CHAPTER XI
_LEGAL MATTERS AFFECTING SCAFFOLDING. LOCAL BYE-LAWS_
Regulations governing the erection of scaffolding have been made by many of the principal Local Authorities in the Kingdom. Their purpose is to safeguard the public using the thoroughfares near which the structures are built. Those issued by the City Corporation of London are summarised as follows:—
CORPORATION OF LONDON
_REGULATIONS FOR SCAFFOLDS_
APPLICATIONS
_Each application for a scaffold is to be entered in a book, with headings for the following information:—_
_Name of street or place, and number of house._
_Nature of work to be executed._ _Area of ground level of new premises to be built, or old premises largely altered._
_Number of storeys, including ground floor, if new premises are to be built or old premises altered._
_Length of scaffolding needed._
_Time for which license is requested._
_Name and address of Owner._ _Name and address of Architect._ _Name and address of Builder._
_Date of Application._
_Signature of Applicant._
REGULATIONS
_The Inspector of Pavements is to report in the application book the time he thinks needful for the scaffold to be licensed; the license is then to be made out, and the conditions entered in the book by the Engineer’s Clerk._
_If there is disagreement between the applicant and the Inspector, as to the time needed, the Engineer will decide._
_No scaffold is to project beyond the foot-way pavement where it is narrow, nor more than 6 feet where it is wide enough to admit of such projection; any deviation on account of special reasons is to be stated upon the license._
_No scaffold is to be enclosed so as to prevent passengers passing under it._
_The lower stages of scaffolds are to be close or doubly planked; each stage to have fan and edge boards, and such other precautions to be taken as the Inspector of Pavements requires, to prevent dirt or wet falling upon the public, or for the public safety._
_No materials are to be deposited below any scaffold._
_Where practicable or needed, a boarded platform, 4 feet wide, and as much wider as may be necessary for the traffic, with stout post rails, and wheel kerbs on the outside of it, are to be constructed outside the scaffold, as the Inspector may direct._
_Where it is necessary in the public interest, applicants shall form a gantry, stage, or bridge over the public-way, if required, so as to allow the foot passengers to pass beneath it. The gantry is to be double planked, and so constructed as to prevent dust, rubbish, or water falling upon the foot passengers, and the licensee shall keep the public-way beneath it clean to the satisfaction of the Inspector._
_Scaffolds are to be watched and lighted at night._
_All fire hydrants must be left unenclosed in recesses formed of such size and in such manner as may enable the hydrant to be easily got at and used._
_Public lamps are not to be enclosed without the permission of the Engineer. When such enclosure is permitted, the applicant shall put a lamp or lamps temporarily outside the scaffold, so that the public-way may be properly lighted._
_The licensee shall undertake to employ and pay the Contractors to the Corporation to make good the pavements, lamps, and all works disturbed, to the satisfaction of the Engineer._
_Licenses are not allowed to be transferred._
Other cities have similar regulations, but are not generally so complete in detail.
=Scaffoldings.=—The Burgh Police (Scotland) Act of 1903 (3 Edw. VII., ch. 33) contains among its general clauses the following:—
=Sec. 32.=—_The dean of guild court shall on the application of the burgh surveyor have power to prohibit and stop the erection, use, or employment, and to order the alteration or removal of any crane, scaffolding, staging, or shoring in or connected with the construction and erection, or the demolition, alteration, repair, or securing of any new or existing building, or in or connected with any excavation for the purpose of any work authorised by the dean of guild court, where such crane, scaffolding, staging or shoring is, or is likely to be, in the judgment of the burgh surveyor, a source of danger._
=Sec. 103.=—_'Dean of guild court’ shall, in this Act, as regards burghs where there is no dean of guild court, mean the town council._
The above Act applies to Scotland only, and the section mentioned first is carried out only so far as it affects the safety of the public at large.
