Part 14

The early English educational books produced by foreign printers were not quite invariably so wide of the mark in an idiomatic respect. Some of them were doubtless read in proof by the English author or editor; and such may have been the case with a version of the _Short Catechisme_ of Cardinal Bellarmine published in 1614 at Augsburgh, where the slips do not exceed an ordinary Table of Errata.

Now and then, too, the writer himself was alone responsible for the eccentricities which presented themselves in his book, as where Stanyhurst, in his version of the _Æneid_, published at Leyden in 1582, renders the opening lines of Book the Second thus:--

"With tentive list'ning each wight was setled in harckning; Then father Æneas chronicled from loftie bed hautie. You me bid, O Princesse, too scarrifie a festered old soare, How that the Troians wear prest by Grecian armie."

Here it was the idiosyncrasy of the Briton which reduced a translation to a burlesque, and disregarded the canons of his own language, as well as taste and propriety in diction. For the entire work is cast in a similar mould, and is heterodox in almost every particular; some passages are too grossly absurd even for an Irishman who had spent most of his life in Belgium or Holland.

XX.

Origin and spirit of Phonography--William Bullokar the earliest regular advocate of it--Charles Butler--Dr. Jones and his theory examined.

I. The phonetic system of orthography, which may be regarded as empirical and fallacious, only forms part of such an inquiry as the present by reason of the presence in our earlier literature of a few books which were apparently designed, more or less, for educational purposes.

The fundamental theory of the promoters of this principle, both in former times and in our own, seems to have been that the sound should govern the written character, and that all laws of philology and grammar should defer to popular pronunciation. It is, of course, begging the question, in the first place; and one of the warmest enthusiasts on the subject admits that the very pronunciation, which is the product of sound, and on which he relies, differs in different localities.

The writers on behalf of phonetics possessed, no doubt, their own honest convictions; but they have at no period succeeded in carrying with them any appreciable number of disciples. Between 1580 and 1634, William Bullokar and Charles Butler endeavoured at various dates to establish their peculiar creed; but it never gained footing or currency, and its influence has left no trace on our language, except in the literary or calligraphic essays of persons unable to read and write, or in one or two isolated cases where the new heresy for the moment infected a man like Churchyard, the old soldier-poet, for on no other hypothesis can we explain the uncouth spelling of his little poem on the Irish Rebellion of 1598, which is an orthographical abortion, out of harmony with the usual style of the author, and surpassing in foolishness the wildest suggestions of the professed adherents and supporters of the doctrine.

Bullokar published his large Grammar in 1580, and his Brief one in 1586; and he also put forth in 1585 a version of Æsop's Fables, the title of which is a curiosity:--"Æsopz Fablz in Tru Ortography with Grammar-Notz. Her-vntoo ar also iooined the Short Sentencz of the Wyz Cato: both of which Autorz are translated out-of Latin intoo English by William Bullokar.

Gev' God the praiz That teacheth all waiz. When Truth trieth, Erroor flieth."

Butler became a convert in later life to the views previously entertained and promulgated by Bullokar, bringing out a third edition of his _History of Bees_ in 1634, adapted to the new standard; and in his _English Grammar_, published a twelvemonth before, he enunciated the same orthographical dogmas. He was of Magdalen College, Oxford, and prepared, as early as 1600, a Latin text-book on Rhetoric for the use of his College. This was more popular and successful than his phonetic excursus, and is quoted even still now and again, because it contains a slight allusion to Shakespear.

But perhaps the most strenuous and elaborate attempt to reform us in this particular direction was made by Dr. Jones, who drew up a _Practical Phonography_, "Or the New Art of Rightly Spelling and Writing Words by the Sound thereof," for the use of the Duke of Gloucester, son of Queen Anne, somewhere before 1701, in which year he communicated the fruit of his researches to the public. His description of the art as a new one must be interpreted by his ignorance of the previous labours of Bullokar and Butler, and as a proof that the proposal had met with no response; and the fact that the Doctor's own volume is almost unknown may be capable of a similar explanation.

