Part 16
(4) The canon here laid down has not governed the historian’s practice. He does not scruple to draw upon apocryphal books like 1 Maccabees, nor does he hint that the authorities used in the latter part of the _Antiquities_, for the period subsequent to “Artaxerxes,” are less trustworthy than the rest; he implies, on the contrary, that the whole work is in accordance with “the holy books” (cp. _Ant._ I. 17; XX. 261).
The reader may consult in particular the works on the _Canon of the O.T._ by Ryle (pp. 160-66) and Buhl and the article “Bible Canon” in the _Jewish Encylopædia_.
Footnote 434:
Fürst (_Kanon des A.T._), p. 4.
TABLE OF DATES
The figures in brackets refer to the numbered translations.
B.C. JUDÆA AND SYRIA. ROME.
135 JOHN HYRCANUS I (56)
104 ARISTOBULUS I
103 ALEXANDER JANNÆUS (57)
76 QUEEN ALEXANDRA (57) (58)
67 ARISTOBULUS II
63 Pompey takes Jerusalem and Syria becomes a Roman province (8)
63-40 HYRCANUS II a Roman vassal
_c._ 57 Gabinius divides Palestine into five districts (9)
48 Battle of Pharsalia. Defeat of Pompey by J. Cæsar
47 Palestinian settlement under J. Cæsar (10)
_c._ 46 Antipater and Herod in power.
Trial of Herod (12)
44 Death of J. Cæsar
_c._ 43 Cassius in Syria. Herod made governor of Cœle-Syria (13)
42 Battle of Philippi. Defeat of Brutus and Cassius by Antony and Octavian
41 Antony appoints Herod and Phasæl tetrarchs of Judæa (14)
40 Invasion of Palestine by the Parthians. Flight of Herod to Rome (15)
40-37 ANTIGONUS
37 Jerusalem captured by Herod and Sosius.
37-4 HEROD THE GREAT
31 Battle of Actium. Defeat of Antony by AUGUSTUS
30 Herod’s kingdom confirmed by Augustus (16)
29 Execution of Mariamne (17)
23 Trachonitis etc. added to Herod’s kingdom (18)
_c._ 7 Execution of Alexander and Aristobulus (20)
4 Death of Herod. His kingdom divided between ARCHELAUS (B.C. 4-A.D. 6), PHILIP (B.C. 4-A.D. 34) (22) and Antipas (B.C. 4-A.D. 39)
A.D.
6 Judaæa annexed to the province of Syria under procurators (23)
6/7 Census of Quirinius and revolt of Judas (24)
14 TIBERIUS
26-36 Pontius Pilate procurator (25) (28)
37 HEROD AGRIPPA I. (30) CALIGULA (31)
41 CLAUDIUS (32)
44 Death of Herod Agrippa I. (33)
Famine in Judæa (34)
_c._ 46 Crucifixion of sons of Judas (35)
50-100 HEROD AGRIPPA II. (3) (36)
54 NERO
Procurators—
52-60 Felix (36)
60-62 Festus (39)
62-64 Albinus (39)
64-66 Gessius Florus (39)
66 Outbreak of war with Rome
Cessation of daily offering for the Emperor (40)
66 Oct. Defeat of Cestius Gallus near Beth-Horon (41)
Josephus in command of Galilee
67 Advance of Vespasian from spring Antioch
July Capture of Jotapata (43)
67-68 Civil war in Jerusalem (45) winter
68 June Campaign interrupted through death of Nero
68-69 GALBA, OTHO, VITELLIUS
69 July VESPASIAN proclaimed Emperor
70 April Titus lays siege to Jerusalem
July Cessation of Temple sacrifices (48)
Aug. Capture and burning of Temple (49)
Sept. Capture of the whole city (51)
79 TITUS
81-96 DOMITIAN
INDEX
Abel, 195, 197
Abella, Abila, 88, 94, 102
Actium, battle of, 55, 73
_Acts_, 90, 107 _n._, 192 ff.
