Part 11
Amenhetep III (Neb-maat-ra), VIII, 3; XXX, 26-32; XXXI, 1-12, 14-18; XXXII, 1-3, XXXIII, 1-2.
Amenhetep IV (Nefer-kheperu-ra), I, 4; XXXI, 13, 19-25, 27, 28.
Amenŷ, VII, 19.
Ana (Mer-hetep-ra), X, 21.
Ankh-kheperu-ra, XXXI, 31.
Anther, XXIII, 11.
Apepŷ I (Aa-user-ra), I, 1; XXIII, 30-35; XXIV, 34, 35.
Aŷ I (Mer-nefer-ra), X, 18-20.
Aŷ II (Kheper-kheperu-ra ar maat), XXXI, 26, 29, 34.
Bak-en-ren-ef (Uah-ka-ra), XXXVII, 22, 23.
Ded-ka-ra, XXXVIII, 3.
Dedui-ankh-ra, X, 25, 26.
Dedu-mes (Nefer-ded-ra), X, 29.
Den, IV, 9.
Hatshepsût (Maa-ka-ra), XXVII, 12, 18-25.
Her tep taui (Horus name), VII, 2.
Hez-kheper-ra (Shashanq II), XXXVII, 1-8, 15.
Hez-kheper-ra (Takelot I), XXXVII, 14.
Hor-em-heb (Zeser-kheperu-ra), I, 5; XXXIV, 1-6.
Ka-mes (Uaz-kheper-ra), XXVI, 1, 2.
Kashta, XXXVII, 20.
Kha-ef-ra, V, 1; VIII, 9, 10; IX, 4, 5.
Kha-hetep-ra (Sehekhetep IV), X, 16.
Kha-ka-ra, X, 14, 15.
Kha-kau-ra (Usertsen III), p. 93, fig. 107; VI, 1, 9, 11; IX, 22, 24.
Kha-kheper-ra (Usertsen II), VI, 1, 6, 7, 8; IX, 19, 20, 23.
Kha-mu-ra, XXI, 30.
Kha-nefer-ra (Sehekhetep III), H, 6-13.
Kha-sekhemui, IV, 11.
Kha-seshes-ra (Neferhetep), X, 4, 5.
Kha-user-ra, XXI, 25-29; XLIV, 7.
Kheper-ka-ra (Usertsen I), p. 80, fig. 82; VI, 1; IX, 13, 14, 17, 18.
Kheper-ka-ra (Nekhtenebo), p. 92, fig. 106.
Kheper-kheperu-ra ar maat (Aŷ II), XXXI, 26, 29, 34.
Kheper-nub-ra, VII, 12.
Khnum-ab-ra (?), XXXVIII, 21.
Khufu, IX, 2, 3.
Khŷan (User-en-ra), p. 47, fig. 23; VII, 7, 10; XXII, 20-26; XLIV, 6.
Maa-ab-ra, XXI, 1-8.
Maa-ka-ra (Hatshepsût), XXVII, 12, 18-35.
Maa-kheru-ra (Amenemhat IV), VI, 22; IX, 38.
Maa-ra (Sebekhetep), X, 22, 23.
Menes (Aha), IV, 2.
Men-kau-ra, V, 2-4; IX, 9.
Men-kheper-ra (Thothmes III), p. 68, fig. 57; p. 90, fig. 98; p. 94, fig. 110; XXVIII, 5-34; XXIX, 29, 34-41.
Men-kheperu-ra (Thothmes IV), XXX, 18-25.
Men-nefer-ra, XXXVIII, 18.
Men-maa-ra (Setŷ I), XXXIV, 14-21.
Men-pehti-ra (Rameses I), XXXIV, 9-13.
Mentuhetep, p. 87, fig. 87.
Mentuhetep (IV? Se-ankh-ka-ra), IX, 10.
Mer-en-ptah (Ne-ba-ra), XXXVI, 1, 2.