I have no means of judging what kind of reception was accorded to Dr. Jones at the time; but the tone of that gentleman's Preface was certainly not propitiatory or diffident; for he freely speaks of the miserable ignorance of the world and of his own condescension to the undertaking, in order to remove or enlighten it; and yet, from another point of view, he addressed himself to the task of instituting a grammatical code based on that very ignorance of which he complains. For you have not to travel beyond the introductory remarks to stumble on the following directions for the pronunciation and _ergo_ the spelling of half-a-dozen familiar words and proper names:--_Aron_, _baut_ (bought), _Mair_, _Dixnary_, _pais_ (pays), and _Wooster_; and at the same time on the very threshold of his text he allows "that English Speech is the Art of signifying the Mind by human Voice, as it is commonly used in England, (particularly in London, the Universities, or at Court)."

Dr. Jones was a learned and well read medical man, and the monument of his erudition and scholarship lies before me in the shape of this portentous volume of 144 pages, which, if the young Duke had not died from another cause, might have proved fatal to him and to his royal mother's hopes of a successor in the Stuart line.

That our national pronunciation is slovenly and against philological laws, nobody will probably deny; but it would not be an improvement or a gain to corrupt our written language by levelling it down to our spoken one.

INDEX.

Abacus, 209-15.

A. B. C., 88, 209-15, 234-7.

Abingdon School, 132, 183.

Absence from school severely treated, 108-9.

Academies, private, 143-4, 170-4, 178-83.

Accomplishments taught at the _Musæum Minervæ_, 170-4.

---- at a private academy in 1676, 178-9.

_Acolastus_, 127, 257.

Addison's _Letter from Italy_, 203.

Æsop, 48, 99, 139, 141, 287.

Ainsworth, Robert, 229-30.

Aldus, 76.

Ale, 140.

Alexander de Villâ Dei, 45-6, 243-4.

Alfric, Archbishop, his _Colloquy_, 30.

Allibone, John, 12.

Alphabet, Jonson's remarks on our, 234-6.

_Alphabetum Latino-Anglicum_, 1543, 124.

America, 33-4.

American Plantations, 17, 84.

Amwell, 51-3, 200.

Andreas, Bernardus, 68, 102.

Andrew of Wyntown, 184.

Anglo-Gallic dictionary, 35.

---- _vocabulary_, 255.

Anglo-Latin literature, 72.

Anniquil, John, schoolmaster and grammarian, 11, 51-3, 91.

_Apollo Shroving_, 1627, 144.

Apothecaries, early, ignorance of, 105.

Appleby, 107.

Appositions, 138.

Aristotle, 244.

Arithmetic, 163-4.

Arthur, Prince, son of Henry VII., 68, 102.

Arthusius, Gotardus, 155.

Ascensius, Jod. Badius, 78-80.

Ascham, Roger, 12, 19, 196, 220-3.

_As in præsenti_, 216.

Astrology, 157-8.

Astronomy, judicial, 133, 157.

Aufield, W., 268-9.

_Aurelio and Isabel, History of_, 1556, 279-81.

_Aviarium_, 227-8.

Aylesbury, 160.

Bacon, Francis, 177.

Baker, Humphrey, 163-4.

Bailey, Old, 165.

Balbus, Johannes, 50, 225.

Bale, Bishop, 98.

Bales, Peter, 165.

Barchby, John, 73.

Barclay, Alexander, 12.

Beaune, 256.

Bebelius of Basle, 81.

Beer, 140.

Bellarmine's (Cardinal) _Catechism_, 284.

Bellomayus, Johannes, 73.

Bellot, Jacques, 267-8, 271-2.

_Bellum Grammaticale_, 82.

Berkshire, 160.

Bethnal Green, 133, 170-1.

Bible, the, in schools, 205-8.

_Black Eagle_ in St. Paul's Churchyard, 115.

Blue Coat School, 253.

Board Schools, wise policy of the, 207.

Bodley, Sir Thomas, 10-11.

Bodmin, 161.

Bookbinders, 114-15, 264.

Borde, Andrew, 210-11.

Boulogne, 260.

Bow Lane, 156.

Boy-bishop at St. Paul's, 109.

Bracebridge, Thomas, 180.

Brackley, Waynflete's school at, 11.

Bread, manchet, 140.

Bright, Timothy, 177.

Brightland, John, 131.

Browne, Alexander, 175.

