Part 5

10.16: #Mortuô Numâ#: abl. abs. = _post Numae mortem_. 10.17: #proximô rêgî#: 'his predecessor.' Join with #dissimilis#, which has the same constructions as _similis_ (p. 3, n. 12). _Proximus_ may mean 'nearest (in the past)' = 'last,' or 'nearest (in the future)' = 'next.' The context must determine the sense. 10.18: abl. of comparison. H 471 (417): M 615: A 247: G 398: B 217. 11.1: #Eô rêgnante#: 'during his reign.' How does this abl. abs. differ from those in I, lines 3, 5, 18, 37, and 40? Cf. p. xxii, K 1. 11.2: _exorior_. 11.3: #Ducibus . . . placuit#: 'the leaders agreed that,' etc. The subject of #placuit# is the clause #rem . . . fînîrî#. 11.4: The meanings of _rês_ are extremely varied. Here #rem# may be translated 'dispute,' and so practically = _bellum_ above. For the mood of _fînîrî_, see p. 6, n. 16. 11.5: The abl. here denotes both the means by which and the manner in which the quarrel was to be ended. 11.6: #Cum . . . rêgês#: 'the kings urge them.' How literally? 11.7: Cf. p. 1, n. 5. 11.8: Cf. p. 6, n. 21. 11.9: #eâ lêge ut#: 'with the understanding that,' 'with the proviso (#lêge#) that.' The clause #ut . . . esset# expresses the purpose which the leaders had in mind in striking the treaty. 11.10: Sc. _fuisset_. #unde# = _quâ ex parte_. We would rather say, '_on_ which side.' Latin often thus prefers to view an idea as one of _motion from_ a place where the English views it rather as that of _rest at_ a point. Why? 11.11: #înfêstî armîs#: 'hostile in (respect of) arms,' i.e. 'with hostile arms.' 11.12: 'three on each side.' Why do we give this meaning to the adjective? 11.13: #mâgnôrum . . . gerentês#: 'breathing the spirit of mighty armies.' So we speak of a person as 'a host in himself.' 11.14: #increpuêre# describes the sound made by the spears as they struck the shields. 11.15: _fulgeô_. 11.16: = _spectâtôrês_. 11.17: _cônserô_. 11.18: _cadô_. 11.19: #Ad câsum#: we say '_at_ the fall,' but the Latin thinks of the shout as rising _against_ (i.e. to greet) the fall. 11.20: _circumstô_. 11.21: Cf. p. 5, n. 19. 11.22: #fugam capessîvit#: 'took (to) flight'; cf. 'to take to one's heels.' 11.23: #singulôs per intervâlla#: 'one by one, at intervals.' 12.1: #aliquantum spatiî#: 'some distance.' #spatiî# is a partitive genitive; #aliquantum# is an acc. of extent of space: H 417 (379): M 513: A 257: G 335: B 181. 12.2: #In . . . redit# (_redeô_): 'he turned and made a furious attack upon him.' How literally? 12.3: #inclâmat . . . ferant#: 'was shouting . . . (bidding them) to bear aid.' For #inclâmat#, see p. 3, n. 14. 12.4: = _secundum_, as often. 12.5: H 605, II (520, 2): M 880: A 327: G 577: B 292. 12.6: 'one on each side.' Cf. _ternî_, l. 11, and note there. 12.7: _supersum_. 12.8: 'equally matched.' 12.9: #alter . . . alter#: 'the one . . . the other (of the two).' With #intâctus# cf. _integer_, l. 18. 12.10: 'inspirited, emboldened.' 