Mer-en-ra, p. 68, fig. 56.
Mer-hetep-ra (Ana), X, 21.
Mer-nefer-ra (Aŷ), X, 18, 19, 20.
Mer-pa-ba, IV, 7.
Mer-user-ra (Ykebher), XXII, 27-30; XXIII, 1-3.
Merŷ-ra (Pepŷ I), p. 46, fig. 21; p. 55, fig. 31; V, 10, 11; IX, 7.
Nar-mer, p. 53, fig. 29.
Ne-ba-ra (Merenptah), XXXVI, 1, 2.
Neb-ka-ra, IX, 1.
Neb-kha-ra, IX, 8.
Neb-kheperu-ra (Tût-ankh-amen), XXXI, 32.
Neb-maa-ra (Amenhetep III), VIII, 3; XXX, 26-32; XXXI, 1-12, 14-18; XXXII, 1-3; XXXIII, 1, 2.
Neb-maa-ra (Rameses VI), XXXVI, 26, 28.
Neb-pehti-ra (Aahmes I), XXVI, 6-11, 17.
Nefer-ab-ra, XXXVIII, 15.
Nefer-ankh-ra, X, 30.
Nefer-ar-ka-ra, V, 9.
Nefer-ded-ra, X, 29.
Nefer-hetep (Kha-seshes-ra), X, 4, 5.
Nefer-ka-ra (Psamtek II), I, 3.
Nefer-ka-ra (Rameses IX), XXXVI, 31.
Nefer-ka-ra (Shabaka), XXXVIII, 29, 30; XXXVIII, 5-7.
Nefer-kheperu-ra (Akhenaten), I, 4; XXXI, 13, 19-25, 27, 28.
Neferui-uah-ra, XLIII, 6.
Nehesi, XXIII, 4-6.
Nekhtenebo, p. 91, fig. 105.
Ne-maa-ra (Amenemhat III), p. 47, fig. 22; p. 88, fig. 93; VI, 1, 10-15, 19; IX, 25-29, 36, 37.
Neter-kheperu-ra (Smendes), XXXVI, 34.
Nub-ka-ra, IX, 21, 31; XXIV, 36, 37.
Nub-kau-ra (Amenemhat II), VI, 1-4; VIII, 11.
Nub-taui-ra, XXII, 19.
Osorkon I (Sekhem-kheperu-ra), XXXVII, 11-13.
Pe-ankhy, XXXVII, 28.
Pe-de-se-bast (Se-her-ab-ra), XXXVII, 10.
Pepŷ I (Merŷ-ra), p. 46, fig. 21; p. 55. fig. 31; V, 10, 11; IX, 7.
Per-ab-sen, IV, 8, 12, 13.
Psamtek, XXXVIII, 9, 13, 22.
Psamtek II (Nefer-ka-ra), I, 3.
Qar, XXI, 23, 24.
Rameses I (Men-pehti-ra), XXXIV, 9-13.
Rameses II (User-maa-ra), p. 75, figs. 78, 79; p. 90, fig. 103; XXXIV, 22-36; XXXV, 1-6, 8-16, 18, 19, 22-24.
Rameses III (User-maa-ra), XXXVI, 17-21.
Rameses IV (User-maa-ra), XXXVI, 22-24.
Rameses V (User-maa-ra), XXXVI, 25.
Rameses VI (Neb-maa-ra), XXXVI, 26, 28.
Rameses VII (User-ra mery-amen), XXXVI, 27.
Rameses VIII, XXXVI, 29, 30.
Rameses IX (Nefer-ka-ra), XXXVI, 31.
Rameses X (User-maa-ra), XXXVI, 32.
Sa-amen, p. 89, fig. 96; XXXVI, 33.
Sahu-ra, V, 5, 6; VIII, 8.
Se-ankh-ka-ra (Mentuhetep?), IX, 10.
Sebaq-ka-ra, VII, 6; XLIV, 9.
