Chapter 6

[250] Mackey, _Lexicon of Freemasonry_, p. 265.

[251] Ibid., p. 150.

[252] _Jewish Encyclopædia_, article on Shabbethai Horowitz.

[253] Mirabeau, _Histoire de la Monarchie Prussienne_, V. 76.

[254] Lecouteulx de Canteleu, _Les Sectes et Sociétés Secrètes_, p. 97.

[255] Eckert, _La Franc-Maçonnerie dans sa véritable signification_, II. 48.

[256] A. E. Waite, _The Real History of the Rosicrucians_, p. 216.

[257] "_Traicté des Athéistes, Déistes, Illuminez d'Espagne et Nouveaux Prétendus Invisibles, dits de la Confrairie de la Croix-Rosaire, élevez depuis quelques années dans le Christianisme_," forming the second part of the "_Histoire Générale de Progrès et Décadence de l'Héréie Moderne_--_A la suite du Premier_" de M. Florimond de Raemond, Conseiller du Roy, etc.

[258] See G.M. Trevelyan, _England under the Stuarts_, pp. 32, 33, and James Howell, _Familiar Letters_ (edition of 1753), pp. 49, 435. James Holwell was clerk to the Privy Council of Charles I.

[259] Th.-Louis Latour, _Princesses, Dames el Adventurières du Règne de Louis XIV_, p. 278 (Eugène Figutère, Paris, 1923).

[260] Ibid., p. 297.

[261] Ibid., p. 306.

[262] _Oeuvres complètes de Voltaire_, Vol. XXI. p. 129 (1785 edition); _Biographie Michaud_, article on Glaser.

[263] This assertion finds confirmation in the _Encyclopædia Britannica_, article on the Rosicrucians, which states: "In no sense are modern Rosicrucians derived from the Fraternity of the seventeenth century."

[264] _Jewish Encyclopædia_, article on the Cabala.

[265] _A Free Mason's Answer to the Suspected Author of a Pamphlet entitled "Jachin and Boaz," or an Authentic Key to Freemasonry_, p. 10 (1762).

[266] Quoted by R.F. Gould, _History of Freemasonry_, I. 5, 6.

[267] _Signs and Symbols of Primordial Man_, p. 1 (1910).

[268] _Ars Quatuor Coronatorum_, XXXII. Part I. p. 47.

[269] Preston's _Illustrations of Masonry_, pp. 143, 147, 153 (1804).

[270] John Yarker, _The Arcane Schools_, pp. 269, 327, 329.

[271] Published in the _Essai sur la Secte des Illuminés_ by the Marquis de Luchet, p. 236 (1792 edition).

[272] Brother Chalmers Paton, _The Origin of Freemasonry: the 1717 Theory Exploded_, quoting ancient charges preserved in a MS. in possession of the Lodge of Antiquity in London, written in the reign of James II, but "supposed to be really of much more ancient date."

[273] _Ars Quatuor Coronatorum_, XXV. p. 240, paper by J.E.S. Tuckett on _Dr. Rawlinson and the Masonic Entries in Elias Ashmole's Diary_, with facsimile of entry in Diary which is preserved in the Bodleian Library (Ashmole MS. 1136, fol. 19).

[274] Yarker, _The Arcane Schools_, p. 383.

[275] Preston's _Illustrations of Masonry_, p. 208 (1804).

[276] _The Origins of Freemasonry: the 1717 Theory Exploded_.

[277] The Rev. G. Oliver, _The Historical Landmarks of Freemasonry_, pp. 55, 57, 62, 318 (1845).

[278] _Signs and Symbols of Primordial Man_, p. 185 (1910).

[279] _Signs and Symbols of Primordial Man_, p. 8 (1910).

[280] Ibid., p. 7. The German Freemason Findel disagrees with both the Roman Collegia and the Egypt theory, and, like the Abbé Grandidier, indicates the _Steinmetzen_ of the fifteenth century as the real progenitors of the Order: "All attempts to trace the history of Freemasonry farther back than the Middle Ages have been ... failures, and placing the origin of the Fraternity in the mysteries of Egypt ... must be rejected as a wild and untenable hypothesis."--_History of Freemasonry_ (Eng. trans.), p. 25.

