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INDEX
Aberdeen, 267
Adams, Clement, 192
Adams, M. Robert, 216
Admirals, rank of, 248
Admiralty and sheathing, 245; Admiralty flag, 199
Adriatic Sea, naval battle on the, 216
Africans, East, and the art of navigation, 51
Ailsa, Marquis of, 327
Alderney Race, 251
Alexander the Great, 44
Alfred’s, King, ships, 131
Algiers, bombardment of, 235; piracy, 233
Althiburus mosaic, 84
Amasis, 48
America, Columbus and, 183; the Vikings and, 92; the Phœnicians and, 50
America Cup, 293, 325
America, North, discovery of, 258; timber, 268
American Civil War, 266, 269; frigates, 256
American shipbuilding, 266; the Dutch and, 293
American War of 1812, 256; wasters, 296; yachting, 330; yachts, 325
Amsterdam, Rijks Museum, 241
Anchorena, Señor A. de, 332
Anchors, 72, 147, 154, 156
Anglo-Saxon ships, 131-133
Anne, Queen, navy of, 249
Anson, Lord, 258
Anthony’s, Anthony, “Roll,” 186
Aphlaston, the, 54, 58
Arctic expedition, Dutch, 231; exploration, 218
Armada, Spanish, 194, 197, 198, 202, 203, 206; tapestries of, 207; number of ships and their construction, 211-214
Artemon, or foresail, 79
Arun, River, ancient boat found near, 100
Atlantic emigrant traffic, 272; steamers, 266; yacht race across the, 330
Australia, 246, 268, 272
Australian aborigines and stone implements, 99
Babylonia, 20
Bakhuizen, Ludolf, 5
Ballast, 196, 324
Baltic, Phœnicians on the, 112; ketches, 303; ships, 10
Banners, 153. _See also_ Flags
Barber, Commander T. M., 37
Barcelona ships, 170
Barton Broad, 307
Baston, T. (engraver), 250
Bayeux Tapestry, the, 17, 134
Beaching, 60
Bedford, John, Duke of, 166
“Before the Mast,” 154
Bentall, Mr. E. H., 328
Bergen law for sailors, 127
Bernoulli, Jean, 243
Bibliography, 335 _et seq._
Bilge water, 249
Bill-hooks, 187, 199
Billingsgate, 235, 285, 303
Binnacles, 179
Black Ball liners, 270
Blackwall, 246, 267
Blake, Admiral, 230, 232, 233
Blankenberg boat, 312
Boar’s head, 60
Bodleian Library MS., 203
Bombay yacht, 309
Bonaventure mast, 175
Bonhomme, —, 209
Bonnets, 153, 178, 195, 275
Booms, 123
Boreas, 129
Boston, 255
Botley, Viking ship discovered at, 115
Bounty system for shipbuilding, 179
Bowlines, 179, 198, 210
Bows, 86; clipper, 266, 324; Greek, 61; overhanging, 329; Phœnician, 55; round, 257; schooner, 276; Viking double, 94
Bowsprit, 275
Brails, 65, 82, 262, 285
Brassey, Lord, 50, 327
Bremen, ancient boats discovered at, 102
Breydon Water, 307
Brigg prehistoric boat, 95
Brighton, 129, 136, 322
Bristol as port, 138
Britanni, the, 104
British Empire shipping tonnage in 1821, 258
British Museum, models in, 27; and Brigg prehistoric boat, 96
British Navy, size of, in 1813, 256 (_see also under the names of monarchs_); last sailing ship in the, 300
Brixham ketch, 303; Mumble Bees, 291
Broad arrow as Government mark, 234
Bronze and Iron Age ships, 104
Brooking, Charles, 5, 323
Brosen Viking ship, 117
Bruges, 163
Budge, Dr. E. A. Wallis, 22, 28
Bulkheads, 196
Bullen, Mr. F. T., on the way of the ship, 12; on the ships of St. Paul’s voyage, 15; on Elizabethan sea-terms, 210; on spritsails, 265; on clipper ships, 271
Bulwarks, 178
Burgess, W., 295
Burmese junks, 7, 31
“Butter-rigged,” 298
Byrne, Mr. St. Clare, 327
Bytharne’s “Book of War,” 188
Cabins, 148
Cables, 276
Cabot, John, 184
Cæsar, ships used by, 87, 93, 103, 106, 107; and the Northern seas, 107
Calais, siege of, 159
California, 268
Caligula, ships of, 76
Cambyses, 48
Camper and Nicholson, Messrs., 326, 332
Canary Isles, discovery of, 158
Cannon, introduction of, 158, 168
Canterbury Cathedral, picture of a ship formerly in, 185
Cape Horn, 268, 273, 274, 277
Cape La Hogue, 240
Cape Verde Islands, 292
Cappelle, Jan van der, 5, 284
Captain, the, _temp._ James I., 225
“Caravel,” derivation of, 182
Careening, 226
Carpaccio’s pictures of ships, 130, 162
Carrying trade, _temp._ Queen Elizabeth, 193
Carter, Captain, 329
Carvel-work, 323
Cary-Elwes, Mr. V., ancient boat belonging to, 96
Castles on ships, 68, 140, 156, 169; on Armada ships, 211; absorbed into the hull, 164; fore and stern, 171
Catteville, 138
Caulking, 178
“Ceols,” 134
Chancellor, Richard, 191
Chapman, F. H. af, 243
Charles I. and his navy, 228
Charles II. and his navy, 234-246; gift of Dutch yacht for, 289, 321; introduces yacht-racing, 321
Chatham, 200, 229, 236, 237, 241
China tea trade, 268
Chinese junks, 31, 310
Christiania, 291
Cinque Ports, the, 129, 148, 152, 154
Civil War, the, 232
Claude Lorraine’s “St. Ursula,” 5
Clipper races in China tea trade, 269
Clitherowe, Admiral, seal of, 166
Clowes, Sir W. Laird, 177
Clyde, the, ancient boat found, 100; five-master built on, 273
Coal-carrying trade, 300
Coasting trade, _temp._ Queen Elizabeth, 193
“Cocke,” or _coque_, 200
Coins, ships on, 128, 157
Colbert, Jean B., 249
Cole, Mr. Vicat, 5
Columbus’s Christopher, ship, 176, 180, 183; model, 182; replica, 180; navigation instruments, 184
Commonwealth, the, and war with the Dutch, 232; construction of ships, 234; decoration of ships, 233; and the flying of flags, 241
Compass, variation of the, 193
Concas, Captain D. V., 180
Connolly, Mr. J. B., 294
Cook, Captain, 258
Cooke, E. W., R.A., 261
Cooking galley, Elizabethan, 196
Copper sheathing, 251
Coracle, the, 103
Cork, 322
Corks, 178
Cornwall, men of, 202
Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, MS., 146, 154
Cotton ships, 266
Cowes, 322, 327, 331
“Crane line,” 178
Crawford, Earl of, 330
Cressets, 181, 190
Crimean War, 268, 323
Cromwell and the Navy, 233
Crowinshield, —, 295
Crusades, ships of the, 17, 138, 139, 141, 146, 153, 172
Cuyp, A., 5
Cypress, 246
Dam, or Damme, seal of, 154, 276, 304
Dampier, William, 246, 258
Danes, the, and British love of ships, 109
Dartmouth, 202, 215, 216
Dassie, Le Sieur, 243
David II. of Scotland, coin of, 157
Davits, 177
Dead-eyes, 178
Deal “galley,” 131; luggers, 318
Deane, Sir Anthony, 236, 241, 245, 321
Deane, Anthony, the younger, 246
Decks, 148, 171, 196, 205, 246
Decoration of royal yachts, 322
Decoration of ships, _temp._ Henry VIII., 188, 191; _temp._ Elizabeth, 194; during the Commonwealth, 233
Deptford, 322
Devon, men of, 202, 291
Devonport, 257
Dhow, the, 44
Digby, Captain, 239
Dilke, Lady E. F. S., 5
Dixon, Mr. Charles, 5, 241, 255
Doldrums, the, 332
Dover, seal of, 152
