CHAPTER XI
CONSTRUCTION
118. Elements. WORK OF THE ENGINEER. 119. Duties. 120. Inspection. 121. Interpretation of Contract. 122. Unexpected Situations. 123. Cost Data and Estimates. 124. Progress Reports. 125. Records. EXCAVATION. 126. Specifications. 127. Hand Excavation. 128. Machine Excavation. 129. Types of Machines. 130. Continuous Bucket Excavators. 131. Cableway and Trestle Excavators. 132. Tower Cableways. 133. Steam Shovels. 134. Drag Line and Bucket Excavators. 135. Excavation in Quicksand. 136. Pumping and Drainage. 137. Trench Pump. 138. Diaphragm Pump. 139. Jet Pump. 140. Steam Vacuum Pumps. 141. Centrifugal and Reciprocating Pumps. 142. Well Points. 143. Rock Excavation. 144. Power Drilling. 145. Steam or Air for Power. 146. Depth of Drill Hole. 147. Diameter of Drill Hole. 148. Spacing of Drill Holes. SHEETING AND BRACING. 149. Purposes and Types. 150. Stay Bracing. 151. Skeleton Sheeting. 152. Poling Boards. 153. Box Sheeting. 154. Vertical Sheeting. 155. Pulling Wood Sheeting. 156. Earth Pressures. 157. Design of Sheeting and Bracing. 158. Steel Sheet Piling. LINE AND GRADE. 159. Locating the Trench. 160. Final Line and Grade. 161. Transferring Grade and Line to the Pipe. 162. Line and Grade in Tunnel. TUNNELLING. 163. Depth. 164. Shafts. 165. Timbering. 166. Shields. 167. Tunnel Machines. 168. Rock Tunnels. 169. Ventilation. 170. Compressed Air. EXPLOSIVES AND BLASTING. 171. Requirements. 172. Types of Explosives. 173. Permissible Explosives. 174. Strength. 175. Fuses and Detonators. 176. Care in Handling. 177. Priming, Loading, and Firing. 178. Quantity of Explosive. PIPE SEWERS. 179. The Trench Bottom. 180. Laying Pipe. 181. Joints. 182. Labor and Progress. BRICK AND BLOCK SEWERS. 183. The Invert. 184. The Arch. 185. Block Sewers. 186. Organization. 187. Rate of Progress. CONCRETE SEWERS. 188. Construction in Open Cut. 189. Construction in Tunnels. 190. Materials for Forms. 191. Design of Forms. 192. Wooden Forms. 193. Steel-lined Wooden Forms. 194. Steel Forms. 195. Reinforcement. 196. Cost of Concrete Sewers. BACKFILLING. 197. Method. 233–331