_FACTORY AND WORKSHOP ACT, 1901_
Section 105 of the above Act, so far as it relates to buildings, reads as follows:—
BUILDINGS
105.—(1). _The provisions of this Act with respect to_—
(1) _power to make orders as to dangerous machines (section 17)_;
(2) _accidents (sections 19-22)_;
(3) _regulations for dangerous trades (sections 79-86)_;
(4) _powers of inspection (section 119); and_
(5) _fines in case of death or injury (section 136) shall have effect as if any premises on which machinery worked by steam, water, or other mechanical power, is temporarily used for the purpose of the construction of a building or any structural work in connection with a building were included in the word 'factory,’ and the purpose for which the machinery is used were a manufacturing process, and as if the person who, by himself, his agents, or workmen, temporarily uses any such machinery for the before-mentioned purpose were the occupier of the said premises; and for the purpose of the enforcement of those provisions the person so using any such machinery shall be deemed to be the occupier of a factory._
(2). _The provisions of this Act with respect to notice of accidents, and the formal investigation of accidents, shall have effect as if any building which exceeds 30 feet in height, and which is being constructed or repaired by means of a scaffolding ... were included in the word 'factory,’ and as if ... the employer of the persons engaged in the construction or repair ... were the occupier of a factory._
It will be noticed that the provisions of the Act are more stringent for buildings which are being constructed or repaired by machinery, and that these buildings come within the provisions of the Act whether or not they exceed the limit of 30 feet.
The provisions of the Act as mentioned in the beginning of this section have been embodied in the following abstract, issued from the Home Office, January 1902.
Form 57.[6]
_January 1902._
_FACTORY AND WORKSHOP ACT, 1901_
_Abstract of the provisions of the Act as to_
BUILDINGS IN COURSE OF CONSTRUCTION OR REPAIR
H.M. INSPECTOR OF FACTORIES, } _To whom Communications and_ } _Notices should be addressed_ }
H.M. SUPERINTENDING INSPECTOR } OF FACTORIES }
H.M. CHIEF INSPECTOR OF } ARTHUR WHITELEGGE, FACTORIES } ESQ., M.D., } Home Office, London, S. W.
CERTIFYING SURGEON
Certain provisions of the Factory and Workshop Act, including those which are stated below, apply as if any premises on which machinery worked by mechanical power is temporarily used in the construction of a building, or in structural work in connection with a building, were a factory, and as if the purpose for which the machinery is used were a manufacturing process. For the purpose of the enforcement of those provisions, the person so using (by himself, his agents, or workmen) any such machinery is deemed to be the occupier of a factory.
In the case of buildings over 30 feet in height, which are being constructed or repaired by means of scaffolding, paragraphs 4 and 6 apply in like manner, whether machinery be used or not; and for the purpose of their enforcement the employer of the persons engaged in the construction or repair is deemed to be the occupier of a factory.
The provisions stated below apply also to any private line or siding used in connection with a building in course of construction or repair as above.
[Sidenote: Dangerous Machinery or Plant.]
1.—If any part of the ways, works, machinery, or plant (including a steam boiler) is in such condition that it cannot be used without danger to life or limb, a Court of Summary Jurisdiction may, on complaint of an Inspector, make an order prohibiting it from being used, absolutely or until it is duly repaired or altered.
[Sidenote: Dangerous Processes.]
2.—If any machinery, plant, process, or description of manual labour is dangerous or injurious to health, or dangerous to life or limb, regulations may be made by the Secretary of State.
[Sidenote: Steam Boilers.]
3.—Every steam boiler must (_a_) be maintained in proper condition, and (_b_) have a proper safety-valve, steam-gauge, and water-gauge, all maintained in proper condition, and (_c_) be thoroughly examined by a competent person every 14 months. A signed report of the result of the examination must be entered within 14 days in a Register to be kept for the purpose in the premises (Form 73[7]).
[Sidenote: Accidents.]
[7]4.—When there occurs in the premises any accident which causes to a person employed therein such injury as to prevent him on any one of the three working days next after the occurrence of the accident from being employed for five hours on his ordinary work, written Notice (Form 43[7]) must be sent forthwith to H.M. Inspector for the district.
5.—Every such accident must also be entered in a Register to be kept for the purpose in the premises (Form 73[7]).
6.—If the accident is fatal, or is produced by machinery moved by power, or by a vat or pan containing hot liquid, or by explosion, or by escape of gas or steam, written Notice (Form 43[7]) must _also_ be sent forthwith to the Certifying Surgeon for the district.
[Sidenote: Returns.]
7.—If so required by the Secretary of State, a return of the persons employed must be sent to H.M. Chief Inspector of Factories at such times and with such particulars as may be directed.
[Sidenote: Powers of Inspectors.]
8.—H.M. Inspectors have power to inspect every part of the premises by day or by night. They may require the production of registers, certificates, and other papers. They may examine any person found in the premises either alone or in the presence of any other person as they think fit, and may require him to sign a declaration of the truth of the matters about which he is examined. They may also exercise such other powers as may be necessary for carrying the Act into effect. Every person obstructing an Inspector, or refusing to answer his questions, is liable to a penalty.
The limiting height of 30 feet has been inserted for the reason, apparently, that it was not considered desirable to bring those minor accidents which might reasonably be expected to occur on the smaller buildings into notice.
