE PROTOPHYTON. | II. THE PROTOZOON. | III. THE COELENTERATA. ILLUSTRATED. VOL V. OF THE FIELD LIBRARY. By C. R. BREE, M.D., F.L.S., F.Z.S., Author of the "Birds of Europe," &c., &c.

* * * * *

_In demy 8vo., cloth gilt, price 2s. 6d._

CROQUET TACTICS, WITH ILLUSTRATIVE COLOURED FIGURES, AND DIAGRAMS OF THE VARIOUS CROQUET STROKES. By WALTER JONES WHITMORE.

* * * * *

LONDON: HORACE COX, 346, STRAND, W.C.

J. H. CRANE, 3, ROYAL EXCHANGE, LONDON, E.C., MANUFACTURER OF CENTRAL-FIRE BREECH-LOADING GUNS, RIFLES, AND REVOLVERS, ON THE MOST APPROVED PRINCIPLES.

* * * * *

CRANE'S UNITED SERVICE REVOLVER (ON THE CENTRAL-FIRE PRINCIPLE).

"In our remarks on the new Breech-loading Revolver manufactured by Mr. ----, we noticed as important defects, first, the fact that occasionally a missfire occurs; and secondly, that the drag on the base of the discharged copper cases is sometimes a serious obstacle to the revolution of the chambers. Since that time we have had submitted to us for trial by Mr. CRANE, of 3, Royal Exchange, London, a Revolver taking a central-fire cartridge, which completely does away with these objections. There is no great novelty in the plan adopted, it being made up of the best parts of various well-known pistols; but, as a whole, it, in our opinion, approaches very closely to absolute perfection. The bore is the same as ---- largest size, ·442, while the weight is a quarter of a pound less--CRANE'S new Revolver weighing 2lb. 4oz. against 2lb. 8oz. as in ----. The ignition is exactly on the same principle as the central-fire shot cases now in general use, the missfires from which are certainly not more than one in a thousand, and probably not so high. In addition to this advantage, in consequence of the blow of the hammer being given on the centre of the base, after the explosion takes place the empty case is driven forward from the face of the false breech, and not the slightest grind or drag occurs in the revolution. We have shot 50 rounds without a missfire; but of course, this test would not be sufficient of itself. As, however, the caps, anvil, &c., are exactly similar to those which have been successfully tested in the field during the last two seasons, we need not discuss that question. Mr. CRANE has succeeded in regulating the action so nicely that, even when using the self-cocking process, we have been able to make very fair practice with his pistol. We give an engraving with a section of the ball, which we understand is likely to be adopted in the service. It is manufactured by the Messrs. Eley, and we believe will be sold at about the same price as the rim-fire cartridge, viz., 7_s._ or 8_s._ per 100. Altogether we can strongly recommend this Revolver, especially as it is to be sold, as soon as it can be supplied in sufficient numbers, at £4 10_s._, in oak case complete."

Revolver, double-action; length of barrel, 6in.; total length of barrel and cylinder, 7-1/2in.; weight, 2-1/4lb.; bore ·450.

PRICE IN CASE, WITH TURNSCREW AND CLEANING ROD, £4 10_s._; CARTRIDGES, 7_s._ PER HUNDRED.

_CRANE'S Breech-loading Pin and Central-fire Shot Guns and Rifles are well known for their simplicity, strength, and efficiency. By the use of Crane's metal Breech they may be converted into Muzzle-loaders in a moment._

Prices of Shot Guns, Central-fire, 20, 25, and 35 guineas. " " Pin, 12 to 30 guineas. " Rifles, 25 to 45 guineas. " Breech-loading Sporting Carbines, on the "Snider" principle, to take the regulation Cartridge, from 5 guineas. " Breech-loading Rifles for small game, bores ·320 and ·440, range 230yds., 8 guineas. If fitted with extra set of fine globe and disc sights, range 500yds., 1 guinea extra.

The ·440 is convertible to a Muzzle-loader by inserting a metal Breech.

Smith and Wesson's, Tranter's, Adams's, and all other Revolvers. _Foreign orders to be accompanied by a remittance or London reference._ CONTRACTS FOR MILITARY ARMS AND STORES.

* * * * *

J. H. CRANE, 3, ROYAL EXCHANGE, LONDON, E.C. ILLUSTRATED LISTS ON APPLICATION.

CENTRAL-FIRE GUNS AND RIFLES.

E. M. REILLY & CO.

Beg to acquaint gentlemen that they have always on hand, for Home and Foreign use, a large assortment of their approved

DIRECT ACTION CENTRAL-FIRE GUNS,

ranging from 15 to 35 Guineas. RIFLES on same principle for Large Game in India, Africa, &c.; adapted for round and shell bullets, with heavy charges for low trajectory; accuracy guaranteed; prices ranging from 35 to 50 guineas.