Ader = Ben-hadad, 42
Adiabene, 90, 99
Agrippa, M., 57 f., 60
—— son of Felix and Drusilla, 95
—— Herod Agrippa. _See_ Herod
Ahab, 42 ff.
Albinus, 96 f., 105, 144
Alexander the Alabarch, 93
—— brother-in-law of Herod, 54
—— Jannæus, 164
—— son of Herod, 58, 60
——, Tiberius, 93, 193
Alexandra, 164 ff.
Alexandria, 92, 97
Alexandrium, 60
Alexas, 63
Aliturus, 34
Alphabet, the Hebrew, and the books of Scripture, 201
Amathus, 47
Ananias, 91
—— high priest, 107
Ananus I, high priest, 73, 96
—— II, high priest, 96 f.
—— III, high priest, 118 f., 130 f., 184, 195
—— son of Jonathan, 113
Anaxagoras, 171
Antigonus, 53 f.
Antioch, 107, 110
Antiochus, 110
—— Epiphanes, 162
Antipas, 109
Antipater, father of Herod, 47 ff, 51 ff.
—— son of Herod, 62
—— nephew of Herod, 68
Antipatris, 111, 117
Anti-Semitism, 18 f.
Antonia, 84
—— Tower of, 135, 138, 145
Antony, 51 f., 55 f.
_Apion, Against_, 18 f.
Aqiba R., 148
Aqueduct, 75
Arabia, 80, 99
Arabians, 55
Aramaic original of _B. J._, 14, 98
—— speech in, 136
Archelaus, 16, 29, 66 ff., 140 n., 189
Arethusa, 46
_Aristeas, Letter of_, 17
Aristobulus II, 45 f., 165
—— son of Herod, 58, 60
—— brother of Herod Agrippa I, 85
Artaxerxes = Ahasuerus, 176, 198, 200
Artemisium, month of, 143
Ascalon, 71
Asphaltitis, Asphaltophorus (= Dead Sea), 63
Athenian laws, 172
Athens, plague of, 26
Atomos, 95
Atratinus, 53
Augustus (Octavius, Cæsar), 51, 53 f., 55 f., 57 f., 60, 68 ff.
Auranitis, 58, 70, 88 _n._, 110
Autocratoris (= Sepphoris), 74
Azizus, 94 f.
Azotus, 46, 70
Babylonians, 99; Babylonian and Roman destruction of Jerusalem confused, 199
Bagoas, 169
Bannus, 10, 33
Baptism, John’s, 80 f.
Barachiah, Berechiah, 195 ff.
Baris, Bariscæus, Baruch, 131, 195 ff.
Batanæa, 58, 70, 94, 102, 110
Berendts, A., 189f.
Berenice, 95
Berytus, 35
Betharamphtha, 74
Beth-Horon, 111, 116
Bethsaida, 74
Bezetha, 113
Blass, F., 193
Books (the) Sacred, 123, 145
Borcæus, 112
Brigands, 102, 104 f., 150
Burial, Jewish care for, 130
Burkitt, F. C., 183, 188, 193
Cæsar, Julius, 47
——, Sextus, 48, 50
Cæsarea (Strato’s Tower), 46, 57 _n._, 74 f., 88, 90, 104
—— Philippi, 74
Caligula (= Gaius), 16 f., 19, 27, 82-7, 90, 186
Callirrhoe, 63
Calvarius, Sextus, 120
Calvinus, 54
Candlestick, seven-branched, 45, 147
Captain of Temple. _See_ Temple
Carus, 169
Cassius, 51 f.
Catapult, 117, 144 _n._
Caudine Forks, 110
Census, periodic in Egypt, 181
Cerealius, 38
Cestius Gallus, 11, 15, 106 f., 110 ff.