12.11: The repetition of #fessum# gives emphasis by dwelling upon the fact. 12.12: 'was dragging,' i.e. instead of moving with life and vigor. We would rather say, 'could barely drag his body along.' So we would render #male sustinentem arma#, l. 29, as 'barely able to endure (the weight of) his armor.' 12.13: = _occidit_. 12.14: 'as he lay prostrate.' 12.15: #ovantês ac grâtulantês#: 'with rejoicing and congratulations.' Participles, like adjectives, may have adverbial force. 12.16: accus. of limit of motion; cf. p. 3, n. 4. 12.17: Cf. p. 4, n. 3. 12.18: #vîsô . . . spônsî#: 'when she saw her lover's cloak,' etc. Cf. p. 1, n. 4. 12.19: #crînês solvere#: a common token of grief among the Romans. Cf. _crinibus passîs_, II, 36. 12.20: _stringô_. 12.21: #verbîs increpâns#: cf. _hîs increpâns verbîs_, I, 46. 12.22: _abeô_. 12.23: #oblîta# (_oblivîscor_) #frâtrum#: 'you who have forgotten,' or 'since you have forgotten.' For the genitives #frâtrum# and #patriae#, see H 454 (406, II): M 588: A 219: G 376: B 206, 1. Cf. the English 'forgetful of.' For the repetition of #oblîta# see n. 11. 13.1: 'fare, perish.' The subject is _fêmina_, or _illa fêmina_, as suggested by #quaecumque#. How? With the whole sentence cf. _Sîc . . . mea_, I, 47, and see note there. 13.2: #facinus#, by its derivation from _faciô_, properly = 'a deed,' whether good or bad, but generally 'a crime.' 13.3: = _senâtôribus_, who were officially styled _Patrês Cônscrîptî_. #patribus plêbîque# virtually = _omnibus_. 13.4: 'court.' 13.5: See Vocab., _lîctor_. 13.6: The tense has dramatic force and = 'was (actually) putting on.' 13.7: _caedô_. 13.8: _amplector_. 13.9: clause of negative purpose: see p. 9, n. 6. 13.10: _cônspiciô_. The subjunctive may be explained (1) as caused by attraction to #faceret#, H 652, 1 (529, II): M 793: A 342: G 663: B 324, or (2) as in informal indir. disc. 13.11: abl. of separation (cf. p. 1, n. 6), to be joined with #orbum faceret#, which = _orbâret_. 13.12: After a negative clause the Romans often use _que_ or _et_, where the English idiom requires _but_. 13.13: why abl.? see p. 4, n. 1. 13.14: Cf. p. 6, n. 21. 13.15: 'a (certain) street.' The street referred to ran up the slope of the Esquiline Hill. 13.16: See Vocab., _iugum_. The father of Horatius, by making him pass, as it were, beneath the yoke, symbolically executed the sentence of death passed by the judges. 13.17: Sc. _Tigillum_. Livy says that this beam was renewed from time to time at public expense, even down to his own day. Another memorial of this fight was the _Pîla_ ('Column') _Horâtia_, adjoining the Forum, on which Horatius is said to have hung the spoils taken from the Curiatii. 13.18: #pâx Albâna# = _pâx cum Albâ îcta_. 13.19: _maneô_. 13.20: #cum . . . vidêret#: subjunctive of cause. See p. 2, n. 13; p. 4, n. 12; and p. xx, H 2. 14.1: #quod . . . fînîsset#: 'because (as they said),' etc. The subjunctive is due to the implied indirect discourse, and expresses the thought, not of the writer, but of Mettius' subjects. See p. xxi, H 4. 