Part 24

Backies, Sutherlandshire, Broch of, 202. Balearic Islands, the Talayots of, 206. Ball of bronze ornamented with spiral patterns, 161, 162. Balls of stone ornamented with spiral and other patterns, 162–170. Ballinaby, Islay, Viking graves at, 14, 38. Balmaclellan, Kirkcudbright, bronze mirror and other articles found at, 126. Barra, grave mound in, 42. Bayeux Tapestry, maces figured in the, 170. Bead of Vitreous Paste found in Broch of Bowermadden, 233. Beads of variegated glass found in Viking graves, 27. Ben Ledi, Hill-Fort on a spur of, 275. Birdlip, near Gloucester, bronze mirror found in a grave at, 132. Birrenswark, Annandale, enamelled bridle-bit found at, 123. Bishops buried with their vestments, 5. Bodinar, Cornwall, hut structures at, 207. Borrowston, Shapinsay, Orkney, Broch of, 197. Bowermadden, Broch of, 232. Braavalla Heath, battle of, 60. Brass, hammer-marked plates of, found in Broch of Carn-liath, 222. Brochs, Architecture of the, 174–208. —— geographical distribution of the, 192. Bronze, vessels of, from Dowalton Loch, 266, 268. Brooch of Brass, circular, found at Yarhouse, 225. Brooches, oval, bowl-shaped, found in Viking graves, 24, 38, 39, 40, 44, 45,57. —— analysis of, 41. —— geographical distribution of, 34. —— silver, penannular, with knobs like thistle-heads, 54, 79, 81, 93, 101, 102. Broomhouse, Berwickshire, Earth-house at, 282. Brounaben, Caithness, Broch of, 200. Buchaam, Strathdon, Earth-house at, 285. Bunrannoch, Perthshire, bronze armlets found at, 149, 153. Burghead, silver mounting of a drinking-horn found at, 46. Burghead, fort built with logs and stones at, 279. Burial, survival of Pagan customs in Christian, 3. —— clothed and with grave-goods, 4, 5, 6, 7. —— of laymen in clerical habits, 6. Burials in the mounds covering the ruins of Brochs, 219, 225. —— with urns of steatite in Orkney and Shetland, 66–76. —— in Norway, 77. Burraness, island of Yell, Shetland, Broch at, 184. —— Unst, Shetland, Broch of, 195. Burray, Orkney, east Broch of, 197,236. Burrian, North Ronaldsay, Broch of, 245. Burwick, near Stromness, Broch of, 202, 238. Bute, island of, gold fillets and rings found in, 107.

Cairn Conan, Forfarshire, Earth-house at, 294. Caithness, the Brochs of, 209, 223, 232, 234. —— oval brooches found in, 43, 45. Caldale, Kirkwall, arm-rings of silver found at, 109. Caledonian Valley, number of Brochs to the north of the, 192. Campbell, William, of Ballinaby, Viking graves discovered by, 14. Carn-liath, Sutherlandshire, Broch of, 202, 221. Cassimir, Frederick, buried with his arms and horse, 6. Castle Cole, Sutherlandshire, Broch of, 185, 194. Castle Newe, Aberdeenshire, enamelled bronze armlets at, 141. Caterthun, Forfarshire, Hill-Fort of, 274. Chapel Euny, Sancreed, Cornwall, Earth-house at, 305. Charcoal, ritualistic use of, in Christian burial, 8, 9. Charlemagne, manner of the burial of, 4. Childeric, King, manner of the burial of, 4. Clay, vessels of, with incense and holy water, use of, in Christian burial, 9,10, 11, 12. Clergy buried in their vestments, 5. Clibberswick, Unst, pair of oval brooches and trefoil ornament found at, 47. Clickamin, Lerwick, Broch of, 195, 196. Cloth of various kinds, fragments of, from Viking graves, 42, 55. Cloth, castings of texture of, in bowl-shaped brooches, 41. —— Hood of Woollen, from moss in Orkney, 103. Clothing, burial of, with Christian dead, 4, 5, 6. Clova, Aberdeenshire, Earth-house at, 288. Cockburn Law, Berwickshire, Broch at, 186. Coins, Cufic and Anglo-Saxon, found with hoards of silver ornaments, 88, 89, 91. —— Roman, found in Broch of Lingrow, 244. Coldoch, Perthshire, Broch of, 190. Combs of bone, double-edged, found in Brochs, 237, 240, 249, 250. —— round-backed, found in Brochs, 233, 240, 249. —— long-handled, found in Brochs, 213, 222, 240, 241, 251. Cornwall, Earth-houses of, 305. Corquoy, Rousay, Orkney, urn of steatite found at, 71. Craig Beg, Ballater, ornamented stone ball found at, 165. Craig Phadrig, near Inverness, Vitrified Fort of, 277. Crannog of Loch Laoghaire, the siege of the, 271. Crannogs of Dowalton Loch, 264. —— of Ayrshire, 269. Cranokis of the Isles, the, 271. Cremation a typical characteristic of Pagan burial, 2. —— punishable with death, 4. —— narrative by an eye-witness of the ceremonies attending a burial after, 61. Crichie, near Kintore, bronze ornaments found at, 123. Crichton Mains, Midlothian, Earth-house at, 301. Crosiers, burial of, with archbishops, 5. Crucibles found in Brochs, 221. Cuerdale, hoard of silver ornaments and coins at, 91. Culbin Sands, Elginshire, bronze spiral armlet found at, 156. Cullswick, Shetland, Broch at, 185, 195. Culsh, Aberdeenshire, Earth-house at, 287. Cup-markings on rocks and stones, area of, 299.