Chalcis, 94, 102
Christians and Christianity, 10, 22 f., 76, 182 ff.
_Chronicles_, 195, 198 (as last book in the Heb. Bible)
Circumcision, 90 f., 95
“Civil List” of Vespasian, 13
Claudius, Emperor, 76, 88, 90, 102
Claudius Felix. _See_ Felix
Cleopatra, 52, 55f.
—— wife of Herod the Great, 192
Cluvius Rufus, 17, 27
Cœle-Syria, 46, 51
_Collaborateurs_ of Josephus, 14, 186
Coponius, 72.
Corban, an oath, 29, 179; sacred treasure, 75 _n._
Corrsen, P., 182, 200
Costobar, 109, 117
Crasis, 187
Crete, 39
Crucifixion, 38, 68, 102, 130, 185
_Custodia, libera_, 83 _n._
_Customs and Causes_, projected work, 19
Cyprus, 92, 95
Dacians, 160
Daphne, 52
Darius, 110
Demetrius of Gadara, 46
Demoniacal possession, 41f.
Destiny, 61. Cp. Fate
Dicæarchia (= Puteoli), 34
Didius, Quintus, 56
Dionysius of Halicarnassus, 15, 26
Dium, 46
Dius, month of, 117
Domitia, 39
Domitian, 39
Domitius Sabinus, 120
Dora, 46
Drusilla, 29, 94f.
Drusus, 81
Education, the two systems of, 172
Egyptian false prophet, 103f.
Eleazar, 42, 91
—— the brigand, 102
—— Captain of the Temple, 107
—— a Pharisee, 162
—— son of Simon, 118
Elijah, 44
Elymas, 29, 94
Epaphroditus, 15, 17
_Esdras II_, 201
Essenes, 33, 148-60
_Esther_, 200
Eusebius, 89 _n._, 96, 183
Exorcism, 41 f.
Ezekias, 48 f.
Ezekiel, 42
Fadus, Cuspius, 93, 192
Famine at Jerusalem, 92 f.
Fasts, Jewish, observed by aliens, 178
Fate, 141, 145, 148, 157, 159. Cp. Destiny
Faustus, 45
Feast of Unleavened Bread, 106, 142
—— of Passover, 66, 189
—— of Pentecost, 68, 143
—— of Tabernacles, 111, 143
—— commemorating Herod’s death, 64 _n._
Felix, Claudius, 10, 29, 34, 94 f., 102 ff.
Festus, 29, 105
Florus, Gessius, 106 f., 109, 161
Flute players as mourners, 129
Fortune, 61, 126
Free-will, 61, 148, 159
Fulvia, 77
Future Life, 124, 159, 174. Cp. Immortality
Gabinius, 47, 53
Gadara, 46, 47, 70
Gaius. _See_ Caligula
Galilee, 11, 48 f., 70, 102
Gallicanus, 122
Gamala, 73, 80
Gamaliel, 28, 192 f.
Games: Isthmian, Nemean, Olympic, 174 _n._
Gaulanitis, 102
Gaza, 46, 70
Gennesaret, Lake of, 74
Gerizim, Mount, 77
Gibeon, 111, 115
Gorpiæus, month of, 146
Gospels, primitive error in, 192
Grätz, 202
Greek philosophy, 171
Hades, 125, 156, 158
Haggadah, Jewish, 196 ff.
Harnack, A., 183, 193, 196
Hegesippus, 95
Helena, 90ff.
Herod the Great, 16f., 28, 48-65, 66-71, 104, 167-9, 190
—— Antipas (the Tetrarch), 29, 67, 70, 73 f., 79 ff., 189
—— Philip. _See_ Philip
—— husband of Herodias, 79, 191 f.
—— Agrippa I, 17, 29, 79, 87, 88-90
—— Agrippa II, 13-15, 17, 25, 29, 36 f., 94, 96 f., 102, 109 f., 112
Herodias, 29, 79, 81 f., 189, 191 f.