_NOTICE OF ACCIDENTS ACT, 1906_
Certain provisions of the Factory and Workshop Act, 1901, have recently been repealed, viz. Sec. 19, which deals with the notification of accidents. The repealing Act, and which contains clauses replacing the section, is known as Notice of Accidents Act, 1906, which came into operation on the first day of January 1907. The fourth section, which applies to buildings, reads as follows:—
=Sec. 4.=—(1) _Where any accident occurs in a factory or workshop which is either_—
(_a_) _an accident causing loss of life to a person employed in the factory or workshop; or_
(_b_) _an accident due to any machinery moved by mechanical power, or to molten metal, hot liquid explosion, escape of gas or steam, or to electricity, and so disabling any person employed in the factory or workshop as to cause him to be absent throughout at least one whole day from his ordinary work; or_
(_c_) _an accident due to any other special cause which the Secretary of State may specify by order, and causing such disablement as aforesaid; or_
(_d_) _an accident disabling for more than seven days a person employed in the factory or workshop from working at his ordinary work,_
_written notice of the accident, in such form and accompanied by such particulars as the Secretary of State prescribes, shall forthwith be sent to the inspector of the district and also in the case of the accidents mentioned in paragraphs (a) and (b) of this subsection, and (if the order of the Secretary of State specifying the special cause so requires) of accidents mentioned in paragraph (c), to the certifying surgeon of the district._
(2) _If any accident causing disablement is notified under this section, and after notification thereof results in the death of the person disabled, notice in writing of the death shall be sent to the inspector as soon as the death comes to the knowledge of the occupier of the factory or workshop._
(3) _If any notice with respect to an accident in a factory or workshop required to be sent by this section is not sent as so required, the occupier of the factory or workshop shall be liable to a fine not exceeding ten pounds._
(4) _If any accident to which this section applies occurs to a person employed in a factory or workshop the occupier of which is not the actual employer of the person killed or injured, the actual employer shall immediately report the same to the occupier, and in default shall be liable to a fine not exceeding five pounds._
(5) _The foregoing provisions of this section shall be substituted for section nineteen of the Factory and Workshop Act, 1901._[8]
This amendment, as before stated, renders Part 4 of the Abstract inoperative.
The Notice of Accidents Act also imposes new duties upon employers. Section 5 reads as follows:—
=Sec. 5.=—(1) _If the Secretary of State considers that, by reason of the risk of serious injury to persons employed, it is expedient that notice should be given under this Act in every case of any special class of explosion, fire, collapse of buildings, accidents to machinery or plant, or other occurrences in a mine or quarry, or in a factory or workshop, including any place which for the purpose of the provisions of the Factory and Workshop Act, 1901, with respect to accidents is a factory or workshop, or is included in the word 'factory’ or 'workshop,’ or is part of a factory or workshop, the Secretary of State may by order extend the provisions of this Act requiring notice of accidents to be given to an inspector to any class of occurrences, whether personal injury or disablement is caused or not, and, where any such order is made, the provisions of this Act shall have effect as extended by the order._
(2) _The Secretary of State may by any such order allow the required notice of any occurrence to which the order relates, instead of being sent forthwith, to be sent within the time limited by the order._
The Secretary of State, acting under this section, issued an order in December 1906 which stipulates that such an occurrence as the breaking of a rope, chain, or other appliance used for raising or lowering persons or goods by means of mechanical power should be forthwith notified on Form 43 by the occupier of the factory to the Inspector for the district.