Buchanan, George, 117, 196.

Buckinghamshire, 160.

Bullokar, William, 286-7.

Burles, Edward, 131.

Burney, Charles, 23.

Busby, Dr., 18, 21-3.

Buskins, 265.

Butler, Charles, 286-7.

Butter, sweet, in 1652, 140.

Caius, or Kay, John, 247-8, 273-4.

Calligraphy, 165, 175-6.

Cambridge, 243-4.

Canterbury, 241.

Carmichael, James, 187.

Carving, 171.

Cassilis, Gilbert, Earl of, 117-18.

Catechism, the, 207-8, 216.

Cathedral schools, 7-9, 113.

Catherine of Aragon, 118.

Cato, Dionysius, 98, 287.

Caxton, W., his prose _Æneid_, 95-6.

Cecil, W., Lord Burleigh, 19, 220.

Chancellor of St. Paul's, 113.

Chapman, George, 252.

Charactery, 177.

Charles II. and Dr. Busby, 21.

Charterhouse, 76.

Chaucer, 223.

Cheke, Sir John, 82, 221, 247-8.

Chichester, 106.

Childermass, 109.

Christ's Hospital, 126, 135-6, 253-4.

Christ-cross-row, 210-11.

Church, salutary influence of the early, 5 _et seq._

Churchyard, Thomas, 286.

Cicero, 18, 94, 96 _et seq._, 110, 139, 141-2.

Ciceronian Academy, 219.

Cirencester, 108.

City of London School, 135, 204.

Civil War in Great Britain, influence of the, 190, 200.

Classic authors read in England in 1520, 88.

---- in 1563, 221.

---- used at St. Paul's, 110.

---- at Merchant Taylors', &c., 251, 253-4.

---- at a provincial school in 1788, 181.

---- by ladies, 199, 203.

---- attempt to supersede, in 1582, 231-2.

Clerical control over education, 3, 5-7, 190-2, 195-208.

Cocker, Edward, 175-6.

Coleridge, S. T., 136.

Colet, Dean, 8, 103, 108-14, 120-2.

Collation at Merchant Taylors' on Probation Day, 140.

College education in Scotland, former cost of, 189.

Collins, W., 281.

Collins's _Oriental Eclogues_, 203.

Columbus, C., 33.

Comparative study of Latin and English, 72.

Conventual schools, 6-7.

Cooper's _Thesaurus_, 226, 228-9.

Corderius, M., 139.

Cornwall, 161.

Corporal punishment in schools, 18-26, 30.

---- petitions to Parliament against it, 25.

Coster, Laurence, 54.

Cox, Leonard, 123.

Croft, Richard, 194.

Croke, Richard, 244.

Cromwell, Oliver, 191-2.

---- Thomas, Earl of Essex, 227, 257.

Dame-schools, 196-7, 202, 206.

Dancing, 171, 178.

Davies's Welsh Grammar, 233.

Decalogue, 120-1.

_De Conscribendis Epistolis_, by Erasmus, 103-4.

---- an anecdote about the book, 104.

De Corro, Anthonio, 153.

De Flores, Juan, 279-81.

Delamothe, G., 266.

Denny, Sir Anthony, 226.

Derendel, Peter, 281.

Desainliens, Claude, 261-6.

Despauterius, 46.

Dialogues of Lucian translated into Latin by Erasmus, 100.

---- in English and French, 258-9.

---- in English and Italian, 263-5, 279.

Dickens's _Mrs. Plawnish_, 273.

Dictionaries, early, 27 _et seq._, 225-30.

Dictionary, definition of a, 32.

---- of Johannes de Garlandia, 32-4.

Discipline, severity of early, 17-26, 108-12.

_Doctrinale_ of Alexander de Villâ Dei, 45-6, 186.

Donatus, Ælius, 46-9, 50, 86, 121, 184.

Dorchester, 183.

Dorne, John, 39, 87-9.

Dorset Street, Spitalfields, 157.

D'Ouvilly, Sir Balthazar Gerbier, 170-4.

Drawing, 171, 175.

Dugard, William, 140, 145-9.

Duncan, Dr., 219.

Du Ploiche, Pierre, 258-61.

Dutch language, 153, 171, 173.