Drake’s, Sir Francis, voyage round the world, 202
Draught, Elizabethan, 194
“Drift sail,” 225
Dublin, 138
Duemichen, Dr., 40
Dug-outs, ancient, discoveries of, 100
Dumbarton, 274
Dumfries, ancient boat found near, 100
Dungeness, 319
Dunraven, Earl of, 183
Dutch develop fore-and-aft rig, 282, 283
Dutch East India Company, 322
Dutch East Indiamen, sterns of, 243
Dutch exploration of N.-E. Passage, 219
Dutch man-of-war, seventeenth century, model of, 243
Dutch naval rivalry, seventeenth century, 231
Dutch navy in 1675, 236
Dutch schuyts, 303
Dutch ships and English men-of-war, 232
Dutch, war with the, 1667, 237; invasion of England, 237, 241
East Coast ketch, 303, 304
East India Company, founding of, 221; under James I., 226; monopoly, 258
East India Company, Dutch, 322
East Indiamen, 258
Eddystone Lighthouse, 246
Edgar, King, navy of, 132; as a yachtsman, 320
Edinburgh Museum, ancient boat in, 101
Edward I., ships of the time of, 154
Edward III., navy of, 157; fleet at the siege of Calais, 158
Edward IV., ships of, 174; shipping in the reign of, 161
Edward VI., ships of, 191
Edward VII., ships of, 264; yacht _Britannia_, 329
Egyptians, ancient, history of ships, 20-45; dynasties, 28; expedition to Punt, 39; exploration, 26; rig of ships, 11, 29, 38; shape of ships, 9; model rigged boat discovered, 3
Elizabeth, Queen, maritime affairs under, 193-221
Elm sheathing, 245
England as the “Sovereign of the Seas,” _temp._ John, 148; _temp._ Elizabeth, 201
English fleet, the, opposed to the Armada, 211
English Navy, the, in 1675, 236
English sailing ships, Viking influence on, 127
English skill, 18
Ensigns. _See_ Flags
Etruscan vase showing naval warfare, 64
Europe, Northern, early ships of, 89-127
Exeter, Thomas Beaufort, Duke of, seal of, 166
Eyes on ships, 11, 65
Fabriano, Gentile da, 161
Fife, Mr. William, 326, 327, 333
Fife & Son, of Fairlie, 333
Fighting-tops, 16, 65, 181
Figureheads, 12, 194, 228
Fireships, 236
FitzGerald, Henry, 146
Flags, banners, ensigns, streamers, &c., 176, 188, 199, 241, 248, 254
Flagships, 157
Florence, Duke of, 246
Forecastle, Greek, 65
Forecastles reduced, 194. _See also_ Castles
France and England, Norman trade between, 137
French models in English naval architecture, 259
French navy in 1675, 236
French ships, fifteenth century, 164; seventeenth century, 244; warships, sixteenth century, 184; eighteenth century, 249
French, ships taken from the, 257
Friesland oarsmen, 131
Froude, Mr. William, 328
Furneaux, Mr. Henry, on “pontibus,” 108
“Galleys” and “ships,” 138
Gallic ship, 88
Gama, Vasco da, 51, 184
Gauckler, M. P., 84
Geestemünde, 275
Genoa, ships of, 170
George III. and yachting, 322
German Emperor’s Cup, 330
German Ocean, 282
German, St., 137
German yacht designers, 331
Germanic craft, 102
Germanicus, ships built by, 108
Germans as sailing-men, 274
Giorgione, 130
Glasgow, ancient canoes found near, 101; ship built at, 274
Glass, stained, pictures of ships, 130
Gloppen Viking ship, 117
Gloucester, Massachusetts, 293
Gloucester, Richard Plantagenet, Duke of, seal of, 166
Gnomon, 71
Godredus Crovan, 138
Gogstad Viking ship, 117-121; replica of, crosses Atlantic, 119
Gold rushes and shipping, 268
Gondola, the, 16
Goodwins, the, 319
Gosport, 326
Grapnel, the, 154
Gravesend, 321
Greece, ancient ships of, 55-72; Phœnician influence, 47, 55; materials of ships, 62; galleys, 9; naval warfare, 64; navigation, 71
Green, Mr. Richard, 267
Green, Messrs., of Blackwall, 267, 271, 272
Greenock, 267, 326
Greenwich Naval Museum, models in, 5, 255, 256, 257, 260
Greenwich Royal Observatory founded, 235
Greenwich, yacht race in 1661, 321
Guns and gunpowder, 158
Guns, placing of, 168, 173, 253
“Gunwale,” origin of, 168
Gustafson, Professor Gabriel, and the Gogstad Viking ship, 118; Oseberg Viking ship, 121
Guy, Captain, 239
Hakluyt, Richard, 3, 49, 132, 138, 140, 141, 147, 148, 149, 152, 191, 192, 202, 211
Hakluyt Society’s stamp, 236
Hall, Mr. H. R., 22
Hamble (or Hamill), 174, 179
Hamburg, 274
Hanseatic League, 159; wane of, 191; English ships purchased from, 190
Harold, ships of, 134
Harrow, seal at, 167
Harwich, 290
Hastings, seal of, 152
Havre, 266
Hawkins, Sir John, 193, 245
Hawse, 178
Hemp, Russian, &c., 234
Hemy, Napier, 5
Henry I. and maritime industry, 138
Henry II., progress of shipping under, 138; crusade of, 153
Henry III., ships under, 148; and Norwegian merchants, 145
Henry IV., ships under, 159
Henry V., ships of, 160; and Genoese ships, 172; increase of navy, 173
Henry VI., shipbuilding in reign of, 161
Henry VII., ships of, 173
Henry VIII., ships of, 185-191, 204
Heyward, Edward, 241, 242
Hiring ships, 177
Holbein’s “Embarkation of Henry VIII.,” 185
Holland. _See_ Dutch
Holland, English merchants of, seal of, 167
Holyhead, 321
House of Lords tapestries, 207, 208
“Hovelling,” 319
Howard of Effingham, Lord, 200, 201, 207
Howard, Sir Philip, 78, 245
Hoyle, Dr., Manchester Museum, 4
Hubert of Borough, 148
Hudson River, 295
Huguenots, the, 209
Hull, 159
Huntingdon, John Holland, Earl of, seal of, 166
India, 272. _See also_ East India Company
Ipswich, manufacture of sail-cloth at, 209
Iron in shipbuilding, 259, 268
Ironworks, _temp._ Charles I., 234
James I., ships of, 222-228; and English piracy, 222
Jesup Expedition, the, 32, 104
Jochelson, Mr., and Koryak boat, 104
John, King, and the Navy, 148
Keels, 134; sliding, 255
Kempenfelt, Admiral, 250
Kent, men of, 133
Khorsabad, Palace of, 51
Kiel Museum, boat in, 95
King’s Cup, 331
Kinyras, King of Cyprus, and terra-cotta “fleet,” 69
Kipling, Mr. Rudyard, 12, 294
Knights of Malta, 216
Koryak boats, 32, 104
La Rochelle, seal of, 167
Labour-saving on American schooners, 297
Lancaster, Sir James, and scurvy, 197
Langton, Archbishop, 148
Lapthorn & Ratsey, 326
Latchetes, 178
Lateen sail, 14, 175, 282, 309
Lateran Museum, 43
Layard, Sir Austin, 51
Lead ballast, 324
Lead-covered keels, 192
Lead-line, the, 79
Lead sheathing, 245, 276
Lepanto, battle of, 221
Leslie, Mr. Robert C., 265
Lifeboat, the, 255
Lipton, Sir Thomas, 333
Liverpool, 273
Loch Arthur, Dumfries, ancient boat in, 100
London as port, 138
London Bridge, Dutch schuyts at, 303
Longships, 61
Louis XIV. and the French navy, 236, 249
Louvre, the, 6
Lowestoft, 304, 307, 315
Lowestoft “drifters,” 13
Lug-sail, 312
Lynn, Norfolk, 156, 158