Dice of bone found in Broch of Burrian, 248. Discs of polished stone found in Brochs and Crannogs, 220, 232, 236, 241, 270. Dowalton Loch, Crannogs in, 264. —— bronze mounting found in, 123. Drinking-horn, silver mounting of a, 46. Drumside, Belhelvie, Aberdeenshire, bronze armlets found at, 146, 147. Dun Alisaig, Ross-shire, Broch of, 185. —— Carloway, Lewis, Broch of, 185. —— Dornadilla, Sutherlandshire, Broch of, 185. —— Mac Uisneachan, Loch Etive, Vitrified Fort of, 277. Dunsinnane, description of the Hill-Fort of, 281.

Earth-houses of Scotland, Ireland, and Cornwall, 282, 304. —— of Scotland, period of, 304. Eigg, Viking graves in, 48, 49, 53, 54. Elgin, ornamented stone ball found at, 162. Elie, in Fife, Earth-house at, 292. Enamel on shields, bridle-bits, horse-trappings, and armlets, 120, 123, 125, 126, 141, 143. Eriboll, Sutherlandshire, Earth-house at, 289. Erik, King of Denmark, buried with his sword, 5. Esthonia, relapse of Christian converts to heathenism in, 4. Eucharist, spoon used in celebration of the, 134.

Fair Isle, urn of steatite found in, 73. Finhaven, near Aberlemno, Vitrified Fort of, 277. Fordoun, Kincardineshire, ornamented stone ball found at, 164. France, Celtic or Gaulish forts of, 280. Freelands, Glasterlaw, ornamented stone ball found at, 164.

Garrywhoine, Caithness, Hill-Fort of, 273. Gauls, shields and helmets of the, 119. Gisli the Soursop, Saga of, 290. Glas Hill, Towie, ornamented stone ball found at, 163. Glass, variegated beads of, found in Viking graves, 27. —— black, smoothing implements of, found in Viking graves, 30, 36. Glenelg, Brochs in the valley of Glenbeg in, 181, 182. Gökstad, near Sandefiord, ship-burial at, 64. Gold, hoards of ornaments of, 106, 107, 108. Goni, Sardinia, Nuraghe of, 193. Grain, charred, found in Brochs, 234. Grave-goods, Christian burials with, 4, 5, 6, 7. Grange of Conan, near Arbroath, bronze spiral armlet found at, 160.

