Part 11

OUR RELIEF PLATES are engraved by photo-chemical means; are mounted on blocks type-high ready for use on any ordinary press, and will wear longer than the common stereotype plates.

They have a perfectly smooth printing surface, and the lines are _as deep, as even,_ and _as sharp_ as they could possibly be cut by hand.

ELECTROTYPES may be made from them in the same manner as from wood-cuts.

COPY. The engraving is done either from prints or pen-drawings. Almost all kinds of prints can be re-engraved directly from the copy, provided they be in _clear, black lines_ or stipple, and on _white_ or only slightly tinted paper.

Pen drawings, suitable for engraving by us, must be made with _thoroughly_ BLACK ink, on _smooth, white_ paper. They should usually be made twice the length and twice the width of the plates desired.

When such drawings cannot be furnished us, we can produce them from photographs, pencil sketches, or designs of any kind accompanied with proper instructions. Photographs taken in the usual way, and of any convenient size, we can use.

CHANGE OF SIZE.--Wood-cut prints of the coarser kind may often be reduced to half their lineal dimensions, while others will admit of very little reduction, and some of none at all.

Most lithographic and steel-plate prints will admit of no reduction.

Very fine prints of any kind may be _enlarged_ moderately without detriment.

Any prints which cannot be satisfactorily reduced or enlarged may be _redrawn_ and thus brought to any desired size.

In all cases of reduction and enlargement, the relative proportions remain unchanged.

PROOFS.--Whenever desired, we will furnish tintype proofs of the drawings made by us, for approval or correction, before engraving. A printed proof is furnished with each plate.

TIME.--We cannot usually engage to fill an order for a single plate in less than from three to six days; larger orders will require longer time.

ESTIMATES will be promptly furnished when desired. That these may be definite and correct, the copy to be used--whether print, photograph, sketch, or drawing--should always be submitted for our examination, together with a distinct statement of the size of plate wanted, and of any other details to be observed.

TERMS.--To insure attention, all orders must be accompanied by an advance of half the price charged, the balance to be paid on delivery.

ELECTROTYPING AND PRINTING.--We have recently added to our establishment excellent facilities for making electrotypes, and also three power presses specially fitted for printing plates of all sizes in the finest manner.

ARTIFICIAL LIGHT.--We have just introduced this most important facility, which enables us to prosecute our work _in cloudy weather_, and to push forward hurried orders _in the night_.

REFERENCES.--Our plates are now used by the principal publishers in this city, and by most of the leading houses in every State in the Union.

OUR GENERAL CIRCULAR contains a few specimens of the various kinds of our work, and will be sent on receipt of stamp. We have just prepared five special circulars, as follows:

No. 1. Portraits and Figures. No. 2. Buildings and Landscapes. No. 3. Machinery and Apparatus. No. 4. Maps, Autographs, and Ornamental Lettering. No. 5. Reproductions from Wood-Cuts, Steel-Plate Prints, and Lithographs.

These will be furnished at _ten cents_ each.

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ADVERTISEMENTS.

INSIDE PAGE, EACH INSERTION--75 CENTS A LINE BACK PAGE, EACH INSERTION--$1.00 A LINE.

(About eight words to a line.)

_Engravings may head advertisements at the same rate per line, by measurement, as the letter press. Advertisements must be received at publication office as early as Thursday morning to appear in next issue._

ADJUSTABLE INCLINE PRESSES.

STILES & PARKER PRESS CO., Middletown, Conn.

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136 pages beautifully illustrated, mailed to all applicants inclosing 10 cents. Regular customers free.

BLISS' ILLUSTRATED AMATEUR'S GUIDE to the FLOWER and KITCHEN GARDEN, with colored chromo; 216 pages, price 35 CENTS.

Address B. K. BLISS & SONS, P. O. Box 4129, New York City.

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TO LARGE CONSUMERS OF FINE LIGHT MALLEABLE IRON CASTINGS, we can offer special inducements in the way of VERY SUPERIOR QUALITY GUARANTEED, and at fair prices. Being ourselves large consumers and requiring the most perfect castings, other work is insured the same attention.

MALLORY, WHEELER & CO., NEW HAVEN, CONN.

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THE PHILADELPHIA LAWN MOWER _Stands_ "_Head of the Class._" Descriptive Circulars and Price Lists sent on application. GRAHAM, EMLEM & PASSMORE, Patentees and Manufacturers, 631 Market Street, Philadelphia, Pa.

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SHAFTING PULLEYS, HANGERS, ETC. a specialty. Send for Price List to A. & F. BROWN, 57-61 Lewis Street, New York.