McCunn, Mr. James, 271
Macham’s voyage to Madeira, 158
Mackie & Thomson, Messrs., 274
McMillan, A., & Son, Messrs., 274
Madeira, Island of, 158
Magnet, the, 154
Mainsail, 285
Maldon, 328
Malta, Knights of, 216
Maltese galley, 216
Man, Isle of, 138
Manchester Museum, Egyptian boat in, 3, 33
Manuscripts, pictures of ships on, 129
Manwayring, Sir Henry, 198, 203, 205, 224, 303
Maritime laws under Richard I., 147
Mark, St., mosaic of, 144
Marlin spikes, 179
Marquez, Pero Menendez, 214
Marseilles, 113
Mary, Queen, fishing, &c., traffic in reign of, 193
Mason, Mr. Frank H., models by, 152, 181
Maspero, Professor, 41
Mass, dry, 190
Masts, 172, 242, 243, 274
Mediterranean craft, 56, 139; galley, 16; galley and North Sea ship, 91; warship of thirteenth century, 142
Memling, pictures by, 4, 130, 163
Mercantile marine, progress of the, 257
Mercator’s chart, 193
Merchant ships, Egyptian, 85; Greek, 61, 85; Roman, 81; Anglo-Saxon, 133; Elizabethan, 201; Mediterranean, 172
Merchantman and man-of-war, similarity of, in Stuart times, 227
Metallic age, the, and shipbuilding, 105
Middleton, Commissioner, 239
Milesian sea-traders, 48, 55
Mizzen mast, 172
Monson, Sir William, 197
Moore, Henry, 5
Moresby, Admiral, 263, 264
Motors as aids to sailing ships, 2, 277
Museums, models of ships in, 5
Nails, bronze, 276
Napoleon III’s trireme, 70
National Gallery pictures, 259, 284, 285, 323
“Nautical Almanac,” founded, 235
Naval architecture, scientific study of, 243; progress in seventeenth century, 246; in nineteenth century, 257
Naval expeditions of the crusades, 146
Naval officers and navigation, 264
Naval warfare, Greek, 64
Navigating methods of the Vikings, 126
Navigation, ancient Greek, 71
Navigation laws, Queen Elizabeth, 193
Naville, Dr. Edouard, 41
Navy Board and sheathing, 245; rating, 249
Neco (Egyptian king), 49
Nelson, Lord, 251; his signal, 251; painting of his ships, 255
Nemi, Lake of, Roman ships in, 76
Nettings, 209
New York, 266, 267, 293, 296
New York Yacht Club, 325
New Zealand, 272
Newcastle hoys, 235
Newcastle-on-Tyne, 159, 258
Newfoundland fisheries, 202, 258, 294
Nicholas de Sigillo, 146
Nicholas of Lynn, 158
Nicholas, St., patron saint of sailors, 3, 129, 136, 161
Nicholson, Mr. C. E., 332
“Nor,” the prefix, 112
Norfolk wherries, 13, 34, 112; yawls, 315
Norman ships, 134-138
Norris, Admiral Sir John, 186
Norsemen, the, 109-127, 131. _See also_ Vikings
North Pole, Dutch voyage to, 283
North-East Passage, search for, 191, 219
North-West Passage, 291
Norwegian merchants, 145
Norwegian yawl, 13
Norwich, 307
Nottingham, Earl of. _See_ Howard of Effingham
“Nugger,” Egyptian, 43
Nydam, Viking ship discovered at, 115
Oak, English, scarcity of, 268
Octher, voyage of, 132
Oleron, laws of, 147
Oppenheim, Mr., 175, 176, 178, 179, 233
Orwell, the, 302
Oseberg Viking ship, 121
Outriggers, 179
Paddle _v._ screw test, 263
Paddle-wheel steamers, 263
“Painters,” 178
Painting ships, 176; of men-of-war, 255
Pallion, 271
Panama Canal, 277
Paris, Admiral, 310
Paris, seal of, 141
Paul, St., voyages of, 15, 79, 314
Pavisses, 179, 209
Penn, Sir William, 238
Penzance luggers, 318
Pepys, Samuel, 18, 187, 237-240; “Register,” 246
Personality of ships, 12
Petrie, Professor Flinders, discovers model Egyptian boat, 3, 27, 33
Pett, Christopher, 321
Pett, Phineas, and family, 227, 229, 236, 246
Pharos, tower of, 71
Phœnician ships, 46-55
Phœnicians, the, influence of the Egyptians, 47; as traders, 47; as sailors, 48; as explorers, 49; and the North Sea ships, 92; on the Baltic, 112
Pictures of ships, 5
Pilots, laws for, _temp._ Richard I., 147
Pin Mill, 302
Pine’s, John, engravings of House of Lords tapestries, 207
Pipe Rolls, 146
Piracy, _temp._ ancient Greece, 68, 85; North Sea, _temp._ Henry IV., 159; English, _temp._ Elizabeth, 222; Algerian, 233
“Plimsoll” marks, early, 215
Pliny, the elder, 102
Plymouth hooker, 291
Pompei, tomb at, 60
Poole, 326; seal of, 156
Poop, the, 16, 181
Portholes, 173
Portsmouth, 138, 209, 241, 245, 321
Portsmouth Dockyard, founded, 179
Portugal, maritime progress in sixteenth century, 180
Portuguese fishing boats, eyes on, 65
Potter, Messrs. W. H. & Co., 273
Prussia, 159
Pytheas’s _gnomon_, 71
“Quant,” 67
Raleigh, Sir Walter, 194, 197
Rams, Greek, 58, 63; galleons, 213
Ramsgate, 303, 304
Rating rules, yachts, 332
Ratings, 237, 249
Red ensign, 254
Reefing gear, 276. _See also_ Brails
Reefing in Elizabethan times, 195
Revenue cutters, 323
Richard I. in the Mediterranean, 17; his navy, 138, 141, 146, 147
Richard II., reign of, 159
Richard III., shipping in reign of, 161
Rifeh, Egypt, early boat found at, 3, 27, 33
Rigging, ancient Egyptian, 11, 29, 38; ancient Greek, 59; _Ark Royal_, 198; brigs, 300; caravel of sixteenth century, 181; Columbus’s ship, 182; corvettes, 252; development and progress, 81, 275-277; East Indiamen, 264-265; eighteenth century, 247-248; Elizabethan, 210; fore-and-aft, 220, 244, 281-334; four-masted barques, 273, 274; _Henri Grâce à Dieu_, 186; lateen, 14; Mediterranean warship, 143; Phœnician, 48; Roman, 74; _Royal Charles_, 241; ship of British Navy of 1815 (details), 278-279; ship painted by Gentile da Fabriano, 161; sloop, 220; Spanish galleon, 213; Spanish treasure-frigate, 214; squaresail, 11; three-decker, 230; Victorian, early, 260-262, (model) 1; warship of Henry VII., 174. _See also_ Ships (types)
Rock carvings, Scandinavian, 110
Roman galleys, 9; ships, 73-88, 106
Ropes, ancient Greek, 67
Roses, the Wars of the, 161, 173, 180
Rother, the, Kent, ancient boat found, 100
Rouen, 166
Roundships, 61
Royal ships hired to merchants, 177
Royal United Service Museum, models, &c., in, 5, 181, 216, 235, 243, 250
Royal Victoria Yacht Club, 325
Royal Yacht Squadron, 324
Royals, 230
Rudder-bands, 80
Rudders, 144, 150, 156
Ruisdael (artist), 5
Rutherglen, seal of, 167
Rye, seal of, 167
Sagas, the, 89
Sail-making, 326
Sailcloth manufacture, 209
Sailing power, revival of, 277
Sailors under King John, 148; _temp._ Queen Elizabeth, 197; _temp._ James I., 225; present-day “sailors,” 2
Sails, of the _Ark Royal_, 200; colours of, 67; cutting, 201; decorated, 83, 209; development of, 276, 284; scientific treatment of, 243; Viking sails, 122, 123, 124
St. Andrew’s flag, 241
St. George’s flag, 241, 242
San Francisco, 267, 291