Du Wes or Dewes, Giles, 117, 257.

Dyonisie de Mountchensy, 36.

East Indies, 155.

Edward the Confessor, 17.

---- I. 35.

---- VI., 123-6, 135.

Elizabeth, Queen, 126, 130, 230-2, 241.

Elyot, Sir Thomas, 226-9.

Endowed grammar schools of Edward VI., 126.

English school-books printed abroad, 85, 273.

Erasmus, Desiderius, 99, 103, 118, 120, 127, 244-5, 247.

Erondelle, Pierre, 266-7, 281-2.

Eton, 18-19, 21.

---- Grammar, 160.

Etymology, 151.

Euripides, 248, 254.

Evans, Sir Hugh, 180-1.

Exchange, Royal, 164.

Farriery, 263.

Faversham, 161.

Feckenham, 194.

Female influence, 206-8.

Festeau, Paul, 269-70.

Fish, 76-7.

Fisher, Bishop, 242-3.

Fitzjames, Bishop, 106.

---- Lord Chief Justice, 106.

Fitzstephen, W., 15.

Flageolet, 175.

Flanders, 273.

Florence, 245.

Florio, John, 155.

Foreign influence, 3, 38 _et seq._, 66, 170-4.

---- ignorance of English, 273-84.

Founders of schools at the Reformation, 106.

Fox, John, 125.

Free school at Oxford, 60.

Free school at Feckenham, 194.

French dame-schools, 197.

---- influence, 3, 257-62, 266-70.

---- _Introductory_, by G. Du Wes, 117.

---- knowledge of English, 274, 280 _et seq._

---- language, 153, 254 _et seq._, 270.

---- orthography, 35-6.

---- school in St. Paul's Churchyard, 116.

Frobenius, 76.

Frorne = frozen, 76.

Gadbury, John, 158.

Gardiner, Bishop, 82, 247-8.

Gascoigne, George, 248.

_Gemma Vocabulorum_, 225.

Geneva, English residents at, 10.

_Gentleman's Calling, The_, 13.

German influence, 197.

---- language, 152, 171, 173.

---- population of Riga, 217.

Germany, 222, 274.

_Gloucestershire's Desire_, 1642, 193.

Gold, writing with, 176.

Golden Ball in St. Paul's Churchyard, 262.

Goldsmith's Alley, 94.

Goldsmith's _Poems for Young Ladies_, 202-3.

_Gradus comparationum_, 73.

Grammar schools, endowed, 126.

_Grammatica Initialis_, 1509, 14.

Grant, Edward, 251.

Grantham, Lincolnshire, 252.

Grantham, Thomas, 253.

Gray's Inn, 248.

Greek language, 241-54.

----, study of the, at Oxford, 101-5, 244.

---- taught at Cambridge by Erasmus, 100, 243-5.

---- taught at public schools, 141-2, 161, 251, 253-4.

---- taught by private tutors, 153.

Greeting, Thomas, 175.

Grey, Lady Jane, 222.

Grocyn, W., 102, 244-5.

Guarini of Verona, 86-7.

Guarna, Andrea, 82.

Hadleigh, Suffolk, 144.

Hall, Arthur, of Grantham, 252.

Harmar, Samuel, 193-4.

Hart Street, 157.

Hawkins, William, 144.

Hayne, Thomas, 216, 238-9.

Hazlitt, William, 181-2.

---- Mr. Registrar, 281, note.

Hebrew, 142, 153, 168.

Henry VII., 68, 245.

---- VIII., 68, 123-4 126, 128, 133, 143, 198, 205, 226-7, 246-7, 257-8.

Hereditary succession of teachers, 84.

Herefordshire, 162.

_Hero and Leander_ of Musæus, 253.

Herodotus, 253.

Hertfordshire, 131.

Highgate, 200.

Highlanders, 276.

Hills, Richard, 136.

Holidays, ancient school, 15-17.

Holofernes, Shakespear's, 99, 155.

Holt, John, 70-1.

Holwell, John, 157.

Homer, 250, 252-4.

Hoole, Charles, 93-4.

Hooper, Bishop, 276.

Horace, 64, 94.

Horman, William, 73-8, 129, 222.

