Chapter 18

THE GRAVES OF THE EXPLORERS.

I will briefly bring this record to a conclusion. The map that accompanies it will give the reader an opportunity to more clearly understand the nature of the search conducted by Lieutenant Schwatka over the route of the retreating crews of the 'Erebus' and 'Terror', and by it he can also trace the sledge journey to and from King William Land as well as the preliminary sledge journeys in the winter of 1878 and 1879. The location of each spot where skeletons of the brave fellows were found is marked, and everywhere cenotaphs were erected to their memory. Owing to the length of time that has elapsed since this sad event, it was not always possible to tell the exact number of individuals represented in a pile of bones that we would gather sometimes from an area of nearly a half mile. The skeletons were always incomplete. Sometimes nothing but a skull could be found in the vicinity of a grave, and, again, often the skull would be missing. At one place we could distinguish four right femurs, and could therefore be positive that at least four perished here. This was at the boat place marked on Erebus Bay.

A number of natives whom we interviewed in the Netchillik country asserted most positively that there were two boat places in Erebus Bay, about a quarter of a mile apart; and Captain C. F. Hall obtained the same information while at Shepherd's Bay, in 1869. We therefore made a most careful search for another, after finding the first wreck of a boat at that portion of the coast, but without success. It seemed to us quite important to establish so interesting a fact, but nevertheless the effort was fruitless. We obtained from the natives wooden implements which were made from fragments of each boat, but the wood from one must have been entirely removed previous to our visit. Whether or not this is the same boat seen by McClintock is a matter that can be ascertained, for we have brought home the prow containing the inscription spoken of by him. He, however, saw portions of but two skeletons, while the collection of bones buried by us here were distinctly of four persons.

North of Collinsen Inlet we found but one grave--that of Lieutenant Irving. We, however visited the sites of several cairns, whose positions are marked upon the map. Although the route to and from Cape Felix is marked by a single line only, it should be remembered that our search extended inland so as to make a broad sweep about five miles from the coast. The point marked as the grave of an officer, between Franklin Point and Erebus Bay, is one of especial interest. The care with which the grave had originally been made seems to indicate the popularity of the individual and that the survivors had not yet exhausted their strength to such a degree as to be the cause of neglect. In fact, there were no evidences anywhere that they had ever neglected showing marked respect to the remains of those of their comrades who perished by their side; but, on the contrary, it is probable that all who died on the march were decently interred. A very significant fact in this connection is recognizable in the appearance of a grave which had been opened by the Esquimaux near Tallock Point. It was made of small stones, while larger and more appropriate abounded in the vicinity, showing the reduced physical condition of the party at the time. It was, indeed, a most touching indication of their devotion to each other under these most adverse circumstances that the grave had been made at all. The graves east of this point presented the same general appearance. This might be considered as an evidence that the boat in Erebus Bay had drifted in after the breaking up of the ice there, while these poor fellows were on their way back to the ships in search of food now known to have been there. It is not likely that the sick or dead would have been deserted by their comrades unless in the direst extremity.

The point marked as the location of the hospital tent is the place spoken of by Ahlangyah, where so many dead bodies were seen by her party after they had spent the summer on King William's Land in consequence of failing to get across Simpson Strait before the ice broke up. Where she met the starving explorers is also indicated. On the mainland the place is marked where the old Ookjoolik Esquimau saw the footprints of the last survivors of the 'Erebus' and 'Terror' in the spring snows of the year 1849. Also, near by is where he and his friends unwittingly scuttled the Northwest Passage ship--the Dangerous Rapids near the mouth of Back's River, the home of the Ooqueesiksillik Esquimaux, and the spot where we loaded our sleds with provisions on our way home. The route down Back's River, as we found its course, is put down, while dotted lines show how it is mapped on the Admiralty charts. It is not discreditable to Back's survey that an error should be made in tracing the course of the river, for it is probable that bad weather hid the sun from his observation at that portion of the river where he could travel very swiftly; while upon our return trip we were moving along this river by stages of not more than from five to nine miles a day. Our course up the river could not have been toward the southwest when we saw the sun rise to the right of our line of march almost daily. The place where the records were destroyed may be seen to the west of Point Richardson.

Among the most important relics of the expedition are two medals. The larger one, found at Lieutenant Irving's grave, is of solid silver; and the neat, cleanly cut edges which are as sharp to-day as if just from the die, indicate the value placed upon it and the care taken of it by its owner. It was buried with his remains at a spot about four miles below Victory Point, on King William's Land, and evidently remained undisturbed until the grave was found by Esquimaux who visited the vicinity some time after McClintock's search, more than twenty years ago. From its position when found by Lieutenant Schwatka it would appear that it had been taken out of the grave by the natives and laid upon one of the stones forming the wall of the tomb while they were seeking for further plunder, and was subsequently overlooked by them. The remains which were thus identified were sent to grateful relations in Scotland, and buried with due honor in a graveyard of Lieutenant Irving's native town.

The other medal, which was found at Starvation Cove, is of pewter, and may be described as a token commemorative of the launch of the steamship 'Great Britain', by Prince Albert, in July, 1843. The obverse bears a portrait of His Royal Highness, around it inscribed the words:--

PRINCE ALBERT, BORN AUGUST 26, 1819.

The inscription on the reverse reads as follows:--

THE GREAT BRITAIN. LENGTH 322 ft; BREADTH 50 ft. 6 in. DEPTH, 32 ft. 6 in. WEIGHT OF IRON, 1,500 TONS. 1,000 HORSE POWER. LAUNCHED, JULY 19, 1843, by H. R. H. PRINCE ALBERT.

The vessel was built entirely of iron, and was the largest ever constructed at the time of the launch. On that occasion a great banquet was given, and one of the guests carried away the medal, which was destined to be found so many thousand miles away.

Lieutenant Irving's remains were the only ones that could be sufficiently identified to warrant their removal. Had there been others we would have brought them away.

It was a beautiful though saddening spectacle that met our eyes at the only grave upon King William's Land, where the dead had been buried beneath the surface of the ground. Near Point le Vesconte some scattered human bones led to the discovery of the tomb of an officer who had received most careful sepulture at the hands of his surviving friends. A little hillock of sand and gravel--a most rare occurrence upon that forbidding island of clay-stones--afforded an opportunity for Christian-like interment. The dirt had been neatly rounded up, as could be plainly seen, though it had been torn open and robbed by the sacrilegious hands of the savages; and everywhere, amid the debris and mould of the grave, the little wild flowers were thickly spread as if to hide the desecration of unfriendly hands. The fine texture of the cloth and linen and several gilt buttons showed the deceased to have been an officer, but there was nothing to be seen anywhere that would identify the remains to a stranger. Every stone that marked the outline of the tomb was closely scrutinized for a name or initials, but nothing was found. After reinterring the remains, which were gathered together from an area of a quarter of a mile, and erecting a monument, Lieutenant Schwatka plucked a handful of flowers, which he made into a little bouquet, and brought home with him as a memento.

INDEX.

A.

Abbott Lawrence, The Adelaide, Peninsula Adlekok Admiralty, British Agloocar Ahlangyah Akkolear "Albert, Prince" Albert H. R. H. Prince America, United States of American Geographical Society Amitigoke Anderson, Captain Anookjook "Ansel Gibbs, The" Armow Arctic Asia, Northern-Eastern

B.