14.2: #ûnô . . . certâmine#: 'by one contest (only), and that a contest in which but few fought.' Cf. l. 4. 14.3: #ut . . . corrigeret#: 'to set the matter straight,' i.e. to regain the good will of his people. Join this clause with what follows. 14.4: #in auxilium#: 'to give aid,' an expression of purpose. Cf. _ad supplicium_, I, 29, and note. Tullus summoned Mettius in accordance with the treaty made before the fight between the Horatii and the Curiatii (l. 7). 14.5: #Quâ rê . . . intellêctâ# (_intellegô_): 'when he noticed this state of things.' For #quâ#, see p. 4, n. 3. 14.6: #ait . . . circumvenîrentur#: Tullus' purpose in making this statement was partly to frighten the enemy, partly to reassure his own men. Livy relates that Tullus had stationed his own forces against the Veientes, the Albans against the Fidenates. The withdrawal of Mettius exposed the flank of the Romans to attack from the Fidenates, and so was regarded at once by the Romans as proof of treachery. 14.7: abl. of separation (cf. p. 1, n. 6). _ligâre_ and its compounds are construed with either (1) the simple ablative, or (2) the ablative with _ab_, _dê_, or _ex_. 14.8: #in . . . est#: 'was torn limb from limb.' 14.9: _distrahô_. 14.10: _iubeô_. 14.11: _crêscô_. 14.12: abl. of means. 14.13: #quô . . . habitârêtur#: 'that it might be more densely inhabited,' i.e. that a larger number of people might be induced to live there. In purpose clauses containing a comparative, _quô_ is used instead of _ut_: H 568, 7 (497, 2): M 909: A 317, _b_: G 545, 2; B 282, _a_. This _quô_ is the abl. sing. neut. of the relative pronoun, and = _ut eô_, 'that thereby.' 14.14: #eam . . . cêpit# (_capiô_): 'Tullus chose it (the mountain) as the site of his palace,' Why is #eam# feminine, although referring to _môns Caelius_, which is masculine? Cf. p. 5, n. 14. 14.15: #Auctârum . . . fîdûciâ#: 'because of the confidence (begotten) of his increased strength,' or 'by his confidence in his increased strength.' In the former case the gen. is subjective; in the latter it is objective; H 440, 1 and 2 (396, II and III): M 553, 571: A 213, 1, 2: G 363, 1 and 2: B 199, 200. 14.16: _efferô_. 15.1: _însequor_. 15.2: #bellicôsus# = a causal clause _quod ipse bellicôsus erat_. 15.3: #mîlitiae quam domî#: 'in war than in peace.' See H 484, 2 (426, 2): M 622: A 258, _d_: G. 411, R. 2: B 232, 2; xvi, A 1. 15.4: = 'the fighting men,' because _iuvenês_ (men under 45) were eligible for military duty. 15.5: #sed ipse quoque#: 'but (i.e. in spite of this statement) he too.' 15.6: 'so completely.' 15.7: _frangô_. 15.8: #spîritûs illî ferôcês#: 'that high spirit of his'; #illî# = 'that for which he was so famous.' Cf. l. 2. 15.9: #fulmine îctum . . . cônflagrâsse# = _fulmine îctum esse et cônflagrâsse_. Instead of using two coördinated verbs with a common subject, Latin regularly represents the first verb by a perf. pass. part., or by the past part. of a deponent verb, in agreement with that common subject. Cf. p. 2, n. 8, and p. xxiv, L 5.]