San Sebastian, Spain, seal of, 156
Sandefjord, 272
Sandwich, seal of, 141, 149
Saracen ship and Crusaders, 140
Saxons, vessels of the, 109
Scandinavian coin, ship on, 133
Scandinavian rigs, 12
Scandinavians. _See_ Norsemen
Scarborough Bay, 317
Schank, Admiral, 255
Schooner, origin of the name, 293
Scotch fishing boat, Norwegian influence on, 317
Scott, Messrs., 267, 268
Screw propeller, 257
Screw steamer, advent of, 263
Sea, the call of the, 19
Sea-terms in Elizabethan English, 210
Seals, mediæval, ships on, 128
Seamanship, early European, 137; “marlin-spike seamanship,” 275
Sennacherib, palace of, 51
Seppings, Sir Robert, 257, 259
Shakespeare, sea-terms used by, 210
Sheathing, 245, 250, 251, 276
Sheer, 277
Sheerness, 237, 245, 277
Shetland Isles boats, 13
Shields, 179
Shields, North and South, 258
Shipbuilding, origins of, 90, 94; Norse, 125; Norman, 135; _temp._ Queen Elizabeth, 193; progress of, 218; in England in 1841-47, 266
Shipbuilding terms, ancient, still extant, 103
Ships, cost of building, seventeenth century, 246
Ships, history: Sources for history, 3-4 Reconstruction and development, 6-8 Primitive man, 23 Early Egyptian, 20-45 Phœnician, 46-55 Greek, 55-72 Roman, 73-88, 106 Northern Europe, 89-127 Mediæval, eighth century to 1485, 128-169 Anglo-Saxon, 131-133 Norman, 134-138 Henry VII. to Elizabeth (1485-1603), 170-222 Spain and Portugal, 180 James I. to eighteenth century, 222-253 Nineteenth and twentieth centuries, 254-280
Ships, named: _Alarm_, 251, 324, 325 _Alecto_, 263 _Alexandria_, 323 _Aline_, 326 _Alnwick Castle_, 271 _America_, 293, 324, 325 _Ann Gallant_, 190 _Anne_, 321 _Ariel_, 270 _Ark Royal_, _Ark Raleigh_, or _Anne Royal_, 194, 197-201, 226, 228 _Arrow_, 323, 324, 325 _Ascension_, 221 _Atlantic_, 327 _Bear_, 228 _Bellerophon_, 176 _Bezan_, 321 _Black Adder_, 270 _Bloodhound_, 327 _Bona Confidentia_, 192 _Bona Esperanza_, 192 _Bonaventure_, 245 _Britannia_, 329, 330 _Buss of Zeland_, 160 _Busship_, 160 _Caledonia_, 255 _Challenge_, 267, 269 _Challenger_, 267 _Charles_, 246 _Christopher Spayne_, 160 _Chrysolite_, 269 _Cogge_, 159 _Columbia_, 331 _Columbia II._, 50 _Commerce de Marseilles_, 252, 255 _Constant Warwick_, 232 _Constitution_, 331 _Cordelière_, 173, 179, 184, 188 _Cutty Sark_, 270 _Cymba_, 326 _Cynthia_, 256 _Defender_, 331 _Desdemona_, 272 _Dogger_, 160 _Doggership_, 160 _Dreadnought_, 16, 176; (Charles II.), 245 _Dunkerque_, 273 _Edward Bonaventure_, 192 _Egeria_, 326 _Elizabeth_, 331, 332 _Fantôme_, 299 _Fiery Cross_, 270 _Florencia_, 212 _Flying Cloud_, 266, 270 _Fortuna_, 272 _France_, 273 _Fredonia_, 295 _Friday_, 159 _Gainsborough_, 233 _Germania_, 331 _Gjöa_, 291 _Godezere_, 159 _Golden Lion_, 240 _Governor_, 174 _Grâce à Dieu_, 174, 177, 178, 179 _Grand Louise_, 184 _Great Republic_, 267 _Harry Grâce à Dieu_, 177 _Hawkin Derlin of Dantzik_, 159 _Hector_, 221 _Helena_, 160 _Henri Grâce à Dieu_, 185, 186, 196 _Henrietta_, 245 _Holigost_, 160 _Hotspur_, 271 _Isabel_, 160 _Isle of Wight_, 321 _James_, 246 _James of London_, 185 _Jemmy_, 321 _Jesus_, 160 _Jesus of Lubeck_, 187, 197 _Jullanar_, 305, 328 _Katherine_, 321 _Katherine Pomegranate_, 185 _Kestrel_, 323 _Keying_, 311, 312 _La Blanche Nef_, 138 _La Félipe_, 156 _Las Cinque Llagas_, 216 _Leicester_, 204, 211 _L’Esperance_, 327 _Liverpool_, 273 _Lord of the Isles_, 268 _Louisa_, 324 _Lulworth_, 324 _Macquarie_, 272 _Madre de Dios_, 215 _Mahratta_, 319 _Margaret_, 159 _Marie Rose_, 195 _Martin_, 299 _Martin Garsia_, 174 _Mary_, 289, 321 _Mary Fortune_, 177 _Mary of the Tower_, 174 _Mary Rose_, 185 _Mauretania_, 75, 189, 274 _Merchant Royal_, 204, 211 _Merhonour_, 228 _Meteor_, 331 _Michael of Yarmouth_, 159 _Minion_, 321 _Mora_, 137 _Murrian_, 187, 188 _Newcastle_, 258 _Nicholas_, 160 _Nina_, 180, 183 _Northampton_, 271 _Nyria_, 333 _Oimara_, 326 _Olive Bank_, 273 _Pampas_, 331 _Peter_, 160 _Peter of Wiveton_, 160 _Peter Pomegranate_, 185 _Phœnix_, 245 _Pinkie_, 294 _Pinta_, 180, 183 _Potosi_, 274 _Preussen_, 275 _Prince Royal_, 197, 227, 228, 229, 230, 242 _Prince, The_, 240, 242 _Queen_, 260, 261, 262 _Queen Margaret_, 274 _Rattler_, 263 _Red Dragon_, 221 _Regent_, 174, 180, 184 _Reliance_, 331 _Resolution_, 242, 244 _Royal Charles_, 240, 241 _Royal Frederick_, 260 _Royal George_, 10, 195, 250, 251, 322 _Royal Louis_, 239, 243 _Royal Prince_, 242 _Royal Sovereign_, 229 _Royal Sovereign_ (yacht), 322 _Rupert_, 244 _Sans Pareil_, 257 _Santa Maria_, 53, 176, 180, 181, 183; modern replica, 180; model, 182 _Sappho_, 326 _Satanita_, 329 _Scomberg_, 270 _Sea Witch_, 269 _Serica_, 270 _Shamrock_, 10, 282 _Shamrock III._, 331, 332 _Shamrock IV._, 333 _Shipper Berline of Prussia_, 159 _Sir Lancelot_, 270, 271 _Soll Royal_ (_Le Soleil Royal_), 239, 243 _Sovereign_, 175, 179, 180, 184, 185, 242 _Sovereign of the Seas_, 7, 229, 230, 267 _Stonehouse_, 271 _Struse of Dawske_, 187, 188 _Sunbeam_, 297, 327, 330 _Susan_, 221 _Sweepstake_, 177 _Taeping_, 270 _Taitsing_, 270 _Tartarus_, 263 _Terrible_, 250 _Thermopylæ_, 270, 271 _Thistle_, 328 _Thomas W. Lawson_, 296 _Thyatera_, 270 _Tiger_, 190 _Tillikum_, 302 _Trade’s Increase_, 226 _Trinitie_, 159 _Trinity of Wight_, 185 _Trinity Royal_, 160 _Triumph_, 197, 204 _Valhalla_, 327, 330 _Valkyrie_, 330 _Valkyrie I._, 330 _Vanguard_, 201 _Vernon_, 260 _Victoria and Albert_, 322 _Victory_ (Elizabethan), 242 _Victory_ (Nelson’s), 140, 251, 262 _Whang-Ho_, 312 _White Elephant, The_, 240 _White Heather II._, 10, 332 _Xarifa_, 324
Ships, naming of, 125
Ships, sizes, Phœnician, 54; Roman, 75, 81