Back's River Back's Great Fish RiverBack, Lieut. Baker, Captain Banks of Newfoundland Barry, Capt. Thos. F. Barry's Rock Bay, Baffin's Bay, Cockburn Baffin's Bay Bay, Chesapeake Bay, Daly Bay, Erebus Bay, Hudson Bay, Irving Bay, North Bay, Pelly Bay, Repulse Bay, Shepherds Bay, Terror Bay, Wall Bay, Washington Bay, Wilmot Beechy Island Bellot Strait Best, Cape Big Lake, The Blucher Boothia, Gulf of Boothia, Isthmus "Bradford, The Abbie" Bristol Brevoort, Lake Brevoort, Jas. Carson British Admiralty Brooklyn Brown, Morrison & Button Island

C.

Camp Daly Camp, Kinnepatoo, The Cape Best Cape Crozier Cape Felix Cape Fullerton Cape Herschel Cape Jane Franklin Cape Maria Louisa Cape Sidney Channel, Fox Channel, Wellington Charles Island Chesapeake Bay Castor & Pollux, river Chesterfield Inlet "Cockeye" Cockburn Bay Collinson Inlet Connery River Connery, Thomas B. Constantinus, Captain Conwe-churgk Conweehungh Cornwallis Island Coston Cove, Starvation Cove, Thunder "Cow-e-sil-lik, Fish" Craycroft, Miss Crozier, Capt. F. M. Crozier McClintock "Crozier Record," The Crozier, Cape Cumberland Cumberland Sound

D.

Daly Bay Daly, Camp Daly, Judge, C. P. Daly, Mrs. Maria Dangerous Rapids, The Deadmen's Island Dease and Simpson Depot Island Des V----, Chas. F. Diggers, The Dillon, John, Captain "Doctor, The" Doktook (Doctor) "Domino" Duryea, Gen'l Hiram

E.

Ebierbing, Joseph (See "Esquimau Joe") Eclipse Sound Eeglee-leock Ekeeseek England Ephemeris Equeesik Eothen, The Erebus, The Erebus Bay Eve-too Eyertoo Esquimau Joe Esquimau Sampson Expedition, Franklin

F.

Felix, Cape Fisher, Captain Fisher's Straits Fitz-James, James, Captain Fletcher, The Fox Channel "Fox," The (see Melms) Frank Franklin, Jane, Cape Franklin, Lady Franklin Franklin Expedition Franklin, Sir John Franklin Point "Franklin Records," The Franklin Relics Franklin Spoon Franklin Arctic Search Party Franklin Stoves Fullerton, Cape

G.

Garvin, Capt. Geographical Society "George and Mary," The George's Bank "Gertrude," The Gilbert, Mr. Gilder, W. H. "Gibbs, The Ansel," "Glacier," The Glacier, Grinnell Glasgow Gloucester Gladman Point Glen Cove Goldner's Patent Gore, Graham, Gore, Commander Grant Point Great Fish River "Great Britain," The Great Britain Greenhithe, Kent Greenland, Dogs Greenwich Grinnell Glacier

H.

Hall, Captain C. F. Hamilton Inlet Harris's River Hayes, R. B. Hayes River Hayes, Dr. I. I. Hayes, Captain Hazard Hills Henry (see Klutschak) "Herald, The New York" Herschel, Cape Hills, Hazard Hobson, William R., Lieut. "Houghton, The A." Hudson's Bay Hudson Bay, North Hudson Bay Company Hudson Strait

I.

Igloolik Ikianelikpatolok Ik-omer "Independence Day" Inlet, Chesterfield Inlet, Collinson Inlet, Hamilton Inlet, Sherman Innokpizookzook Institute, Smithsonian Inuit Inuits Inuit Camp, The Invich River Irving, Lieutenant John Irving Bay "Isabella," The Ishnark Ishnach "Ish-n-mat-tah," The Island, Beechy Island, Charles Island, Cornwallis Island, Depot Island, Marble Island, Matty Island, Montreal Island, Nottingham Island, Resolution Island, Southampton Islands, Todd Issebluet Isthmus, Boothia Iteguark Iwillie Iwillik, Esquimaux Iwillichs "Iviek Seleko"

J.

"Jerry" "Jim" "Joe, Esquimau" (see Ebierbing), "Joe," Natchilli

K.

Karleko Kelly, Captain Kendall, Cape Kig-muk-too Kigynektower Kigynektuk Kioddelliks King William Land Kinnepatoos Kinnepatoo Camp, The Kinnepatoo Village Klutschak, Henry (see "Henry") Kodlunars Koomana Koo-pah Koumania Koumawa's Kutcheenwark Kyack (Mrs).

L.

Lake McDougal Lathe, Charles A. "Lawrence, The Abbott" Le Vesconte, Point Little, Point Little Rabbit Island Lorillard Lorillard River Lower Savage Island Lower Savage Islands Lyon

M.

"Mu-muk-poo-ama-suet-suk-o" (plenty good to see) Maria Louisa, Cape Marble Island Massachusetts Matty Island May, H. McClintock-Crozier McClintock, Sir Leopold McDougall, Lake Mitcolelee Meadowbank, Mount Melms, Frank E. (see "Frank") Melville Sound Melville Peninsula Meta Incognita Middle Savage Island Mit-colelee "Molasses" "Monkey" Montreal Island Morrison & Brown Mount Meadowbank Mozier, Captain

N.

Nanook Nantucket Narleyow Neepshark Netchillik Netchilliks Netchillik, Arn-ket-ko, The Netchillik Joe Netchillik Women Netchuk New Bedford Newfoundland, Banks of New Jersey New York North America North Bay North Bluff North Hudson Bay North-eastern Asia North-west Passage Nottingham Island Nu-lee-aug-ar Nu-oo-tar-ro Nu-tar-ge-ark

O.

Ockarnawole Ogzenckjenwock Okbillegeok Ookjoolik Ookwolik Esquimaux Ooquee-sik-sillicks Ooping Owanork Oxeomadiddlee Oyle Point O-yook

P.

"Papa," "Pandora," The Parry, Captain Pevwat Petrilark Petty Bay Picciulok Peninsula, Adelaide Peninsula, Melville Pfeffer River Point, Franklin Point, Grant Point, Gladman Point Le Vesconte Point Little Point, Oyle Point Richardson Point, Seaforth Point, Smith Point, Tulloch Point Whale Point, Victory Potter, Captain Pooyetah "Prince Albert" Prince Albert, H. R. H. Provincetown, Mass. Punnie

Q.

Queennah Queen Elizabeth

R.

Rabbit Island, Little Rapids, Dangerous, The Rae, Dr., his expedition "Record, Crozier, The" Reef, Trainor's Repulse Bay Resolution Island Richardson Point Richardson River, Back's River, Back's Great Fish River, Castor & Pollux River, Connery River, Great Fish River, Harris's River, Hayes's River, Lorrillard River, Pfeffer River, Wager Rock, Barry's "Ross, The A. J." Ross, Sir James Rowe's Welcome Roxy

S.