_PIN-CARTRIDGE GUNS AND RIFLES IN GREAT VARIETY._ BREECH-LOADING CAPSULE REVOLVERS, from 55s. to 130s. AIR CANES, &c.

ILLUSTRATED PRICE LISTS ON APPLICATION.

=E. M. REILLY= AND =CO.=, GUN-MANUFACTURERS, 502, New Oxford-street, London.

BRANCH ESTABLISHMENT: 2, RUE SCRIBE, PARIS.

ADAMS'S

New Patent Double Action

Central-Fire Breech-Loading

REVOLVER,

_As adopted by H.M. War Department, of the finest London Manufacture, and warranted._

SOLE MANUFACTURERS BY STEAM MACHINERY.

ADAMS'S PATENT SMALL ARMS COMPANY, 391, STRAND, LONDON, W.C.--JOHN ADAMS, Managing Director. Contractors to H.M. War Department.

Cartridges specially designed for the above by Col. Boxer, R.A., Chief Superintendent of the Royal Laboratories, Woolwich.

Breech-loading Rifles, Guns, and Appurtenances of all Kinds.

THIS COMPANY IS NOW CONVERTING THE SERVICE 54-GAUGE REVOLVERS TO THIS SYSTEM FOR H.M. WAR DEPARTMENT, &c.

_Prospectuses and Lists of Prices to be obtained on application._

See _Pall Mall Gazette_, July 22 and Nov. 23, 1868; _Engineer_, Jan. 1, May 7, and July 18, 1868.

Transcriber's Note

Obvious errors and omissions of punctuation have been corrected, as noted in the table below. Most obvious spelling errors, where the printer was the likely source, have been corrected as well.

The many fractions in the text are represented, for consistency, as, for instance, 2-2/3 for two and two thirds.

The Dutch or Afrikaans 'remschoenen' (brakeshoes) appears on pp. 145-146 as 'reim-schoens' and 'rein-schoems'. Though the former is more nearly correct, both are retained.

The word 'mattress' is spelled more frequently 'mattrass'. Both are retained.

On pp. 187–188, the quoted passage beginning "I have had a little experience..." has no closing quote. It is presumed that it ends with the paragraph, and the quotation mark has been added.

On p. 215, the final closing parenthesis of phrase ending "though many other varieties may be used)" is unmatched. Either the entire phrase was meant to be parenthetical, or the punctuation itself is unintentional. It has been removed, in any case, as unnecessary.

In the table for 9-pounder brass field guns on p. 241, the length of fuse for an elevation of 5 is printed as ·0. It is most likely that this is a misprint of 1·0.

On p. 457, the phrase "whether the traces are of rope chain or leather" may be missing a comma. It is not obvious what a "rope chain" might be.

On p. 573, the passage "...when it is not adopted in North America. The flesh of the buffalo, or bison, and in South America that of the domestic, or rather half-wild, ox, is used..." seems mispunctuated. It is likely that the passage should read: "...when it is not adopted. In North America, the flesh of the buffalo...".

The six column table Table of Altitudes on p. 742 has been reconfigured to four columns to limit its width. As in the original, the final values of each pair of columns is repeated in the first row of the second pair, etc. This was done to facilitate its use according to the instructions that follow it.

The very wide table of gold quality around the world on p. 811 et seq. has been reformated to fit the size constraints of this version.

In the Index, the major topic was repeated on each column or page break. These have been removed, and the punctuation and capitalization regularized. One lapse in the alphabetic sort order was corrected. A semi-colon separator is used twice, with the two items on the same line. These are retained.

The hyphen in compound words which appeared on a line break has been removed if that form is most common elsewhere in the text.

The following list describes any obvious printer's errors that were detected, and the resolution of each.

p. 28 in cases w[h]ere the land intervenes Added.

p. 63 ar[r]angement Added.

p. 154 the sponging bath would carry 190lb.["] Added.

p. 215 though many other varieties may be used[)] Removed.

p. 256 ["]Fig. 22. Beryl Added.

p. 457 the traces are of rope chain or leather _sic_

p. 486 Eg[py/yp]t Transposed.

p. 527 _Mauri[l/t]ia flexuosa_ Corrected.

p. 642 mar[sk/ks]man Transposed.

p. 653 testacles _sic_

p. 660 indulg[o/e] Corrected.

p. 705 or will you be shot?["] Added. take the flogging offhand.["] Added. the singing of it.["] Added.

p. 716 transportat[i]on Added.

p. 725 Veneti[a]n Added.

p. 744 Dr. Living[s]tone's Added.

p. 784 When fat is to [be] stored up Added.