Hiatus, avoidance of, 188
Hippos, 46, 70
Historians, ancient, contrasted with contemporary, 101
Hyperberetæus, month of, 113
Hyrcanus I, 161 ff., 166
—— II, 45-54
—— son of Josephus, 39
Idumæa, 70; Idumæans, 129ff.
Images, making of, 74
Immortality of Soul, 155-9
Innocents, murder of the, 28, 63
Inspiration, 176
Interpolation, Christian in Josephus, 182 ff.
Irenæus, 67
Islands of the Blessed, 156
Ixion, 156
Izates, 90 ff.
Jadaus (Jadon), 44
James, the brother of Jesus, 22, 29, 95 f.
Jamnia, 46, 70
Jeconiah, king, 136
Jehoiada, 195 ff.
Jehoshaphat, 43
Jeremiah, 42
Jericho, 47, 63, 66
Jeroboam, 44
Jerome, 24, 188, 201
Jesus Christ, 22, 76, 182 ff.
—— son of Ananias, 143 f.
—— son of Damnæus, high priest, 97, 130 f.
_Jewish Antiquities_, 15 ff., 24 f.; Books XVII-XIX, peculiarities of style in, 26, 186; Roman sources of, 186
_Jewish War_, 14 f., 25, 35 ff., 98 ff.; Aramaic original of, 14, 98, 190 f.; Slavonic version of, 183, 189 ff., 192
Jews in Rome, 69, 76 f.; in Egypt and Babylon, 175
——, persecution of, 177 f.
Joazar, high priest, 72
John the Baptist, 22, 80 f., 189
—— of Gischala, 11, 135 ff.
Jonathan, high priest, 103
—— a Sadducee, 162 f.
Joppa, 46, 111
Joseph, the patriarch, 123 f.
—— of Arimathæa, 191
—— brother-in-law of Herod, 56 f.
—— son of Gorion, 118
—— high priest, 96
Josephus, life of, 9 ff.; works, 14 ff.; authorities, 16 f, 25 f.; character, 20 ff.; attitude to Judaism, 22; to Christianity, 22 f., 188 f.; as historian, 24 ff.; importance of, 27 f.; as illustrating N.T., 28 ff.; autobiography of, 33 ff.; style, 186 ff.
Jotapata, 12, 21, 35, 37, 119 ff., 128 f., 133
_Jubilees, Book of_, 40
Judæa, 70 ff., 78, 88, 90, 96, 102
Judas the Gaulanite or Galilæan, 72f., 161., 192 ff.; sons of, 94, 193 f.
Julias, 102.
Justus, historian, 13, 18, 35
—— son of Josephus, 390
Lacedæmonians, 172
Law, the Jewish, 61, 74 f., 77, 91, 147, 163, 174, 176 ff.
———— weekly reading of, 172 f.
Lebanon, 88
Liberalius, 140
_Life_, the, of Josephus, 17 f.
Lightfoot, Bishop, 152 _n._, 154 _n._ 156 _n._
———— John, 197 _n._
Lots, drawing of, 125 f.
Lous, month of, 138
Lugdunum (Lyons), 84
Luke, St., 30, 66, 85, 88, 180 f., 187, 191 f., 192 ff., 196 f.
Lydda, 111
Lysanias, 84, 88, 94, 102
_Maccabees, Fourth Book of_, 20
Machærus, 79 ff.
Malichus, 51 f.
Malthace, 68
“Man of Sin,” 85
Marcellus, 78
Mariamne, 56 f.
—— II, 192
Marisa, 46
Marsyas, 82
Masada, 107
Matthias, brother of Josephus, 33
—— father of Josephus, 98
Melito, 201
Menahem, the Essene, 167 f.
Messala, 52 f.
Messiah, reticence of Josephus on, 23
Micaiah, 42 ff.
