Part 2

In L'Estrange's language the law of the land cannot be misunderstood, for it calls _a spade a spade_ (No. 106; T-S699).[23] The factions win their objectives _by hook or crook_ (No. 100; T-H588) even though they are as _mad as March Hares_ (No. 15; T-H148) and _as Blind as Beetles_ (No. 15; T-B219). Certain things are _as clear as the Day_ (No. 25; T-D56) or _as plain as the nose o'my face_ (No. 40; T-N215), whereas others are so confused that one can _make neither Head nor tayl on't_ (No. 35; T-H258). When _noses are put out of joint_ (No. 38; T-N219) and Tories are given a _bone to pick_ (No. 55; T-B522), there will obviously be _no love lost betwixt_ Whigs and Tories (No. 97; T-L544).

Thus L'Estrange's Characters, together with the fanciful anecdotes, self-satire, parodies, and _personae_, provide the satire and humor in the _Observator_, the whole being couched in familiar, pungent language. As L'Estrange counters the faction, propagandizes, and exhorts to rational behavior, he also amuses and delights, always hoping that the laughter provoked by his satiric treatment will cure what he saw as follies of his age, always appealing to the common reader whose sense of humor, he believed, was probably more developed than his sense.

California State College, Dominguez Hills

NOTES TO THE INTRODUCTION

1: The translations before 1681 are _The Visions of Dom Francisco de Quevedo_ (1667); _A Guide to Eternity_ (1672); _Five Love-letters from a Nun_ (1677); _The Gentleman-Apothecary_ (1678); _Seneca's Morals_ (1678); _Twenty Select Colloquies of Erasmus_ (1679); and _Tully's Offices_ (1680).

2: Various perspectives on L'Estrange's life and works can be found in the following: George Kitchin, _Sir Roger L'Estrange_ (London, 1913) for L'Estrange's life and impact on the Restoration press; J. G. Muddiman, _The King's Journalist_ (London, 1923) for L'Estrange's rivalry with Henry Muddiman, editor of the _Oxford [London] Gazette_; David J. Littlefield, "The Polemic Art of Sir Roger L'Estrange: A Study of His Political Writings, 1659-1688" (Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, Yale University, 1961) for an overview of L'Estrange as a political pamphleteer.

3: In 1679 L'Estrange wrote six new pamphlets and reprinted three old ones; in 1680 eleven new and seventeen old; at the start of 1681, ten new and seventeen old. A probable norm of 1000-1500 copies per pamphlet edition has been estimated by Joseph Frank, _The Beginnings of the English Newspaper, 1620-1660_ (Cambridge, Mass., 1961), p. 314; two orders of 1500 pamphlets each were given to the Restoration printer Nathaniel Thompson, as noted by Leona Rostenberg, "Nathaniel Thompson, Catholic Printer and Publisher of the Restoration," _The Library_, 3rd ser., X (1955), 195.

4: _Heraclitus Ridens_ was considered by generations of historians as the first newspaper in dialogue; most recently, James Sutherland (_English Literature of the Late Seventeenth Century_, Oxford, 1969, p. 241) has given precedence to _The City and Country Mercury_.

5: _Studies in the Early English Periodical_ (Chapel Hill, 1957), p. 38.

6: Ibid., pp. 38-39.

7: Walter Graham, _English Literary Periodicals_ (New York, 1930), pp. 38, 63, 168.

8: _On English Prose_ (Toronto, 1965), pp. 72-74.

9: _The Spectator_, No. 10, ed. Donald F. Bond (Oxford, 1965), I, 44.

10: _The Review_, ed. Arthur Wellesley Secord (Facsimile Text Society, New York, 1938), I, 4.

11: Several of the literary techniques in the _Spectator_ had been introduced into journalism by L'Estrange. _Spectator_ No. 1, for example, presents a _persona_ in the character of "Mr. Spectator"; No. 2 contains a dream-allegory; Nos. 11 and 34 present indirect discourse between _dramatis personae_; No. 19 sketches a Character of the Envious Man--all literary modes abundant in the _Observator_.

12: See especially J. R. Jones, _The First Whigs; The Politics of the Exclusion Crisis, 1678-1683_ (London, 1961), pp. 20, 24, 50-51, 56, 94, 112, 123-124.

13: For attribution and identification of Sheva, see G. R. Noyes, ed., _The Poetical Works of John Dryden_ (Boston, 1909), pp. 137, 966.