Hamilton, Dr. Edward, investigation of Vitrified Forts in Arisaig by, 279. Harald, Earl of Orkney, 200. Harness, bronze mountings of, 122, 123. Haroldswick, Unst, Shetland, grave-mound at, 74. Harpsdale, Caithness, Broch of, 199. Harray, Orkney, Broch at Manse of, 198, 199, 236. Hell-shoes bound on the feet of the dead, 6. Helmets of bronze with horns, 116. Hildebrand, B. E., on the supposed Oriental origin of the silver hoards of the Viking time, 90. Hildetand, King Harald, burial of, 60. Hill-Forts of Scotland, 272. Hoards of silver ornaments and coins, 78, 89, 109. —— of gold ornaments, 106, 107, 108. Hogsetter, Whalsay, Shetland, defensive structure in the Loch of, 260. Hood of woollen fabric found in a moss in Orkney, 103. Horse, the flesh of the, as an article of food, 215. Hravnkel Freysgode, grave-mound of, 59.

Ibn-Fozlan, Ahmed, narrative of a burial after cremation by, 61. Illumination from fourteenth-century manuscript, representing a burial service, 12. Impernal, construction of the ramparts of, 280. Ingots of silver, 88, 107. Iron, tools and weapons of, found in Viking graves, 14, 15, 45, 52, 56, 58. —— articles of, found in Brochs, 213, 214, 219, 221, 223, 232, 234, 237, 250, 257. —— articles of, found in Earth-houses, 285, 295, 298.

Kettleburn, Caithness, Broch of, 200, 209. Key of iron from a grave of the Viking time in Westray, 58. Kildrummy, Aberdeenshire, Earth-houses at, 292. Kings and Clergy, manner of the burial of, in Middle Ages, 4. Kinord, Aberdeenshire, Earth-house at, 291. Kintradwell or Kintrolla, Sutherlandshire, Broch of, 202, 216. Knockfarril, in Ross-shire, Vitrified Fort of, 276.

Lake-dwellings of Scotland, 263. Lamps of stone found in Brochs, 212, 232, 236, 241. Lenormant, M., on the Truddhu of Southern Italy, 206. Levenwick, Shetland, Broch of, 234. Liechestown, Banffshire, swine’s head of bronze found at, 117. Lingrow, Orkney, Broch of, 242. Livonia, relapse of Christian converts to heathenism in, 4. Llanfair, bronze spoons found at, 135, 136. Loch Duich, Inverness-shire, Broch at, 183.

Maces, mediæval, figured in the Bayeux Tapestry, 170. Maddad, Earl of Athol, 200. M’Crie, George, grave-mounds in Rousay explored by, 71. Metal-work of early Celtic School of Art, characteristics of the decoration of, 140. Middleby, Annandale, harness mountings of bronze found at, 123. Midhill Head, Midlothian, Earthwork on, 272. Migvie, Aberdeenshire, Earth-house at, 284. Mirrors of bronze, Celtic, 127, 130, 132. —— Roman, 133. Möklebust, Norway, grave-mound at, 62. Montrose, pierced vases of clay in a Christian grave at, 11. Mould of Clay for making Bronze Pins found in Broch of Lingrow, 245. Mountings of bronze found at Henshole on Cheviot, 122. Mousa, Shetland, the Broch of, 174, 200. Munro, Robert, M.D., investigation of Crannogs in Ayrshire by, 269. Murcens, construction of the ramparts of, 280. Murroes, Forfarshire, Earth-house at, 290.

Neck-rings of silver, 84, 85. Needles of Bone found in Brochs, 247. Newry, County Down, Ireland, bronze armlet found at, 154, 155. Newstead, Roxburghshire, Earth-houses at, 300. Newton, Islay, oval brooch found at, 39. Nicolaysen, description of smoothing implements of glass by, 36. Northmen, Pagan forms of belief of the, 32. Nuraghi of Sardinia, the, 193.

Olaf, King of Denmark, buried with his sword, 5. Oland, island of, bronze plaques with representations of warriors found in, 20, 116. Old Stirkoke, Broch of, 232. Okstrow, Birsay, Orkney, Broch of, 199, 240. Orem’s Fancy, Stronsay, Orkney, urns of steatite found at, 67, 68. Ornament of the bowl-shaped brooches of brass, characteristics of the, 25. —— of the penannular brooches of silver of the Viking time, 93–99. Orkney, ornamented stone balls found in, 168, 169. —— Brochs of, 197, 236, 238, 240, 242, 245. _Orkneyinga Saga_, notice of hunting of Reindeer in, 231. Otranto, Italy, the Truddhu of, 206.