Midrash on _Lamentations_, 198
Military Service, refusal of, 77
Miracles wrought by a word, 190 f.
Months, Artemisium, 143; Dius, 117; Gorpiæus, 146; Lous, 138; Panemus, 121, 135; Xanthicus, 142
Moore, G. F., 197 ff.
Moses, 40 f., 77, 153, 170 ff. Cp. Law
Mucianus, 133
Murcus, 51
Naber, S. A., 31
Nebuzaradan, 197
Nero, 34, 99, 102, 104, 127
New City, 113
Nicanor, 122 f., 126
Nicola(u)s of Damascus, 16 f., 66 _n._, 67 f.
Niese, B., 30 f.
Norden, E., 182-9, 200
Olivet, Mount, 103, 190
Omblaiah (Imlah), 43
Omens, 119, 133, 141 ff.
Oracles, 137, 145, 190, 199
Origen, 183 f., 201
Owl, bird of ill omen, 89
Pallas, 94, 102
Paneas, 58, 74
Panemus, month of, 121, 135
Parable of Nobleman, 29, 66
Parthians, 19, 53 f., 99
Passover. _See_ Feast
Patrician class, 82
Paul, St., 9 f., 20-2, 29, 34, 85, 90, 135 _n._; Pauline Epistles quoted, 153 _n._, 168 _n._, 172 _n._
Paulinus, 122
Pax, Temple of, 14
Pella, 46
Pentecost. _See_ Feast
Peræa, 70, 102
Periphrasis, 186 f.
Petronius, 28, 84 ff.
Pharaoh, 40 f.
Pharisees, 33 f., 108, 148, 157-9, 161-9
Phasael, 48, 52
Phasælis, 70
Pheroras, 71, 169
Philip the Tetrarch, 66, 69 f., 73 f., 80 f., 90, 189, 191 f.
—— son of Jacimus, 110, 117
Philippi, 52
Philo, 190; _De Vita Contemplativa_, 202
Phœbus, 112
Pilate, 28, 74-8, 185, 190 (bribery of), 191 (_Epistle of Tiberius to P._ and _Acts of P._)
Piso, 83
Placidus, 120
Plato, 171
Pollio, Gaius Asinius, 54
—— a Pharisee, 167
Pompey, 44-7, 175
Poppæa, 10, 34
Portents, 141 ff., 199
Procurators, last of the, 102 ff.
Prophecy, 127 f. (of Josephus); 156 (of Essenes); 167 f. (of Menahem)
Pro-Romans, 118
Ptolemais, 85, 110
Ptolemy, 66 f.
Ptolla, 66
Pythagoras, 171
Quirinius, 72 f., 94, 180 f.
Ragaba, 164
Rainfall, providential, 86
Ramsay, Sir W. M., 180
Rhodes, 55
Roman citizenship, 38, 47
Ryle, Dr., 202 f.
Sabbath, 111, 154, 178
Sabinus, 67 f.
Sacrifices for Emperor abrogated, 107 ff.; daily, abandoned, 135
Sadducees, 33, 96, 148, 157-9, 161-63
Salome, sister of Herod, 57, 63 f., 66, 70, 169
—— daughter of Herodias, 81, 192
Samaria, city of (Sebaste), 46, 58, 60, 70
—— district of, 70 f., 88, 90, 102
Samaritans, 77 f.
Sameas, 50 f., 167
Sanhedrin, 48 ff., 95 ff.
Sardinia, 77
Saturninus, 77
Saul, relative of Herod Agrippa II, 109, 117
_Sayings of Jesus_, 196
Scaurus, 46
Schmiedel, P. W., 193
Schürer, E., 180, 193
Scopus, Mount, 112, 115
Scriptures, the Jewish, 174 ff.; the number of books, 176, 200 ff. Cp. Books, the Sacred
Scythopolis, 46
Sebaste. _See_ Samaria
Sects, Jewish, 148 ff.