Ships, types: Reconstruction of former types, 6 Actuaria, 86, 107 American clippers, 266 American frigates, 256 American schooner, 296 Ballingers, 160 Barges, 145, 154, 160, 305, 306 Barks, or barques, 139, 208, 272, 273, 300, 301 Barquentine, 298 Bastard galleasses, 206 Bawley, 290 Billy-boy, 303 Bireme, 48 Bomb ketch, 235, 249, 302 Bombay yacht, 309 Brigantine, 208, 300 Brigs, 249, 258, 299, 300 British clippers, 267 Brixham Mumble Bees, 291 Bucca, buss, or buzzo, 124, 139, 145 Burmese junk, 31 Caracks, 139, 140, 160, 170, 173, 215 Caravels, 139, 171, 180 Carra-muzzal, 218 Carvel-built, 166, 190 Catascopiscus, 86 Chasse-Marée, 314 Chinese junk, 31 Cladivata, 88 Clippers, 256, 267 Coasters, 258, 277 Cogs, 145 Collier, steam, 258 Coracle, 103 Corbita, 86 Cornish lugger, 317 Corvettes, 252 Crayers, 185 Cutters, 289 Deal “galley,” 131 Deal luggers, 318 Dhow, 44 Dragon, 124 Dromons, 139, 143 Dug-out, 25, 90, 95 Dutch fly-boat, 294 Dutch galleon, 219 Dutch schuyt, 220, 285 East Indiamen, 258, 264 Egyptian “nugger,” 43 Esnecca, 124, 133, 146 Felucca, 309 Fore-and-aft schooner, 277 Frigate, 205, 208, 232, 252 Galleasses, 69, 204, 205, 206, 212 Galleons, 203, 205, 206, 213, 219 Galleys, 57, 139, 216, 246 Galleys as war-vessels, 171, 204, 206 Galliots, 204, 208, 303 Gloucester schooner, 294 Great ships, 139, 204 Gun-brigs, 249 Hailam junk, 310 Hermaphrodite brig, 300 Hippago, 85, 145 Hoys, 235 Iron barque, 272 Iron ships, 259, 268 Italian merchantman, 206 Jackass barque, 301 Junks, 31, 310 Ketch, 235, 302 Koryak craft, 32 Large sailing ship, 254 Lifeboat, 255 Long serpent, 124, 133, 146 Longship, 124 Lowestoft drifter, 304 Luggers, 312 _et seq._ Merchant vessels, 172, 205, 206 Monoxylon, 95 Motor barges, 280 Motor-propelled ships, 291 Musculus, or mydion, 85 Nave, 218 Norfolk wherry, 307 Paddle-sloop, 263 Paddle-steamers, 263 Paro, 85 Penzance lugger, 318 Pink, 236 Pinnace, 205, 208, 229 Plymouth hooker, 291 Ponto, 87 Portuguese carack, 215 Prosumia, 87 Quadrireme, 65 Schedia, 85 Schooners, 277, 292 _et seq._ Schuyt, Dutch, 220, 285 Scotch “Zulus,” 317 Screw ship, 263 Shallops, 208 Sibbick rater, 309 Skin boats, 102-105 Skuta, 120, 124 Sloops, 220, 249, 292 Snekkja, 124, 133, 146 Spanish treasure-frigates, 214 Square-rigged, 192 Steam collier, 258 “Stumpies,” 305 Tartana, 218 Tesseraria, 85 Thames barge, 305 Three-decker, 227, 229 Topsail schooner, 298 Trireme, 48, 69 Victualling ships, 185 Viking, or double-ended, 90, 106 Viking-like, 171 Visser, 145 Warships, Tudor, 178, 188, 203 Wherry, Norfolk, 307 Yachts, 289, 320 _et seq._ Yarmouth yawl, 315 Yawls, 314 Yorkshire cobble, 60 “Zulus,” 317
Shotover, 234
Shovel, Sir Cloudesley, 247
Sidon, coins of, 52
Signals, code of, 188, 249
Sigurdson, Harald, 122
Skins for boats, 102-105
Sluys, battle of, 157
Smith’s, Captain John, description of taking a prize, 223-225
Smyth, Mr. Warington, 307, 310
Snape, Suffolk, Viking ship discovered at, 115
Soames & Co., Messrs., 271
Solent, the, 322
Somerscales, Mr. T., 5
South Kensington Museum, models in, 5, 181, 216, 241, 271, 299, 309, 311, 328
Southampton Water, 174
Southend, 290
Spanish Armada. _See_ Armada
Spanish maritime progress, sixteenth century, 180
Spanish seamen, time of Armada, 204
Spanish treasure-frigates, 214
Spars, interchangeable, 260
Speiring’s, Francis, tapestries of Spanish Armada, 207
Spithead, 250
Spritsail, 265, 283
Squaresail, 11, 244, 281
Stanfield, Clarkson, 5
Staysail, 283
Steamships, supersede sailing vessels, 2, 272; introduction into the Navy, 263
Steele & Co., Messrs., Greenock, 267, 271, 326
Steele, Mr. William, 326
Steering paddles, 146
Sterns, 12, 16, 244, 289; “canoe,” 276; circular, 257; overhanging, 329
Stone age, the, and shipbuilding, 94, 99
Stone implements in modern use, 99
Stow Wood, 234
Stuart, Mr. Villiers, 33
Suez Canal, 272
Suiones, the, 110
Summercastle, 175
Sunderland, 266
Sydney, Sir Philip, 209
Symonds, Sir William, 259, 299
Tacitus, 108, 109
Tacking, the ancients and, 44
Tallow for bottoms of ships, 232
Tapestries, ships on, 130; Bayeux Tapestry, 17, 134; Spanish Armada, House of Lords, 207
Tea trade, the China, 268
Teak, 257
Tecklenborg, Messrs. J. C., 275
Telescopes, 193
Terry’s, Captain C. E., model of the _Santa Maria_, 182
Thompson, Messrs. J., & Co., 267, 271
Timbers, diagonal, 257
Tonnage measurement, 231
Topgallant sail, 175
Topmasts, 173, 195
Topsails, 83, 284
Trading vessels. _See_ Merchant ships
Trafalgar, 254, 262; mistake in signals, 252
Trinity House Corporation, 193; pictures, 227
Tromp, Admiral van, 285
Trondhjem Fjord, ships found on shores of, 114
Trumpeting on ancient ships, 149
Tudor colours, the, 191
Tudor period, development of ships during the, 221
Tuke, Mr. H. S., 5
“Tumblehome,” 168, 244
Tune Viking ship, 117
Tunis, excavations near, 84
Turkish pirates, vessels of, 218
Turner, J. M. W., R.A., pictures by, 5, 259, 285, 289, 300, 323
Tyre and Sidon, kings of, 49
Union flag, the, 241, 242
Union Jack, the, 254
United Service Museum. _See_ Royal United Service Museum
United States coasting trade, 296
Ursula, St., the pilgrimage of, 4, 162
Valdermoor Marsh, Schleswig-Holstein, boat found at, 95
Vasco da Gama, 51, 184
Velde, Willem Van der, 5, 229, 285, 287, 289
Velleius Paterculus, 102
Veneti, ships of the, 90, 93, 105, 106
Venetian warship (thirteenth century), 142
Venetians, English ships purchased from, 190
Venice, St. Mark’s, mosaics in, 130, 144
Venice, ships of, 153, 170
Victoria and Albert Museum. _See_ South Kensington Museum
Victoria, Queen, 260
Viking ships, 10, 13, 14, 90, 110; arrangements of, 122, 125, 127; sails, 122-124; steering, 156; navigation, 126; the Phœnicians and, 92; connection between and the Mediterranean galleys, 91; discovery of remains of ships, 115-122
Vikings, the, influence of on ships, 156, 285; harass England and France, 130; burial in ship-shape graves, 113-115
Virginia, 246
Voss, Captain J. C., 302
Vroom, Hendrik C., pictures by, 207, 220
Wanhill, Thomas, of Poole, 324, 326
War-galleys, Greek, 60
Warships and warfare, Norse, 124-125
Watson, Mr. G. L., 328
Waymouth, Mr., 271
West Countrymen, _temp._ Elizabeth, 202
West Indiaman, 259
West Indies, 214, 258, 259
Whale-boats, 14
Whitby, 303
White Brothers, Messrs., 331
White Ensign, the, 254, 255
White, Mr. H. W., 331
Whitstable, 290
William the Conqueror, 17, 134
Willoughby, Sir Hugh, 191
Wilton, Earl of, 324
Winchelsea, seal of, 149
Winches, 179
Winchester Cathedral, font, 129, 136
Wool trade, Flemish, 154
Woolwich, 227, 246, 250, 321
Wyllie, Mr. W. L., R.A., 5
Wynter, Sir William, 201
Xerxes, 48, 56
Yacht, first, in England, 289; modification of yacht design, 328; sterns of Dutch yachts, 243; the word “yacht,” 320
Yachting, 244, 321 _et seq._; international yachting rules, 332
Yarborough, Earl of, 323
Yards, 181
Yarmouth, 129, 304, 307, 315
Yonkers, 225
York Museum, ancient boat in, 100
Yorkshire cobble, 60
Zarebas, 22
Zuyder Zee, 282
PLANS
FOOTNOTES:
[1] “Gizeh and Rifeh,” by W. M. Flinders Petrie, London, 1907. (Double volume.)