Sebek, X, 27.
Sebek-em-sau-ef, X, 24.
Sebekhetep II (Sekhem-se-uaz-taui-ra), X, 2, 3.
Sebekhetep III (Kha-nefer-ra), X, 6-13.
Sebekhetep IV (Kha-hetep-ra), X, 16.
Sebekhetep (VI ?, Maa-ra), X, 22, 23.
Se-her-ab-ra (Pe-de-se-bast), XXXVII, 10.
Se-hetep-ab-ra (Amenemhat I), VI, 1; IX, 11.
Seket, XXIII, 12; XLIV, 8.
Se-kha-en-ra, XXI, 19-22; XLIII, 20.
Sekhem-ab (Per-ab-sen), IV, 8, 12, 13.
Sekhem-kheperu-ra (Osorkon), XXXVII, 11-13.
Sekhem-khu-taui-ra, VII, 4; X. 1.
Sekhem-se-uaz-taui-ra (Sebekhetep II), X, 2, 3.
Semqen, XXIII, 10.
Seqen-en-ra, p. 89, fig. 95.
Seshes-ka-ra (Amenemhat-senb-ef), VII, 3.
Setnekht (User-maa-ra), XXXVI, 15, 16.
Setŷ I (Men-maa-ra), VIII, 7; XXXIV, 14-21.
Setŷ II (User-kheperu-ra), XXXVI, 3, 7.
Siptah (Akh-en-ra), XXXVI, 8, 9.
Sha-ba-ka (Nefer-ka-ra), XXXVII, 29, 30; XXXVIII, 5-7.
Shashanq II (Hez-kheper-ra), XXXVII, 1-8, 15.
Shashanq III (User-maa-ra), XXXVII, 16.
Shashanq IV (Aa-kheper-ra), XXXVII, 17-19.
Shens, X, 28.
Shesha, XXI, 9-18; XLIII, 17, 18.
Smendes (Neter-kheperu-ra), XXXVI, 34.
Taharqa, XXXVIII, 2, 4, 12.
Takelot (Hez-kheper-ra), XXXVII, 14.
Thothmes I (Aa-kheper-ka-ra), XXVII, 1-12; XXIX, 34.
Thothmes II (Aa-kheper-en-ra), XXVII, 15-17; XXIX, 43.
Thothmes III (Men-kheper-ra), p. 68, fig. 57; p. 90, fig. 98; p. 94, fig. 110; XXVIII, 5-34; XXIX, 29, 34-41.
Thothmes IV (Men-kheperu-ra), XXX, 18-25.
Tût-ankh-amen, XXXI, 32.
Uah-ab-ra (Aa-ab), VII, 5; X, 17.
Uah-ab-ra (Psamtek I), XXXVIII, 10, 11, 14, 19.
Uah-ka-ra (Bak-en-ren-ef), XXXVII, 22, 23.
Uazed, XXIII, 7-9.
Uaz-kheper-ra (Kames), XXVI, 1, 2.
Unas, IX, 6.
User-en-ra (Khŷan), VII, 7, 10; XXII, 20-26; XLIV, 6.
User-ka-ef, V, 7, 8.
User-khau-ra (Setnekht), XXXVI, 15, 16.
User kheperu ra (Sety II), XXXVI, 3-7.
User-maa-ra (Rameses II), XXXIV, 22-36; XXXV, 1-6, 8-16, 18, 19, 22-24; p. 75, figs. 78, 79; p. 90, fig. 103.
User-maa-ra (Rameses III), XXXVI, 17-21.
User-maa-ra (Rameses IV), XXXVI, 22-24.
User-maa-ra (Rameses V), XXXVI, 25.
User-maa-ra (Rameses X), XXXVI, 32.
User-maa-ra (Shashanq III), XXXVII, 16.
User-ra Mery-amen (Rameses VII), XXXVI, 27.
Usertsen, VI, 5, 10, 15; IX, 15, 31.