[281] Dr. Oliver and Dr. Mackey thus refer to true and spurious Masonry, the former descending from Noah, through Shem, Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, and Moses to Solomon--hence the appellation of Noachites sometimes applied to Freemasons--the latter from Cain and the Gymnosophists of India to Egypt and Greece. They add that a union between the two took place at the time of the building of the Temple of Solomon through Hiram Abiff, who was a member of both, being by birth a Jew and artificer of Tyre, and from this union Freemasonry descends. According to Mackey, therefore, Jewish Masonry is the true form.--_A Lexicon of Freemasonry_, pp. 323-5; Oliver's _Historical Landmarks of Freemasonry_, I. 60.

[282] Rev. G. Oliver, _The Historical Landmarks of Freemasonry_, pp. 55, 57 (1845).

[283] _The Jewish Encyclopaædia_ (article on Freemasonry) characterizes the name Hiram Abifi as a misunderstanding of 2 Chron. ii. 13

[284] Clavel, _Histoire pittoresque de la Franc-Maçonnerie_, p. 340; Matter, _Histoire du Gnosticisme_, I. 145.

[285] _Quoted_ in _A.Q.C._, XXXII. Part I. p. 36.

[286] Article on Freemasonry, giving reference to Pesik, R.V. _25a_ (ed. Friedmann).

[287] Clavel, op. cit., 364, 365; Lecouteulx de Canteleu, _Les Sectes et Sociétés Secrétes_, p. 120.

[288] Clavel, op. cit., p. 82.

[289] Yarker, _The Arcane Schools_, p. 257.

[290] Ibid., p. 242.

[291] "According to Prof. Marks and Prof. Hayter Lewis, the story of Hiram Abiff is at least as old as the fourteenth century."--J.E.S. Tuckett in _The Origin of Additional Degrees, A.Q.C._, XXXII. Part I. p. 14. It should be noted that no Mason who took part in the discussion brought evidence to show that it dated from before this period. Cf. _Freemasonry Before the Existence of Grand Lodges_ (1923), by Wor. Bro. Lionel Vibert, I.C.S., p. 135, where it is suggested that the Hiramic legend dates from an incident in one of the French building guilds in 1401.

[292] Yarker, op. cit., p. 348; Eckert, op. cit., II. 36.

[293] Eckert, op. cit., II. 28.

[294] "The Essenes, in common with other Syrian sects, possessed and adhered to the 'true principles' of Freemasonry."--Bernard H. Springett, _Secret Sects of Syria and the Lebanon_, p. 91.

[295] "The esoteric doctrine of the Judeo-Christian mysteries evidently penetrated into the masonic guilds (ateliers) only with the entry of the Templars after the destruction of their Order."--Eckert, op. cit., II. 28.

[296] _La Comtesse de Rudolstadt_, II. 185.

[297] Ragon, _Cours philosophique des Initiations_, p. 34.

[298] Mr. Sidney Klein in _Ars Quatuor Coronatorum_, XXXII. Part I. pp. 42, 43.

[299] John Yarker, _The Arcane Schools_, pp. 195, 318, 341, 342, 361.

[300] Ibid., p. 196.

[301] Official history of the Order of Scotland quoted by Bro. Fred. H. Buckmaster in _The Royal Order of Scotland_, published at the offices of _The Freemason_, pp. 3, 5, 7; A.E. Waite, _Encyclopædia of Freemasonry_, II. 219; Yarker, _The Arcane Schools_, p. 330; Mackey, _Lexicon of Freemasonry_, p. 267.

[302] Baron Westerode in the _Acta Latomorum_ (1784), quoted by Mackey, op. cit., p. 265. Mr. Bernard H. Springett also asserts that this degree originated in the East (_Secret Sects of Syria and the Lebanon_, p. 294).

[303] Chevalier de Bérage, _Les Plus Secrets Mystères des Hauts Grades de la Maçonnerie dévoilés, ou le vrai Rose Croix_ (1768); Waite, _The Secret Tradition in Freemasonry_, I. 3.

[304] In 1784 some French Freemasons wrote to their English brethren saying: "It concerns us to know if there really exists in the island of Mull, formerly Melrose ... in the North of Scotland, a Mount Heredom, or if it does not exist." In reply a leading Freemason, General Rainsford, referred them to the word [Hebrew: **] (Har Adonai), i.e. Mount of God (_Notes on the Rainsford Papers in A.Q.C._, XXVI. 99). A more probable explanation appears, however, to be that Heredom is a corruption of the Hebrew word "Harodim," signifying princes or rulers.

[305] F.H. Buckmaster, _The Royal Order of Scotland_, p. 5. Lecouteulx de Canteleu says, however, that Kilwinning had been the great meeting-place of Masonry since 1150 (_Les Sectes et Sociétés Secrètes_, p. 104). Eckert, op. cit., II. 33.