[2] “A Guide to the Third and Fourth Egyptian Rooms, British Museum,” London, 1904.
[3] “The Jesup North Pacific Expedition,” vol. vi. part ii., “The Koryak”; see pp. 534-538. By W. Jochelson, New York, 1908.
[4] See “The Egypt Exploration Fund: Archæological Report, 1906-1907.”
[5] “The Tomb of Hatshopsitu,” p. 30, by Edouard Naville, London, 1906.
[6] “Egypt Exploration Fund: The Temple of Deir-el-Bahari,” by Edouard Naville.
[7] “The Fleet of an Egyptian Queen,” by Dr. Johannes Duemichen. Leipzig, 1868.
[8] “Egypt Exploration Fund: The Temple of Deir-el-Bahari,” p. 16.
[9] “The Dawn of Civilisation—Egypt,” by Professor Maspero, London, 1894.
[10] For some valuable matter regarding Greek and Roman ships I wish to acknowledge my indebtedness to the following, especially the first two of these:
“Ancient Ships,” by Cecil Torr, Cambridge, 1894.
“Dictionnaire des Antiquités Grecques et Romanes,” by Ch. Daremberg (article under “Navis,” by Cecil Torr), Paris, 1905.
“A Companion to Greek Studies,” by L. Whibley, Cambridge, 1905. (See article on “Ships,” by A. B. Cook, p. 475 _et seq._)
[11] “The Principal Navigations, Voyages, Traffiques and Discoveries of the English Nation,” by Richard Hakluyt. Preface to the second edition.
[12] Even still more wonderful and more to the point, as having sailed to the entrance of the Mediterranean, is the passage of the _Columbia II._, a tiny ship only 19 feet long with 6 feet beam. Navigated solely by Capt. Eisenbram, she sailed from Boston, U.S.A., to Gibraltar, encountering severe weather on the way, in 100 days. (See the _Times_ newspaper of November 21, 1903.)
[13] An illustration of this will be found in “Pompeji in Leben und Kunst,” by August Mau, Leipzig, 1908.
[14] A model of this ship is to be seen in the Louvre. See “Musée Rétrospectif de la Classe 33. Matériel de la Navigation de Commerce à l’Exposition Universelle Internationale de 1900, à Paris. Rapport du Comité d’Installation.”
[15] “Ancient Ships,” by Cecil Torr, Cambridge, 1894.
[16] “Lazari Bayfii annotationes ... de re navali.” Paris, 1536.
[17] See “Caligula’s Galleys in the Lake of Nemi,” by St. Clair Baddeley, article in the _Nineteenth Century and After_, March, 1909; also “Le Navi Romane del Lago di Nemi,” by V. Malfatti, Rome, 1905, which gives an interesting account, with illustrations, of the finding of these galleys, as well as an excellent plan of one of the ships of Caligula as far as she has been explored. She has a rounded stern and pointed bow. An ingenious pictorial effort is made to reconstruct the galley afresh. The book contains photographs of the floats, showing the shape of the boat, and of some of the chief relics recovered in 1895.
[18] “Life of Caligula,” xxxvii.
[19] See p. 245.
[20] Acts xxvii.
[21] “Un Catalogue Figuré de la Batellerie Gréco-Romaine—La Mosaïque d’Althiburus,” par P. Gauckler, in “Monuments et Mémoires.” Tome douzième, Paris, 1905.
[22] “De Bello Civili,” iii. 29.
[23] Sagas—or “says,” narratives—are records of the leading events of the lives of great Norsemen and their families. Hundreds of these records exist, though many of them are purely mythical. They date from a period not earlier than the sixth century of our era, but the downward limit cannot be exactly fixed. Not unnaturally, in such national epics as centre round the kings of Sweden, Norway and Denmark, we find references to sailing ships both frequent and detailed.
[24] “This northern civilisation,” says Du Chaillu, in his account of these people (“The Viking Age,” vol. i. p. 4, London, 1889) “was peculiar to itself, having nothing in common with the Roman world, Rome knew nothing of these people till they began to frequent the coasts of her North Sea provinces, in the days of Tacitus, and after his time, the Mediterranean.... The manly civilisation the Northmen possessed was their own ... it seems to have advanced north from about the shores of the Black Sea, and ... many northern customs were like those of the ancient Greeks.”
[25] Cæsar, “De Bello Gallico,” iii. chap. 13: “Pro loci natura, pro vi tempestatum, illis essent aptiora et accommodatoria.”
[26] “Notes on Shipbuilding and Nautical Terms of Old in the North,” a paper read before the Viking Society for Northern Research by Eiríkr Magnússon. London, 1906.
[27] It was presented to the Hull Museum while this book was in the press, June 1909.
[28] “A Prehistoric Boat,” a lecture by Rev. D. Cary-Elwes. Northampton, 1903.
[29] Tacitus, “Hist.” v. 23.
[30] “Annual Report of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution: Prehistoric Naval Architecture of the North of Europe,” by George H. Boehmer. Washington, 1892. (See p. 527.)
[31] Cæsar, “De Bello Civili,” book i. chap. 54: “Imperat militibus Cæsar, ut naves faciant, cujus generis eum superioribus annis usus Britanniæ docuerat. Carinæ primum ac statumina ex levi materia fiebant: reliquum corpus navium viminibus contextum, coriis integebatur.”
[32] Cæsar, “De Bello Gallico,” III. xiii.: “Namque ipsorum naves ad hunc modum factæ armatæque erant: carinæ aliquanto planiores quam nostrarum navium, quo facilius vada ac decessum æstus excipere possent: proræ admodum erectæ atque item puppes ad magnitudinem fluctuum tempestatumque accommodatæ; naves totæ factæ ex robore ad quamvis vim et contumeliam perferendam: transtra pedalibus in altitudinem trabibus confixa clavis ferreis digiti pollicis crassitudine; ancoræ pro funibus ferreis catenis revinctæ; pelles pro velis alutæque tenuiter confectæ, [hæc] sive propter lini inopiam atque ejus usus inscientiam, sive eo, quod est magis verisimile, quod tantas tempestates Oceani tantosque impetus ventorum sustineri ac tanta onera navium regi velis non satis commode posse arbitrabantur.”
Mr. St. George Stock in his edition (Cæsar, “De Bello Gallico,” books i.-vii., edited by St. George Stock, Oxford, 1898) understands “transtra” not to mean the rowing benches but crossbeams or decks.
[33] The Veneti lived in the extreme north-west corner of France, and have left behind the name of the town Vannes, facing the Bay of Biscay, and opposite Belle Isle.