Saddle Rock Island Salisbury Islands "Sam" Schwatka, Lieut. Fred'k. Scotland Seaforth Point Sebeucktolee Seenteetuar Sekoselar "Selkirshire," The Shepherd's Bay Sherman, General Sherman Inlet Shok-pe-nark Sidney, Cape Simpson, Dease and Strait Sinclair, Capt. Sinuksook Swansea Smithsonian Institute Smith Point Smith Sound Sound, Cumberland Sound, Eclipse Sound, Melville Southampton Island South Street Spoon, Franklin Starvation Cove St. John, N. B. St. Johns, Newfoundland Strait, Bellot Strait, Hudson Strait, Simpson Strait, Victoria Straits, Fisher

T.

"Taylor, Alex." Taft, The Oray Terror Bay Terror, The Terre-ah-ne-ak Te-Wort "Thomas Cochrane, The" Thunder Cove Tling-yack-quark Tockoleegeetais Todd Islands Toekelegeto Tooktoocher Too-goo-lan Toolooah Toogoolar Toolooahelek Tos-ard-e-roak Trainor's Reef Tsedluk Tulloch Point

U.

United States

V.

Vernoi, George Victoria Strait Victoria Point Village, Esquimau Village, Kinnepatoo

W.

Wager River Wall Bay Washington Bay Welcome, Rowe's Wellington Channel Whale Point Wheatley, R. Wilks, H. Williams, Mr. Wilmot Bay Winchester Inlet

APPENDIX.

INUIT PHILOLOGY.

Perhaps no branch of Arctic research is of more interest to the scholar than the language of the people who inhabit that region. A careful comparison of the dialect of the different tribes is of great value in ascertaining their history, the origin of the race and the gradual extension of their journeyings to the remotest point from their native land yet reached by them. It is generally admitted that the North American Esquimaux are of Mongolian extraction; that at some period the passage of Behring Strait was affected and the immigrants gradually extended their migration to the eastward and finally occupied Greenland, where the mighty ocean headed them off and brought their wanderings in that direction to an abrupt termination. During what period of the world's history the exodus from Asia occurred is not known. There are those who believe it to have taken place when what is now known as Behring Strait was an isthmus, the shallowness of the water throughout that channel indicating the physical change to have been of comparitively recent date. This opinion was upheld by Lutke in his "Voyage Autour du Monde," vol. 2, page 209, and Whymper, in his work upon Alaska, page 94, alludes to the shallowness of Behring Strait and also of the sea so named, as permitting the whalers to ride at anchor in their deepest parts. Peschel in "Races of Man", page 401, prefers to believe that the transfer was made while Behring Strait still held its present character.

There are not wanting authorities who seek to show that the entire Western Continent was thus peopled by immigration from Asia, and similarity of feature with the Mongolian is traced even to the most southern tribes of South America. The close connection between the "medicine men" of the Indians, the arng-ke-kos of the Esquimaux, and the shamans of Siberia and Brazil, are also quoted to show the probability of one origin. It is, however, in the language of the hyperborean races of America and Asia that the strongest proofs of a like origin is found. The Tshuktshi of Northern Asia, the Esquimaux of America, and the Namollo, all bear a very close relationship, especially in linguistic characteristics.

In common with all the aboriginal languages of America, the Esquimaux language is agglutinative, though, for the accommodation of the white strangers who visit their shores, they separate the words and use them in a single and simple form. In its purity it employs suffixes only for the definition and meaning, though complex sentences are often formed of a single word--that is, it is a polysynthetic in character. No philologist familiar with the whole territory has ever made a comparison of the dialects of the polar tribes, probably because no philologist is familiar with all the dialects spoken there. Everything therefore that would tend to throw any light upon the subject or to place before the scholar material by which to prosecute such philological studies must be regarded as of importance.

The long residence of the Danes in Greenland and their intermarrying with the native Esquimaux, has led to a more thorough acquaintance with the language of the aborigines of that continent, than any other portion of the polar regions. In fact, as long ago as 1804 a complete dictionary of the Greenland tongue was published by Otho Fabricius, the translation being in the Danish language. With the exception of a few fragmentary vocabularies, this is the only work upon which the traveller or the student of the languages of the Polar regions can depend.

Mr. Ivan Petroff, the Alaskan traveller, has taken some pains to compile a vocabulary of the various dialects of the Pacific races with whom he has sojourned, which, when published, will form another link in the chain by which the scholar may trace the spread of the Asiatic tribes along the northern seaboard of America. With the publication of the subjoined vocabulary, in continuation of the philology of the central or Iwillik tribes, the chain may be considered complete.

With these people many of the familiar sounds of the civilized languages are found, as, for instance, the child's first words, an-an-na (mother), ah-dad-ah (father), ah-mam-mah (the mother's breast), ah-pa-pah (little piece of meat, either raw or cooked). Then there is the very natural expression for pain or sickness--ah-ah. Many words seem to indicate the meaning by imitating the action or sound to be described, as the motion of the kittewake when it swoops down toward you with its petulant cry, is well described by the word e-sow'-ook-suck'-too and the vibratory motion of a swinging pendulum by ow-look-a-tak'-took.

The superlative degree is expressed by the suffix adelo--as amasuet (plenty) and amasuadelo (an immense number); also tapsummary (long ago) and tapsumaneadelo (a very long time ago). Examples could be multiplied, but are not necessary. The suffix aloo has somewhat of a similar meaning, or as "Esquimau Joe" translated, it signifies "a big thing;" thus, ivick (walrus), ivicaloo (a big walrus); shoongowyer (beads), shoongowyaloo (big beads), etc. Persons are named usually after some animate or inanimate object, and in repeating to you their own or some one else's name they usually affix the word aloo, as ishuark is a black salmon and also a man's name, but in mentioning the name they always say Ishuark-aloo, though such ceremony is not indulged in on ordinary occasions.

Igeark-too signifies spectacles, and because Lieutenant Schwatka always wore eye-glasses he was known to the natives as Igeark-too-aloo. His companion, the 'Herald' correspondent, was known by a less dignified appellation. A similarity between his name, as they pronounced it, and the English word "mosquito,"--or, as they called it "missergeeter"--led them to distinguish him by the Innuit name for that little pest, keektoeyak-aloo--as "Joe" would translate it "a big mosquito." They make no distinction in gender, often the same name being applied to men and women. There were a man and a woman at Depot Island each named Shiksik (ground squirrel), and you had to distinguish which one you intended when you spoke of either.

They seldom take the trouble to make explanations, and a singular mistake occurred once at Depot Island in that way. On one of the small islands, near the mainland and Hudson Bay, Lieutenant Schwatka saw, in the fall of 1878, a very fine looking dog, called E-luck-e-nuk, and asked its owner's name. He was informed that it belonged to Shiksik, and, as the old woman of that name was in the camp and he knew of none other, he offered to buy it from her for his dog team. She consented to the proposed transfer very readily, and said it was a very fine dog indeed, she had no doubt it would give entire satisfaction. Some time during the winter, after the hunters had all returned from the reindeer country, a little old man offered to sell Lieutenant Schwatka a very fine large dog for one pound of powder and a box of caps, and, when requested to produce his dog, brought in E-luck-e-nuk. The Lieutenant recognized the animal at once by a broken ear and a loose-jointed tail, and, smiling graciously, told the would-be dog seller that the dog already belonged to him by purchase from Shiksik for a similar price, to her in hand paid about six weeks prior to the present occasion. The old man did not seem to understand the matter very clearly and went out for an interpreter, whom he found in "Esquimau Joe." The latter then stated that the dog in question belonged to the person then present, and when Lieutenant Schwatka indignantly asserted that every one in camp declared the dog belonged to Shiksik at the time of purchase, Joe remarked, "At's all right; he name Shiksik, too." As an example of the simplicity of the Innuit character, it should be remarked that when the purchase was originally made, all the people looked complacently and admiringly on without a word of explanation, though they well knew the mistake, merely remarking the unexampled generosity of Igeark-too-aloo. Under such adverse circumstances does the barterer ply his traffic with the Esquimaux.