_REPORT BY AN INSPECTOR OF THE HOME OFFICE ON BUILDING ACCIDENTS_
Under Sections 79-85 of the Factory and Workshop Act the Secretary of State is empowered to make regulations for any description of manual labour that is dangerous or injurious to health, or dangerous to life or limb. No regulations for the building trade have as yet been made, but in the Chief Inspector of Factories’ Annual Report for 1905 a number of suggestions made by a member of the factory department were printed for the guidance of those engaged in building operations. They are as follows:—
1. _All working platforms from which it is possible for a workman or material, tools, and plant to fall a distance of more than 8 feet should, before employment takes place thereon, be provided throughout their entire length both on the inside and outside, and at the ends_—
(_a_) _with a guard-rail fixed at a height of 3 feet 6 inches above the scaffold boards;_
(_b_) _with boards fixed so that their bottom edges rest on or abut to the scaffold boards. The boards so fixed shall rise above the working platform not less than 7 inches._
_Always providing_—
(i) _that where the working platform is fixed within a distance of 12 inches from the buildings, the guard-rail and boards need not be supplied to the inward side;_
(ii) _that where it is necessary to deposit upon the working platform material which could not be deposited thereon if the guard-rail and boards were fixed, the guard-rail and boards may be removed for this purpose;_
(iii) _that the guard-rail and boards need not be fixed within a reasonable distance of each side of any ladder which provides a means of access to the working platform;_
(iv) _that the guard-rail and boards may be removed between any two standards between which material is being landed;_
(v) _that the guard-rail may be considered unnecessary where additional boards on edge are fixed to a height of 3 feet 6 inches._
_The reason for the limit of 8 feet is as follows:—_
_The first platform is generally 5 to 6 feet above the ground and the material required on that platform can be placed upon it from the ground level. If this is done safeguards are in the way. But on the second platform about 10 feet high this would not hold good, and from that point safeguards should be provided._
_Guard-rails should be rigid, and not movable as would be the case if a rope or chain were fixed. Workmen are used to rigidity in their surroundings, and their sense of safety is increased by the use of rigid rails. It would also be difficult to keep ropes at the required height as they lengthen in dry weather._
_Boards to be placed on edge are usually 9 inches wide; therefore a rise of 7 inches can easily be provided, even when the boards butt to the platform by resting on the putlogs. In exposed situations they are better tied into position than nailed as nails draw under wind pressure._
_A scaffold is usually within a few inches of the building, except where breaks in the wall of the erection occur, so that rails and edge boards are not usually necessary on the inside of the platform._
_In allowing a reasonable distance on each side of a ladder, consideration must be given not only for the landing of workmen but also for material being carried; 4 or 5 feet should be sufficient._
2. _All bridging runs between different portions of a scaffold or building, and from which a workman could fall a distance of more than 8 feet, should be not less than 18 inches wide. If composed of two or more boards they should be fastened together in such a manner as to prevent unequal sagging._
_The word 'bridging’ is used to differentiate from those runs which are continuously supported along the top of a wall or in other ways. Some discretion should be used as to the prevention of unequal sagging. If the runs have frequent supports, say every 3 feet, the sagging would be so slight as to be negligible. Where necessary, in lieu of a properly constructed gangway, wooden straps screwed on the under side and at right angles to the run would be satisfactory._
3. _Scaffold boards forming part of a working platform or run should be carried at each end by a putlog or similar support and should not project more than 6 inches beyond it unless lapped by other boards which should rest partly on or over the same putlog and partly upon putlogs other than those upon which the supported board rests._
_Always providing:—That this suggestion should not apply to any projection at the ends of the working platform and similar places effectively guarded._
_This suggestion is intended to prevent the formation of traps, that is: boards so laid upon the putlogs that they would tilt under pressure. Traps are the cause of accidents from which the victims have little chance of escape, for when on a platform it is not easy to ascertain how the platform is supported. Also, it must be remembered that workmen do not always note the position of the putlogs which support them. Even when originally well laid, boards often lose their position unless they are butted, and this means that constant supervision should be given to their position by the scaffolder._
_When butted, the putlogs at the board ends should be within 12 inches of each other and the boards given an equal projection, otherwise they may tilt. Although this may not result in such a serious accident as when the boards lap each other, it still remains a danger to be avoided._
_4. Ladders used as a means of communication in, on, or about a scaffold or building under construction or repair should rise at least 6 feet above the place they give access to._
_When climbing a ladder a man’s arms are at about right angles to his body, but to land it is easier and therefore safer to raise them somewhat higher. Therefore the limit of 6 feet would be safe except to a tall man. A piece of wood or rope nailed at the top of a short ladder would however give notice that there was no higher hand hold._
5. _Ladders used as a means of communication in, on, or about a scaffold or building under construction or repair should have a level and solid footing and be securely fixed at the top point of rest._
_A firmly fixed wedge will usually supply a level-footing. A sloping pavement generally causes this danger when the ladder is not standing at right angles to the incline._
_A solid footing is also most necessary. Ladders are sometimes seen raised upon a stack of loose bricks or other similar material, which is a most dangerous practice._
_Ladders can be fixed in various ways:_—
(_a_) _by lodgment on a suitable part of the building, say within an embrasure;_
(_b_) _by tying to the highest point of rest;_
(_c_) _by the use of guy ropes to adjacent parts of the building._
_As to_—