The Greeks and Romans having learned their seamanship on the practically tideless waters of the Mediterranean must have been appalled by the ebb and flow of the Northern Seas. Cæsar was ignorant of the moon’s relation to tides until taught by bitter experience. He was taught only by the damage done to his ships in Britain. (“De Bello Gallico,” iv. 29). The Veneti, however, understood all these things, for Cæsar remarks, “quod et naves habent Veneti plurimas, quibus in Britanniam navigare consuerunt, et scientia atque usu nauticarum rerum reliquos antecedunt.” Further on he refers to the Bay of Biscay as the great, boisterous, open sea, “in magno impetu maris atque aperto.” (“De Bello Gallico,” book iii. chap. 8). It is to Pytheas (referred to previously) that Plutarch gives the credit of having detected the influence of the moon on tides.
The reader wishing to pursue the subject is referred to “Cæsar’s Conquest of Gaul,” by T. Rice Holmes. London, 1899.
[34] Tacitus’ “Annals,” ii. 23 and 6. “Mille naves sufficere visæ properatæque, aliæ breves, angusta puppi proraque et lato utero, quo facilius fluctus tolerarent, quædam planæ carinis ut sine noxa siderent: plures adpositis utrimque gubernaculis, converso ut repente remigio hinc vel illinc adpellerent: multæ pontibus stratæ, super quas tormenta veherentur ... velis habiles, citæ remis augebantur alacritate militum in speciem ac terrorem” (ii. 6).
Mr. Henry Furneaux in his edition of the “Annals” (Oxford 1896), commenting on “pontibus,” thinks these formed a partial deck across the midships which would have the appearance of a bridge when viewed from bow or stern.
[35] Roman ships were sometimes built in 60 days, while there is a record of 220 having been built in 45 days.
[36] Du Chaillu points out the interesting fact that it was not until after the Danes and Norwegians had succeeded in planting themselves in this country that the inhabitants of our land exhibited that love of the sea and ships which has been our greatest national characteristic for so many centuries. Certainly when the Romans invaded Britain our forefathers had no fleet with which to oppose them.
[37] Tacitus, “De situ, moribus et populis Germaniæ libellus,” chap. 44: “Suionum hinc civitates, ipsæ in Oceano, præter viros armaque classibus valent. Forma navium eo differt quod utrinque prora paratam semper appulsui frontem agit: nec velis ministrantur, nec remos in ordinem lateribus adjungunt: solutum, ut in quibusdam fluminum, et mutabile, ut res poscit, hinc vel illinc remigium.”
[38] “Norges Oldtid,” by Gabriel Gustafson. Kristiania, 1906.
[39] “Notes on Shipbuilding and Nautical Terms of Old in the North,” by Eiríkr Magnússon. A paper read before the Viking Club for Northern Research. London, 1906.
[40] Du Chaillu (“The Viking Age,” _vide supra_) attributes these ship-form graves to the Iron Age, and remarks that similar monuments have been found in England and Scotland. “One of the most interesting,” he adds, “is that where the rowers’ seats are marked, and even a stone placed in the position of the mast” (p. 309, vol. i.). This is reproduced in Fig. 27.
[41] For further details as to the Viking mode of burial, the reader is referred to vol. i. chap. xix. of Du Chaillu’s “The Viking Age.”
[42] See “The Old Northern Runic Monuments of Scandinavia and England,” vol. i., by George Stephens, F.S.A., London, 1866.
[43] “Ancient and Modern Ships,” part i., “Wooden Sailing Ships,” p. 60, by Sir George C. V. Holmes, K.C.V.O., C.B., London, 1900.
[44] Magnússon’s “Notes on Shipbuilding,” &c., _ut supra_, p. 50.
[45] Reproduced on p. 126, fig. 536, of Prof. Gustafson’s “Norges Oldtid.”
[46] Evidently the early Europeans did not merely make rash voyages, trusting entirely to good luck to reach their port. It is quite clear that they had given serious study to seamanship by the early part of the fifth century, for when Lupus and German, two Gallic prelates, crossed the Channel to Britain in the year 429 A.D., they encountered very bad weather, and Constantius adds that St. German poured oil on the waves. The latter’s earlier days having been spent in Gaul, in Rome and as duke over a wide district, he had evidently picked up this item of seamanship from the mariners of the southern shores. (See Canon Bright’s “Chapters of Early English Church History,” Oxford, 1897, p. 19 and notes.)
[47] “Navi Venete da codici Marini e dipinti,” by Cesare Augusto Levi, Venice, 1892.
[48] See the ship in the seal of Dam, Fig. 40.
[49] “Social England,” edited by H. D. Traill, D.C.L., and J. S. Mann, M.A., London, 1901. See article by W. Laird Clowes, vol. i. p. 589.
[50] See “Handbook to the Coins of Great Britain and Ireland in the British Museum,” London, 1899.
The Edward III. coin will be found to be reproduced on all the publications of the Navy Records Society.
[51] Ballingers were long, low vessels for oars and sails, introduced in the fourteenth century by Biscayan builders.
[52] See “Gentile da Fabriano,” p. 134, by Arduino Colasanti, Bergamo 1909.
[53] See Fig. 37 in “Navi Venete.”
[54] See “The Life and Works of Vittorio Carpaccio,” by Pompeo Molmenti and Gustav Ludwig, London, 1907.
[55] “Hans Memling,” p. 46, by W. H. James Weale, London, 1901.
[56] Reproduced in “Navi Venete,” Fig. 96.
[57] See “Musée Rétrospectif de la Classe 33,” &c.
[58] This MS. has been carefully reproduced in “Monuments et Mémoires,” par Georges Perrot and Robert de la Steyrie. Tome onzième. See article on “Un Manuscrit de la Bibliothèque de Philippe le bon à Saint-Pétersbourg,” Paris, 1904.
[59] See “Ancient and Modern Ships,” p. 74, by Sir G. C. V. Holmes, London, 1900.
[60] “Naval Accounts and Inventories of the Reign of Henry VII.,” edited by M. Oppenheim, Navy Records Society, 1896. I wish to acknowledge my indebtedness to this valuable volume for much information in connection with Henry VII.’s ships.
[61] In the Middle Ages it was the custom to refer to the masts of a ship possessing four in the manner as above. The aftermost was the bonaventure.
[62] “On the Spanish Main,” by John Masefield, London, 1906. See chap, xvi., on “Ships and Rigs.”
[63] See article by W. Laird Clowes in vol. ii. of Traill and Mann’s “Social England,” London, 1901.
[64] See “Christopher Columbus and the New World of his Discovery,” by Filson Young, London, 1906. The reader is especially advised to study an admirable article in vol. ii. of this work on “The Navigation of Columbus’s First Voyage,” by the Earl of Dunraven.
[65] See “Ancient and Modern Ships,” by Sir G. C. V. Holmes.
[66] London, 1830.
[67] “Navi Venete.”
[68] See “Letters and Papers relating to the War with France, 1512-1513,” by Alfred Spont, Navy Records Society, 1897.
[69] “A History of the Administration of the Royal Navy and of Merchant Shipping in Relation to the Navy,” vol. i., 1509-1660, by M. Oppenheim, London, 1896.
[70] “On the Spanish Main,” by John Masefield, chap. xvi., on “Ships and Rigs.”
[71] Reprinted in “The Naval Miscellany,” edited by Professor Sir J. K. Laughton, M.A., R.N., vol. i., Navy Records Society, 1902.
[72] This was the Missa Sicca (Messe Sèche), the “Messe Navale,” or “Missa Nautica,” in which no consecration took place.
[73] See “Companion to English History (Middle Ages),” edited by F. P. Barnard, M.A., F.S.A., Oxford, 1902; article on “Shipping,” by M. Oppenheim.
[74] Manwayring, who fought in the English Fleet against the Armada, states that a “cross-sail” (square-rigged) ship in a sea cannot sail nearer than six points, unless there be tide or current setting her to windward.
[75] See chap. iii. p. 78. This revival in Edward VI.’s time of lead sheathing was copied from the contemporary custom among Spanish ships.