Paganism, typical character of burials of, 2. Pantellaria, the Sesi of, 206. Petrie, George, grave-mounds explored by, 58, 67. Pierowall, Westray, Orkney, grave-mounds of the Viking time at, 55, 58. Philostratus, notice of enamelling by, 125. Pins of Bone found in Brochs, 237, 239, 246, 247. —— of Bronze found in Brochs, 233, 237, 242. Pirnie, parish of Wemyss, Fife, Earth-house at, 292. Pitalpin, near Dundee, bronze spiral armlet found at, 159. Pitkelloney, near Muthil, bronze armlets found at, 143. Plunton Castle, bronze armlet found near, 137. Pottery of the Brochs, the, 215, 221, 230, 237, 240, 242, 244. —— of the Earth-houses, the, 287, 288, 295, 298, 304.

Quendale, Shetland, arm-rings of silver found at, 109. Quern found at Balmaclellan, Kirkcudbright, 126. Querns found in Brochs, 212, 220, 222, 243, 246. —— found in crannogs, 270.

Rattar, Caithness, arm-rings of silver found at, 109. Rattray, Castle Hill of, pierced vase of clay found at, 12. Rendall, William, exploration of Viking graves at Pierowall, Westray, by, 55. Reindeer, remains of, found in Brochs, 221, 231. Rhind, Alexander Henry, exploration of the Broch of Kettleburn by, 209. Rousay, Orkney, urns of steatite found in, 71. Rygh, Professor, comparison of oval brooches found in Norway and in Scotland by, 35.

Saga of Gisli the Soursop, the, 290. —— the _Orkneyinga_, 231. Sagas, testimony of the, to the forms of heathen burial, 59. Samian Ware found in Brochs, 237, 242. —— found in crannogs, 270. Saucepan of bronze found at Stanhope, Peeblesshire, 152. —— found in Dowalton Loch, 266. Seafield Tower, Kinghorn, bronze armlet found at, 154. Seal, the flesh of the, as an article of food, 215. Sesi, the, of the Isle of Pantellaria, 206. Shapinsay, Orkney, urn of steatite found in, 72. Shaw Hill, Kirkurd, hoard of gold objects found at, 138. Shields found in Viking graves, 18, 56. —— of bronze, decorated with enamels and figures of animals, 119. Ship-burials of the Viking time in Orkney, 59. —— in Norway, 62, 63. Shoes, burial with, 6, 7. Silver, ornaments of, found in Viking graves, 27, 28. —— hoards of ornaments and coins of, 78, 89, 109. —— Fibula of, found in the Broch of Carn-liath, 223. Skaill, Orkney, hoard of silver ornaments found at, 78. —— ornamented stone balls found at, 168. Skalagrim, burial of, 59. Skinnet, Caithness, Broch of, 199. Skjern, North Jutland, Runic monument at, 99, 100. Skye, arm-rings of silver found in, 109. —— ornamented stone ball found in, 167. Smith, Dr. R. Angus, investigation of Vitrified Fort on Loch Etive by, 277. Smith’s tools found in Viking graves in Scotland, 23. —— found in Viking graves in Scandinavia, 35. Snaburgh, Unst, Shetland, Broch of, 195. Solomon’s seal, geometric figure called, 255, 256. Spoons of bronze, Celtic, 134, 136. Stanhope, Peeblesshire, bronze armlet found at, 150. Stennis, Orkney, arm-rings of silver found at, 109. —— urn of steatite found at, 69. —— finger-rings of gold found at, 106. Stitchell bronze collar found at, 136, 137. Stone cups found in Brochs, 218, 233. Stuart, Professor, description of Earth-houses by, 292. Sutherlandshire, oval brooches found in, 43. —— the Brochs of, 216. Sweindrow, Rousay, Viking sword found at, 45. Swine’s head of bronze found in Banffshire, 117. Sword-hilt of Viking time found in Eigg, 49. —— found at Ultuna in Sweden, 52. Swords of iron found in Viking graves, 17, 33, 45, 48. —— with sheaths of bronze, 121. Sword-sheath of bronze found near Mortonhall, 120.