14: The works that are echoed in the Observator are Meric Casaubon, _A Treatise Concerning Enthusiasme ..._ (London, 1655) and Henry More, _Enthusiasmus Triumphatus ..._ (London, 1656).

15: The mixture of tones is discussed in Alvin Kernan, _The Cankered Muse_ (New Haven, 1959), pp. 68, 76; Leonard Feinberg, _Introduction to Satire_ (Ames, Iowa, 1967), pp. 124-125; Gilbert Highet, _The Anatomy of Satire_ (Princeton, 1962), p. 18.

16: Hugh Macdonald, "Banter in English Controversial Prose After the Restoration," _Essays and Studies by Members of the English Association_, XXXII (1946), 22, 26, 38.

17: _The Power of Satire: Magic, Ritual, Art_ (Princeton, 1960), pp. 133-136, 164-165.

18: Ibid., pp. 130-222 (_passim_).

19: _A Bibliography of the Theophrastan Character in English, With Several Portrait Characters_ (Cambridge, Mass., 1947).

20: _The Theophrastan Character in England to 1642_ (Cambridge, Mass., 1947) and _The Polemic Character, 1640-1661_ (Lincoln, Neb., 1955).

21: The term is suggested by Ian Gordon (_The Movement of English Prose_, London, 1966, p. 136) in his discussion of the simple, clear, journalistic style practiced by L'Estrange, Defoe, and Swift in their political writings.

22: _On English Prose_, p. 70.

23: The symbol "T" and accompanying numbers refer to the entries in Morris Palmer Tilley, _A Dictionary of the Proverb in England in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries_ (Ann Arbor, 1950).

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTE

The sources for the parts of the _Observator_ in _Dialogue_ reprinted here are Volume I of the first collected edition published in 1684, and Volume III, published and bound together with Volume II in 1687, both in the collection of the William Andrews Clark Memorial Library. The pieces reprinted from Volume I consist of the prefatory "To the Reader," and _Observator_ Nos. 1, 13, and 110; the papers reprinted from Volume III consist of _Observator_ Nos. 88 and 202. In this edition the following editorial changes have been made: black letter type is indicated by underlining; inverted letters have been corrected; obvious compositor's errors have been corrected; and inconsistencies in font due to compositors' carelessness have been normalized. The frontispiece to this facsimile reprint is reproduced from the Clark copy and measures approximately 13-7/16" x 8-5/8" in the original.

THE OBSERVATOR

To the _READER_.

Most _Prefaces_ are, (Effectually) _Apologies_; and neither the _Book_, nor the _Author_, one Jot the _Better_ for them. If the _Book_ be _Good_, it will not _Need_ an _Apology_; If _Bad_, it will not _Bear_ One: For where a man thinks, by _Calling_ himself _Noddy_, in the _Epistle_, to _Atone_, for _Shewing_ himself to be one, in the _Text_; He does (with Respect to the Dignity of an _Author_) but _Bind up Two Fools_ in _One Cover_: But there's no more Trusting some People with _Pen, Ink, and Paper_, then the Maddest Extravagants in _Bedlam_, with _Fire_, _Sword_, or _Poyson_. He that _Writes Ill_, and _Sees_ it, why does he _Write on_? And, with a kind of _Malice Prepense, Murder_ the _Ingenious_ part of _Mankind_? He that _Really Believes_ he Writes _Well_; why does he pretend to _Think_ Otherwise? Now take it which way you please, a man runs a Risque of his _Reputation_, for want, either of _Skill_, and _Judgment_, the _One_ way; Or of _Good Faith_, and _Candor_ the _Other_. Beside a Mighty Oversight, in _Imagining_ to bring himself off, from an _Ill_ Thing, _Done_, or _Said_, by Telling the World that he did it for _This_ or _That Reason_. When a Book has once past the _Press_ into the _Publique_; there's no more _Recalling_ of it, then of a _Word Spoken_, out of the _Air_ again. And a man may as well hope to Reverse the _Decree_ of his _Mortality_, as the _Fate_ of his _Writings_. In short: When the _Dice_ are _Cast_, the _Author_ must stand his _Chance_.