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AIR COMPRESSORS, HOISTING ENGINES and OTHER MINING MACHINERY; MANUFACTURED BY GRIFFITH & WEDGE. ZANESVILLE, OHIO.

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MILL STONES AND CORN MILLS.

We make Burr Millstones, Portable Mills, Smut Machines, Packers, Mill Picks, Water Wheels, Pulleys, and Gearing, specially adapted to Flour Mills. Send for catalogue.

J. T. NOYE & SON, BUFFALO, N. Y.

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HOW TO SELL PATENTS.--This little book fully explains how all patents can be sold for good prices. Price 25 cents. L. D. SNOOK, Barrington, Yates Co., N. Y.

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POND'S TOOLS,

Engine Lathes, Planers, Drills, &c.,

DAVID W. POND, Worcester, Mass.

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EDMUND DRAPER, Manufacturer of First-class Engineers' Instruments. Established in 1830. 226 Pear St., Phila., Pa.

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J. LLOYD HAIGH,

Manufacturer of

every description, for Railroad and Mining Use, Elevators, Derricks, Rope Tramways, Transmission of Power, etc. No. 81 John St., N. Y. Send for price list. Plans and Estimates furnished for Suspension Bridges.

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THE DINGEE & CONARD CO'S BEAUTIFUL EVER-BLOOMING ROSES THE BEST IN THE WORLD.

OUR GREAT SPECIALTY is _growing_ and _distributing_ these BEAUTIFUL ROSES. _We deliver_ STRONG POT PLANTS, suitable for _immediate_ bloom, _safely by mail_ at all post-offices. 5 SPLENDID VARIETIES, _your choice_, all labeled, for $1; 12 for $2; 19 for $3; 26 for $4; 35 for $5; 75 for $10; 100 for $13.

[Symbol: Right index] Send for our NEW GUIDE TO ROSE CULTURE--60 pages, elegantly illustrated--and _choose_ from over FIVE HUNDRED FINEST SORTS. Address

THE DINGEE & CONARD CO., ROSE GROWERS, WEST GROVE, CHESTER CO., PA.

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HOW TO SELL PATENTS.

We send our 100 page book of instruction, containing valuable information, free.

Send us your address. GEO. C. TRACY & CO., Cleveland, O.

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Manufactured only under the above Trade-Mark, by the

EUROPEAN SALICYLIC MEDICINE CO., OF PARIS AND LEIPZIG.

IMMEDIATE RELIEF WARRANTED. PERMANENT CURE GUARANTEED. Now exclusively used by all celebrated Physicians of Europe and America, becoming a Staple, Harmless, and Reliable Remedy on both continents. The Highest Medical Academy of Paris report 95 cures out of 100 cases within three days. Secret--The only dissolver of the poisonous Uric Acid which exists in the Blood of Rheumatic and Gouty Patients. $1.00 a Box; 6 Boxes for $5.00. Sent to any address on receipt of price. ENDORSED BY PHYSICIANS. SOLD BY ALL DRUGGISTS. Address

WASHBURNE & CO., ONLY IMPORTERS' DEPOT. 212 BROADWAY, COR. FULTON ST., NEW YORK.

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19TH ANNUAL STATEMENT OF THE EQUITABLE LIFE ASSURANCE SOCIETY OF THE U. S.

HENRY B. HYDE, PRESIDENT.

FOR THE YEAR ENDING DECEMBER 31, 1878.

AMOUNT OF LEDGER ASSETS, JAN. 1, 1878 $32,477,991.87 Less Depreciation in Government Bonds, and Appropriation to meet any depreciation in other assets 369,553.27 -------- 32,108,438.60 INCOME 8,217,943.24 -------- $40,326,381.84

DISBURSEMENTS.

Paid Policy Holders for Claims by Death, Dividends, Surrender Values, Discounted and Matured Endowments and Annuities 4,935,171.43 Other Disbursements as per extended statement 1,195,841.88 -------- NET CASH ASSETS, December 31, 1878 $34,195,368.53

ASSETS.

Bonds and Mortgages $12,437,584.93 Real Estate 6,834,904.96 United States Stocks 5,638,768.54 State, City, and other Stocks authorized by the Laws of the State 6,201,978.16 Loans secured by United States and other Stocks 928,000.00 Cash and other Ledger Assets as per extended statement 2,154,131.94 ------------- $34,195,368.53 Market Value of Stocks over Cost 129,796.41 Accrued Interest, Rents, and Premiums, as per extended statement 1,128,927.42 ------------- TOTAL ASSETS, DEC. 31, 1878 $35,454,092.36

TOTAL LIABILITIES, including legal reserve for reinsurance of all existing policies 28,560,268.00 ------------- TOTAL UNDIVIDED SURPLUS $6,893,824.36 -------------

RISKS ASSUMED IN 1878, 6,115 POLICIES, ASSURING $21,440,213.00

N. B.--For the details of the above statement, see the Society's "Circular to Policy Holders," and other publications for 1879.

