Chapter 25

on project of keeping navy in port, in war, 106, 281; statement regarding readiness for war, 393. Secretary of War, ii. 323.

_Montreal._ Strategic importance of, i. 303-309.

_Mooers, Benjamin._ General, New York militia. Vindicates the conduct of most part of the militia under his command, ii. 366 (note).

_Morris, Charles_. Captain, U.S.N. (first lieutenant of the "Constitution" in action with "Guerrière"). Commands frigate "Adams," in Potomac, ii. 162, 167; services in Potomac, and at Annapolis, 169, 174-177; difficulty in escaping British blockade, 170, 178; first cruise of "Adams," 226, 261; second cruise, strikes on Isle au Haut, takes refuge in Penobscot, and burned to escape capture, 353-354.

_Morris, Gouverneur._ American statesman. Opinion favorable to British right of impressment of British-born seamen on high seas, i. 5-7; opinion of the United States' ability to maintain a strong navy, 71; in London, contends against impressment of Americans, 119.

_Napoleon, The Emperor._ Issues Berlin Decree, i. 112; purpose, as defined by himself, 144; objects of, as towards the United States, 149, 169, 173, 182, 235, 249, 268, 278; scope of Berlin Decree, 152, 173, 176, 182, 253-254; sole control of Continent by, 153, 174, 220, 221, 269; vigorous application of Decree to American shipping, 172; effects of his reverses in Spain, 191, 209; Bayonne Decree of, 203; tenor of Milan Decree of, 205; Decree of Rambouillet, 235-236; alleged revocation of decrees by, 237, 271, 272; instances of arguments of, 240, 267; effect of reverses in Russia upon the War of 1812, 389; of downfall of, ii. 10, 123, 330.

_Navigation._ Connection between naval power and, 11, 49-52, 81; distinction between commerce and, 11, 81.

_Navigation, Acts of._ The formulated expression of a national need, i. 9; opinion of Adam Smith concerning, 9-10; historical summary of, 13-19; apparent effects of, 19; British national conviction concerning, 21-24, 60-61; relation of colonies to system of, 24-27; endeavor to maintain system of, towards United States after independence, 27, 29, 40, 41, 45-48, 103; copied by French Convention, 28; attitude of foreigners towards, 30; progress of British colonies under, 31-39; attitude of American colonists towards, 39; Lord Sheffield's pamphlet upon, 46, 47, 49, 50, 57, 64, 65, 73 (and note), 75; inter-relations of British Empire protected by, 53-55, 63-64, 67; working of, threatened by American independence, 56-58, 65; modifications of, proposed by Pitt, but rejected by country, 58; dependence of, upon West Indies, 65; system of, continued by proclamation towards United States, 1783-1794, 67-70; British commerce and shipping grow under this enforcement of, 76-84; purpose of, offensive, in military sense, 79; effect of French Revolution on, 87-88; dependence of Rule of 1756 upon the system of, 90; principle of Rule of 1756 leads up to molestation of American navigation, and Orders in Council of 1807, 93, 98-104, and so to war with United States, 136.

_Navy, American._ Gouverneur Morris' opinion of power of United States to maintain, i. 71; opinion of John Quincy Adams, 186; recommendation of Presidents Washington and John Adams, ii. 212, 213; policy of President Jefferson, 213; i. 187, 280; neglect of, during administrations of Jefferson and Madison, shown by condition of, at outbreak of war, 257, 297, 300, and stated by a committee of Congress, 1812, 260-262; Madison's lukewarm mention, 259, 260; Congress on approach of war refuses to increase, 263; high professional merit of officers of, 279-280; numbers of, as estimated by British admiralty, ii. 211; total numbers of vessels in active employment, all told, from beginning of war to its conclusion, twenty-two, 242.

_New Orleans._ For battle of, see _Actions, Land_.

"_New Orleans._" Ship of the line, on the lakes, ii. 318 (note).

_Niagara, Peninsula of._ Strategic importance of, i. 338, 345-346, 352, 353; ii. 39-40, 51, 291, 293; effect of climatic conditions of, i. 359.