Talayots, the, of the Balearic Islands, 206. Tealing, Forfarshire, Earth-house at, 298. Thor, conventional representations of, 97, 99, 100, 101. Thor’s Hammer, amulets in form of, 91, 99. Thorgrim, priest of Frey, burial of, 60. Tiree, oval brooches found in, 40. Torrs, Kirkcudbright, bronze object like the frontal of a horse, found at, 112. Torwood, Stirlingshire, Broch at, 188. Towers, Round, of Ireland, 204. Towie, Aberdeenshire, bronze ornaments found at, 122. Trelan Bahow, Cornwall, bronze mirror found in a grave at, 131. Truddhu, the, of the Terra d’Otranto, Italy, 206. Tune, Norway, ship-burial at, 63. Tweezers of bronze, 214.

Ultuna, Sweden, grave-mound of Iron Age at, 51, 52. Unst, Shetland, urns of steatite found in, 74. Urns of steatite from grave-mounds in Orkney and Shetland, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 76. Uyea, Shetland, urn of steatite found in, 73.

Valhalla of the Northmen, the, 32. Vases of clay, pierced and containing charcoal and incense, buried in Christian graves, 10, 11, 12. Vik, in Norway, sword found at, 33. Vitrifaction, modern practice of, for macadamising roads, 281. Vitrified Forts of Scotland and France, 275, 280.

Walston, Lanarkshire, ornamented bronze ball found at, 161–162. Weaving, implements of, found in Brochs, 252. —— combs used in, 253, 254. Weston, near Bath, bronze spoons found at, 134, 135. Westray, Orkney, Viking graves in, 55, 58. —— large vessel of steatite found in, 76. Williams, John, description of Vitrified Forts by, 276. Whale, the flesh of the, as an article of food, 215. Woollen fabrics from mosses in Orkney and Denmark, 103–106.

Yarhouse, Thrumster, Caithness, the Broch of, 195, 223.

THE END.

_Printed by R. & R. CLARK, Edinburgh._

=ARCHÆOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL WORKS= =RECENTLY PUBLISHED.=

_Now ready, in One handsome Vol., 8vo, pp. xx., 326, with 270 Illustrations, price 21s._

ANCIENT SCOTTISH LAKE-DWELLINGS OR CRANNOGS

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BY

ROBERT MUNRO, M.A., M.D. F.S.A. Scot.

EXTRACTS FROM REVIEWS.

=Times, October 4, 1882.=

“It is a most valuable and methodical statement of all the facts connected with his own excavations in Ayrshire, supplemented by a summary of what is known of Crannogs and Lake-Dwellings elsewhere. The work is profusely illustrated with charts, plans, and engravings of many of the objects discovered during the excavations: it will doubtless become a standard authority on the subject of which it treats.”

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EDINBURGH: DAVID DOUGLAS.

=Athenæum, November 11, 1882.=

“... Our readers may be assured that they will find very much to interest and instruct them in the perusal of the work.”

=Saturday Review, October 7, 1882.=

“... The issue of these reports in a handy volume was taken in hand by Dr. Munro, and the result is seen in the carefully-prepared and admirably got-up volume to which we have now to invite attention.”

=The Nation, New York, October 26, 1882.=

“The work here briefly noticed ranks in external appearance with the best of its kind. It is beautifully printed, and the 264 woodcuts inserted in the text are admirably executed; but equal praise cannot be bestowed on the five plates accompanying the volume. The publication is a highly valuable contribution to Archæology, and doubtless will find many readers in this country.”

=Academy, October 14, 1882.=

“Dr. Munro speaks with authority, as he has personally witnessed excavations at the more important Lake-Dwellings, and has, we should gather, left but few unexamined. He is, moreover, a careful observer and one well read in the literature of the subject.”