[76] P. 16.
[77] “Judicious and Select Essayes,” p. 33.
[78] See article on “Public Health,” by Charles Creighton, on p. 763, vol. i., of Traill and Mann’s “Social England.”
[79] “Naval Tracts of Sir William Monson,” edited by M. Oppenheim, Navy Records Society. See vol. ii. p. 235.
[80] Edited by Professor Sir J. K. Laughton, M.A., R.N., Navy Records Society, 1894.
[81] Given on p. 274 of “State Papers relating to the Defeat of the Spanish Armada,” _vide supra_.
[82] _Ibid._ p. 82.
[83] See “The British Mercantile Marine: a Short Historical Review,” by Edward Blackmore, London, 1897.
[84] “Naval Tracts of Sir William Monson,” edited by M. Oppenheim, Navy Records Society, 1902. See vol. ii. p. 328.
[85] “Papers relating to the Navy during the Spanish War, 1585-1587,” edited by J. S. Corbett, LL.M., Navy Records Society, 1898. I wish to express my indebtedness to this volume, and to Mr. Oppenheim’s “Naval Tracts of Sir William Monson,” for much matter in regard to the different types of Elizabethan ships.
[86] The reader who desires fuller information on the subject is referred to an interesting article “The Lost Tapestries of the House of Lords,” in _Harper’s Monthly Magazine_, April, 1907, from the pen of Mr. Edmund Gosse.
[87] These nettings were at first made of metal chain, but in the time of Elizabeth they were of rope.
[88] The illustration is taken from a print in the British Museum made by an artist who was born in 1620.
[89] It is interesting to note that in the year 1903 some Armada relics, consisting of a bronze breach loader, found fully charged, and a pair of bronze compasses were recovered from the wreck of the Spanish galleon _Florencia_, in Tobermory Bay, Isle of Mull. She had formed one of the Spanish fleet which fled up the North Sea from the English Channel, round the north of Scotland to the west coast, where in August of 1588 this 900-ton ship was blown up.
[90] See “Naval Tracts of Sir William Monson,” vol. ii. p. 318 _et seq._
[91] See vol. x., p. 158, of Maclehose’s edition of 1903.
[92] This map will be found reproduced at p. 171, vol. ii., of Maclehose’s edition of Hakluyt, published in 1903.
[93] That is to say he not merely covers with the canvas-cloth the whole length of the deck to prevent boarding, but the nettings would also be drawn over the waist to catch the falling wreckage of spars. (See Fig. 53.)
[94] Dexterous.
[95] “Boord and boord”—_i.e._, when two ships touch each other.
Manwayring advises against boarding the enemy at the quarter, which is the worst place, because it is high. The best place for entering was at the bows, but the best point for the play of the guns was to come up to her “athwart her hawes”—_i.e._, across her bows. By this means you could then bring all your broadside to play upon her, while all the time the enemy could only use her chase and prow pieces.
[96] I am far from convinced, however, that the drawing is in this respect correct. Edward Hayward in his book on “The Sizes and Lengths of Riggings for all His Majesties Ships and Frigates,” printed in London in 1660, only twenty-three years after the _Sovereign of the Seas_ was launched, makes no mention whatever of either her royals or of any mast or spar above topgallant, although he mentions in detail the masts and yards and rigging and sails other than royals. He does mention, however, that the _Sovereign_ carried a bonnet to be laced on to her spritsail. It is possible, however, that the royals were added in 1684, when she was rebuilt.
[97] See Appendix II. of “Ancient and Modern Ships,” by Sir G. C. V. Holmes.
[98] See “A History of the Administration of the Royal Navy and of Merchant Shipping in Relation to the Navy,” &c., by M. Oppenheim, p. 268.
[99] Edited by J. R. Tanner, M.A., Navy Records Society, 1896, from the MSS. in the Pepysian Library.
[100] I am indebted for many important details of this reign to “A Descriptive Catalogue of the Naval MSS. in the Pepysian Library at Magdalene, Cambridge,” edited by Dr. J. R. Tanner, Navy Records Society, 1903.
[101] “Judicious and Select Essayes and Observations,” p. 29.
[102] But see Chapter IX. of this volume.
[103] “Ancient and Modern Ships,” pp. 111, 112.
[104] “The Royal Navy,” by W. Laird Clowes, London, 1898. See p. 25, vol. ii.
[105] “Life of Captain Stephen Martin, 1666-1740,” edited by Clement R. Markham, C.B., F.R.S., Navy Records Society, 1895. See p. 24.
[106] “Old Sea Wings, Ways and Words in the Days of Oak and Hemp,” by Robert C. Leslie, London, 1890.
[107] For the purpose of not showing too prominently the blood shed in casualties.
[108] For further matter regarding the American frigates, the reader is referred to “American Merchant Ships and Sailors,” by William J. Abbot, New York, 1902.
[109] See pp. 36-37.
[110] For some of the facts in connection with this period I am indebted to articles by the late Sir W. Laird Clowes in his monumental history of “The Royal Navy,” and in Traill and Mann’s “Social England.”
[111] “The Navy Sixty Years Ago,” by Admiral Moresby, in the _National Review_ of December 1908.
[112] See an interesting article by Mr. Frank T. Bullen on “Deep-Sea Sailing” in the _Yachting Monthly_ of August 1907, to which I am indebted for some details of information.
[113] See “La Navigation Commerciale au XIX^e Siècle,” by Ambroise Colin, Paris, 1901.
[114] “Ancient and Modern Ships,” part ii., “The Era of Steam, Iron and Steel,” p. 24, by Sir George C. V. Holmes, K.C.V.O., C.B., London, 1906.
[115] “The British Mercantile Marine,” by Edward Blackmore, London, 1897.
[116] In connection with this chapter, I wish to acknowledge my indebtedness to certain matter contained in the following:
“Architectura Navalis Mercatoria,” by F. H. Chapman, Holmiæ, 1768; “The History of Yachting,” by Arthur H. Clark, New York, 1904; “Yachting,” by Sir Edward Sullivan, Bart., Lord Brassey, &c., 2 vols., London, 1894-95; “Mast and Sail in Europe and Asia,” by H. Warington Smyth, London, 1906; “Lloyd’s Almanac”; “Lloyd’s Yacht Register,” &c.; the _Yachtsman_; the _Yachting World_; the _Yachting Monthly_.
[117] “Architectura Navalis Mercatoria,” by F. H. Chapman, Holmiæ, 1768.
[118] This vessel was until recently in Portsmouth Harbour.
TRANSCRIBER’S NOTE
The page number in the caption of Plate illustrations, a typesetter indicator, has been removed. These Plates are indicated by the words ‘to face’ in the List of Illustrations.
Many illustrations have been moved to be closer to the related text.
Obvious typographical errors and punctuation errors have been corrected after careful comparison with other occurrences within the text and consultation of external sources.
Some hyphens in words have been silently removed, some added, when a predominant preference was found in the original book.
Except for those changes noted below, all misspellings in the text, and inconsistent or archaic usage, have been retained.
All occurrences of ‘Memlinc’ have been changed to ‘Memling’.
Pg 37: ‘again been stretched’ replaced by ‘again being stretched’. Pg 94: ‘ancient Northener’ replaced by ‘ancient Northerner’. Pg 94: ‘found that be could’ replaced by ‘found that he could’. Pg 201: ‘and at at any rate’ replaced by ‘and at any rate’. Pg 276: ‘on the i en a single’ replaced by ‘on the mizzen a single’. Pg 276: ‘continu till they’ replaced by ‘continued till they’. Pg 328: ‘nas been made’ replaced by ‘has been made’. Pg 339: ‘postliminis reversis’ replaced by ‘postliminio reversis’. Pg 340: ‘Darenburg, Ch.’ replaced by ‘Daremberg, Ch.’. Pg 347: ‘Capelle, Jan’ replaced by ‘Cappelle, Jan’. Pg 352: ‘Mainwayring, Sir’ replaced by ‘Manwayring, Sir’. Pg 358: ‘_Vahalla_’ replaced by ‘_Valhalla_’.