Chapter 23

decisive positions upon, i. 304-308; Hull's exposition of effect of naval predominance on, 339; Madison's admission concerning, 350; improved conditions on, through Chauncey's energy, 361-366; control of, dependent on naval force, 371, 373; ii. 68-70, 73-75, 99-101, 300-308, 314-315; minor naval events on, i. 354-356; ii. 324-328; British demands concerning, in the negotiations for peace, ii. 355-356, 419, 421, 422.

_Lambert, Henry._ Captain, R.N. Commands "Java" when taken by the "Constitution," ii. 3; mortally wounded in the action, 5.

_Lambert, Sir John._ British general. Joins New Orleans expedition two days before the assault, ii. 385; succeeds to command upon Pakenham's death, 394-397; proceeds against and captures Fort Bowyer, in Mobile Bay, 397.

_Lawrence, James._ Captain, U.S.N. Commands "Hornet" in Bainbridge's squadron, i. 407; sails in company with "Constitution," ii. 2; challenges "Bonne Citoyenne," 3; sinks the "Peacock," 8; returns to United States, 9; ordered to command "Chesapeake," 131; nature of his orders, 131-132; action with, and captured by, "Shannon," 135-140; mortally wounded, 137; examination of his conduct, 140-145.

"_Levant._" British sloop of war. Captured by "Constitution," ii. 404-406; recaptured by British squadron, 406 (note).

_Lewis, Morgan._ American general, ii. 47; temporarily succeeds Dearborn in command at Niagara, 50.

_Licenses._ British to American merchant vessels, i. 203-206; for the supply of armies in Spanish Peninsula, i. 265, 409-412; ii. 9, 15, 21, 170-175.

_Liverpool, Earl of._ Prime Minister of Great Britain. Quotations from correspondence of, relative to the peace negotiations, chap. xviii., ii. 409-434.

_Macdonough, Thomas._ Captain, U.S.N. Commands flotilla on Lake Champlain, ii. 356; operations prior to Prevost's invasion, 356-363; preparations for battle, 367-371, 376-377, 380; wins battle of Lake Champlain, 377-381; effects of the victory, 381-382, 427, 430-431; news of the victory received in London, 426.

"_Macedonian._" British frigate. Captured by the United States, i. 416-422.

"_Macedonian._" American frigate (captured as above). Unable to get to sea, ii. 25, and blockaded in New London during the war, 148-150.

_Macomb, Alexander._ American general. Left by Izard in command at Plattsburg, ii. 365; operations before, and at, Plattsburg, 366-367; opinions of, as to distance of Macdonough's squadron from the shore batteries, 369.

_M'Clure, George._ American, general of N.Y. militia. Left in command of Niagara frontier, ii. 118; difficulties of situation of, 119; retreats to American side of river, 120; burns Canadian village of Newark, 120; this action of, disavowed by the Government, 120.

_Madison, James._ Secretary of State, and President of the United States. Close association of, with events leading to War of 1812, and summary of its cause, i. 41; characterization of, 106; discussion of questions of blockade, 110, 111; pronouncement on impressment, 114, 131, 132; instructions to Monroe and Pinkney to reopen negotiations, 1807, 133; narrow outlook of, 139; opinion of the Berlin Decree, 142, 182; upon the Rule of 1756, 152; instructions to Monroe by, in the "Chesapeake" affair, 161, 241; object of Jefferson's course in that affair, stated by, 164; use of the affair, made by, 170; explanation of the motive of the Embargo of 1808 by, 183; relation of, to Non-Intercourse Act, 215; misled (as President) in negotiations with Erskine, 216-218; proclamation, renewing intercourse with Great Britain, 219; annulled, 219; negotiations with Jackson, Erskine's successor, 221-225; declines further communication with Jackson, 225; special supervision of this correspondence by, 226; interpretation of British motive for Erskine's supposed concession, 230; accepts Champagny's letter as an actual revocation of Napoleon's Decrees, and so proclaims, 238, 254; afterwards recognizes delicacy of situation thus created, 266; non-intercourse with Great Britain revives, 248; message of, to Congress in special session, November 4, 1811, 259; recommends embargo, preparatory to war, 263; identified with policy of peaceful coercion, 278, 378; ii. 26, 175-176; sends war message to Congress, and approves declaration of war, i. 279; assumes only his share of responsibility for the war, 393; indignation of, at British sectional blockade of coast, 296; ii. 173; selects Dearborn and Hull for general officers, i. 337; failure of expectations as to Hull's expedition, admitted by, 339; ingenuous surprise at capitulation of Michilimackinac, 341; admits mistake of not securing naval command of lakes, 350; military inefficiency of Government under, 360; ii. 26-27, 265; insists on relinquishment of impressment as a preliminary to treating for peace, i. 391, but obtains also from Congress law excluding British-born seamen from American ships, 392; to prevent clandestine supply of enemy, recommends prohibition of all export, ii. 173; issues executive order to same end, 174; denials of effectiveness of British blockade, 204; decides to abandon demand for cessation of impressment as a condition for peace, 266 (note); comment on Armstrong's management of military operations, 282.

_Manners, William._ Commander, R.N., commanding "Reindeer," ii. 254; skill and gallantry of, in action with "Wasp," 254-255; killed in the action, 255.

_Maples, J.F._ Commander, R.N., commanding "Pelican." Captures "Argus," ii. 217-219.

_Marshall, John._ American Secretary of State under President John Adams. Summary of commercial injuries received from Great Britain, i. 97; propositions to Great Britain concerning impressment, 121; opinion concerning blockades, 146; tendency of this opinion, if accepted, 148. (Afterwards Chief Justice of Supreme Court.)

_Militia._ Jefferson's dependence upon, i. 52; ii. 213; conduct of, American and Canadian, i. 344, 345, 346, 351, 357, 360;