It is exceedingly difficult to secure a good interpreter among these people. Even "Esquimau Joe," who travelled so long with Captain Hall, and lived so many years in the United States and England, had but an imperfect knowledge of the English language, though he had been conversant with it almost from infancy. There was, however, at Depot Island, a Kinnepatoo Innuit, who came there from Fort York in the fall of 1878, who spoke the English language like a native--that is to say, like an uneducated native. He would prove almost invaluable as an interpreter for any expedition that expected to come much in contact with the Esquimaux, as all their dialects were understood by him. His father had spoken English and was Dr. Rae's interpreter upon many of his Arctic journeys. This young man had also accompanied that veteran explorer upon his voyage up the Quoich River, and from Repulse Bay to Boothia, at the time he ascertained the fate of the Franklin expedition. In translating from the English to the Innuit language he usually employed the Kennepatoo, his native dialect, which at first was quite confusing, the accentuation of the words being so peculiar to one familiar with the Iwillik tongue only. From him much information concerning the language was derived, and through him one who would give careful consideration could secure much valuable matter, especially concerning the structure of the language.

In one instance, at least, the Innuit language has an advantage over the French. They have a word for "home." You ask an Innuit, Na-moon'? or Na-moon,-oct-pick (Where are you going?) and he may reply, Oo-op-tee'-nar (Home--that is, to my igloo, or my tent, as the case may be). There is an expression that sounds familiar to ears accustomed to the English tongue, but which has another meaning in their language--Ah-me or ar-my'. This is not an exclamation of regret, but simply means, "I do not know."

In the higher latitudes sounds are conveyed to a long distance, owing partially to the peculiar properties of the atmosphere, the comparative evenness of the surface and to the absence of other confusing sounds, for under other conditions they would not be transmitted to any unusual distance. It used to be the custom in the early summer of 1880 for those who had been hunting upon the mainland to come to a point on the shore nearest the Depot Island and to call for the boat to be sent to ferry them over. This nearest point was by triangulation two miles and a half distant. When, however, the distance would be too great for conversation, or the wind would be in the wrong direction, a few signals were used that could be distinguished a great way off. The signal to "come here" is given by standing with your face toward the party with whom you desire to communicate and then raising your right arm to the right and moving it up and down like a pump handle. The effect can be increased by holding a gun or your hat or anything that can be seen at a greater distance in the moving hand. The signal "yes" is made by turning your side to the party and bowing your body forward several times, forming a right angle at the waist.

The Esquimaux language, though comprising but few words, is one that is difficult for foreigners to acquire and equally difficult to write, owing to the existence of sounds that are not heard in any of the civilized tongues and not represented by any combination of the letters of the English alphabet. Though somewhat gutural it is not unmusical, and for the sake of euphony final consonants are often omitted in conversation. As for instance, the Inuit name for Repulse Bay, Iwillik, is more frequently called, "Iwillie," a really musical sound. And so with all such terminations. It is not difficult for a stranger to acquire a sufficient knowledge of the language to enable him to converse with the natives who inhabit the coasts and are in the habit of meeting the whalers who frequent the nothern waters in the pursuit of their avocation. There is a kind of pigeon English in use in these regions that enables the strangers to communicate with the natives and make themselves understood, though they would understand but little of a conversation between two natives. As an illustration, the word "notimer" means "where," and "ki-yete" is used for any form of the verb "to come;" therefore "notimer ki-yete" would be understood by them to mean "Where do you come from?" Now one native addressing another would not use that form at all, but would say "Nuke-pe-wickt," which bears no resemblance to the words used in the whalers' language. Also, take the same word "notimer" and follow it with "owego," which is used for any form of the verb to go, and you have "Notimer owego," "Where are you going?" The native, however, would say "Namoon-ock-pict," or perhaps "Nelle-ock-pin" (which way are you going?). Still they would readily understand the expression familiar to the whalers and traders, as the words are really Esquimaux words, but used in a free, broad sense; as, for instance, the reader would understand a foreigner who used the word "speak" instead of the other words expressing the same thought, as "tell," "ask," "talk," &c. "Speak Charles come here" would convey intelligence to your mind and be understood as well, though not so readily until accustomed to it, as "Tell Charles to come here."

There are also words that neither belong to the Esquimaux nor any other language, but are very valuable and expressive. "Sel-low" has been used for so long a time to express the idea "sit down," and the application of the latter term is so broad, that "sel-low" has been incorporated into the language and was understood even by the natives of the interior whom we met on our sledge journey and who had more of them never before seen a white man. As, for example, you would ask, "Emik sellow cattar?" (Is there any water in the pail?) and be thoroughly understood, though a native would say, "Cattar, emik ta-hong-elar?" Another useful word adopted from the unknown is "seliko," which means to kill, shoot, break, bend, scratch, destroy or any kindred thought. "Took too, seliko, ichbin?" (Did you kill any reindeer?) The old fashion way of putting it is, "Took too par?" But that would only be understood by the natives.

Our interpreter, Ebierbing (Esquimau Joe), says that the language has undergone considerable change since the advent of white men, and even since his early boyhood, and sometimes would tell me of meeting strangers, who came into camp, from the interior who spoke "old fashion," as he called it. This, he said, was especially the case with the inhabitants of Southampton Island, called by the natives "Sedluk." Though situated directly in the line of travel of the whalers in Hudson Bay, all of whom pass directly along its rocky coast, it is an almost unknown territory. It is known to be inhabited, but its people are seldom seen. The head of the island is far from Iwillik, and the frozen straits that separate the two countries would afford an admirable route of communication. The island is said to be well stocked with game and the inhabitants are comparatively comfortable. While our party was in Hudson Bay a whaler was wrecked on the western coast of Southampton, north of cape Kendall, and the crew easily secured a reindeer the day they landed. They remained there but two days and then sought the other shore of Rowe's Welcome, so as to be in the course of the other whalers then in the bay in order that they might be picked up by them. They said, however, that if compelled to remain on the island they had no doubt of their ability to secure plenty of game to maintain them, or at least to keep off scurvy. Last year the captain of the wrecked vessel visited the island of the scene of the wreck in order to save as much as possible from destruction. He went in a whale boat with a crew of Iwillik Esquimaux, and while there met with a party of the natives. I subsequently had a talk with the captain's Iwillik crew and inquired about the people of Sedluk. They told me that their language was "old-fashioned" and that their arms and implements were mostly of the obsolete pattern of the Stone Age.