JAMES W. ALEXANDER, VICE-PRESIDENT. E. W. SCOTT, Superintendent of Agencies. SAMUEL BORROWE, SECRETARY.

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BOLT CUTTERS.

Send for Catalogue of Schlenker's Automatic Bolt Cutters and Screw Cutting Machines.

HOWARD IRON WORKS, BUFFALO, N. Y.

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BIG PAY to sell our Rubber Printing Stamps. Samples free. Taylor Bros. & Co., Cleveland, O.

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FIRE INSURANCE EXCLUSIVELY.

PAID UP CAPITAL $1,458,007.78 NET SURPLUS, DEC. 31, 1876 530,056.86 CASH ASSETS IN U. S. JAN. 1, 1878 427,881.28 NET ASSETS IN U. S. JAN. 1, 1878 220,000.00

TRUSTEES IN NEW YORK:

LOUIS DE COMEAU, ESQ., of De Rham & Co. CHAS. COUDERT, JR., ESQ., of Coudert Bros. CHAS. RENAULD, ESQ., of Renauld, Francois & Co. JULIEN LE CESNE, RESIDENT SECRETARY. T. J. TEMPLE, MANAGER FOR THE MIDDLE STATES.

_WESTERN UNION BUILDING, N. Y._

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THE ECLIPSE ENGINE

Furnishes steam power for all _Agricultural_ purposes, _Driving Saw Mills_, and for every use where a first-class and economical Engine is required. Eleven first-class premiums awarded, including Centennial, '76. Refer to No. 7, issue of '77, No. 14, issue of '78, of SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, for Editorial illustrations.

FRICK & CO., Waynesboro, Franklin Co., Pa.

When you write please name this paper.

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THE CAMERON STEAM PUMP,

Also known as the "SPECIAL" PUMP, is the standard of excellence at home and abroad. For Price Lists, address CAMERON PUMP WORKS,

Foot East 23d Street, New York.

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SHEPARD'S CELEBRATED $50 Screw Cutting Foot Lathe.

Foot and Power Lathes, Drill Presses, Scrolls, Circular and Band Saws, Saw Attachments, Chucks, Mandrels, Twist Drills, Dogs, Calipers, etc. Send for catalogue of outfits for amateurs or artisans.

H. L. SHEPARD & CO., 333, 335, & 337 West Front Street, CINCINNATI, OHIO.

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Established 1844. JOSEPH C. TODD,

ENGINEER and MACHINIST. Flax, Hemp, Jute, Rope, Oakum and Bagging Machinery, Steam Engines, Boilers, etc. I also manufacture Baxter's New Portable Engine of 1877. Can be seen in operation at my store. A one horse-power portable engine, complete, $125; two horse-power, $225; two and a half horse-power, $250; three horse-power, $275. Manufactured exclusively by

J. C. TODD, 10 BARCLAY ST., NEW YORK, OR PATERSON, N. J.

Send for Catalogue

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STEEL CASTINGS,

From ¼; to 10,000 lbs. weight, true to pattern, sound and solid, of unequaled strength, toughness and durability. An invaluable substitute for forgings or cast-iron requiring three-fold strength. Send for circular & price list.

CHESTER STEEL CASTINGS CO., Evelina St., Phila, Pa.

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SHAFTS, PULLEYS, HANGERS, ETC. Full assortment in store for immediate delivery. WM. SELLERS & CO., 79 LIBERTY STREET, NEW YORK.

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THE LEHIGH VALLEY EMERY WHEEL CO., WEISSPORT, Carbon Co., Pa.

Manufacturers of Wheels and Machines.

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CENTENNIAL AND PARIS MEDALS. MASON'S FRICTION CLUTCHES AND ELEVATORS. "New and Improved Patterns." 20 per cent. off list. VOLNEY W. MASON & CO., Providence, R. I., U.S.A.

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RUFFNER & DUNN, PATENTEES

and Sole Manufacturers of the Excelsior Steel Tube Cleaners. Price $1.00 per inch. Send for circular.

SCHUYLKILL FALLS, PHILA., PA.