(_a_) _This is a fairly satisfactory method and is safer with long and therefore heavy ladders, the weight being helpful to keep the proper position._
(_b_) _is the most secure but not always possible._
(_c_) _allows of considerable play, but is fairly safe if the ladder has a fixed footing._
6. _No ladder serving as a means of communication in, on, or about a scaffold or building in course of construction or repair should have an additional smaller ladder attached to or spliced on to it for the purpose of obtaining extra length._
_Ladders are often spliced especially for light work. The danger arises from the displacement of the usual handhold and also foothold, if the tying slips or gives sufficiently, so that the rungs, where the lap takes place, are not on the same level._
7. _Openings within the working platforms through which workmen could fall a distance greater than 8 feet should be surrounded with a guard-rail fixed at a height of 3 feet 6 inches above the working platform._
_A guard-rail may at times interfere with the free use of the platform, and where this occurs an alternative is to fit the well hole with trap doors which can be closed when the well is out of use._
8. _No loose putlogs or other timbers should be allowed to remain projecting from the face of the scaffold where hoisting or lowering of material or plant is carried on._
_The danger from any projecting timbers is a real one. If loose the transport of material may disturb it by contact, or the material itself may fall. The face of the scaffold would be an imaginary line drawn from standard to standard on their outside._
9. _Baskets when loaded should not be slung from the handles only, but the sling should be passed round the bottom of the basket. Provided always that if means have been taken in the construction of the basket to prevent its handles and bottom breaking out, this suggestion need not apply._
_Several baskets are now on the market with wire ropes &c. used in their construction, and which prevent the handles &c. breaking away. The life of an ordinary basket in constant use averages about a fortnight, but much depends upon the material carried, slates, for instance, having a particularly wearing effect._
10. _All poles before being used in the construction of the scaffold should be barked._
_This is generally done, but is imperative when the poles are to be used as standards. If not ripped off the bark acts as a sheath to the pole, and having little adhesion thereto will slip under pressure such as is exerted by the ledgers._
11. _No work should take place on a working platform until its construction is complete, unless the portion incomplete is effectively guarded from the men using it._
_In the course of building, the working platforms have to be raised as the work progresses. It is at these times that the dangers arise which the above suggestion is intended to prevent._
_As a rule only one platform is completely sheeted (i.e., boarded) at a time, and in the transition stage of raising the platform the workmen are tempted to proceed with their work before it is completed and safeguarded. The remedy is for the use of additional timber._
12. _No alteration of or interference with the construction of the scaffold should be made except with the authority of a responsible person._
_On small jobs the general foreman should take responsibility in this connection. On large works, where a foreman scaffolder is engaged, it should be his business to superintend all alterations._
13. _All plant should be constantly examined, and if any be found defective it should be disposed of in such a manner that its use cannot be continued unknowingly._
_Many builders have no objection to the total destruction of minor details of plant found defective when the same is ordered by the foreman. No general system of marking defective plant is in use, but a good plan is to arrange for its removal from the building, care being taken that its return to the yard as defective should be made known to those concerned._
14. _In such places where the scaffolding has not been erected by the direct employer of the men using it, or where its management has not been under his personal or deputed control or supervision, he should satisfy himself either personally or by his agents before allowing his employees to work thereon that the foregoing suggestions are kept in force on that portion of the scaffold and building with which he is concerned._
_This suggestion has a similar intention to the following clause often embodied in building contracts. It reads as follows:_—
'_The sub-contractor shall have the use in common with the workmen of the contractors and of other sub-contractors of existing scaffolding only. The sub-contractor shall, however, satisfy himself that any scaffolding used for the purpose of this contract is fit and proper for his purpose and shall be solely responsible for any accidents which may result from the user of such scaffolding or plant to himself or men in his employ._’
_It is of course unnecessary to add that accidents will occur even when the greatest attention and care are exercised. There is frequently no other reason for mishaps than overwork, rushing, misdirected economy in plant, and, it may be added, intoxicating liquors. Much depends upon the foreman in these matters. They are often first-rate managers of machinery, have an excellent knowledge of the best means of carrying out work, and not content with their existing reputations attempt to be also successful drivers of men. This is, perhaps, more likely to occur when the job is not paying: a hint from the employer to that effect will almost certainly result in an effort being made to retrieve matters. This is only natural and praiseworthy, if to gain the desired end the safety of the workmen is not jeopardised._
_The cost of properly safeguarding a scaffold is certainly an item, especially on large works, but should not be difficult to calculate. It is an expenditure that will not be in proportion to the cost of the building, but would be a direct charge upon the scaffolding required. I have made some calculations, and in estimating it would probably be found not to exceed an increase of 5 per cent. upon the amount devoted to the cost of the scaffold._
_THE WORKMEN’S COMPENSATION ACT, 1906_
In this Act, which came into force on July 1, 1907, no mention is made of the limitations included in the superseded Act of 1897, and which specially mentioned that compensation should only be paid for accidents occurring in, on, or about buildings which exceeded 30 feet in height and were either being constructed or repaired by means of a scaffolding, or being demolished, or on which machinery driven by steam, water, or other mechanical power was used for the purpose of the construction, repair, or demolition thereof.