Usertsen I (Kheper-ka-ra), p. 80, fig. 82; VI, 1; IX, 13, 14, 17, 18.
Usertsen II (Kha-kheperu-ra), VI, 1, 6, 7, 8; IX, 19, 20, 23.
Usertsen III (Kha-kau-ra), p. 93, fig. 107; VI, 1, 9, 11; IX, 22, 24.
Yamu, XXII, 4-6.
Ykeb, XXII, 7-13; XLIII, 21, 22.
Ykebher (Mer-user-ra), XXII, 27-30; XXIII, 1-3.
Zeser-ka-ra (Amenhetep I), VIII, 2, 5; XXVI, 23-31, 33.
Zeser-kheperu-ra (Hor-em-heb), I, 5, XXXIV, 1-6.
* * * * *
(_b_) QUEENS.
Aah-hetep, XXVI, 4, 5, 32.
Aahmes, XXVII, 13, 14.
Aahmes-nefret-ari, XXVI, 12-16, 31, 13, 14.
Aah-sat, XXVIII, 37.
Amenardes, XXXVII, 20, 21, 26, 27.
Ana, XII, 4, 5.
Ankhes-pa-aten, XXXI, 33.
Auhet-abu, X, 3.
Hap-en-maat, IV, 15.
Hatshepsut meryt-ra, XXVIII, 35, 36.
Hatshepsut (see under Kings).
Karamama, XXXVII, 9; XL, 8.
Kema, X, 5, 9.
Khensu, XIV, 19.
Maat-neferu-ra, XXXV, 15.
Meryt-amen, XXVI, 19-22.
Mut-nezemt, XXXIV, 7, 8.
Nefer-neferu aten Nefert yti, XXXI, 30.
Nefret-ari, XXVI, 12, 15, 16, 31.
Nefret-ari mer-en-mut, XXXV, 7.
Nub-hetep-tha, XII, 26; XLIV, 13.
Sat-aah, XXVIII, 37.
Sat-sebek, XII, 6.
Sebek-shedeti-neferu, VI, 21.
Senb-hena-es, XII, 30.
Shep-en-upt, XXXVII, 24.
Tausert, XXXVI, 10-12.
Tautha, XXIII, 17.
Thïŷ, VIII, 3; XXX, 28; XXXI, 3, 4, 8, 16-18; XXXII, 1-3; XXXIII, 1, 2.
Uazet, XXIII, 18.
* * * * *
(_c_) PRINCES.
Aahmes, XXVI, 6.
Amenmes, XXVI, 34.
Antef, XII, 1.
Apek, XXIII, 13, 14.
Apepa, XXIII, 29.
Ar, XIII, 1.
Kha-kau, XII 2.
Kupepen, XXIII, 15, 16.
Nehesi, XXIII, 4.
Pa-ra-her-amen-ef, XXXV, 20.
Ramessu-user-pehti, XXXV, 20.
Sa-hathor, XII, 3.
Sa-kat-sa, XXIII, 23.
Sheshemet, XXIII, 12.
Turi, XXVI, 35.
Y-kebu, XLII, 22.
Za-hapi-amen, p. 91, fig. 105.
(_d_) PRINCESSES.
A-ta-kayt, VI, 20.
Erde-ne-Ptah, XIV, 18.
Mehen-pet-tha, IV, 5.
Merŷt, IX, 30, 34.
Meryt-amen, XXVI, 22.
Neb-ta, XXVI, 36.
Neb-tep-ahu, XLIV, 25.
Nefert-ankt-uben, IX, 35.
Neferu-ra, XXVIII, 1-4.
Nub-em-ant, IX, 39.
Ptah-ur-bau, XVII, 1.
Rensenb, XVII, 8.
Sat-Hathor, IX, 33.
Sat-kames, XXVI, 17.
Tursi XXVI, 18.
PLATES.