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WOODWORTH SURFACE PLANERS, $125. Planers and Matchers, $350. S. C. HILLS, 78 Chambers Street, New York.

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THE COLUMBIA BICYCLE, Made by THE POPE M'F'G CO., 89 Summer Street, Boston.

A practical road machine, easy to learn to ride, and when mastered one can beat the best horse in a day's run over an ordinary road. Send 3c. stamp for price list and 24-page catalogue with full informat'n.

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BRADFORD MILL CO. Successors to Jas. Bradford & Co., MANUFACTURERS OF FRENCH BUHR MILLSTONES, PORTABLE CORN & FLOUR MILLS, SMU MACHINES, ETC.

Also, dealers in Bolting Cloths and General Mill Furnishings.

Office & Factory, 158 W. 2d St. CINCINNATI, O. J. R. Stewart, _Pres._ W. R. Dunlap, _Sec._

[Symbol: Right index] PRICE LISTS SENT ON APPLICATION.

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SECOND-HAND BOILERS AND MACHINERY FOR SALE.--Boilers from 30 to 70 horse power, 15-horse power portable Engine, one 60-inch Lathe, two Upright Drills, Blowers, etc., etc. For prices, etc., address JAMES F. MANN, Utica, N. Y.

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WETHERILL & BROTHER, PHILADELPHIA. PURE WHITE LEAD

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ROCK DRILLS. NATIONAL DRILL AND COMPRESSOR CO., 95 LIBERTY ST., NEW YORK. AIR COMPRESSORS to be run by Steam, Water Power, or Belt.

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BARNES' FOOT POWER MACHINERY.

13 Different machines with which Builders, Cabinet Makers, Wagon Makers, and Jobbers in miscellaneous work can compete as to QUALITY AND PRICE with steam power manufacturing; also Amateurs' supplies. MACHINES SENT ON TRIAL.

Say where you read this, and send for catalogue and prices.

W. F. & JOHN BARNES, Rockford, Winnebago Co., Ill.

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NAT'L BOLT & PIPE MACHINERY CO.,

Mfrs. of Hand and Power Bolt and Pipe Cutters, Bolt Pointers, Bolt Headers, Hot and Cold Pressed Nut Machinery, Taps and Dies, etc. Send for Cir. Cleveland, O.

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BOILER COVERINGS. WITH THE "AIR SPACE" IMPROVEMENTS. THE CHALMERS-SPENCE CO., FOOT E. 9TH ST., NEW YORK. Sole owners of the Air Space Patents.

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THE TANITE CO., STROUDSBURG, PA. EMERY WHEELS AND GRINDERS. LONDON--9 St. Andrews St., Holborn Viaduct, E. C. LIVERPOOL--42 The Temple, Dale St. GEO. PLACE, 121 Chambers St., New York Agent.

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PATENTS AT AUCTION.

Regular Monthly Sales. For terms, address N. Y. PATENT EXCHANGE, 67 Liberty Street, New York.

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HOLLY'S IMPROVED WATER WORKS.

Direct Pumping Plan. Combines, with other advantages, over older systems, the following: 1. Secures by variable pressure a more reliable water supply for all purposes. 2. Less cost for construction. 3. Less cost for maintenance. 4. Less cost for daily supply by the use of Holly's Improved Pumping Machinery. 5. Affords the best fire protection in the world. 6. Largely reduces insurance risks and premiums. 7. Dispenses with fire engines, in whole or in part. 8. Reduces fire department expenses. For information by descriptive pamphlet, or otherwise, address the

HOLLY MANUFACTURING CO., Lockport, N. Y.

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EVERY MAN HIS OWN PRINTER.

THE EXCELSIOR

$3 PRESS

Prints labels, cards etc. (Self-inker $5) 9 Larger sizes For business, pleasure, young or old Catalogue of Presses, Type, Etc., for 2 stamps.

KELSEY & Co. MERIDEN, CONN.

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PYROMETERS. For showing heat of ovens. Hot Blast Pipes, Boiler Flues, Superheated Steam, Oil Stills, etc.

HENRY W. BULKLEY, Sole Manufacturer, 149 Broadway, N. Y.

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MACHINISTS' TOOLS.

NEW AND IMPROVED PATTERNS. Send for new illustrated catalogue.

Lathes, Planers, Drills, &c.

NEW HAVEN MANUFACTURING CO., NEW HAVEN, CONN.

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HERMETICAL SANITARY CLOSET GUARANTEED ABSOLUTELY WATER & GAS TIGHT SEND FOR CIRCULAR JOHN S. LENG, 4 FLETCHER ST. N. Y.