Though living so near together there had been no communication between the nations; and only once before, about three years previous to my visit to Hudson Bay, when a whale had gone ashore on Sedluk, an Iwillik native on board the vessel that killed the whale went with the crew to claim the carcases and brought news of the foreign country and its people. I was told that the language of these people of Sedluk was similar to that spoken by the fathers and grandfathers of the Iwillik tribe. They had evidently the same origin, and while one became improved by intercourse with foreign nations and adopted words from foreign tongues, the other remained as it was in the past, unimproved by interchange of ideas. I have never seen anything like a full glossary of the Esquimaux language, and believe that at this time, when Arctic affairs are attracting so much attention everywhere, a list of the most important words used in communicating with the natives, and the method of uniting them, would prove quite interesting. My experience was that though we at first found it difficult to talk with the interior tribes they soon caught the idea and conversation became easy. Innukpizookzook, an Ooqueesiksillik woman who with her husband joined our party on Hayes River, learned the method of communication in two weeks, so that it was as easy to hold conversation with her as with any of those who came with us from Hudson Bay and had been accustomed to the peculiar language since their birth. In fact, as a general thing, we found the women much brighter than the men, not only in acquiring language but in understanding the descriptions of wonderful things in the white men's country.

It used to be an endless source of amusement to the men, women, and children in the Arctic regions to look at the pictures in the illustrated books and journals. Colored maps were also very attractive to them, and the large type in advertisements apparently afforded them great pleasure. They were not at particular to hold the pictures right side up; side-wise or upside down seemed quite as satisfactory. Though admiring pictures exceedingly, I did not find them very proficient draughtsmen, and yet nothing seemed to give them more pleasure than to draw with a lead pencil on the margin of every book they could get hold of, and my Nautical Almanac and "Bowditch's Epitome" are profusely illustrated by them. Their favorite subjects were men and women and other animals, always drawn in profile and with half the usual number of feet and legs visible.

GLOSSARY.

The following glossary comprises all the words in general use in conversation between the natives and traders in Hudson Bay and Cumberland Sound, and a thorough knowledge of it would enable the student to make himself understood throughout the entire Arctic, with the assistance of a few signs which would naturally suggest themselves at the proper time:

A.

Arrow--Kok'-yoke. Arm--Tel'-oo. Another--I-pung'-er. All night--Kuee-en'-nah. Angry--Mar-me-an'-nah. All--Ter-mok-er-mingk. Autumn--Oo-ke-uk'-shark. Afraid--Kay-pe-en'-nah. A little while ago, to-day--Wateh-eur'. Ask--O-kow-te-vah'-vor. Antlers--Nug'-le-you. Axe--Oo'-lee-mar. Aurora Borealis--Ok-sel-e-ak-took, ok-shan'-ak-took. Air--Ar-ne-yung'-ne-uk. After, or last--O-puk'-too. After (to carry)--Ok-la-loo'-goo. After (to bring)--I'-vah. Always--E-luk-o-she'-ar. Alone--In-nu-tu-a-rk'. A game (like gambling)--Nu-glu-tar. A herd--Ah-mik-kok'-too. Act of medicine men--Suk-ki'-u. Apples (dried)--Poo-wow'-yak. Ankle--Sing-yeung'-mik. Arm--Ok-sek'-too.

B.

Bear--Nan'-nook. Bear (cub)--Ar-took'-tar. Bullet--Kok'-yoke. Bow--Pet-e'-chee. Bird--Tig'-me-ak. Boots--Kum'-ming. Blood--Owg. Black--Muk'-tuk. Belch--Neep'-shark. Brother--An'-ing-er. Bones--Sow'-ner. Bag--Ik-pe-air'-re-oo. Book--Muk-pet-toe'-up. Belt--Tep'-shee. Blubber--E-din-yer'. Bashful--Kung-we-shook'-pook. Blue--Too-mook'-took. Breastbone--Sok'-e-djuck. Backbone--Kee-mik'-look. Belly--Nong'-ik. Brain--Kok'-i-tuk. Beard--Oo'-mik. Beads--Shoong-ow'-yah. Blanket--Kep'-ig. Break--Sel'-li-ko. Bark--Oo-we-uk'-too. Boil--Kul-ak'-pook. Bite--Kee'-wah, O-kum-wik'-poo. Breathe--Ar-nuk-ter-re'-uk. Build snow house--Ig-loo-le'-yook. Burn--Oon-ok'-took. Big river--Koog-ooark'. Brass headband--Kar'-roong. Butcher knife--Pee'-low. Before (or first)--Kee'-sah-met, Oo-tung-ne-ak'-pung-ar. Bring (verb)--Tik-e-u-dje'-yoo. Body--Kot'-e-jeuk. Black moss--Kee-now'-yak. Big lake--Tussig-see'-ark. Berries (like red raspberries)--Ok'-pict. Berries (small black)--Par-wong. Berries (large yellow)--Kob'-luk. Bill (of bird)--See'-goo. Button--See'-ah-cote. Buttonhole--See-ok-wahk'-pe-ok. Blubber--Oke-zook. Blubber (oil tried out)--Tung'-yah. Bitch--Ahg'-neuck. Ball of foot--Man-nook'-kok. Bend (verb)--Ne-yook'-te-pook. Break (verb)--E-ling-nuk'-poo, Nok'-ok-poe, Noo-week'-pook, Kow'-poo. Beat (as a drum, verb)--Moo'-mik-took. Beat (snow off of clothing, verb)--Tee-look'-took-took. Beat (with club, verb)--Ah-now-look-took. Boots (deerskin)--Ne'-u, Mit-ko'-lee-lee.

C.

Caps--See'-ah-dout. Cheek--Oo-loo'-ak. Codfish--Oo'-wat. Come here--Ki-yeet', ki-low', ki-ler-root'. Clothing--An'-no-wark. Clear weather--Nip-tark'-too. Cold--Ik'-kee. Cup--E-mu'-sik. Cairn--In-nook'-sook. Clam--Oo-wil'-loo. Child--Noo-ter-ark'. Cloud--Nu'-yer. Chief--Ish-u-mat'-tar. Cook--Coo-lip-sip'-too. Canoe--Ky'-ak. Coat (inside)--Ar-tee'-gee. Coat (outside)--Koo'-lee-tar. Cloth--Kob-loo-nark'-tee. Child, or little one--Mik'-ke (abbreviation of mik-e-took-e-loo, little). Cask--Kah-tow-yer. Cry (verb)--Kee-yie'-yook. Cap, or hood--Nah'-shuk. Carry (verb)--Ok-lah-loo'-goo. Chew (verb)--Tum-wah'-wah. Cut (verb)--Pe-luk'-took. Cross-eyed--Nak-oon-i'-yook. Copper--Kod-noo'-yer. Calf (of leg)--Nuk-i-shoong'-nuk. Crawl (verb)--Parm'-nook-took. Cough (verb)--Coo-ik-suk'-took. Come (verb)--Tee-kee-shark'-took-too. Commence (verb)--Ah-too-ik-now'-ook-took.

D.

Dog--Ki'-mak, King'-me. Doe (old)--No-kal'-lee. Doe (young)--Nu-ki'-etoo. Day, or to-day--O-gloo'-me. Day after to-morrow--Oo-al-e-an'-nee. Day before yesterday--Ik-puk-shar'-nee. Duck--Me'-ah-tuk. Dangerous--Nang-e-yang-nak'-took. Dog harness--Ar'-no. Dead--Tuk'-ah-wuk. Dark--Tark, ta-ko'-nee. Down--Tow'-nau-ee. Dawn--Kow-luk'-poo. Door--Mat'-dor, par, koo-tuk. Daughter--Pun'-ne. Dress--Au-a-wark'-took. Drown--Ki-yar'-wuk. Drink--E'-mik-took. Dream--See-muk'-took-pook. Do you like?--U-mar'-ke-let-it-la? Dripping water--Ko-duk'-too, Kush-e-koo'-ne. Do (verb)--I-u-met'-u. Dried Salmon--Pe-ip'-se. Deerskin drawers--E'-loo-par. Deerskin trousers--See'-lah-par. Dive (verb)--Me'-pook. Dislike (verb)--Pe-u-wing-nah-lah'-yar.