#V. Ancus Marcius, Romanorum rex quartus# [[stripped text]]

641-616 B.C.

Tullo mortuo Ancum Marcium regem populus creavit. Numae Pompilii nepos Ancus Marcius erat, aequitate et religione avo similis. Tunc Latini, cum quibus Tullo regnante ictum foedus erat, sustulerant animos, et incursionem in agrum Romanum fecerunt. Ancus, priusquam eis bellum indiceret, legatum misit, qui res repeteret, eumque morem posteri acceperunt. Id autem hoc modo fiebat. Legatus, ubi ad fines eorum venit a quibus res repetuntur, capite velato "Audi, Iuppiter," inquit "audite, fines huius populi. Ego sum publicus nuntius populi Romani; verbis meis fides sit." Deinde peragit postulata. Si non deduntur res quas exposcit, hastam in fines hostium emittit bellumque ita indicit. Legatus, qui ea de re mittitur, _Fetialis_ ritusque belli indicendi _Ius Fetiale_ appellatur.

Legato Romano res repetenti superbe responsum est a Latinis; quare bellum hoc modo eis indictum est. Ancus, exercitu conscripto, profectus Latinos fudit et compluribus oppidis deletis cives Romam traduxit. Cum autem in tanta hominum multitudine facinora clandestina fierent, Ancus carcerem in media urbe ad terrorem increscentis audaciae aedificavit. Idem nova moenia urbi circumdedit, Ianiculum montem ponte sublicio in Tiberi facto urbi coniunxit, in ore Tiberis Ostiam urbem condidit. Pluribus aliis rebus intra paucos annos confectis; immatura morte praereptus obiit.

#V. Ancus Mârcius, Rômânôrum rêx quârtus# [[as printed]]

641-616 B.C.

Tullô mortuô[10] Ancum Mârcium rêgem[11] populus creâvit. Numae Pompiliî nepôs Ancus Mârcius erat, aequitâte[12] et religiône[12] avô similis. Tunc Latînî, cum quibus Tullô rêgnante îctum foedus erat, {5} sustulerant[13] animôs, et incursiônem in agrum Rômânum fêcêrunt. Ancus, priusquam[14] eîs bellum indîceret,[14] lêgâtum mîsit, quî[15] rês [[16]] repeteret, eumque[1] môrem posterî accêpêrunt. Id autem hôc modô fîêbat. Lêgâtus, ubi ad fînês eôrum venit â quibus rês {10} repetuntur, capite[2] vêlâtô "Audî, Iuppiter," inquit[3] "audîte, fînês hûius[4] populî. Ego sum pûblicus[5] nûntius populî Rômânî; verbîs[6] meîs fidês sit." Deinde peragit pôstulâta. Sî nôn dêduntur rês quâs expôscit, hastam in fînês hostium êmittit bellumque ita indîcit. Lêgâtus, quî eâ dê rê mittitur, _Fêtiâlis_[7] rîtusque bellî {15} indîcendî _Iûs Fêtiâle_ appellâtur.

Lêgâtô Rômânô rês repetentî superbê respônsum[8] est â Latînîs; quârê bellum hôc[9] modô eîs indictum est. Ancus, exercitû cônscrîptô, profectus[10] Latînôs fûdit et complûribus oppidîs dêlêtîs cîvês Rômam {20} trâdûxit[11]. Cum[12] autem in tantâ hominum multitûdine facinora clandestîna fierent, Ancus carcerem[13] in mediâ urbe ad[14] terrôrem incrêscentis audâciae aedificâvit. Îdem nova moenia urbî circumdedit, {25} Iâniculum montem ponte[15] subliciô [[17]] in Tiberî factô urbî côniûnxit, in ôre[1] Tiberis Ôstiam urbem condidit. Plûribus aliîs rêbus intrâ paucôs annôs cônfectîs; immâtûrâ morte praereptus obiit. {29}

[Footnotes: V (pages 15-17)

