Part 13

+--------+--------+---------+------+------+----------+------ | | | Washburn| | | | Number|American|Birming-| & Moen | Impe-| | U. S. |Number of |or Brown| ham, or|Mfg. Co.,| rial |Stubs’| Stand. | of Wire | & | Stubs’ | Worces- | Wire | Steel| for | Wire Gauge.| Sharpe.| Wire. | ter, Ms.|Gauge.| Wire.| Plate. |Gauge. ------+--------+--------+---------+------+------+----------+------ 000000| .... | .... | .... | .464 | .... |.46875 |000000 00000| .... | .... | .... | .432 | .... |.4375 | 00000 0000| .46 | .454 | .3938 | .400 | .... |.40625 | 0000 000| .40964 | .425 | .3625 | .372 | .... |.375 | 000 00| .3648 | .38 | .3310 | .348 | .... |.34375 | 00 0| .32486 | .34 | .3065 | .324 | .... |.3125 | 0 1| .2893 | .3 | .2830 | .300 | .227 |.28125 | 1 2| .25763 | .284 | .2625 | .276 | .219 |.265625 | 2 3| .22942 | .259 | .2437 | .252 | .212 |.25 | 3 4| .20431 | .238 | .2253 | .232 | .207 |.234375 | 4 5| .18194 | .22 | .2070 | .212 | .204 |.21875 | 5 6| .16202 | .203 | .1920 | .192 | .201 |.203125 | 6 7| .14428 | .18 | .1770 | .176 | .199 |.1875 | 7 8| .12849 | .165 | .1620 | .160 | .197 |.171875 | 8 9| .11443 | .148 | .1483 | .144 | .194 |.15625 | 9 10| .10189 | .134 | .1350 | .128 | .191 |.140625 | 10 11| .090742| .12 | .1205 | .116 | .188 |.125 | 11 12| .080808| .109 | .1055 | .104 | .185 |.109375 | 12 13| .071961| .095 | .0915 | .092 | .182 |.09375 | 13 14| .064084| .083 | .0800 | .080 | .180 |.078125 | 14 15| .057068| .072 | .0720 | .072 | .178 |.0703125 | 15 16| .05082 | .065 | .0625 | .064 | .175 |.0625 | 16 17| .045257| .058 | .0540 | .056 | .172 |.05625 | 17 18| .040303| .049 | .0475 | .048 | .168 |.05 | 18 19| .03589 | .042 | .0410 | .040 | .164 |.04375 | 19 20| .031961| .035 | .0348 | .036 | .161 |.0375 | 20 21| .028462| .032 | .03175 | .032 | .157 |.034375 | 21 22| .025347| .028 | .0286 | .028 | .155 |.03125 | 22 23| .022571| .025 | .0258 | .024 | .153 |.028125 | 23 24| .0201 | .022 | .0230 | .022 | .151 |.025 | 24 25| .0179 | .02 | .0204 | .020 | .148 |.021875 | 25 26| .01594 | .018 | .0181 | .018 | .146 |.01875 | 26 27| .014195| .016 | .0173 | .0164| .143 |.0171875 | 27 28| .012641| .014 | .0162 | .0149| .139 |.015625 | 28 29| .011257| .013 | .0150 | .0136| .134 |.0140625 | 29 30| .010025| .012 | .0140 | .0124| .127 |.0125 | 30 31| .008928| .01 | .0132 | .0116| .120 |.0109375 | 31 32| .00795 | .009 | .0128 | .0108| .115 |.01015625 | 32 33| .00708 | .008 | .0118 | .0100| .112 |.009375 | 33 34| .006304| .007 | .0104 | .0092| .110 |.00859375 | 34 35| .005614| .005 | .0095 | .0084| .108 |.0078125 | 35 36| .005 | .004 | .0090 | .0076| .106 |.00703125 | 36 37| .004453| .... | .... | .0068| .103 |.006640625| 37 38| .003965| .... | .... | .0060| .101 |.00625 | 38 39| .003531| .... | .... | .0052| .099 | .... | 39 40| .003144| .... | .... | .0048| .097 | .... | 40 ------+--------+--------+---------+------+------+----------+------

UNITED STATES STANDARD SIZES OF BOLTS.