In the new Act the liability of employers to workmen for injuries is expressed in Sec. 1 as follows:—
(1) _If in any employment[9] personal injury[10] by accident arising out of and in the course of his employment is caused to a workman, his employer shall, subject as hereinafter mentioned, be liable to pay compensation in accordance with the first schedule to this Act._
_Provided that—_
(_a_) _the employer shall not be liable under this Act in respect of any injury which does not disable the workman for a period of at least one week[11] from earning full wages at the work at which he was employed;_
(_b_) _when the injury was caused by the personal negligence or wilful act of the employer or of some person for whose act or default the employer is responsible, nothing in this Act shall affect any civil liability of the employer, but in that case the workman may at his option either claim compensation under this Act, or take proceedings independently of this Act[12]; but the employer shall not be liable to pay compensation for injury to a workman by accident arising out of and in the course of the employment both independently of and also under this Act, and shall not be liable to any proceedings independently of this Act, except in case of such personal negligence or wilful act as aforesaid;_
(_c_) _if it is proved that the injury to a workman is attributable to the serious and wilful misconduct of that workman, any compensation claimed in respect of that injury shall, unless that injury results in death or serious and permanent disablement,[13] be disallowed._
DEFINITION OF EMPLOYER AND WORKMAN
=Sec. 13.=—_In this Act, unless the context otherwise requires,_—
_'Employer’ includes any body of persons corporate or incorporate and the legal personal representative of a deceased employer, and, where the services of a workman are temporarily lent or let on hire to another person by the person with whom the workman has entered into a contract of service or apprenticeship, the latter shall, for the purposes of this Act, be deemed to continue to be the employer of the workman whilst he is working for that other person;_
_'Workman’ does not include any person employed otherwise than by way of manual labour whose remuneration exceeds two hundred and fifty pounds a year, or a person whose employment is of a casual nature and who is employed otherwise than for the purposes of the employer’s trade or business, or a member of a police force, or an out worker, or a member of the employer’s family dwelling in his house, but, save as aforesaid, means any person who has entered into or works under a contract of service or apprenticeship with an employer, whether by way of manual labour, clerical work, or otherwise, and whether the contract is expressed or implied, is oral or in writing;_
_Any reference to a workman who has been injured shall, where the workman is dead, include a reference to his legal personal representative or to his dependants or other person to whom or for whose benefit compensation is payable._
Both of these definitions have been altered from those given in the Act of 1897. The definition of employer has been extended from the words 'deceased employer.’ The definition of workman is much more definite, and does not allow of much theorising. With the few exceptions mentioned it covers all classes of service, and should certainly cover any persons whose duties are connected with scaffolding.
APPENDIX
_WEIGHT OF MATERIAL_