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CIGAR BOX LUMBER, MANUFACTURED by our NEW PATENT PROCESS.

THE BEST IN THE WORLD. SPANISH CEDAR, MAHOGANY, POPLAR.

Also thin lumber of all other kinds, 1/8 to 1/2 in., at corresponding prices. All qualities. Equal in all respects to any made, and at prices much under any to be obtained outside of our establishment. Send for price list.

GEO. W. READ & CO., 186 TO 200 LEWIS STREET, N. Y.

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BOGARDUS' PATENT UNIVERSAL ECCENTRIC MILLS--For grinding Bones, Ores, Sand, Old Crucibles, Fire Clay, Guanos, Oil Cake, Feed, Corn, Corn and Cob, Tobacco, Snuff, Sugar, Salts, Roots, Spices, Coffee, Cocoanut, Flaxseed, Asbestos, Mica, etc., and whatever cannot be ground by other mills. Also for Paints, Printers' Inks, Paste Blacking, etc. JOHN W. THOMSON, successor to JAMES BOGARDUS, corner of White and Elm Sts., New York.

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THE WATSON PUMP, FOR ARTESIAN, OR DEEPWELL PUMPING, PISTON ROD, PLUNGER & WELL ROD IN DIRECT LINE MACHINE SIMPLE, EFFICIENT. JAMES WATSON. 1608. S. FRONT ST. PHILA.

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FARM LAW. ADDRESS OF HON. EDMUND H. BENNETT, delivered before the Massachusetts State Board of Agriculture. This is an essay embracing complete and practical information, valuable not only to the farmer but to every one. Showing how to Buy a Farm: Bargains that are not Binding; Boundaries, and where they are in Streams, Ponds, Lakes, or on the Seashore; what a Deed of a Farm includes; Rights in the Road. Farm Fences: their Legal Height, etc. Railway Fences. Stray cattle; Cattle on Railways; Impounding Cattle. The Farmer's Liability for his Animals. The Law on the Dog. The Farmer not Liable for his Dogs. Water Rights and Drainage; Damming; Diverting the Course of a Stream. Surface Water; Underground Water. Trespassing, in Summer and in Winter. Hunting and Fishing. Fruit Trees on Boundary Lines, etc., etc. Contained in SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT 166. Price 10 cents.

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THE UNION IRON MILLS. Pittsburgh, Pa., Manufacturers of improved wrought iron Beams and Girders (patented).

The great fall which has taken place in the prices of Iron, and especially in Beams used in the construction of FIRE PROOF BUILDINGS, induces us to call the special attention of Engineers, Architects, and Builders to the undoubted advantages of now erecting Fire Proof structures; and by reference to pages 52 & 54 of our Book of Sections--which will be sent on application to those contemplating the erection of fire proof buildings--THE COST CAN BE ACCURATELY CALCULATED, the cost of Insurance avoided, and the serious losses and interruption to business caused by fire; these and like considerations fully justify any additional first cost. It is believed, that, were owners fully aware of the small difference which now exists between the use of Wood and Iron, in many cases the latter would be adopted. We shall be pleased to furnish estimates for all the Beams complete, for any specific structure, so that the difference in cost may at once be ascertained. Address

CARNEGIE, BROS. & CO., Pittsburgh, Pa.

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ICE AT $1.00 PER TON. The PICTET ARTIFICIAL ICE CO., LIMITED, Room 51, Coal and Iron Exchange, P. O. Box 3083, N. Y.

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LIQUID PAINTS, ROOFING, BOILER COVERINGS, Steam Packing, Sheathings, Fire Proof Coatings, Cements, &c. SEND FOR DESCRIPTIVE PRICE LIST.

H. W. JOHNS M'F'G CO. 87 MAIDEN LANE, N. Y.

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$10 TO $1000 Invested in Wall St. Stocks makes fortunes every month. Books sent free explaining everything.

Address BAXTER & CO., Bankers, 17 Wall St., N. Y.

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The "Scientific American" is printed with CHAS. ENEU JOHNSON & CO.'S INK. Tenth and Lombard Sts., Philadelphia, and 59 Gold St., New York.

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TRANSCRIBER'S NOTES:

[Symbol: right Index] and [Symbol: Left index] are used where the text had a picture of a hand with the index finger pointing right or left, respectively.

Table of Contents: Article named "Buffalo, the domestication of" page 197 was not included in the original.

Table of Contents: Article named "Steamship, ocean, large" page 196 was not included in the original.

Table of Contents: Article named "Specimen, a rare geological" page 196 was not included in the Table of Contents.