+------+--------+--------+--------+ | |DISTANCE| | | | | ACROSS |DISTANCE| | | | FLATS, | ACROSS | THICK- | | DIAM-| SQUARE |CORNERS,| NESS | | ETER.|AND HEX.| HEX. |OF HEAD.| +------+--------+--------+--------+ | ¹⁄₄″| ¹⁄₂″ | ⁹⁄₁₆″ | ¹⁄₄″ | | ³⁄₈ | ¹¹⁄₁₆ | ²⁵⁄₃₂ | ¹¹⁄₃₂ | | ¹⁄₂ | ⁷⁄₈ | 1 | ⁷⁄₁₆ | | ⁵⁄₈ | 1¹⁄₁₆ | 1⁷⁄₃₂ | ¹⁷⁄₃₂ | | ³⁄₄ | 1¹⁄₄ | 1⁷⁄₁₆ | ⁵⁄₈ | | ⁷⁄₈ | 1⁷⁄₁₆ | 1²¹⁄₃₂ | ²¹⁄₃₂ | | 1 | 1⁵⁄₈ | 1⁷⁄₈ | ¹³⁄₁₆ | | 1¹⁄₈ | 1¹³⁄₁₆ | 2³⁄₃₂ | ²⁹⁄₃₂ | | 1¹⁄₄ | 2 | 2⁵⁄₁₆ | 1 | | 1³⁄₈ | 2³⁄₁₆ | 2¹⁄₂ | 1³⁄₃₂ | | 1¹⁄₂ | 2³⁄₈ | 2³⁄₄ | 1³⁄₁₆ | | 1⁵⁄₈ | 2⁹⁄₁₆ | 2¹⁵⁄₁₆ | 1⁹⁄₃₂ | | 1³⁄₄ | 2³⁄₄ | 3³⁄₁₆ | 1³⁄₈ | | 1⁷⁄₈ | 2¹⁵⁄₁₆ | 3¹³⁄₃₂ | 1¹⁵⁄₃₂ | | 2 | 3¹⁄₈ | 3⁵⁄₈ | 1⁹⁄₁₆ | | 2¹⁄₄ | 3¹⁄₂ | 4¹⁄₁₆ | 1³⁄₄ | | 2¹⁄₂ | 3⁷⁄₈ | 4¹⁄₂ | 1¹⁵⁄₁₆ | | 2³⁄₄ | 4¹⁄₄ | 4⁷⁄₈ | 2¹⁄₈ | | 3 | 4⁵⁄₈ | 5¹¹⁄₃₂ | 2⁵⁄₁₆ | +------+--------+--------+--------+

UNITED STATES STANDARD SCREW THREAD GAUGE.

Some Things Personal.

In the preparation of this work the idea of self-help has never been forgotten; nothing has been held back or omitted which would, in the author’s opinion, tend to advance the student in the draughtsman’s art.

The volume contains the experience in practical drawing, as related to engineering and mechanics, of over one hundred years, i. e., the author’s, Mr. Perrott’s and Mr. Lucas’ experiences added together exceed that period.

Hence, the work should be really helpful; it has been aimed also to be entertaining and with easy tasks; all the illustrations of the book are recommended as models for practice--they have been selected with that view.

Moreover, as between author and publishers, the latter have agreed to issue the work in the most thorough style possible--as to paper, printing and binding--and to sell it at a very generously low price, considering all things.

With the closing words “hail and farewell,” the author bids adieu (God be with you) to the reader and the student.

Self Hawkins’ Mechanical Drawing. Help

Index.

PAGE

=Acute Angle=, def. 42

=Acute-Angled Triangle=, def. 50

=Addendum Circle=, illus. 200

=Alphabets=, Gothic, desc. 171

=Altitude=, def. 41

=Altitude of a Polygon=, def. 47

=American Machinist=, Quotation from 141

=Angle=, def. 41, 83 To bisect an 89 To draw an 89

=Angle-Iron=, illus. 75

=Angle-Plate=, illus. 75

=Angular Perspective Drawing=, illus. 260, 265

=Apex=, def. 42

=Apex of an Angle=, def. 42

=Arc=, def. 42 Complement of an 99 Cosecant of an 99 Cotangent of an 99 Sine of an 99 Supplement of an 99 Tangent of an 99 Versed Sine of an 99