Now that I may not be thought to Enterfere with my self, by _Declaiming_ against _One Preface_ in _Another_: I do here previously Renounce to All the Little Arts and Forms of Bespeaking the _Good Will_ of the _Reader_; As a _Practice_, not only _Mean_, _Light_, and _Unprofitable_; but wholly _Contrary_ to the _Bent_ of _My Inclination_; as well as _Inconsistent_ with the very _Drift_, and _Quality_ of my _Design_. For These _Papers_ were _Written_, Indifferently, for the _Enformation_ of the _Multitude_; and for the _Reproof_ of a _Faction_: _Two Interests_ that I am not much _Sollicitous_, or _Ambitious_, to _Oblige_: And upon _This Consideration_ it is, that I have _Address'd_ them to the _Reader_ in _Generall_; as a _Calculation_ that will serve for _All Meridians_: But if I could have Resolved upon a _Dedication_, with any _Particular Mark_, or _Epithete_ of _Distinction_; it should have been, _To the IGNORANT, the SEDITIOUS_, or _the SCHISMATICAL Reader_; for _There_, properly, lies _my Bus'ness_.

The Reader will find in the _First Number_ of This Collection, the _True Intent_, and _Design_ of the _Undertaking_; And he will likewise find, in the very _Date_ of it, (April 13. 1681.) the _Absolute Necessity_ of some Such _Application_, to Encounter the _Notorious Falshoods_; the _Malicious Scandals_, and the _Poysonous Doctrines_ of _That Season_.

Whether I had Sufficient _Ground_, or _Reason_, for the Warmth I have Exprest in These Papers, upon Several Occasions, (out of an Affectionate Sense of my _Duty_, and a _Zeal_ for the _Peace_, _Welfare_, and _Safety_ of my _Country_;) I _Dare_, and I _Do Appeal_ to the _King_, and his _Ministers_; to the _Consciences_ of as many of his Majesties _Subjects_, as are not _Stark Blind_ because they _WILL_ not _See_; and to the Justice of the Nation. I do _Appeal_, I say, to his Majesties _Proclamations_; to his _Royal Declaration_; Several _Orders_ of _Councel_; the _Examinations_, and _Confessions_ of _Unquestionable Witnesses_; The _Solemnity_ of so many _Tryals_, _Sentences_, and _Executions_; and the _Criminals_, Every Man of 'em, Either _Acknowledging_ the _Crime_, or _Justifying_ the _Treason_: But the _FACT_, however made as _Clear_ as the _Day_. There's the _Flight_ of the _Conspirators_; Their _Arms Seiz'd_; Their _Councels Laid Open_; _Men Listed_; The _Methods_ of the _Confederacy Detected_, to the very _Time_, and _Place_ for the _Perpetration_ of the _Villany_; to the very _Circumstance_ of the _Providential Fire_ at _Newmarket_, that _Disappointed_ it. I have All These _Demonstrative Proofs_, and _Convincing Evidences_, to _Warrant_ me in the most _Violent Presumptions_ of a _Rebellion_ in _Agitation_: And the _Phanatiques Themselves_ made good the _Worst_ Things that ever I said of the _Party_: In _Vindication_ of the _Importunity_ of All my _Foreboding_, if not _Prophetical Suspicions_: Nay, they were come to the very _Point_, and _Crisis_ of the _Operation_, of That _Unaccountable_, and _Amazing Vote_. [_If his Majesty shall come by Any Violent Death (which God Forbid) it shall_ be _Reveng'd to the Utmost upon the Papists_.] The _King_, and the _Duke_ were to be _Murder'd_ by _Republican_, and _Fanatical Rebells_: _There's_ your _VIOLENT DEATH_. And _Then_, [Reuenge it upon the Papists:] For [_the Thing_ (says _Keeling_) _was to be laid upon the Papists as a Branch of the Popish Plot_. Walcots Tryal. Fol.9.] And the _Next_ Step was, for the _Traytors_ to _Unriddle_ the _Mystery_, and to _Expound_, Who were the _Papists_. [_The Lord Mayor, and the Sheriffs_] _were Three_ of 'em. _They_, were to be Kill'd; And [_as many of the_ Lieutenancy _as they could get; And the Principal Ministers of State; My Lord_ Halifax, _My Lord_ Rochester, _and my_ Lord Keeper: (_They_ were _Three Papists more_.) _My Lord_ Keeper _was to have been_ Hang'd _upon the same Post that_ College _had hung. Sir_ John Moor _to be_ Hung-up _in_ Guildhall, _as a Betrayer of the Rights and Liberties of the City. And the Judges Lordships to be_ Flay'd, _and_ Stuff'd, _and_ Hung-up _in_ Westminster Hall: _And a great many of the_ Pensionary Parliament Hang'd-up, _as Betrayers of the Rights of the People_. Walcots Tryal, p. 15.] You have here, a _Practical Explanation_ of the _True-Protestant Way_, (in case of _the King's Violent Death_) _of Revenging it to the Utmost upon the Papists_. And This Intended _Assassination_ (says _Ferguson_ (in the same Page)) [_Is a Glorious Action, and such an Action as_ I HOPE TO SEE PUBLIQUELY GRATIFY'D BY PARLIAMENT; _And Question not but you will be Fam'd for it, and_ Statues _Erected for you, with the Title of_ LIBERATORES PATRIAE. _Ibid._] Now when Matters were come to _This Pass_ once, I think it was High Time to Write _Observators_.