lbs. per cubic foot Asphalte (gritted) 156·00 Brick (common) from 97·31 Brick (common) to 125·00 Brick (red) 135·50 Brick (pale red) 130·31 Brick (Common London Stock) 115·00 Brick paving (English clinker) 103·31 Brick paving (Dutch clinker) 92·62 Brickwork in mortar, about 110·00 Cement (Roman) and sand (equal parts) 113·56 Cement alone (cast) 100·00 Chalk from 125·00 Chalk to 166·00 Chalk (Dorking) 116·81 Clay (common) 119·93 Clay (with gravel) 160·00 Concrete (lime) 130·00 Concrete (cement) 136·00 Earth (common) from 95·00 Earth (common) from 124·00 Earth (loamy) 126·00 Earth (rammed) 99·00 Earth (loose or sandy) 95·00 Firestone 112·00 Flint from 161·25 Flint to 164·37 Granite from 158·62 Granite to 187·47 Gravel 109·32 Iron (bar) from 475·00 Iron (bar) to 487·50 Iron (hammered) 485·18 Iron (not hammered) 475·00 Iron (cast) from 450·00 Iron (cast) to 475·00 Lead (milled) 712·93 Lead (cast) 709·50 Lime (quick) 52·68 Marble from 161·25 Marble to 177·50 Mortar (New) 110·00 Mortar (of river sand 3 parts, of lime in paste 2 parts) 100·93 Mortar well beaten together 118·31 Mortar (of pit sand) 99·25 Mortar well beaten together 118·93 Mortar (common of chalk, lime and sand, dry) 96·87 Mortar (lime, sand, and hair for plastering dry) 86·50 Sand (pure quartz) 171·87 Sand (river) 117·87 Sand (River Thames best) 102·37 Sand (pit, clean but coarse) 100·62 Sand (pit, but fine grained) 92·50 Sand (road grit) 93·37 Sand (River Thames inferior) 90·87 Slate, Welsh 180·50 Slate, Anglesea 179·75 Slate, Westmoreland (pale blue) 174·73 Slate, Westmoreland (fine-grained pale blue) 170·75 Slate, Westmoreland (dark blue) 173·43 Slate, Westmoreland (pale greenish blue) 173·00 Slate, Westmoreland (black blue for floors) 172·37 Slate, Welsh rag 172·00 Slate, Cornwall (greyish blue) 157·00 Snow from 8·00 Snow to 14·00 Shingle 95·00 Steel from 486·25 Steel to 490·00 Stone, Bath (roe stone) 155·87 Stone, Bath 123·43 Stone, blue lias (limestone) 54·18 Stone, Bramley Fall (sandstone) 56·62 Stone, Bristol 56·87 Stone, Caen 31·75 Stone, Clitheroe (limestone) 67·87 Stone, Derbyshire (red friable sandstone) 46·62 Stone, Dundee 58·12 Stone, Hilton (sandstone) 36·06 Stone, Kentish rag 66·00 Stone, Ketton (roe stone) 55·87 Stone, Kincardine (sandstone) 53·00 Stone, Penarth (limestone) 65·81 Stone, Portland (roe stone) 53·81 Stone, Portland 151·43 Stone, Purbeck 67·50 Stone, Woodstock (flagstone) 63·37 Stone, Yorkshire (paving) 56·68 Tile (common plain) 16·15 Water (sea) 64·18 Water (rain) 62·50 Wood (ash) 50·00 Wood (birch) 45·00 Wood (beech) 45·00 Wood (elm, common, dry) 34·00 Wood (fir, Memel dry) 34·00 Wood (fir, Norway spruce) 32·00 Wood (fir, Riga dry) 29·12 Wood (fir, Scotch dry) 26·80 Wood (larch, white wood seasoned) 22·75 Wood (larch, dry) 38·31 Wood (oak, English seasoned) 48·56 Wood (oak, Dantzic seasoned) 47·24 Wood (oak, Riga dry) 43·00 Zinc 450·00
FOOTNOTES:
[Footnote 1: _A Treatise on Shoring and Underpinning, and generally dealing with Dangerous Structures._ By Cecil Haden Stock. Third edition, revised by F. R. Farrow. (B. T. Batsford.)]
[Footnote 2: As derived from tests made by Messrs. Frost Bros., Ltd., rope manufacturers, London, E.]
[Footnote 3: Authority, Hodgkinson.]
[Footnote 4: These constants, in the absence of experiments, are assumed to vary according to the modulus of elasticity of the wood. (Tredgold, from Dr. Young’s _Nat. Philos._, vol. ii.)]
[Footnote 5: Tredgold’s _Carpentry_.]
[Footnote 6: These forms are to be obtained from Messrs. Wyman & Sons, Ltd., Fetter Lane, E.C.]
[Footnote 7: NOTE.—Part 4 is now inoperative. See p. 167.]
[Footnote 8: 1 Edw. VII., c. 22.]
[Footnote 9: This brings about the inclusion of any workmen who are defined as such in Sec. 13 of this Act. (See _post_, page 178C.)]
[Footnote 10: These words may bring an injury due to nervous shock within the provisions of the Act.]
[Footnote 11: This is an alteration from the Act of 1897, in which two weeks was the period of disablement necessary before compensation could be claimed.]
[Footnote 12: There is a slight alteration in drafting here from the Act of 1897, but in no way is the substance affected.]
[Footnote 13: The words 'unless that injury results in death or serious and permanent disablement’ are new and considerably enlarge the scope of the section.]