---- his literary quarrel with Lily and others, 81-2.

---- extracts from his _Vulgaria_, 74-8.

Horn-book, 211, 212.

_Hours of the Virgin_, 1514, 115.

Howell, James, 233.

Hume, Alexander, 131, 187.

_Hundred Merry Tales_, 133-4.

Hunt, Leigh, 135.

Illustrated children's books, 159.

Indian abacus, 215.

Inglis, Esther, 176.

Ingulphus, 17-18.

Ink, 76.

Instruction, mediæval method of, 14, 30.

Ipswich, Wolsey's school at, 107, 119-20.

Ireland, 131, 189, 284, 286.

Italian influence, 3, 86-7, 197, 242-3, 245, 261-6, 278-9.

---- language, 152 _et seq._, 261-6.

---- hand, 177.

Jerome, St., 46, 110-11.

Jesus College, Cambridge, 11-12.

_Johnny Quæ Genus_, 216.

Johannes de Garlandia, 32-4, 83.

Johnson, Thomas, 212.

Jones, Dr., 287-9.

Jonson, Benjamin, 177, 233-6.

Julius Cæsar, 95-6.

Ken, Bishop, 137.

Kent, 161.

Kinaston, Sir Francis, 173, 233.

Kingston-upon-Hull, 106.

---- Thames, 252.

Kinwelmersh, Francis, 248.

Knox, John, 185, 194.

Kyffin, Maurice, 92.

Ladies, 175.

---- colleges for, 200 _et seq._

Ladies' lapdogs, 77.

Lamb, Charles, 136, 200, 253-4.

---- Mary, 200.

Lancashire, 106.

Lane, A., 162-3.

Languages, living, taught in England, 152 _et seq._, 168, 171, 173.

Latimer, Bishop, 221.

---- W., 102.

Latin language, 72, 152, 155, 162-3, 229-30.

---- authors used at St. Paul's, 109-10.

---- barbarous or low, 228.

Laureateship, ancient, 67.

Lawrence Pountney, St., 136.

Leghorn, English at, 278-9.

Lemprière, Dr., 182.

Leominster, 162.

Letter-writing, 103.

Levins, Peter, 228.

Lexicons, 225-30.

Libraries, parochial, proposed in Scotland, 185-6.

Lichfield, 60.

Life, mediæval, illustrated by ancient school-books, 31-2, 75-8.

---- English, of the 16th and 17th centuries illustrated, 259 _et seq._

Lilly, William, the astrologer, 158.

Lily, George, 107.

---- William, 44, 60, 81, 84-5, 118-22, 124, 139, 150-2, 161, 186, 216, 242, 245, 247.

Linacre, Thomas, 102, 117-18, 244-5, 257.

Lincolnshire, 158.

Littleton, Adam, 229.

Logic, 133-4.

Lombard Street, 278.

London, localities of, 76, 77-8, 93-4, 113-16, 156, 162, 164-5, 258-9, 261-2, 278.

---- proposed University of, in 1647-8, 166-9.

Longlond, Dr., Bishop of Lincoln, 151.

Lord's Prayer, 120-1.

Lothbury Garden, 93, 156.

Louth, Lincolnshire, 158.

Lucian, 101, 254.

_Ludus Ludi Litterarii_, 1672, 144.

Lydgate, John, 37, 42-3, 99.

Magdalen College School, Oxford, 11-12, 51, 70, 84-5, 132, 152, 204.

Makins, Bathsua, 200.

Malagasy language, 155.

Malayan language, 155.

Malmesbury, 241.

Manchester, 106, 132, 180.

Manchet bread, 140.

Mantuan, Eclogues of, 98.

Mary, Princess, afterwards Queen, 117, 125, 257.

Mauger, Claudius, 269-70.

Maupas, Charles, 268-9.

_May-Flower_, the, 84.

Maypoles, 192.

Mayor of London, 77.

Meals, graces at, 259.

---- reading at, 259.

_Medulla Grammatices_, 225.

Mercers' School, 135.

Merchant Taylors' School, 16, 21, 132, 136-42, 144-9, 223-4.

Middlesex, 131.

Mile-End Green, 162.

Military science, 171.

_Milk for Children_, 70.

Milton, John, 158-9.