[306] Mackey, _Lexicon of Freemasonry_, p. 267.

[307] Clavel, op. cit., p. 90; Eckert, op. cit., II. 27.

[308] A.E. Waite, _The Secret Tradition in Freemasonry_, I. 8.

[309] "Our names of E.A., F.C., and M.M. were derived from Scotland."--_A.Q.C._, XXXII. Part I. p. 40. Clavel, however, says that these existed in the Roman Collegia (_Histoire pittoresque_, p. 82).

[310] _Religious Thought and Heresy in the Middle Ages_, p. 372.

[311] _The Spirit of Islam_, p. 337.

[312] _Secret Sects of Syria and the Lebanon_, p. 181 (1922).

[313] See, for example, Bouillet's _Dictionnaire Universel d'Histoire et de Géographie_ (1860), article or Templars: "Les Francs-Maçons prétendent se rattacher à cette secte."

[314] _Lexicon of Freemasonry_, p. 185.

[315] _Findel, Geschichte der Freimaurerei_, II. 156, 157 (1892 edition). Dr. Bussell (op. cit., p. 804), referring to Dupuy's work, also observes: "An editor of a later edition (Brussels, 1751) undoubtedly was a Freemason who tried to clear the indictment and affiliate to the condemned Order the new and rapidly increasing brotherhood of speculative deism."

[316] The Royal Order of Scotland.

[317] _Manuel des Chevaliers de l'Ordre du Temple_, p. 10 (1825 edition).

[318] Oration of Chevalier Ramsay (1737); Baron Tschoudy, _L'Étoile Flamboyante_, I. 20 (1766).

[319] The description of the Vehmic Tribunals that follows here is largely taken from Lombard de Langres, _Les Sociétés Secrètes en Allemagne_ (1819), quoting original documents preserved at Dortmund.

[320] Clavel derides this early origin and says it was the _Francs-juges_ themselves who claimed Charlemagne as their founder (_Histoire pittoresque_, p. 357).

[321] Lecouteulx de Canteleu, _Les Sectes et Sociétés Secrètes_, p. 100.

[322] According to Walter Scott's account of the Vehmgerichts in _Anne of Geierstein_, the initiate was warned that the secrets confided to him were "neither to be spoken aloud nor whispered, to be told in words or written in characters, to be carved or to be painted, or to be otherwise communicated, either directly or by parable and emblem." This formula, if accurate, would establish a further point of resemblance.

[323] Lombard de Langres, _Les Sociétés Secrètes en Allemagne_, p. 341 (1819); Lecouteulx de Canteleu, _Les Sectes et Sociétès Secrètes_, p. 99.

[324] A. le Plongeon, _Sacred Mysteries among the Mayas and the Quichas_ (1886).

[325] Findel, _History of Freemasonry_ (Eng. trans., 1866), pp. 131, 132.

[326] John Yarker, _The Arcane Schools_, p. 216, 431.

[327] _Lexicon of Freemasonry_, p. 298.

[328] Waite, _The Real History of the Rosicrucians_, p. 403.

[329] Ibid., p. 283.

[330] Yarker, _The Arcane Schools_, p. 430.

[331] "Yarker pronounces Elias Ashmole to have been circa 1686 'the leading spirit, both in Craft Masonry and in Rosicrucianism,' and is of opinion that his diary establishes the fact 'that both societies fell into decay together in 1682.' He adds: 'It is evident therefore that the Rosicrucians ... found the operative Guild conveniently ready to their hand, and grafted upon it their own mysteries ... also, from this time Rosicrucianism disappears and Freemasonry springs into life with all the possessions of the former.' "--_Speculative Freemasonry, an Historical Lecture_, delivered March 31, 1883, p. 9; quoted by Gould, _History of Freemasonry_, II. 138.

[332] _L'Antisémitisme_, p. 339.

[333] _Jewish Encyclopædia_, articles on Leon and Manasseh ben Israel.

[334] Article on "Anglo-Jewish Coats-of-arms" by Lucien Wolf in _Transactions of the Jewish Historical Society_, Vol. II. p. 157.

[335] _Transactions of the Jewish Historical Society of England_, Vol. II. p. 156. A picture of Templo forms the frontispiece of this volume, and a reproduction of the coat-of-arms of Grand Lodge is given opposite to p. 156.

[336] Zohar, section Jethro, folio 70_b_ (de Pauly's trans., Vol. III. 311).