FOOTNOTES
Footnote 1:
The reader must understand, however, that not _all_ Egyptian scarabs were used as seals. Some, but a very small number compared to the seal class, were used as amulets, and a few, like medals, were cut to commemorate historical events. The amulet class will be dealt with in another volume; the medal-like series is included in the present work (see pp. 170-178.)
Footnote 2:
[Egyptian **] _khetem_, “a seal,” [Egyptian **] _khetem_, “to close,” or “to seal up.” In Hebrew the word is חֹתָם, which survives in the Arabic, [Arabic **] _khatim_, “a signet,” or “signet ring.” The determinatives [Egyptian **] and [Egyptian **] represent a cylinder-seal, with string for suspension; Petrie, _Medûm_, p. 33; _cf._ p. 45, figs. 18, 19, of this volume, and Griffith, _Beni Hasan_, III, p. 15. The intermediate form between these two signs is found in sculptures in the tomb of Tahutihetep at Bersheh (Newberry, _El Bersheh_, I, Pl. XX).
Footnote 3:
_American Law Review_, Vol. XXVIII, p. 25.
Footnote 4:
C. W. King. _Hand-book of Engraved Gems_, pp. 4 and 5.
Footnote 5:
_American Law Review_, Vol. XXV, p. 25.
Footnote 6:
De Morgan, _Le tombeau royal de Négadah_, p. 172.
Footnote 7:
Petrie, _Royal Tombs_, I, p. 26.
Footnote 8:
_E.g._, _Boulac Papyrus_, No. 18. A _mer khetemu_, “Superintendent of the storehouse,” in the land of Zaru is mentioned in the Bologna Papyrus, No. 1086, l. 11.
Footnote 9:
Newberry, _Rekhmara_, Pl. XII.
Footnote 10:
_Rekhmara_, Pl. VII, l. 3.
Footnote 11:
See, for instance, Griffith, _Kahun Papyri_, Pl. XXXVII, “Drawn out by the servant there and sealed with the seal of the servant there,” and _cf._ numerous entries in _Boulac Papyrus_, No. 18.
Footnote 12:
Mace, in Petrie’s _Diospolis Parva_, p. 51; and this has been my own experience in the graves that I have opened at Thebes.
Footnote 13:
See the description of the sealing up of the sarcophagus chamber of the tomb of Thothmes IV, in Carter and Newberry, _The Tomb of Thoutmosis IV_, p. xxx, and _cf._ Wilkinson’s _Manners and Customs of the Ancient Egyptians_ (ed. Birch), Vol. III, p. 436; Herodotus, II, 121; Matthew xxvii, 66.
Footnote 14:
For a copy of a sealed decree of the Fifth Dynasty, see Petrie’s _Abydos_, II, Pl. XVIII. On the walls of two tombs at Siut (one unpublished) are inscribed a number of contracts that were concluded by the nomarchs in order to ensure certain revenues for religious services after death (see Griffith, _Siut_, Pls. 7 and 8, and _cf._ Mariette’s _Abydos_, II, 25, and Jeremiah xxxii, 11.
Footnote 15:
_Cf._ Isaiah xxix, 11; Daniel ix, 24, xii, 49. “Written evidence sealed,” Jeremiah xii, 10, xxxii, 11, 14, 44.
Footnote 16:
See Professor Sayce, in Petrie’s _Hawara, Biahmu and Arsinoe_, p. 29.
Footnote 17:
See above, p. 22, note 1.
Footnote 18:
Compare 1 Kings xxi, 8, and Esther iii, 10-12.
Footnote 19:
_P.S.B.A._, XIV, 436, and XV, 307.
Footnote 20:
Gurob Papyri, in Griffith’s _Kahun Papyri_, XXXIX, 1, 6.
Footnote 21:
Ridgeway, _Journal of Hellenic Studies_, Vol. VIII, p. 158, and Vol. IX, p. 30 _et seq._
Footnote 22:
_Cf._ Mommsen, _Hist. of Rome_ (English edition), Vol. I, p. 203.