Selucid Dynasty, 19
Sepphoris, 47, 74
Sergius Paulus, 29, 94
Shewbread, table of, 45, 147
_Sicarii_, 102 f.
Simon, son of Ananias, 109
—— son of Gioras, 111
—— the Essene, 189
—— the high priest, 79, 81
Simonides Agrippa, son of Josephus, 39
Socrates, 171 _n._
Sohemus, 110
Solomon, 41 f.; Solomonian books, 152 _n._
Sossius, 51
Speeches in _B.J._, 100
Stanton, V. H., 193
Stoics, 34, 171
Strabo, 17
Strato’s Tower (= Cæsarea), 46, 70, 88
Suetonius, 76, 200
Suicide, 121, 124 f.
Sulpicius Severus, 25
Tabernacle, symbol of universe, 131 _n._
Tacitus, 27, 143 _n._, 199 f.
Tantalus, 156
Tarichæa, 102
Targum on _Lamentations_, 198
Taxation, exemption from, 39, 47
Tekoa, 38
Temple 38, 45, 47, 49, 68, 77, 85, 92, 95, 110, 113 f., 118, 132 f., 135-45, 196 ff.; Babylonian destruction of, 138, 141; captain of, 107 f., 142; gate of, 142; gifts from foreigners to, 107 f.; Holy Place(s) of, 45, 140 f.; inscription in, 190; veil of, 190
_Testudo_, 114 _n._
Theocracy, 170
Theology, Jewish, 170 ff.
Theophrastus, 179
Therapeutæ, sacred books of the, 202
Thermuthis, 40 f.
Theudas, 93, 103 _n._, 192 ff.
Thucydides, imitation of, 24, 26 f., 32, 73 _n._, 86 _n._, 186
Tiberias, 85, 102
Tiberius, 29, 76 f., 80, 82
—— Alexander. _See_ Alexander
Timber Market, 113
Tirathana, 77 f.
Titus, 13 ff., 25, 36 ff., 100, 120, 126 ff., 133, 135, 138 ff., 146
—— Arch of, 147
Tityus, 156
Torrey, C. C., 193 f.
Towers of Jerusalem, 146 f.
Trachonitis, 58, 70, 88 _n._, 94, 102, 110
Traill, Dr. R., 20 _n._, 23, 24, 31
Tyrannius Priscus, 113
Tyrians, Laws of the, 179
Ulatha, 58
Uriah, 198
Varus, Quintilius, Governor of Syria, 68 f., 175, 181
—— tetrarchy of, 102
Vespasian, 12-15, 25, 36-9, 42, 119-28, 133 f., 145, 190
Vestments, high priest’s, 78 _n._, 131
Vienne, 71
Virgil, 122 _n._, 128 _n._, 199 _n._
Virtues, four cardinal, 171 _n._
Vitellius, Governor of Syria, 78, 80, 85
Wellhausen, J., 194 ff.
Whiston, W., 31
Wisdom book, apocryphal, 196
Xanthicus, month of, 142
Xerxes, 176
Zacharias, son of Baris(cæus), 29 f., 131 f., 194 ff.
Zacharias or Zechariah (various), 194 ff.
Zadok, 73
Zealots, sect of, 73, 118 f., 131 f., 161
Zedekiah, king, 42
—— false prophet, 44
Zenodorus, 58, 70
Printed in Great Britain by Richard Clay & Sons, Limited. BRUNSWICK ST., STAMFORD ST., S.E. 1 AND BUNGAY, SUFFOLK.
● Transcriber’s Notes: ○ The author’s archaic punctuation, spellings, and capitalization have been retained. ○ Inconsistent spelling and hyphenation were made consistent only when a predominant form was found in this book. ○ Text that was in italics is enclosed by underscores (_italics_). ○ Footnotes have been moved to follow the sections in which they are referenced. ○ Text marked as a Sidenote was in the far left or right margin of the text in the book.