[337] The Cabalistic interpretation of the Mercaba will be found in the Zohar, section Bereschith, folio 18_b_ (de Pauly's trans., Vol. I. p. 115).

[338] "By figure of a man is always meant that of the male and female together."--Ibid., p. 116.

[339] _Histoire de la Monarchie Prussienne_, VI. 76.

[340] Lecouteulx de Canteleu, op. cit., p. 105.

[341] Ibid., p. 106; Lombard de Langres, _Les Sociétés Secrètes en Allemagne_, p. 67.

[342] Monsignor George F. Dillon, _The War of Anti-Christ with the Church and Christian Civilization_, p. 24 (1885).

[343] Brother Chalmers I. Paton, _The Origin of Freemasonry: the 1717 Theory Exploded_, p. 34.

[344] Lecouteulx de Canteleu, op. cit., p. 107; Robison's _Proofs of a Conspiracy_, p. 27; Dillon, op. cit, p. 24; Mackey, _Lexicon of Freemasonry_, p. 148.

[345] Preston's _Illustrations of Masonry_, p. 209 (1804); Anderson's _New Book of Constitutions_ (1738).

[346] _Ars Quatuor Coronatorum_, XXV. p. 31. See account of some of these convivial masonic societies in this paper entitled "An Apollinaric Summons."

[347] _Religious Thought and Heresy in the Middle Ages_, p. 373. A "Past Grand Master," in an article entitled "The Crisis in Freemasonry," in the _English Review_ for August 1922, takes the same view. "It is true ... that the Craft Lodges in England were originally Hanoverian clubs, as the Scottish lodges were Jacobite clubs."

[348] Dr. Anderson, a native of Aberdeen and at this period minister of the Presbyterian Church in Swallow Street, and Dr. Desaguliers, of French Protestant descent, who had taken holy orders in England and in this same year of 1717 lectured before George I, who rewarded him with a benefice in Norfolk (_Dictionary of National Biography_, articles on James Anderson and John Theophilus Desaguliers).

[349] _The Free Mason's Vindication, being an answer to a scandalous libel entitled (sic) The Grand Mystery of the Free Masons discover'd_, etc. (Dublin, 1725). It is curious that this reply is to be found in the British Museum (Press mark 8145, h. I. 44), but not the book itself. Yet Mr. Waite thinks it sufficiently important to include in a "Chronology of the Order," in his _Encyclopædia of Freemasonry_, I. 335.

[350] _Gentleman's Magazine_ for April 1737.

[351] Dates given in _A.Q.C._, XXXII. Part I. pp. 11, 12, and Deschamps, _Les Sociétés Secrétes et la Société_, III. 29. The writer of the paper in _A.Q.C._ appears not to recognize the authorship of the second work _L'Ordre des Francs-Maçons trahi_; but on p. xxix of this book the signature of Abbé Pérau appears in the masonic cypher of the period derived from the masonic word LUX. This cypher is, of course, now well known. It will be found on p. 73 of Clavel's _Histoire pittoresque_.

[352] The British Museum possesses no earlier edition of this work than that of 1797, but the first edition must have appeared at least thirty-five years earlier, as _A Free Mason's Answer to the suspected Author of ... Jachin and Boaz_, of which a copy may be found in the British Museum (Press mark 112, d. 41), is dated 1762. This book bears on the title-page the following quotation from Shakespeare:

"Oh, that Heaven would put in every honest Hand a Whip to lash the Rascal naked through the World."

[353] The author of _Jachin and Boaz_ says in the 1797 edition that in reply to this work he has received "several anonymous Letters, containing the lowest Abuse and scurrilous Invectives; nay some have proceeded so far as to threaten his Person. He requests the Favour of all enraged Brethren, who shall chuse to display their Talents for the future, that they will be so kind as to pay the Postage of their Letters for there can be no Reason why he should put up with their ill Treatment and pay the Piper into the Bargain. Surely there must be something in this Book very extraordinary; a something they cannot digest, thus to excite the Wrath and Ire of these hot-brained Mason-bit Gentry." One letter he has received calls him "a Scandalous Stinking Pow Catt (sic)."

[354] _A.Q.C._, XXXII. Part I. p. 34.

[355] Ibid.

[356] Ibid., p. 15. Mackey also thinks that R.A. was introduced in 1740, but that before that date it formed part of the Master's degree (_Lexicon of Freemasonry_, p. 299).

[357] Yarker, _The Arcane Schools_, p. 437.