I might Enlarge my self, upon the _Inducements_ that Mov'd me to Enter upon This _Province_; The _Needfullness_ of some _Popular Medium_ for the _Rectifying_ of _Vulgar Mistakes,_ and for _Instilling_ of _Dutyfull_, and _Honest Principles_ into the _Common People_, upon That _Turbulent_, and _Seditious Juncture_: But I am not Willing to _Clogg_ my _Preface_, with the _Repetition_ of what I have spoken so _Expressly_ to, in the _Book_.

I am now to Advertise the _Reader_, in the next Place; That as I have not Strain'd, so much as _One Syllable_, in the _Whole Course_ of _These Papers_, beyond the _Line_ of _Truth_, Nor let fall _One Word, Contrary_ to my _Conscience_; Nor _Layd-on_ so much as _One False Colour_, for a _Blind_, or a _Disguise_: As I have not done any Thing of All This, I say; Nor _Gratify'd_ so much as _One Passion_ to the Prejudice, of any _MAN_, or _THING_; or of _Common Justice it Self_: So neither, on the _Other_ hand, was I less _Cautious_, and _Considerate_, in the _Undertaking_ of This _Duty_, then I have been _Clear_, and _Impartial_, in the _Discharge_, and _Manage_ of it.

I was no sooner Possess't, of the _Reason_, and the _Expedience_ of the _Thing_; but I fell presently to _Deliberate_ upon the _Invidious Difficulties_; The _Scandals_, _Reproches_, and a Thousand Other _Mischiefs_, and _Inconveniencies_, that would probably _Attend_ it. I laid them All _before_ me; And upon a _Full Computation_ of the _Matter, Pro_ and _Con_; I Resolv'd, at last, to Put _pen to paper_; not without some _Vanity_ perhaps, in _Affecting_ the _Honour_ of being _Revil'd_, by the _Blasphemers_ of _God_, and the _King_. I shall say Nothing of the _Traytors_; The _Papists_; The _Fidlers_; The _All-manner-of-Rogues_, and _Debauchees_ that they have _made_ me: For their _Cause_ is _Founded_ upon a _Sacrilegious Hypocrisy; Maintain'd_ by _Fraud_, _Scandal_, and _Imposture_. And when they have a mind to _Blacken_ a man, 'tis not a _Straw_ matter, for any _Foundation_ of _Fact_, or _History_: But _Paint_ him as like the _Devil_ as they _Can_; and to make short Work on't, _One Fanatique_ Sits to _Another_, for the _Picture_. But _These Scurrilities_ have more of _Noise_ in 'em, then of _Weight_: And Those People that had the face to _Calumniate Charles the First_, for a _TYRANT_, and a _PAPIST_; And the _Confidence_, at This very day, to do as much for _Charles the Second_; They that _Preach REBELLION_ out of the _GOSPEL_; Give it the _Name_ of _GOD'S TRUTH, GOD'S CAUSE_; And offer up the _Bloud_ of _Kings_ as an _Acceptable Sacrifice_ to _Jesus Christ_: What _Christian_ will not _Value_ himself, upon the _Reputation_ of lying under the _Scourge_ of _Those Tongues_, and _Pens_, that Offer these _Outrages_ to their _Maker_, and their _Saviour_? So that these _Clamours_, and _Maledictions_, I look upon, as Matter, rather of _Advantage_, then _Discredit_; Where _Loyalty_ to the _King_, and to the _Church_, is made the _Crime_: But yet I must Confess, I had _Some Other Mortifications_ in my _Thought_, that went a little _Nearer_ me.