=Arc of Circle=, To find the center of an 90

=Arcs=, Drawing 146 Illus. 146

=Arrow-Heads=, how made 172, 176

=Axiom=, def. 83

=Axis=, Conjugate, def. 96 Of a Figure, def. 43 Of a Solid, def. 42 Transverse, def. 96

=Backlash in Gearing= 215

=Backward Projection= desc. 152, illus. 152-3

=Base=, def. 43 Of a Polygon, def. 47

=Beacon Light=, illus. 282

=Beam Compasses= desc. 124, illus. 124

=Bending Machine=, Hydraulic desc. 221, illus. 220-1

=Benjamin, Prof. Chas.=, “How and What to Study” 23

=Bevel-Gear=, desc. 201

=Bevel Mortise Wheel=, desc. 203

=Bevel Wheel= desc. 199, illus. 203

=Bisect=, def. 43

=Bisector=, def. 43

=Blackboard=, illus. and desc. 27

=Blackboard Drawing= 28

=Blue Printing= desc. 186, illus. 187 Test pieces 188

=Blue Prints=, Office rules for 196

=Black Process Copying= 188

=Boiler-Plate=, Riveted, illus. 76

=Bolt=, Square-head, illus. 76

=Bolt and Nut=, Square-head desc. 144, illus. 145 Hexagon desc. 144, illus. 76, 144

=Bow-Dividers= desc. 123, illus. 122

=Bow-Pencil=, desc. 123

=Bows=, Use of 242

=Brick=, Section Lining, illus. 182

=Broken Lines=, How to Draw 33 Def. 46

=Bumping Post=, illus. 226

=Calipers=, illus. vi

=Cast-Iron=, Section-Lining, illus. 182

=Caulking Tool=, illus. 76

=Center Line=, def. 46

=Center Lines=, In Drawings 240-1 In Shop Drawings 192

=Chalk-Crayon= desc. 27, illus. 27, 37

=Chalk-Work= 27 Instruments for Drawing, illus. 29

=Channel-Iron=, illus. 75

=Checking Drawings= 194

=Circle=, def. 43 To describe about a square 93 about a triangle 93 through two points 90 through three points 90 To find the center 90 To inscribe in a square 94 in a triangle 94

=Circles=, Drawing desc. 146, illus. 146

=Circumference of a Circle= 43

=Circumscribe=, def. 43

=Circular Pitch Line=, illus. 200

=Classifying Drawings=, Office Rules for 191

=Clearance in Wheel Teeth= 215

=Cog-Wheel= def. 201, illus. 201 Section Lining, illus. 183

=Coin=, Perspective View of a, illus. 248

=Color and Tints= 185

=Compass=, Mariners’, illus. 268

=Compasses=, Beam, desc. and illus. 124 Desc. and illus. 121 For holding chalk, illus. 29 How to hold, illus. 136

=Complement of an Arc= 99

=Composition=, Section-Lining, illus. 182

=Concave=, def. 44

=Cone=, def. 44

=Conjugate Axis=, def. 96

=Construction=, def. 44 Line, def. 46

=Contents=, Table of 24

=Contour=, def. 44

=Convergence=, def. 44

=Convex=, def. 44

=Copying Drawings=, Black Process 188 Blue Printing 186 Tracing 184

=Copyright= viii

=Corner=, def. 44

=Corollary=, def. 83

=Co-secant of an Arc=, def. 99

=Co-sine of an Arc=, def. 99

=Co-tangent of an Arc=, def. 99

=Crane=, desc. 219 Working drawing of, illus. 218

=Cross-Hatches=, def. 44

=Cross-hatching Drawings= 182

=Crown Wheel=, illus. 208

=Curve=, def. 44

=Curved Line=, def. 46

=Curved Lines=, Drawing, desc. 69 Drawing Figures of 70, 72, 73 How to Draw 35 Illus. 70