_Orders in Council._ General definition of, i. 2 (note); of 1807, cause of war with United States, 2; _entrepôt_ motive for, 16, 27; of June and November, 1793, 89, 92; of January, 1794, 93; relations of, to Rule of 1756, 93; of January, 1798, motive of, 98, and renewal in 1803, 99; effect of these last upon "direct trade," 101; of May, 1806, 108, effect and purpose of, 109; legitimacy of, denied by the United States, 110-112, and by Napoleon, who upon it bases Berlin Decree, 112; of January, 1807, and its effects, 150-152; Of November, 1807, purport of, 177, 187; resented by United States, 178; delay in communicating to American Government, 179; general plan of, that of blockades, 180; illustrative instances of execution of, 180 (note), 204, 205 (notes); known in United States before the passage of Embargo Act, 181; conditional offer of British Government to withdraw, 215-218; revocation of, by substitution of Order of April, 1809, 220; American expectation of revocation, in consequence of Champagny's letter, 238; British Government declines to revoke, 243-245; Pinkney's analysis, and condemnation, of, to Wellesley, 245-246; Wellesley's reply, 246; Wellesley's exposition of policy of, 253-254; discontent in Great Britain with, 269; order of April 12, 1812, promises revocation, conditional, 270; British determination to maintain, otherwise, 273-276; revocation of, June, 1812, 276, to date from August 1, 1812, 277; too late to secure peace with America, 278, or to restore it, 391-392; ii. 9; compensation for seizures under, refused in peace negotiations, ii. 416, 432.

_Pakenham, Sir Edward._ British general. Named to command New Orleans expedition after death of Ross, ii. 385; instructions to, concerning conduct in Louisiana, 427; arrival and operations, 392-396.

_Patterson, Daniel T._ Captain, U.S.N. Commands in chief in waters of New Orleans, ii. 392-395.

"_Peacock._" British sloop of war. Captured by "Hornet," ii. 7-9.

"_Peacock._" American sloop of war. Captures "Epervier," ii. 258-261; subsequent cruise of, 261-262; sails again, January 20, 1815, 406.

_Pearson, Joseph._ Representative in Congress from North Carolina. Speech on conditions of country, owing to the war, ii. 199.

"_Pelican._" British brig of war. Captures American brig "Argus," ii. 217.

"_Penguin._" British sloop of war. Captured by "Hornet," ii. 407.

_Perceval, Spencer._ Prime Minister of Great Britain. Murder of, and consequent confusion in the Government, i. 273; firm determination of, to maintain Orders in Council, and opinion of American resistance, 274.

_Perry, Oliver H._ Captain, U.S.N. Applies for, and ordered to, the lakes service, i. 376; assigned by Chauncey to Lake Erie, and practical independence of action there, 377; conditions of force found, 377, and merits of general action of, 378; engaged at capture of Fort George, and transfers Black Rock flotilla to Erie, ii. 41; thenceforth remains on Lake Erie, 62, but always under Chauncey, 63; collision of interests between the two officers, 64; altercation with Chauncey, 65; applies to be detached, 66; Navy Department refuses, 67; exposed situation of Erie, and preparations for defence, during equipment of squadron, 68-70; blockaded by British squadron, 70; seizes opportunity of its absence, to cross bar, 71; proceedings prior to battle of Lake Erie, 74-75; battle of Lake Erie, 76-94; discussion of claim to credit of, 95-99; consequences of success of, 99-101; prompt subsequent action of, 102; detached from lakes service, 104; engaged in harassing retreat of British squadron down the Potomac, 350; opinion as to qualities of smaller and larger vessels, 271; detailed to command a squadron of schooners, against enemy's commerce, 270-273.

"_Phoebe._" British frigate. Sent to Pacific with two sloops of war to capture "Essex," 246; with "Cherub" captures "Essex," 248-252.

_Pinkney, William._ Appointed colleague to Monroe, in London, for special negotiations,