Footnote 23:
The ox being _par excellence_ the _pecus_ of Italy.
Footnote 24:
_Rhind Mathematical Papyrus_, entry No. 67.
Footnote 25:
_Cf._ “Sealing with the Signet of the King,” Daniel vi, 17; Esther iii, 12; viii, 8, 10; 1 Kings, xxi, 8.
Footnote 26:
Our own sovereigns, as well as those of most other European States, have been from very early times invested with a ring at their Coronation (see _Archaeologia_, Vol. III, p. 393), _cf._ _The Coronation Book of Charles V of France_, edited by E. S. Dewick, pp. 6, 22 and 33.
Footnote 27:
Compare Naville’s _Deir El Bahari_, III, 60.
Footnote 28:
In the Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris, line 7.
Footnote 29:
_Book of the Dead_, 255.
Footnote 30:
Palette of Ptahmes in the Louvre (No. 3026); _cf._ Pierret, _Rec. d’inscriptions inédite_, I, p. 93.
Footnote 31:
On the reading, see _supra_, p. 5.
Footnote 32:
We find, for instance, those of the _per seten_, or “Royal domain,” _A.Z._, 1888, p. 90; of the _per zet_, or wakf, Petrie, _Medûm_, Pl. XIII; of the _at af_, “department of meat,” Mariette, _Mon. Abyd._, 290, 308; and many others.
Footnote 33:
See L., _D._, II, 4, where he carries a box of linen; _cf._ my _Beni Hasan_, I, Pl. IV, and II, Pl. XIII, where there is a _khetemu ne ḥenket_, “Seals of the linen.” In _Beni Hasan_, I, Pl. XXIX, we find the corresponding feminine title [Egyptian **], a woman who apparently had charge of the harîm, or perhaps was a confidential female servant. A title [Egyptian **] also occurs very frequently on Egyptian monuments (Griffith, _Kahun Papyri_, Pl. XII, l. 1; Mariette, _Mon. Abyd._, 182, 183, 187; Newberry, _El Bersheh_, I, Pls. XX, XXIX, _etc._). It seems to mean a kind of “confidential seal,” or “privy purse.”
Footnote 34:
L., _D._, II, 96.
Footnote 35:
L., _D._, II, 103 a.
Footnote 36:
Mariette, _Cat. Abyd._, 855; _The Story of Sanehat_, l. 300; L., _D._, II, El Assassif, Grab 25, c.d.
Footnote 37:
This title was formerly believed to signify “Treasurer of the King of Lower Egypt,” but it must be pointed out that _byty_, in the royal title, meant “He that belongs to the bee,” or perhaps, “the Bee-keeper.” Bees were the producers of the chief of primitive luxuries, and the use of honey and the offering of it instead of wine ought probably to be considered as a survival from a prehistoric state of society in which wine was unknown (_cf._ _Journal of Hellenic Studies_, Vol. XV, p. 21). If this meant “Treasurer of the King of Lower Egypt,” we should expect to find a corresponding [Egyptian **] “Treasurer of the King of _Upper_ Egypt,” but this title, so far as I know, never occurs.
Footnote 38:
In the Twelfth Dynasty and later is found the frequently recurring variant [Egyptian **]. See _A.Z._, 1890, p. 91.
Footnote 39:
Stele of Kuban, l. 11.
Footnote 40:
Thus we read of a [Egyptian **] “Divine Sealer of Amen” under Alexander (_Rec. de travaux_, XIV, p. 33); and Plutarch (II, 363 B) speaks of an Egyptian priest, [Greek: sphragistês], who seems to have been identical with this old Egyptian official. _Cf._ further on this title, Revillout, in _A.Z._, 1880, p. 71-3.
Footnote 41:
_Rec. de travaux_, XIV, p. 33 and 57.
Footnote 42:
Louvre, C. 13.