As first, the _Indecency_ of a _Gentlemans_ Entring into a _Street-Brawl_, (and _Bare-fac'd_ too) with the _Sink_ of _Mankind_, both for _Quality_, and _Wickedness_. 21y. The _Disproportion_, and the _Indecorum_ of the Thing, for an _Old Fellow_ that now Writes _Sixty Eight_, to run about, a _Masquerading_, and _Dialoguing_ of it, in _Twenty Fantastical Shapes_, only to furnish a _Popular Entertainment_, and _Diversion_. 31y. The _Scandalous Appearance_ of it, for Me to take up the _Profession_, and _Bus'ness_ of a _Pamphleteer_; And (almost) to Lose the _Name_ of my _Family_, by it, in _Exchange_ for That of the _Observator_. 41y. I had This Prospect before me too. What _Construction_ would be made upon't; (If I may speak it with _Modesty_) even to the _Lessening_ of my _Character_; And Consequently, to my Detriment, Every way, as well in Respect of _Fortune_, as _Esteem_: For men are apt, in such Cases as This, to _Mistake_, the _Intent_, as well as the _Reason_ of the _Office_; and to Impute the most _Sacred_, and _Consciencious Zeal_ of an _Upright Heart_, in the performance of the most _Important_, and _Necessary Duty_, only to a _Levity_ of _Mind_, perchance; Or in Other Terms; to an Over _Officious_, and _Pragmatical Itch of Medling_: It makes a man to be lookt upon, as if a _Pamphlet_ were his _Masterpiece_; and when he's once _Nail'd_ to _That Post_, he may reckon upon't, that he's at the _Top_ of his _Preferment_. Upon These _Four Difficulties_, I Reason'd with my self, after This Manner. To the _First_; What do I care, for having so much _Dirt_ Thrown at me, that will _Wash off_ again? And at the worst, the Engaging with such a _Rabble_ of _Contaminated Varlets_, is no more then _Leaping_ into the _Mud_ to help my _Father. Secondly. 'Tis not for a man in years_, to do so and so. Well! And here's a _Reputative Circumstance_, on the _One_ hand, against an _Indispensable Duty_, on the _Other_. The _Common people_ are _Poyson'd_, and will run _Stark Mad_, if they be not _Cur'd_: Offer them _Reason_, without _Fooling_, and it will never _Down_ with them: And give them _Fooling_, without _Argument_, they're never the _Better_ for't. Let 'em _Alone_, and All's _Lost_. So that the _Mixture_ is become as _Necessary_, as the _Office_; And it has been _My Part_, only to _Season_ the _One_ with the _Other. Thirdly_, I must Set the _Conscience_ of the Action, against the _Reproch_. And _Lastly; 'Tis nothing to me what Other People_ Think, _so long as I am Conscious to my Self that I Do what I_ Ought.

All This I Computed upon, _before-hand_; And thus far, I have not been _Deceiv'd_ in my _Account_. I have been _Baited_ with _Thousands_ upon _Thousands_ of _Libells_. I have Created _Enemies_ that do me the _Honour_ to _Hate_ me, perhaps, next to the _King Himself_ (God Bless him) and the _Royal Family_. Their _Scandals_ are _Blown over_: Their _Malice, Defeated_, And whenever _my Hour comes_, I am ready to Deliver up my _Soul_, with the _Conscience_ of an _Honest Man_, as to what I have done, in _This Particular_: And I do here Declare, in the _Presence_ of an _All-Seeing_, and an _All-Knowing God_, That as I have never yet receiv'd any _Answer_, more then _Cavil_, and _Shuffling_, to the _Doctrine_, and _Reasoning_ of _These Papers_: So I never _made use_ of Any _Sophism_, or _Double Meaning_, in Defence of the _Cause_ that I have here taken upon me to _Assert_: But have dealt _Plainly_, and _Above-Bord_, without either _Fallacy_, or _Collusion_.