[358] Review by Yarker of Mr. A. E. Waite's book _The Secret Tradition in Freemasonry_ in _The Equinox_, Vol. I. No. 7, p. 414.

[359] _Encyclopædia of Freemasonry_, II. 56.

[360] _A.Q.C._, Vol. XXXII, Part I. p. 23.

[361] Correspondence on Lord Derwentwater in _Morning Post_ for September 15, 1922. Mr. Waite (_The Secret Tradition in Freemasonry_, I. 113) wrongly gives the name of Lord Derwentwater as John Radcliffe and in his _Encyclopædia of Freemasonry_ as James Radcliffe. But James was the name of the third Earl, beheaded in 1716.

[362] Gould, op. cit. III. 138. "The founders were all of them Britons."--_A.Q.C._, XXXII. Part I. p. 6.

[363] "If we turn to our English engraved lists we find that whatever Lodge (or Lodges) may have existed in Paris in 1725 must have been unchartered, for the first French Lodge on our roll is on the list for 1730-32.... It would appear probable ... that Derwentwater's Lodge ... was an informal Lodge and did not petition for a warrant till 1732."--Gould, _History of Freemasonry_, III. 138.

[364] John Yarker, _The Arcane Schools_, p. 462.

[365] Gautier de Sibert, _Histoire des Ordres Royaux, Hospitaliers-Militaires de Notre-Dame du Carmel et de Saint-Lazare de Jérusalem_, Vol. II. p. 193 (Paris, 1772).

[366] This oration has been published several times and has been variously attributed to Ramsay and the Duc d'Antin. The author of a paper in _A.Q.C._, XXXII. Part I., says on p. 7: "Whether Ramsay delivered his speech or not is doubtful, but it is certain that he wrote it. It was printed in an obscure and obscene Paris paper called the _Almanach des Cocus_ for 1741 and is there said to have been 'pronounced' by 'Monsieur de R--Grand Orateur de l'Ordre.' It was again printed in 1742 by Bro. De la Tierce in his _Histoire, Obligations et Statuts, etc.,..._ and De la Tierce says that it was 'prononcé par le Grand Maître des Francs-Maçons de France' in the year 1740.... A. G. Jouast (_Histoire du G.O._, 1865) says the Oration was delivered at the Installation of the Duc d'Antin as G.M. on 24th June, 1738, and the same authority states that it was first printed at the Hague in 1738, bound up with some poems attributed to Voltaire, and some licentious tales by Piron.... Bro. Gould remarks: 'If such a work really existed at that date, it was probably the original of the "_Lettre philosophique par M. de V---- _, _avec plusieurs piéces galantes_," London, 1757.'" Mr. Gould has, however, provided very good evidence that Ramsay was the author of the oration by Daruty's discovery of the letter to Cardinal Fleury, which together with the oration itself (translated from De la Tierce's version) he reproduces in his _History of Freemasonry_, Vol. III. p. 84.

[367] _A.Q.C., XXII_. Part I. p. 10.

[368] _Les plus secrets mystères des Hants Grades de la Maçonnerie dévoilés, ou le vrai Rose-Croix._ A Jerusalem. M.DCC.LXVII. (_A.Q.C._, Vol. XXXII. Part I. p. 13, refers, however, to an edition of 1747).

[369] As Godefroi de Bouillon died in 1100, I conclude his name to have been introduced here in error by de Bérage or the date of 1330 to have been a misprint.

[370] Dr. Mackey confirms this assertion, _Lexicon of Freemasonry_, p. 304.

[371] _Étoile Flamboyante_, I. pp. 18-20.

[372] The same theory that Freemasonry originated in Palestine as a system of protection for the Christian faith is given almost verbatim in the instructions to the candidate for initiation into the degree of "Prince of the Royal Secret" published in _Monitor of Freemasonry_ (Chicago, 1860), where it is added that "the brethren assembled round the tomb of Hiram, is a representation of the disciples lamenting the death of Christ on the Cross." Weishaupt, founder of the eighteenth-century Illuminati, also showed--although in a spirit of mockery--how easily the legend of Hiram could be interpreted in this manner, and suggested that at the periods when the Christians were persecuted they enveloped their doctrines in secrecy and symbolism. "That was necessary in times and places where the Christians lived amongst the heathens, for example in the East at the time of the Crusades."--_Nachtrag zur Originalschriften_, Part II. p. 123.

[373] _Étoile Flamboyante_, pp. 24-9.

[374] Gould, _History of Freemasonry_, III. 92.