=St. James’s Gazette, August 24, 1882.=

"This very interesting volume is a first attempt to bring together in a compendious form, _à propos_ of certain recent discoveries in Wigtonshire and Ayrshire, all that is at present known to Archæologists about primitive British Lake-Dwellings. The result is naturally rather material for the history than a history of these singular structures. Indeed, Dr. Munro is less inclined to theorise about their origin—though on this point he has some very well-defined views—than to array in order the evidence we possess of their geographical distribution, the plan on which they were built, the physical aspect of the country at the time of their construction, and the degree of civilisation attained by its inhabitants. Such an enumeration is itself a proof of the attractive nature of the questions which await the explorer of these lacustrine strongholds."

=Pall Mall Gazette, September 20, 1882.=

“It belongs to the very best class of well-selected materials.”

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=Sir John Lubbock, in Nature, December 14, 1882.=

“Whilst thanking him for what he has already accomplished, we may express a hope that he will continue his researches.”

=Glasgow Herald, October 27, 1882.=

"As we have pointed out, the explorations of the last two years have, so to speak, resurrected an ancient people, and we may hope that further explorations will enable us better to fix their position in prehistoric times, and better to understand their modes and habits of life and their surroundings. In the meantime we heartily welcome Dr. Munro’s admirable study, and recommend it to the perusal of all interested in the important subject of which it treats.... The volume is a most interesting one, and will remain for many years to come _the_ authority on the subject."

=Scotsman, November 22, 1882.=

“In this handsome and copiously illustrated volume, the results of the investigations of the Scottish Lake-Dwellings (in which Dr. Munro has himself taken the chief part) are systematised; and the story of this forgotten phase of life in Scotland is presented with all the freshness of a new interpretation of a large and interesting portion of the early history of the country.... And his work has now done for Britain what the well-known work of Keller had previously done for the Lake-Dwellings of Central Europe.”

=Aberdeen Free Press, October 23, 1882.=

"A most valuable contribution to Scottish Archæology—a volume that ought to find a place on the shelves of every district library in the country."

=Inverness Courier, August 24, 1882.=

“It will serve at once as a record of what has been achieved, as an incentive to further research, and as a guide to the direction in which that research should be made.”

=North British Daily Mail, August 14, 1882.=

“The plan of the work is admirable, and it has been wrought out in masterly fashion, so much so indeed that it may be placed on the same shelf with the historical volumes of Anderson, Skene, and Robertson, without any danger of their falling out.... As a scholarly conspectus of everything of real significance that has been published relating to Crannogs since Dr. Joseph Robertson first directed attention to their prevalence in Scotland, it will be welcomed as a serviceable index even by the most learned archæologists; while to the general reader, desirous of becoming acquainted with the hitherto widely-scattered results of inquiry on this subject, it will be a boon, the value of which cannot be exaggerated.”

=Dundee Advertiser, August 22, 1882.=

“Dr. Munro had a voluminous but confused literature before him when he began his explorations, and he has succeeded in bringing together in this volume such a mass of original matter and of detailed discovery as should enable the least imaginative student to frame a theory.... We have much pleasure in recommending this book as one of the most exhaustive works upon the subject yet published. The illustrations are profuse and well executed.”

=The Antiquary, Vol. vii. p. 67.=

"Dr. Munro has come forward in a very acceptable volume, which is now before us, and has undertaken to give a history of the excavations into ancient Scottish Lake-Dwellings, together with some very valuable suggestions as to the age and general characteristics of these prehistoric remains. We cannot, of course, follow Dr. Munro into all the details he treats of, but our readers will, we are sure, thank us for a summary of what Dr. Munro so ably tells us, and for the rest we most warmly recommend all antiquaries to make themselves possessors of this really remarkable book—remarkable in many ways, in closeness of detail, in extent of learning, in breadth of philosophical treatment, in the wealth of admirably executed and thoroughly appropriate illustrations.[120]"

Footnote 120:

“We cannot pass over one other important accessory to the characteristics of this book. The publisher has certainly spared nothing to make his part of the work equal to the importance of the subject, and in paper, print, and tasteful appearance, there is nothing to be desired. We cannot always say this much of the publications which come before us; but it is a pleasure to do so in a case like this.”

=Westminster Review.=

“The book is throughout a model of the careful record of facts, which require the most intelligent and patient observation to make the record of any value.”

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_THE RHIND LECTURES IN ARCHÆOLOGY—1879_

BY JOSEPH ANDERSON, LL.D.