15.10: What is the force of this abl. abs.? 15.11: #rêgem populus creâvit#: This phrase, as it stands, is somewhat misleading. As a matter of fact, the kingship was neither hereditary nor elective. On the death of a king an _interrêx_, or regent, was chosen, who took the auspices, and the augurs inferred from the signs that the gods favored a certain candidate. He was then elected by the Assembly, and the choice was confirmed by the Senate. 15.12: abl. of specification. 15.13: #sustulerant# (_tollô_) #animôs#: 'had plucked up courage.' 15.14: Cf. _priusquam . . . posset_, IV, 25, and note. 15.15: #quî . . . repeteret#: relative clause of purpose. _Rês repetere_ = 'to demand the (stolen) things,' is a technical phrase of war, and = 'to demand restitution or satisfaction.' The opposite is _rês reddere_, or _rês dêdere_, as in l. 13. 16.1: #eum môrem . . . accêpêrunt#: 'that custom posterity (the Romans of later times) adopted.' Traces of the custom appear as late as the reign of Augustus. 16.2: While praying, the Romans covered their faces with a fold of the toga, that no untoward sight might interrupt their devotions. The _lêgâtus_ here covers his face, because he is praying to Jupiter and to the #fînês#, which are personified. 16.3: This word, rather than _dîxit_, is used with direct discourse, and regularly stands, as here, _within_ the quotation. 16.4: The _lêgâtus_, of course, said _fînês Albânôrum_, or _Vêientium_, as the case might be. 16.5: 'official,' i.e. duly accredited. 16.6: #verbîs . . . sit# = _verbîs meîs crêdite_. Cf. II, 48, _cuî reî fidem fêcit_. #sit# is a hortatory subjunctive; H 559, 1 (484, II): M 713: A 266: G 263: B 274. 16.7: See Vocab., _fêtiâlis_. 16.8: #respônsum . . . Latînîs# = _Latînî respondêrunt_. The impersonal passive is common. 16.9: #hôc#: 'described _above_,' in lines 9-16. In l. 9 _hôc_ = 'described _below_.' _Hîc_ more often bears the latter sense, i.e. it refers to what follows. 16.10: #profectus . . . fûdit# (_fundô_): cf. p. 15, n. 9. 16.11: 'transferred, removed.' 16.12: #Cum . . . fierent#: a causal clause; cf. p. 13, n. 20. 16.13: See Vocab., _carcer_. 16.14: #ad . . . audâciae# = _ut incrêscentem audâciam terrêret_. Cf. p. 3, n. 8, and _ad congressum deae_, III, 33. #audâciae# is objective genitive: cf. p. 14, n. 15. 16.15: #ponte subliciô#: abl. abs., with #factô#, expressing means. This bridge, the earliest and most famous of the bridges over the Tiber, derived its name from the circumstance that it was always made of wood and supported on piles (_sublicae_). It is this bridge that figures so largely in Macaulay's _Lays of Ancient Rome_, Horatius, stanzas xxix. ff. 17.1: #in ôre#: 'at the mouth.' The town Ostia got its name from its position _in ôre Tiberis_. It was the port of Rome, and thus attained great importance. Great harbors were built there in the days of the Empire, the remains of which, as well as of the warehouses built for the storage of merchandise from abroad, are still visible.]

#VI. Lucius Tarquinius Priscus, Romanorum rex quintus# [[stripped text]]

616-578 B.C.

Anco regnante Lucius Tarquinius, Tarquiniis, ex Etruriae urbe, profectus, cum coniuge et fortunis omnibus Romam commigravit. Additur haec fabula: advenienti aquila pilleum sustulit et super carpentum, cui Tarquinius insidebat, cum magno clangore volitans rursus capiti apte reposuit; inde sublimis abiit. Tanaquil coniux, caelestium prodigiorum perita, regnum ei portendi intellexit; itaque, virum complexa, excelsa et alta sperare eum iussit. Has spes cogitationesque secum portantes urbem ingressi sunt, domicilioque ibi comparato Tarquinius pecunia et industria dignitatem atque etiam Anci regis familiaritatem consecutus est; a quo tutor liberis relictus regnum intercepit et ita administravit, quasi iure adeptus esset.

Tarquinius Priscus Latinos bello domuit; Circum Maximum aedificavit; de Sabinis triumphavit; murum lapideum urbi circumdedit. Equitum centurias duplicavit, nomina mutare non potuit, deterritus, ut ferunt, Atti Navii auctoritate. Attus enim, ea tempestate augur inclitus, id fieri posse negabat, nisi aves addixissent; iratus rex in experimentum artis eum interrogavit, fierine posset quod ipse mente concepisset; Attus augurio acto fieri posse respondit. "Atqui hoc" inquit rex "agitabam, num cotem illam secare novacula possem." "Potes ergo" inquit augur, et rex secuisse dicitur. Tarquinius filium tredecim annorum, quod in proelio hostem percussisset, praetexta bullaque donavit; unde haec ingenuorum puerorum insignia esse coeperunt.