Miracle of the fishes, 108.

Monastic or conventual schools, 6-7.

Montefiore, Sir Moses, 143.

_Monumenta Franciscana_ quoted, 114.

More, Sir Thomas, 65, 70, 112, 246.

Morris dances, 192.

Morris, Richard, 45.

Motto of Merchant Taylors' School, 147.

Mountjoy, Lord William, 103.

Mrs. Leicester's school, 200.

Mugwell or Monkwell Street, 156.

Mulcaster, Richard, 138, 223-4.

Mules, 265.

Murray, Lindley, 45, 218-19.

_Musæum Minervæ_ at Bethnal Green, 133, 170-4.

Musæus, 253.

Music taught in the conventual schools, 7.

---- to ladies by private masters, 175.

Nash, Thomas, quoted, 19-20.

Neckam, Alexander, 32.

Neo-Hellenic, 249, 253.

Netherlands, 273, 279.

Newman, Thomas, 92.

Niger, Franciscus, 103.

_Nominale_, the, 27 _et seq._

Nonsense-verses, 141.

Norths of Kirtling, the, 199.

Nowell, Alexander, Dean of St. Paul's, 138.

Ocland, Christopher, 230-2.

Old Brompton, 140.

Oral instruction, 14.

_Ortus Vocabulorum_, 225, 228.

Oudin, Cesare, 153.

Ovid, 95.

Owen, Lewis, 153.

Oxford, Waynflete's school at, 11, 12, 51, 60, 68.

---- ancient educational machinery at, 17, 133-4, 151.

---- Grammar of, 1709, 120.

Pace, Richard, 102, 247.

Padua, 245.

Painting, 171.

Palsgrave, John, 123, 127, 228.

Pantofles, 265.

Paper, manufacture of, 75.

---- different sizes of, 75.

---- royal, 264.

---- blotting, 264.

Paris under Philip Augustus, 33-4.

Parish churches in London, 78.

---- schools in England, 194.

---- ---- in Scotland, 185.

---- libraries proposed in Scotland, 185.

Partridge, John, 158.

_Parvula_, 69-70.

_Parvulorum Institutio_, 52.

Penton, Stephen, 215.

Pepys, S., 157, 175.

---- Mrs., 175.

Percy, Bishop, 7.

Perottus, Nicolaus, 39-40, 225.

Pes (foot) derived from the Greek, 33.

_Phænissæ_ of Euripides, 248.

Philelphus, Franciscus, 103.

Phonography, 237, 285-9.

Pictorial vocabulary, 35.

Play-days _v._ holy-days, 16.

Pleunus, Henry, 278-9.

Poggius (Poggio Bracciolini), 99.

Polyglot vocabularies, 153-4, 276-80.

Pope, Alexander, 205.

Popular literature of 1520, 88.

_Portraitures of the Bible_, 1553, 281-3.

Portuguese language, 153.

Prayers at public schools, 137.

Prices of provisions, 65.

Prideaux, M., 132, 162, 239.

Primer, National, of 1540, 123 _et seq._

---- Salisbury, 121.

---- for children, 211, 214.

Primrose, Dr., Goldsmith's, 81, 205.

Printing, notices relative to, 75.

Printing-press, private, attached to Merchant Taylors' School, 148-9.

Probation-Day, 139-42.

Professors of foreign languages, 153.

_Promptorius Parvulorum_, 225.

Pronunciation of Greek and Latin, 248-51.

_Propria quæ maribus_, 276.

Proprietary schools, 162, 195-6, 202, 206.

Protestant refugees at Geneva, 10.

---- A. B. C., first, 1553, 212.

Provincial schools, 132, 160, 179-183.

---- culture, 201-2.

Pumps, 265.

Punctuation, early, 79-80.

Putney, 200.

Quarter-wages, 148-9.

Quiney, Mrs., 202.

Rabbards, R., 165.

Rabelais, 104.

Reading, 160.

Reference, early books of, 239-40.

Religious character of early teaching, 6-8.

Remedies or holy-days, 15-17.

Reynell, Sir Richard, 162.

---- Sir Thomas, 162.

Rhetoric, 132.

Rhodes, 242, 245.