E.

Ear--See'-a-tee. Eyes--E'-yah. Ermine--Ter'-re-ak. Elbow--E-quee'-sik. East--Tar'-wan-ne. Early-Oo'-blah. Every day--Kow'-ter-man. End for end--Ig-loo'-an-ar. Entrails--Ein'-er-loo. Egg--Mun'-nik. Eat--Ner-ee-uk'-took-too. Empty--E-mah'-ik-took. Everything or every one--Soo-too-in'-nuk. Every night--Ood'-nook-ter-mock'-er-mingk. Eye tooth--Too-loo'-ah-el'-lek. Enough--Te-ter'-par.

F.

Fox--Ter-re-ar-ne'-ak. Fire--Ik'-o-mar. Fish--Ik'-kal-uk. Fur--Mit'-kote. Foot--Is'-se-kut. Face-Kee'-nark. Finger ring--Mik-e-le-rar'-oot. Female--Nee-we-ak-sak. Far--Oon-wes'-ik-poo. Farewell--Tare-wow'-e-tee. Finished--In-nuk'-par. File--Ag'-e-yuk. Flipper--Tel'-ar-rook. Faster--Ok-shoot'. Fork--Kok-e-jerk. Fringe--Ne'-ge-ver. Feather--Soo'-look. Fingers--Arg'-ite. Finger (index)--Tee'-kee-ur. Finger (second)--Kig-yuck'-tluk. Finger (third)--Mik-ke-lak. Finger (little)--Ik-ik-ote. Full--Put-tah'-took. Fly--E-sow-ook-suk'-too. Fight--Neng-nik-par'. Feel--Tep-sik-ak'-took. Freeze--Keegk-e-yook'. Forget--Poo-yuk'-too. Find (verb)--Nin-e-va'-ha. Finish (verb)--In-nuk'-par, Koo-lee-war'. Fall (verb, neuter)--E-yook-ar'-took. Fall (verb, a person)--Pard'-la-took. Float (verb)--Pook-tah-lak'-too. Fetch (verb)--I-ik-sek'-took. Finger-nail--Kook'-ee. Fore arm--Ah'-goot. Follow (verb)--Toob-yok'-she-yook. Fish (verb)--On-le-ak'-took. Feed dogs (verb)--Kig-me-ar'-re-ook. Fold (verb)--Pir'-re-pook. Forehead--Kow'-roong. Frozen (or frost)--Quark.

G.

Gun--Suk-goo'-te-gook. Goose--Ne-uk'-a-luk. Gloves--Po'-ah-lo. Good--Mah-muk'-poo. Glad--Kuyan'-a-mik. Gone--Peter-hong'-a-too. Go--Owd-luk'-poo. Give me--Pel'-e-tay. Grave--E-le'-wah. Green--Too-me-ook'-took. Gun cover--Powk. Give (verb)--Na-look'-ze-yook. Ground squirrel--Shik'-sik. Gravel--Too-wah'-pook. Get (verb)--Shoo-mig'-le-wik.

H.

Here--Una, Muk'-kwar. Hole--Kid'-el-look. Handkerchief--Tuk-ke-o'-tee. Halo--Ka-tow'-yar. Hiccough (verb)--Neer-e-soo-ock'-took. Home--Oo-op'-te-nar. Hot--Oo-oo'-nah Hard (verb)--Se-se-o-ad'-elo Hunt (verb) reindeer--Ah-wak'-took. Hunt (verb) musk ox--Oo-ming-muk'-poo. Howl (verb)--Mee'-ook-took. Hang (verb)--Ne-wing-i'-yook. Hurry--Too-wow'-ik-took, Shoo-kul'-ly. Help--E-see-uk'-par. Herring (peculiar to King William Land and vicinity)--Cow-e-sil'-lik. Here (or there)--Tap'-shoo-mar. Hammer (of gun)--Ting-me-ok'-tar. Heel--King'-mik. Hand--Puk'-beeg. Hair--New'-yark. Hand--Ar'-gut. Husband--Wing'-ah. Hard bread--She'-bah. How far?--Karn'-noo-oon-wes'-ok-ik-te'-vah. Half--E-lar'-ko. Hate--Took-pah'. He--Una. How many--Kap-shay'-ne. Hard--See'-see-yoke. Hand me--Ki-jook. Hill--King-yar'-ko. Hungry--Kahk-too. Hear or understand--Too-shark'-po. Handle--E'-poo-ah. How--Kon'-no. Heart--Oo'-mut.

I.

Ice--Se'-ko. Iron--Sev'-wick. I, me, mine, etc.--Oo-wung'-ar. Ice chisel--Too'-woke. Instep--Ah-look. It is better, OR, is it better--Pe-e-uke'. Island--Kig-yeuck'-tuck. Island (small)--Kig-yuk-tow'-ar. Inside--E-loo-en'-ne. Intestines--Ein'-er-loo. Indian--Ik'-kil-lin.

J.

Jack knife--O-koo-dock'-too. Jump (verb)--Ob-look'-took. Jump--Ob-look'-took. Just right--Nah-muck-too.

K.

Kettle--Oo-quee'-zeek. Kidney--Tock'-too. Kill--To-ko-pah'-hah. Knee--Nub-loo'-te. Knuckles--Nub-we'-yan. Kiss (rub noses)--Coon'-e-glew. Kittewake--E-muk-koo-tar'-yer. Kill (verb, reindeer)--Took'-too-par. Kill (verb, bear)--Nan-noo'-me-owd. Keep (verb)-Pah'-pah-took.

L.

Little river--Koog-ah-lar'. Lose (verb)--I-see'-u-wuck. Lower jawbone--Ah-gleer'-roke. Like (verb)--Pe-u-we'-we-yook. Lungs--Poo'-wite. Long ago--Tap-shoo-man'-ne. Lead--Ok'-ke-gook. Lip (upper)--Kok-tu'-we-ak. Lip (lower)--Kok'-slu. Leg--Ne'-yoo. Loon--Kok'-saw. Look--Tuk'-ko. Large--An'-no-yoke. Love--Kou-yah-e'-vah-vick. Liver--Ting'-you. Lake--Tus-sig. Light--Ood'-luk, oo'-blook. Laugh--Ig-luk'-too. Lift--Kee'-wik-took. Leak--Arng-mi-yook.

M.

Musk-ox--Oo'-ming-munk. Midnight--Oo'-din-wark. Moon--Tuk'-luk. Man--Ang'-oot Mouth--Kang'-yook. Medicine man--Arng'-ek-ko. Male--Nu-kup'-e-ak. Much--Am-a-suet'. Meat--Neer'-kee. Meat cooked--Oo-yook'. My son--Ear'-ken-ear-ar. Marrow--Pat'-ak. Musquito--Keek-toe'-yak. Make--Mix-uk'-too. Moss (running)--Ik-shoot-ik. Moss (spongy)--Mun'-ne. Mix (verb)-Kar'-te-took. Milk--Ah-mar'-mik-took. Milkbag--E-we-eng'-ik. Match--Ik-keen'.