After This _View_ of the _Worst side_ of my _Case_; (And (in truth) a kind of _Abstract_ of it, in _Minutes_) I should be Extremely wanting, both to _God_ and _Man_, in not taking _This Occasion_, of making _known_ to the _world_, the _Many Generous Instances_ of _Affection_, and _Respect_, which I have received, not only from the most _Considerable_ Part of his Majesties _Loyal Subjects_ of _All Qualities_, and _Degrees_; But _Particularly_ from the _Two Famous Universities Themselves_: And, in short, from the most _Eminent Persons_ of the _Long Robe_, in their _Several Professions_: In _Testimony_ of their _Favourable Acceptance_ of my _Honest Endeavours_ toward the Service, both of the _Church_, & the _State_. And This I am Obliged to leave behind me, upon _Record_; out of a _Double Right_, & _Regard_, as well to my _Friends_, as to my _Self_: For I reckon upon it, as an _Accumulation_ of _Honour_, to _Me_, to be _Rescu'd_ out of the hands of _Publique Enemies_, and _Apostates_, by Men of the Clear _Contrary Character_; That is to say; by Men of _Unquestionable Integrity_, and of _Unspotted Faith_.

My _Back Friends_ are as _Merry_, now, as _a Laugh on One side of the Mouth_ can Make 'em; at the _Conceit_ of calling the several _Presents_ which have been made me (and they are very _Considerable_) by the name of a _Gathering_; and they do not Stick to put it about, That I was my _Own Sollicitor_ for the _Begging_ of it. I have been Told of One, that _said_ as much; _for whose sake_, I would Advise _All Parents_ to take it for a _Warning_, not to _Stuff_ their _Childrens Heads_ so Damnably, with _Greek and Latin_, as to leave no _Room_ for _Brains_, and _Good Manners_. But what if it _be a Gathering_? Are not All _Publique Benevolences; Publique Works; Publique Acknowledgments_; the _same Thing_? Neither do I find any more _Scandal_, in receiving a _Reward_ for a _Service_ in a _Common Cause_, then in a _Lawyers_ taking a _Fee_, in a _Private_ One: But be it what it _will_: I shall Transmit the _Acknowledgment_ of it, with This Paper, as the _Glory of my Life_: And Value my self Incomparably more upon so _Eminent_ a _Mark_ of a _General Esteem_; then upon the _Advantage_ of _Ten times a Greater Sum_, by _Any Other way_. But _Gatherings_, with some People, are only _Honourable_, when they are Apply'd to the _Maintaining_ of _Conspirators_, and _Affidavit-Men_: And they Account _Money_ much better _Bestow'd_ upon the _Subversion_ of the _Government_, then toward the _Defending_ of it: But _That Orange is Squeez'd as far as 'twill Drop, already_.

Now to the _Calumny_ of _My Setting This Bus'ness afoot; First_, I thank God, that neither my _Mind_, nor my _Condition_ were ever Sunk _so_ Low, yet, as to _Descend_ to _That way of Application_. 21y, As I hope to be Sav'd, the Matter was Proceeded upon, in _Several Places_, and a _Long Time_, before ever I had the Least _Inkling_, or _Imagination_ of it; And when it was so far _Advanc'd, without my Privity_, I must Certainly have been both a Great _Fool_, and a Great _Clown_, either to have _Oppos'd_, or _Refus'd_, a Token of so _Obliging_, and so _Generous_ a _Respect_. To Conclude; If any man has been so _Misled_, as to _Intend_ That for a _Personal Charity_; which I cannot _Honourably_ Own the _Receiving_ of, under _That Notion_; I am ready to Return him his Proportion, with a Thousand Acknowledgments: But This shall not Hinder me yet, from _Cherishing_ in my _Thoughts_, the _Remembrance_ of what _Honour_ soever has been done me for the sake of the _Publique_.

The Reflexions that have been Pass'd upon my _Quality_, and _Conversation_, need no Further Answer, then to Appeal to my very _Name_, and my _Acquaintance_: But for the _Charge_ of being a _Papist_, it is as _False_, as it is _Malicious_.

I am to say One Word more now, concerning my _L. Shaftsbury_; whose _Name_, and _Title_, I have often Occasion to make mention of, in This Book. The _Reader_ is to take Notice, that it is Intended of the _Late Earl of Shaftsbury_, who Dy'd at _Amsterdam, Jan. 168-2/3. The Surviving Heir of That Honour, and Family, having ever Demean'd himself with a Remarkable Loyalty, and Respect, toward the King, and his Government_.

=Numb. 1.=

THE OBSERVATOR.

In _QUESTION_ and _ANSWER_.

=WEDNESDAY=, April 13. 1681.