Richmond and Derby, Margaret, Countess of, 217.

Riding the Great Horse, 171.

Riga, 107.

Rightwise, John, 216.

Ripley's _Compound of Alchemy_, 165.

Robertson, Thomas, of York, 81, 150-2.

Rochelle, 256.

_Roman Antiquities_ of Prideaux, 132.

---- of Adams, 240.

---- coins, weights, and measures, 230.

Rome, 245.

Rood, Theodore, 51.

Roper, Margaret, 199.

Rose, Manor of the, 136.

---- sign of the, 258-9.

Roulston, Staffordshire, 106.

Ruddiman, Thomas, 187-9.

Russian abacus, 215.

Sackville, Sir Richard, 19, 220-2.

---- Mr. Robert, 221.

Salaries of schoolmasters in 1561, 138.

School children (parish) in 1642, 194.

School of fish, 76.

Schools, monastic or conventual, 6-7.

----, cathedral, 7-9, 113.

---- established in England, 1502-15, 105-8, 210.

---- ---- by Edward VI., 126.

Schoolmaster, the old and new, 23-6.

---- of Old St. Paul's, 113-14.

Schoolmasters under the Commonwealth, 191-2.

Scogin, Jests of, 210-11.

Scot, Alexander, 251.

Scotland, 131, 184-9, 195, 197, 205, 279.

Scotus, Joh., 244.

Scrooby, Lincolnshire, 84.

Secularisation of teaching, 204-8.

Shakespear, W., 99, 155, 177, 180-1, 201-2, 281.

---- his _Dr. Caius_ and _Duke de Jarmany_, 273-4.

_Ship of Fools_, 12.

Shirley, James, 237-8.

Shoemaker, dialogue with a, in 1597, 265.

_Short Introduction of Grammar_, by Lily, 84.

Shropshire, 173, 181-2.

Shropshire school in 1788, 181-2.

Skinners' school at Tonbridge, 135, 251.

Smith, Sir Thomas, 247.

Smith's series of dictionaries, &c., 240.

Sneezing, folklore of, 78.

Somersetshire, 106.

Somerville, Mrs., 199.

Spalding, Augustine, 155.

Spanish language, 153.

Speech-Day at Merchant Taylors', 143.

Speeches at breaking-up, 143-5.

_Spelling A. B. C._, 1590, 212.

Spitalfields, 157.

Staffordshire, 106-7.

Stage-plays in 1654, 192.

Stanbridge, John, 11, 39, 44, 53-9, 71, 122.

Standish, John, 242.

_Stans puer ad mensam_, 42-3.

Stanyhurst's Virgil, 284.

Sterne's _Sentimental Journey_, 267.

St. Martin's-le-Grand, 114.

St. Mary-le-Bow, 114.

St. Mary Wike, Devonshire, 107.

St. Paul's Church, 77.

---- Churchyard, 115-16, 156, 261-2.

---- School (old), 8, 113.

---- ---- (Colet's), 100 _et seq._, 120-2, 132-3, 204, 216, 223, 242.

Stockwood, John, 251.

Stratford-on-Avon, 181, 194.

Strong, Nathaniel, 156.

Studies at the _Musæum Minervæ_, 171-2.

Sturmius, Johannes, 221.

Subjects taught in mediæval schools, 9-10.

---- at St. Paul's and Merchant Taylors', 109-10, 137, 139, 141-2.

---- at provincial schools, 181-2.

Sulpicius, Johannes, 40-4, 50.

Surrey, 200.

---- Lord, 223.

Survival of early English system of holidays in the United States, 17.

Sutton Colfield, 106.

Syms, Christopher, 163.

_Tables of Grammar_, by John Fox, 125.

Teachers, foreign, 5, 66.

Terence, 46, 51, 90-4.

Testament, Greek, 141.

Theology in schools, 205-8.

Thucydides, 252.

Tiptoft, John, Earl of Worcester, 96.

Tom Thumb's Alphabet, 159.

Tonbridge, Skinners' School at, 135, 251.

Tree of Knowledge, the, 13.

Trinity Lane, 258-9.

Tumbler, a dog, 77.

Tunstall, Bishop, 102.

Turner, Dr., 105.

Tusser, Thomas, 18-19.