N.

Never--I-pung'-ar. Now--Man'-na. Nail--Kee'-kee-uk. Navel--Col-es'-ik. Nostrils--Shook'-loot. Night--Oo'-din-nook. Needle--Mit'-cone. Nose--Tling'-yak. Neck--Koon-wes'-ok. Near--Kon-e-took'-ah-loo. No--Nok'-er, nok-i'. Noon--Kig-yuk-kah'-poo-kik-ah. Naked--Ar-noo-wi-lee-ak'-took. Nest--Oo'-blood. Narrow--Ah-me'-too.

O.

Old--Oh'-to-kok. Outside--See-lah-tau'-ne. Oar--E-poot. Old man--Ik-tu'-ar. Old woman--Ah'-de-nok. Over there--Ti'-mar. Out doors--See'-lar-me. Observation of sun--Suk-a-nuk'-ah-yook.

P.

Pencil--Titch'-e-row. Pemmican--Poo'-din-ik. Pant (verb)--Arng-ni-u-ak'-took. Pup--King-me-ak'-yook. Pour (verb)--Koo'-we-yook. Promise--Pee-da-go-war'-ne. Place anything in its sheath--E-lee-wah'. Put down (verb)--E-leeg'-yoke. Place (verb)--Im'-in-ar. Play (verb)--Kik'-it-toon. Powder--Ok'-de-ur. Pretty--Mah-muk'-poo. Promise--Pe-dah-go-wah'-nah. Paper--Al-le-lay'-yook. Ptarmigan--Ok-ke-ge'-ah. Pan--Ah-wap'-se-lah. Pail--Kat'-tar. Pin--Too-be-tow'-yer.

Q.

Quickly--Shoo-kul'-ly.

R.

Round--Pang'-ar, Arng-mar-look'-too. Reside (verb)--Noo-mig'-e. Row (verb)--E'-poo-too. Runners of sled--See'-woong-nar, We-ung'-nuk. Roll (a bundle)-E-moo'-war. Rest (verb)--Noo-kung-ah'-took. Rot (verb)--Shoo-yook'-too, E-vood'-nok. Reindeer--Took'-too. Reindeer (big buck)--Pang'-neuck Reindeer (young buck)--Nu-kar-tu'-ar. Reindeer (fawn)--No'-kark. Ramrod--Kok'-dook-sook. Red--Owg. River--Koog. Rabbit--Oo-kae'-ut. Rock--We-ar'-zook. Rain--Mok'-uk-too. Raven--Too-loo'-ah. Rapids--E-tem-nark'-zeack. Ribs--Too-lee-med'-jit. Run--Ood-luk-too. Ride--Ik-e-mi'-yuk. Resemble--Ar-djing'-er. Remember--Kow-ye-mu'-wuk-er.

S.

Sledge--Kom'-mo-tee. Seal--Net'-chuk. Seal (large)--Ook'-jook. Seal (bladder nose)--Nets-che'-wuk. Seal (fresh water) Kosh-e-geer'. Seal (jumping)--Ki-o-lik. Snow--Ap'-poo. Stockings (long)--Ah-luk'-tay. Stockings (short)--E-king'-oo-ark, e-nook-too. Sun--Suk'-e-nuk. Star--Oo-bloo'-bleak. Skin--Am'-ingk. Swan--Coke'-jeuk. Sea or salt--Tar'-re-o. Salmon--Ek'-er-loo. Salmon (black)--Ish'-u-ark. Stone--We'-ark. Snow knife--Pan-an'-yoke. Small--Mik-e-took'-e-loo. Some--Tah-man'-ar-loo. Swim (verb)--Poo'-e-mik-took, Na-'look-took. Sink (verb)--Kee'-we-wook. Smile (verb)--Koong'-ik-kook. Spit (verb)--Oo-e-ak'-took. Stare (verb)--E e-e'-yook. Shake (verb)--Oo-look'-took. Stretch (verb)--Tesh-ik-ko'-me-yook. Slats of sled--Nup'-poon Screw--Kee-gee-ar'-lee. Snow drift or bank--O-que'-che-mik. Squid (whale food)--Ig-le'-yahk. Spyglass--King'-noot. Strong smell--Tee-pi'-e-took. Shin--Kuh'-nok. Shoulder--Ke-es'-ik. Swap (verb)--Ok-ke-la'-yook. Sharpen--Kee-nuk'-took, Air-e-yook'-took. Sing (men)--Pe'-se-uk. Sing (women)-Im'-nyick-took. Sweat--Ar-mi-yok'-took. Sneeze--Tug-e-yook'-took. Squint--Kahn-ing-noo'-yook. Scare--Kock-se-tek'-poong-ar, Ik'-see-book. Starve--Pik'-lik-took, Pig-le-rark'-pook. See anything coming far off--Og-le-luk'-pook. Spinal cord--Kitch-e'-ruk. Seal spear--Oo-nar'. Sealskin slippers--Pee'-nee-rok. Sealskin boots (short)--E'-keek-kuk. Sorry--Ah-kow'-mit-u. Stomach--Neer-u'-ker. Shot (discharge of a gun)--Suk-ko'-eet. Sealskin--Kis'-ingk. Saw--Oo'-loot'. Spotted--Oo-kee-leur-yere', Ar-glark'-took. Svuare--Se-nar'. Soft--Ah-kut-too-ah'-loo. Strong--Shung-e'-yook. Snake--Ne-meur'-e-ak. Scratch another thing (verb)--Ah-guk'-took. Stumble (verb)--Pard'-look-took. Snore (verb)--Kom-noo'-we-ook. Swear (verb)--O-kah-look'-took. Suck (verb)--Tum-woi'-yook. Swallow (verb)--E'-wah. So--Ti'-ma-nar. Summer--Ow'-yer. Shirt--Ar-tee'-gee. Spring--Oo-ping'-yark. Same--Ti'-ma-toe. Sister--Nur-year'-ger. Scraper--Suk'-koo. Snow stick--An-owt'-er. Snow-block--Ow'-ik. Spectacles--Ig-eark'-too. Spoon--Al'-lute. Sinew--Oo-lee-ute'-ik. Sick--Ah'-ah, Ar-ne-ok'-took. Scissors--Kib-e-ow'-te. Smoke--E'-shik. Stranger--Ahd'-lah. Sunrise--Suk-ah-ne-uk'-poke. Sunset--Ne-pe'-woke. Sit down--Ing-e'-tete. Stand up--Nik-e'-we-tete. Steam--Poo'-yook-took. Sand--See'-ah-wark. Snowing--Con'-nuk-too. Snow shovel--Po-ald'-er-it. Speak--O-kok'-po. Sleep--Sin'-nik-poo. Ship--Oo'-me-ak. Smoke (verb)--Pay-u'-let-tee. Scratch--Koo'-muk-took. See--Tak'-ko-wuk. Smell--Tee'-pee. Steal--Tig'-lee-poo. Show--Tuk-o-shu-ma'-uk-too. Sweetheart--E-veuck'-seuck.

T.