[375] Mackey's _Lexicon of Freemasonry_, p. 267.

[376] Oliver's _Landmarks of Freemasonry_, II. 81, note 35.

[377] _Lexicon of Freemasonry_, p. 270.

[378] Clavel, _Histoire pittoresque de la Franc-Maçonnerie_, p. 166.

[379] _A.Q.C._, XXXII. Part 1. p. 17.

[380] _The Royal Order of Scotland_, by Bro. Fred. H. Buckmaster, p. 3

[381] _Histoire de la Vie et des Ouvrages de Messire François de Salignac de la Mothe-Fenélon, archevêque de Cambrai_, pp. 105, 149 (1727).

[382] J.M. Ragon, _Ordre Chapitral, Nouveau Grade de Rose-Croix_, p. 35.

[383] The identity of Lord Harnouester has remained a mystery. It has been suggested that Harnouester is only a French attempt to spell Derwentwater, and therefore that the two Grand Masters referred to were one and the same person.

[384] In 1786 the seventh and eighth degrees were transposed, the eleventh became Sublime Knight Elect, the twentieth Grand Master of all Symbolic, the twenty-first Noachite or Prussian Knight, the twenty-third Chief of the Tabernacle, the twenty-fourth Prince of the Tabernacle, the twenty-fifth Knight of the Brazen Serpent. The thirteenth is now known as the Royal Arch of Enoch and must not be confounded with the Royal Arch, which is the complement of the third degree. The fourteenth is now the Scotch Knight of Perfection, the fifteenth Knight of the Sword or of the East, and the twentieth is Venerable Grand Master.

[385] _History of Freemasonry_, III. 93. Thory gives the date of the Kadosch degree as 1743, which seems correct.

[386] Zohar, section Bereschith, folio 18b.

[387] _A.Q.C._, XXVI: "Templar Legends in Freemasonry."

[388] "This degree is intimately connected with the ancient order of the Knights Templars, a history of whose destruction, by the united efiorts of Philip, King of France, and Pope Clement V, forms a part of the instructions given to the candidate. The dress of the Knights is black, as an emblem of mourning for the extinction of the Knights Templars, and the death of Jacques du Molay, their last Grand Master...."--Mackey, _Lexicon of Freemasonry_, p. 172.

[389] Mr. J.E.S. Tuckett, in the paper before mentioned, quotes the Articles of Union of 1813, in which it is said that "pure ancient Masonry consists of three degrees and no more," and goes on to observe that: "According to this view those other Degrees (which for convenience may be called Additional Degrees) are not real Masonry at all, but an extraneous and spontaneous growth springing up around the 'Craft' proper, later in date, and mostly foreign, i.e. non-British in origin, and the existence of _any_ such degrees is by some writers condemned as a contamination of the 'pure Ancient Freemasonry' of our forefathers."--_A.Q.C._, XXXII. Part I. p. 5.

[390] J. J. Mounier, _De l'Influence attribuée aux Philosophes, aux Francs-Maçons et aux Illuminés sur la Révolution Française_, p. 148 (1822). See also letter from the Duke of Northumberland at Alnwick to General Rainsford dated January 19, 1799, defending Barruel from the charge of attacking Masonry and pointing out that he only indicated the upper degrees, _A.Q.C._, XXVI, p. 112.

[391] Em. Rebold, _Histoire des Trots Grandes Loges de Francs-Maçons en France_, pp. 9, 10 (1864).

[392] _A.Q.C._, XXXII. Part I. 21.

[393] _A.Q.C._, XXXII. Part I. 22. It is curious that in this discussion by members of the Quatuor Coronati Lodge the influence of the Templars, which provides the only key to the situation, is almost entirely ignored.

[394] Yarker, _The Arcane Schools_, pp. 479-82.

[395] Mackey, _Lexicon of Freemasonry_, p. 119.

[396] _Martines de Pasqually_, par Papus, président du Suprême Conseil de l'Ordre Martiniste, p. 144 (1895). Papus is the pseudonym of Dr. Gérard Encausse.

[397] Gould, _History of Freemasonry_, III. 241.

[398] See the very important article on this question that appeared in _The National Review_ for February 1923, showing that Carlyle was assisted gratuitously throughout his work by a German Jew named Joseph Neuberg and was supplied with information and finally decorated by the Prussian Government.

[399] Executed in 1746 as a partisan of the Stuarts.

[400] Gould, op. cit., Vol. III. pp. 101, 110; _A.Q.C._, Vol. XXXII.