INDEX
Accidents Act, notice of, 167
Accidents, report on, by Home Office Inspector, 170
Ash, 70
Ashlar shears, 100
Attachment for hoisting, 129
Balks, 74
Barrows, 97
— hand, 97
Baskets, 95
Beams, strength of, 143, 145
— stiffest, 66
— strongest, 66
Birch, 70
Blocks and tackle, 120
Boards, 2, 26
— cutting of, 67
Boatswains’ boats, 45
Bogies, stone, 97
Bolts, 108
Braces, 2, 26
— strength of, 143, 151
Buckets, 93
Bye-laws, scaffolding, London, 161
Centering, supports to, 158
Centre of gravity, to find, 136
Chain lashings, 103
Chains, 9, 110
Chimney climbing, 33
Cleats, 51
Connections, 29
Constants, 143
Cordage, 76
— danger from damp, 158
— strength of, 76
Coupling links, 9, 105
Crabs, 16
Cradles, 43
Crane, 116
Crates, 99
Cripples, 93
Dangerous occurrences, notice of, 169
Dead shores, 58
Derrick platform, 6
— staging for traveller, 10
— stagings, 3
— travelling, 10
Dog irons, 107
— — fixing of, 107
Duck runs, 112
Edge boards, 156
Effect of weight, 136
— of wind pressure, 131
Elm, 70
Employer, definition of, 178B
Engines, 115
Face boards, 28
Factory Act, abstract of, 165
— — repeal of Sec. 19, 167
— — application of, 164
Fan guards, 159
Flying shores, 50
Footing blocks, 14, 17
— piece, 55
Gantries, 12, 16
Gin, 128
Guys, 9
Hatchet, 113
Height of building under Factory Act, 164
Hods, 97
Horizontal shores, 50
Jibs, 125
— masons’, 127
Joggles, 50
King legs, 3
Kites, 33
Knots, 78
Ladders, 90
— accidents from, 154
— fixing of, 8
Landing stages, 28
Larch, 69
Ledgers, 2
— connections between, 22
Levers, 106
Lewises, 102
Masons’ jibs, 127
Materials, weight of, Appendix
Mortar boards, 112
Nails, 113
Needles, 30
— for shoring, 50
Notice of accidents, 167
— — dangerous occurrences, 169
Oak, 70
Painters’ boats, 43
Pine, 69
Plant, danger from unsound, 158
— danger from insufficient, 159
Platforms, 6, 12
— for traveller, 15
Poles, 74
Posts, strength of, 143, 149
Pulleys, 118
— differential, 121
Puncheons, 20
Putlogs, 2, 74
— fixing of, 23
Queen legs, 3
Raking shores, 52
— — scantlings for, 54
— struts, 51
Repeal of Sec. 19 Factory Act, 1901, 167
Report by Home Office Inspector on building accidents, 170
Rider shore, 57
Rollers, 106
Runners, 2
Runs, 157
Scaffolders’ hatchet, 113
Scaffolding, definition of, 1
— foundations, 3
— application Burgh Police Scotland Act, 163
Scaffolding needle, 30
— proper control of, 158
— system of, 2
Scaffolds, bricklayers’, 19
— for chimneys, 31, 37
— for domes and arches, 42
— ladder, 46
— masons’, 27
— for steeples, 42
— swinging, 43
— for towers, 41
Shakes, cup, 62
— radial, 62
— weather, 69
Shear legs, 127
Shears, ashlar, 100
Shore, preparation of, 55
Shores, 2
Shoring, 49
Skips, 93
Slater’s truss, 111
Sleepers, 9
Sole piece, 55
Spikes, 113
Spruce, 69
Stagings, 17
Standards, 2
— fixing of rising, 21
Stone clips, 101
— cramps, 103
— slings, 101
Straining pieces, 51
Straps, 109
Struts, 2
— strength of, 149
— to shoring, 56
System, North country, 2
— South country, 12
Ties, 2
— strength of, 143, 151
Timber, branding, 71
Timber, classification and structure, 62
— conversion, 65
— decay of, 72
— defects in living tree, 62
— description, 69
— durability of, 74
— felling, 64
— preservation, 73
— scantlings, 65
— seasoning, 67
— selection, 70
— stacking, 67
— testing, 71
— use of scaffolding, 74
Tossles, 50
Transoms, 2
Traps, danger from, 157
Trestles, 92
Trucks, sack, 99
— timber, 99
Underpinning, 57
Wall plates, 50
Wedge driving, 57, 60
Wedges, 112
Weight, effect of, 136
— of materials, Appendix
Wells, safeguards, 156
Winch, 123
Wind pressures, 131
Window strutting, 58
Wire lashings, 103
— ropes, 109
Workman, definition of, 178C
Workmen’s Compensation Act, 178A
— — — liability of employers 178A
PRINTED BY SPOTTISWOODE AND CO. LTD., NEW-STREET SQUARE LONDON *