Supererant duo Anci filii, qui, aegre ferentes se paterno regno fraudatos esse, regi insidias paraverunt. Ex pastoribus duos ferocissimos deligunt ad patrandum facinus. Ei simulata rixa in vestibulo regiae tumultuantur. Quorum clamor cum penitus in regiam pervenisset, vocati ad regem pergunt. Primo uterque vociferari coepit et certatim alter alteri obstrepere. Cum vero iussi essent in vicem dicere, unus ex composito rem orditur; dumque intentus in eum se rex totus avertit, alter elatam securim in eius caput deiecit, et relicto in vulnere telo ambo foras se proripiunt.

#VI. Lûcius Tarquinius Prîscus, Rômânôrum rêx quîntus# [[as printed]]

616-578 B.C.

Ancô rêgnante Lûcius Tarquinius, Tarquiniîs,[2] ex Etrûriae urbe, profectus,[3] cum coniuge et fortûnîs omnibus Rômam commigrâvit. Additur haec fâbula: advenientî[4] aquila pilleum sustulit[5] et super carpentum,[6] cuî[7] Tarquinius însidêbat, cum mâgnô clangôre volitâns rûrsus[8] capitî[9] aptê reposuit; inde sublîmis[10] abiit. Tanaquil coniux, caelestium[11] prôdigiôrum perîta, rêgnum[12] eî portendî {6} intellêxit; itaque, virum complexa, excelsa[13] et alta[13] spêrâre [[18]] eum iussit. Hâs spês côgitâtiônêsque sêcum portantês urbem ingressî[1] sunt, domiciliôque ibi comparâtô Tarquinius pecûniâ et indûstriâ dîgnitâtem atque etiam Ancî rêgis familiâritâtem {10} cônsecûtus[2] est; â quô tûtor lîberîs relîctus[3] rêgnum intercêpit et ita administrâvit, quasi[4] iûre adeptus[5] esset.

Tarquinius Prîscus Latînôs bellô domuit; Circum[6] Mâximum aedificâvit; dê[7] Sabînîs triumphâvit; mûrum[8] lapideum urbî circumdedit. Equitum centuriâs[9] duplicâvit, {15} nômina mûtâre nôn potuit, dêterritus, ut ferunt, Attî Nâviî auctôritate. Attus enim, eâ tempestâte[10] augur inclitus, id fierî posse negâbat, nisi[11] avês addîxissent[11]; îrâtus rêx in[12] experîmentum artis eum interrogâvit, fierîne posset[13] {20} quod ipse mente concêpisset[14]; Attus auguriô âctô fierî posse respondit. "Atquî hôc"[15] inquit rêx "agitâbam, num côtem illam secâre novâculâ possem."[13] "Potes[16] ergô" inquit augur, et rêx secuisse dîcitur. Tarquinius fîlium tredecim {25} annôrum,[17] quod in proeliô hostem percussisset,[18] praetextâ[19] [[19]] bullâque[1] dônâvit; unde[2] haec[3] ingenuôrum puerôrum însîgnia esse coepêrunt.

Supererant[4] duo Ancî fîliî, quî, aegrê ferentês sê paternô[5] rêgnô fraudâtôs esse,[6] rêgî însidiâs parâvêrunt. Ex pâstôribus {30} duôs ferôcissimôs dêligunt ad patrandum facinus. Eî simulâtâ rixâ in vêstibulô rêgiae tumultuantur. Quôrum[7] clâmor cum[8] penitus in rêgiam pervênisset, vocâtî ad rêgem pergunt. Prîmô uterque vôciferârî coepit et certâtim[9] alter alterî obstrepere. Cum vêrô iussî essent in vicem dîcere, ûnus ex[10] compositô rem {35} ôrdîtur; dumque intentus in eum sê rêx tôtus âvertit, alter êlâtam[11] secûrim in êius caput dêiêcit, et relîctô[12] in vulnere têlô ambô forâs sê prôripiunt.

[Footnotes: VI (pages 17-19)