To-morrow--Cow'-pert, Ok'-ar-go. Two or three days ago--Ik'-puk-shar'-nee. Tallow--Tood'-noo. Teeth--Ke'-u-tee. Tongue--Oo'-guark. Tent--Tu'-pik Thunder--Kod'-ah-look. Thunderstorm--Sel'-ah-look. Trousers--Kok-ah-leeng'. There--Ta'-boir. Thanks--Quee-en'-nah-coo'-nee. These people--Ta'-ma-quar. Those people--Tuk'-o-quar. Then--Oo-bah'. Thread--Eve'-er-loo. Tusk--Too'-rok. Tenderloin--Oo-lee-oo-she'-ne. Tail--Pam'-e-oong'-gar. There (in the distance)--Tite'-quar. Track--Too'-me. Tired--Too-ki'-yoo. Thumb--Koo-bloo'. Thick weather--Tock-se-uk'-too. Thirsty--E-me-rook'-too. Thick--Eb-zhoo'-zhook. Thin--Sah'-took. Tatoo--Tood-ne'-uk. Think--Ish-u-mi'-yuk. Tell--Kow'-you-yor. Trace--Ok-zu-nar'. That will do--Ti'-mar-nar. Think--Ere-kert-sert'-ro. Take--Pe-e-ock-i'-re. Tear (verb)--Al'-ik-pook. Trigger--No-kok-tah. Toe (big)--Po'-to-wok. Toe (first)--Tee'-kee-ur. Toe (middle)--Kig-yuck'-tluck. Toe (third)--Mik'-e-lak. Toe (little)--Ik'-ik-ote. Thread (verb)--Noo-wing-yok'-par. Thigh--Kok-too'-ok. Throat--Too-koo-ed'-jik. This person--Tab'-shoor mar. Throw (verb)--Me-loo-e-ak'-took.

U.

Ugly--Pe'-ne-took. Understand or hear--Too-shack'-poo. Up or north--Tap-an'-ny. Upset (verb)--Koo'-e-yook. Upset a kyack and inmates--Poo'-she-pook. Undress--We-ze-tk'ook.

V.

Vibrate (verb)-Ow'-look-a-tak'-took.

W.

Will you?--E'-ben-loo. Why?--Shu. What?--Shu'-ar. Who, which, what?--Kee'-nar. What is the matter?--Kon-ah-we'-pin. Wolverine--Cow'-bik. Weak--Shung-e'-took. Whistle--Oo-we-nyack'-too. Wake up (verb)--Too-puk'-poo. Work (verb)--Sen-uk'-suk-too. Walrus--I'-vick. Water--E'-mik. Wood--Ke'-yook. Woman--Ah'-de-nok. Woman's boat--Oo'-mi-eu. Whale--Ok'-bik. White man--Kob-lu-nar. Wife--Nu-le-ang'-er. Whalebone--Shoo'-kok. Walrus hide--Kow. White gull--Now'-yer. Wind--An'-no-way. White--Kowd'-look, Kok'-uk-too When--Kong'-er. Wait--Watch'-ow. Where--No-ti'-mer. What is--Kish-oo'. Winter--Oke'-e-yook. Window--E'-o-lar. Warm--O'-ko. Wolf--Ar-mow. Whip--Ip-pe-row'-ter. What--Shoo'-ar. Wing--E'-sar'-ro. Wide--Se-lik'-too. Wrist--Nub-gwok. Walk--Pe-shook'-too. Write--Titch-e-ruk'-kut. Whisper--E-shib-zhook'-took. Wake up--Too-pook'-poo. Want--Tah-oom-ar-wung'-ar. Work--Sen-uk-euck'-too. Wink--Kob-loo-shook'-too. West--Tar'-wan-ne.

Y.

Yesterday--Ip-puk'-shur. Young man--Nu-ku-pe-air-we'-nee. Young woman--Nu-le-uk-sar-we'-nee. Yes--Ar'-me-lar. You--Ich'-bin. You and I--Oo-bah-gook'. Year--Ok-ar-ny. Yawn (verb)--I-ter'-uk-poo. Yell (verb)--Ko-ko-ok'-took.

PHRASES.

Go ahead--At-tee'. What is the name of--I-ting'-er. What are you making?--Shu-lah-vik'. Who is it?-Kee-now'-yer. Where are you going?-Nah-moon-okt'-pict. Where do you come from?--Nuk ke-pe'-wict. I have found it--Nin-e-vah'-hah. Is it good?--Pe-e-uke'. I don't know--Am-e-a'-soot. Shut the door--Oo'-me-yook. Open the door--Mock'-tere-yook. Do just as you please--Is-you-muk-e-yang'-ne. I guess--Shu'-a-me. Give me a light--Ik-ke-de-lung'-ar. Give me a drink--Im'-ing-ar Give me a smoke--Pay-u'-let-e-de-lung'-ar. I don't know anything about it--Kow-you-mum-e-mum'-me. Where does it come from?--Nuk-ke-nu'-nar? Come in--Ki-low'-it. Right here--Muk'-ko-war. Who is it?--Kee-now-yer. I am not sure--Shu'-ah-me. Is the meat done?--Oo-par'? Too much--Pee-lo-ak'-poke. Too little--Mik-ke-loo-ak-poke. Which way?--Nel-le-ung'-nook? A poor thing--Nug-a-leen'-ik.

NUMERALS.

1 (One)--An-tow' zig. 2 (Two)--Mok'-o, Mud'-el-roc. 3 (Three)--Ping'-ah-su-eet. 4 (Four)--See'-tah-mut. 5 (Five)--Ted'-el-e-mut. 6 (Six)--Ok'-bin-uk. 7 (Seven)--Ok'-bin-uk-mok'-o-nik. 8 (Eight)--Ok'-bin-uk-mok'-a-sun-ik. 9 (Nine)--Ok'-bin-uk-see'-tah-mut. 10 (Ten)--Ko'-ling. 20 (Twenty)--Mok'-ko-ling.

They have little idea of numbers beyond the number of their fingers, and such as they can borrow by calling attention to their neighbors' fingers. Any sum that calls for more than that is to them amasuet (many) or amasuadelo (a great many).

NO IDEA OF LENGTH OF YEARS.

It is not at all singular, then, that they have no idea of their ages when they get beyond the number of years that the mother can keep upon one of the wooden or ivory buttons that hold her belt in place. It is impossible, therefore, to tell whether they are a long-lived race. There are many among them who bear the marks of advanced age, but such may have resulted more from hardships and exposure than from the accumulation of years. There is a gray-haired old dame with the Iwillik tribe at Depot Island who was a grown woman at the time of Sir William Edward Parry's visit there in 1821, and remembers the circumstances with all the distinctness that marks the early reminiscences of the old in every country. There was another woman there apparently as old, but there was no early event by which her age could be traced except that she told 'The Herald' correspondent that she remembered having seen Parry on board of a ship in Baffin's Bay when she was a little girl.

[Transcriber's Notes: Some words which appear to be typos are printed thus in the original book. Some of these possible misprints are:

Chap. II "Boxy" ("Roxy") Chap. IV case (ease) Chap. XIII scarely (scarcely) Chap. XIV trival (trivial) Chap. XVII Collinsen Inlet (Collinson)

Index: River, Lorrillard (Lorillard) Selkirshire (Selkirkshire) more than 10 of the Inuit names

Appendix: comparitively (comparatively) gutural (guttural) nothern (northern) carcases (carcass)

Glossary: svuare (square)

The phonetic transcriptions of many Inuktitut names and terms are inconsistent throughout the original text and have not been changed.]