=Curved Surface=, def. 49

=Curve or Scroll=, illus. 117

=Cut Gears=, desc. 215

=Cylinder=, def. 44

=Cylindrical=, def. 44

=Cylindrical Projection=, illus. 161

=Dash Line=, def. 46

=Decimal Equivalents=, Table of 269

=Dedication= ix

=Definitions=, Preliminary 41

=Degree=, def. 41, 44

=Describe=, def. 44

=Design=, def. 44 Symmetry in, def. 50

=Designing Gears= 209

=Detail Drawings=, Office Rules for 191

=Develop=, def. 45

=Diagonal=, def. 45

=Diagonals of a Polygon=, def. 47

=Diameter=, def. 45

=Diameter=, Of a Circle 43

=Diameters of Wheels=, How to Measure 199

=Diametral Pitch=, desc. 200 Of Gears 212

=Dimensioning Drawings= desc. 176, illus. 177, 179

=Dimension Line=, def. 46

=Dimensions on Drawings=, Office Rules for 192

=Dividers and Compasses=, desc. 119

=Dividers=, illus. 82, 119 Bisecting, desc. 119 Bow, illus. 122 “Point” 242 Proportional desc. 119, illus. 120 Spring Bow, desc. 124

=Dodecahedron=, def. 48

=Dot-and-Dash Line=, def. 46

=Dotted Line=, def. 46

=Draughtsmen=, Useful Tables for 269-280

=Drawing=, Blackboard 28 Free hand 55 Linear Perspective 247 Parallel Perspective 260-1 Projection, desc. 148 Scale Perspective 257 Spur Gear, illus. 163, 211 Spur Wheel, desc. 162 Straight Line Figures desc. 65, illus. 66-7-8 Symbols 193 The Pitch Line 209 To Scale, desc. 126 Working, def. 51

=Drawing-Board= desc. 107, illus. 102, 106, 108 Expansion and Contraction of 108 How to Construct 107 Trestles, illus. 110, 111

=Drawing Instruments=, desc. 103 How to Select 104 Illus. 105 Outfit Recommended 104

=Drawing Materials=, desc. 103

=Drawing Office Rules= 191

=Drawing Paper=, desc. 132 Erasing Lines 140 Fixing of, illus. 102 Fixing on the Board 139 Pasting 184 “Points” 243 Patent Office Sizes 234 Sizes of 133

=Drawing Pencils=, desc. and illus. 118 How to Use 56

=Drawing Pen=, Filling with ink, illus. 130

=Drawing Pens=, desc. and illus. 129

=Drawing-Pins=, desc. 110

=Drawing Scales=, desc. 126

=Drawings=, Cleaning, desc. 169 Color and Finish, note 185 Dimensioning, desc. 176 Inking in, desc. 167 Lettering, desc. 171 Patent Office Rules for 233 Reproducing 186 Section-Lining, desc. 182 Shading desc. 180, illus. 180, 225 Size of, Office Rules 191 Tint and Color, desc. 184

=Drawing-Table=, desc. 111 Folding Legs, illus. 104

=Edge=, def. 45

=Elevation=, def. 45

=Elevation and Section=, Spur Wheel desc. 216, illus. 212

=Ellipse, An=, desc. 96, 118 To describe when length and breadth are given 96

=Envelopes=, Portfolio, desc. 142

=Equiangular Triangle=, def. 45

=Equilateral Triangle=, def. 50

=Erasing=, “Points” on 242

=Eye=, illus. and desc. 253 Effect of Light on 253

=Face=, def. 45

=Faced Surfaces=, Points, etc. 242

=Figures=, Drawing Straight-line 65 Numerals, examples of 173 Straight-line, illus. 66

=File Handle=, desc. and illus. 144

=Finger and Thumb Lines=, illus. 64

=Finished Surfaces=, How to indicate 193 “Points” 242

=Finishing=, def. 45

=Flanged-tooth Wheel=, desc. 205

=Flat Pattern=, def. 47

=Foreshortening=, def. 45

=Forward Projection= desc. 151, 152, illus. 155

=Free-hand=, def. 45

=Free-hand Drawing= 55, 78 First Lesson in 30 Penciling, illus. 54

=Free-hand Illustration=, a Water Wheel 78

=Friction-Clutch and Pulley=, desc. 224

=Friction Gear-Wheels=, desc. 201

=Full Line=, def. 46

=Gear=, def. 199