Footnote 43:
_Rec. de travaux_, VII, 115.
Footnote 44:
L., _D._, II, 18, 114, etc.
Footnote 45:
L., _D._, II, 115 _b_, 144 _q_, etc.
Footnote 46:
L., _D._, II, 18, 97 _a_, etc.
Footnote 47:
The earliest instance of this title that I know of occurs at Shût er Rigal, in the scene of King Antef (Eleventh Dynasty) before Neb-kheru-Ra Mentu-hetep: here the _mer khetem_ stands immediately behind his sovereign Antef. The title also occurs in a tomb at Kasr es Sayyad, the date of which may be perhaps a little earlier than the Shût er Rigal graffito.
Footnote 48:
This title should not be confounded with the somewhat similar one [Egyptian **], “Superintendent of the Sealers,” _Beni Hasan_, I, xxx. Nor is it, of course, the same as the [Egyptian **] “Superintendent Storehouses” or “depôts” (Pap. Bologna, 1086, I, 2). It ought also perhaps to be differentiated from [Egyptian **] “Superintendent” or “Keeper of Contracts” or “Records?” although there appear to be several instances where [Egyptian **] equals [Egyptian **].
Footnote 49:
_Cf._ the title _mer net_, “Governor of the (Royal) City” (see my _Rekhmara_, p. 18, and _cf._ my note in Garstang’s _El Arabah_, p. 32); _khetem_ is here probably to be understood as signifying _the_ seal _par excellence_, _i.e._, the Royal Seal.
Footnote 50:
For a _mer khetem_ in (1) the Oryx nome, see Newberry, _Beni Hasan_, I, Pl. XXX, etc.; (2) the Hare nome, see Newberry, _El Bersheh_, I, Pl. XXVII; (3) the Siut nome there is a _mer khetem em Saut_ mentioned in an unpublished tomb; (4) the Antaeopolite nome, on an unpublished fragment from the tomb of Uah-ka at Gau.
Footnote 51:
See Newberry, _Beni Hasan_, I, Pl. XXVI.
Footnote 52:
_Ibid._, Pl. XXX, _cf._ Pl. XIII.
Footnote 53:
_Ibid._, Pl. XXXIII.
Footnote 54:
_Ibid._, Pl. XXIX.
Footnote 55:
On the word _kha_, see the paper in the _Proceedings_ of the Society of Biblical Archæology, XXII, pp. 99-105.
Footnote 56:
See Newberry, _Life of Rekhmara_, Pl. IV, and p. 23, where will be found a plan of the office.
Footnote 57:
It is probable that already at the time of the Eleventh Dynasty there was a Chief Keeper of the (Royal) Seal, for Mariette found at Karnak a monument of a certain Khetŷ, who is described as _mer khetem em ta er zer-ef_, “Keeper of the (Royal) Seal in the whole land.” Mariette, _Karnak_, pl. 8 j.) Of this Khetŷ there is a statuette in the Leyden Museum, and he is certainly the same individual as we see represented behind King Antef on one of the rocks of the Shût er Rigal. Under the New Empire we find mentioned once a [Egyptian **] “Chief Keeper of the Seal of the Great Green Sea,” _i.e._, of the Mediterranean. (Capart, in _Rec. de travaux_, XXII, p. 106.)
Footnote 58:
This is seen from many inscriptions: Notably from the rock inscription of Mentu-hetep in the Shût er Rigal; the inscription of Nefer-hetep at Aswan (De Morgan, _Cat._, I, p. 17); the inscriptions of Rekhmara (Newberry, _Rekhmara_, Pl. III, l. 5, etc.); the scene on a slab from the tomb of a High Priest of Memphis, where the Chancellor is represented standing immediately behind the Vezîrs; and from the very powerful position of the Chancellor Baŷ under Ta-usert and Sa-ptah. The position of the Chancellors during the Hyksos period was also of very great importance.
Footnote 59: