Part 15

{48} F. Darwin, _Annals of Botany_, December 1899.

{51a} _Life and Habit_, 1878.

{51b} Butler's term.

{53a} See James Ward, _Naturalism and Agnosticism_, i. 283

{53b} _Science and Culture_, Collected Essays, i.

{53c} _Loc. cit._ p. 288.

{56} Strictly speaking--florets.

{58a} C. Darwin. _Climbing Plants_.

{58b} _Galium aparine_.

{63a} _Literary Studies_, Vol. 1., p. 303.

{63b} _Memoir_, p. 155.

{64a} _Memoir_, p. 147.

{64b} _Ibid._, p. 132.

{66} _Memoir_, p. 148.

{73} Memoir, p. 348.

{74a} Not the Royal residence of that name.

{74b} Mr. Austen Leigh, _Memoir_, p. 140, quotes from Sir Denis Le Marchant that Fanny Price was a "prime favourite" of Sydney Smith. Mr. F. Myers I remember speaking to me of his especial admiration for _Mansfield Park_ and Fanny.

{82} _Times_, Dec 6, 1910, _Educational Supplement_.

{85} See, however, a footnote in No. IX. of this volume, p. 141.

{94} _Studies in Literature_, 1891, p. 100.

{98} The military drum and fife band is spoken of as "the drums"; there is no such person as a fifer, he is described as a drummer.

{100a} _The Elements of Musick Display'd_, etc., by William Tans'ur, Senior Musico Theorico, London, 1772, p. 103.

{100b} It is a pleasure to express my indebtedness to Mr. Cockerell, Director of the Fitzwilliam Museum at Cambridge, for his kindness in searching, in my interest, for old illustrations of the pipe and tabor. I have given some account of them in an appendix to this essay.

{102a} Kemp's _Nine Daies Wonder_: _Performed in a Daunce from London to Norwich_, by A. Dyce, Camden Society, 1840.

{102b} See Strutt's _Sports and Pastimes_, Edit. 2, 1810, Plate XIV., p. 124.

{103a} Welch, Christopher. _Six Lectures on the Recorder and other flutes in relation to Literature_, 1911, p. 255.

{103b} Recorders used to be known as flutes, while what we call flutes were described as German or transverse flutes. Purists desire to revive this nomenclature, and would call the taborer's pipe a flute or fipple-flute.

{104a} For details of the fingering see the appendix to this article.

{104b} Praetorius, _Organographia_, being the second volume of his _Systagma Musici_, 1618, where a figure is given in Plate IX. See Breitkopf and Hartel's reprint of Praetorius, also Galpin's _Old English Instruments of Music_, 1910.

{105a} See also Mahillon, _Catalogue descriptif et analytique du Music instrumental du Conservatoire royal de Bruxelle_, 1909, Vol 2, p. 282.

{105b} _Harmonie Universelle, contenant la theorie et la pratique ce la musique_, by M. Mersenne, Fol. 1636-7, Vol II, p. 232.

{105c} Stanford and Forsyth _History of Music_, 1916, p. 44.

{106} _Op. Cit._ 1912, Vol 4, p. 214.

{107} See p. 267.

{108a} Mr. Galpin, however, uses another grip; he crooks the little finger and presses against the lower end of the pipe, of course without occluding the bore at all. In the early drawings reproduced by Strutt (see _ante_ p. 102) the taborers show as a rule three fingers only. This is practically Luca della Robbia's grip, since the little finger could hardly show in these small illustrations. In Welch's book on the Recorder (p. 195) is a figure (reproduced from Mahillon) of a Basque holding his 3-holed pipe in a different way, viz., with the ring finger underneath and the little finger unemployed. I find it impossible to hold the pipe in this manner.

{108b} Various editions appeared from 1661 to 1683. See Welch, _loc. cit._, p. 61.

{109a} Mr. Galpin says that they are found on an ancient Egyptian drum.

{109b} Mahillon's _Catalogue_, iii., p. 377.

{110a} A German writer has suggested that this position allows the musician to beat the drum with his head!

{110b} According to Mahillon, _Catalogue_ iii., p. 377, to play the tabor and pipe is called in Provencal "tutupomponeyer."

{115} Reprinted by permission of the Syndics of the Cambridge University Press from _The Makers of British Botany_.

{116a} In 1699 Newton was made Master of the Mint and appointed Whiston his deputy in the Lucasian Professorship, an office he finally resigned in 1703 (Brewster's _Life of Newton_, 1831, p. 249).

{116b} "There, if anywhere, his dear shade must linger," Trevelyan, _Life and Letters of Lord Macaulay_ (1 volume edit. 1881, p. 55).

{117} Black's discovery of CO2, however, was published in 1754, seven years before Hales died, but Priestley's, Cavendish's and Lavoisier's work on O and H was later.

{118a} 1837, III. p. 389.

{118b} _Vegetable Staticks_, p. 346.

{119} Sachs, _Geschichte_, p. 502. Malpighi held similar views.

{120} Sachs, _Geschichte_, p. 499.

{121} Quoted by Caroc, in his paper read before the Cambridge Archaeological Society on _King's Hostel_, etc., and "Printed for the Master and Fellows of Trinity College," in 1909.

{122} He also held the living of Farringdon in Hampshire where he occasionally resided.

{123a} _Dict. Nat. Biog._

{123b} With a certain idleness Pope reduces him to plain Parson Hale, for the sake of a rhyme in the _Epistle to Martha Blount_, 1, 198.

{124} The original reads "deigned not," an obvious slip.

{125} This he does by means of a network of threads .25 inch apart. Pfeffer, _Pflanzenphysiologie_, ed. 1, 1. p. 142, recommends the method and gives Hales as his authority.

{126a} _Pflanzenphysiologie_, 1865 (Fr. Trans. 1868), p. 254.

{126b} He gives it as 15.8 square inches, the only instance I have come across of his use of decimals.

{126c} Arbeiten, II. p. 182.

{126d} See Sachs' _Pflanzenphys_. 1865 (Fr. Trans. 1868), p. 257, where the above correction is applied to Hales' work.

{127a} _Vegetable Staticks_, p. 5.

{127b} _Ibid._, p. 14.

{128a} _Vegetable Staticks_, p. 41.

{128b} Janse in _Pringsheim's Jahrb_. XVIII. p. 38. The later literature is given by Dixon in _Progressus Rei Bot._ III., 1909, p. 58.

{129a} Compare F. von Hohnel, _Bot. Zeitung_, 1879, p. 318.

{129b} This is also shown by experiment xc, _Vegetable Staticks_, p. 123.

{130a} The method by which Hales proposed to record the depth of the sea is a variant of this apparatus.

{130b} _Vegetable Staticks_, p. 92.

{130c} According to Sachs (_Geschichte_, p. 509) Ray employed this method.

{130d} Other facts showed that the "gapped" branches did not behave quite normally.

{131a} He refers (p. 141) to what is in principle the same experiment (see Fig. 27) as due to Mr. Brotherton, and published in the _Abridgement of the Phil. Trans._ II. p. 708.

{131b} He notices that the swelling of the bark is connected with the presence of buds. The only ring of bark which had no bud showed no swelling.

{133} It appears that Mayow made similar experiments. _Dict. Nat. Biog._ s.v. Mayow.

{134a} _History of Chemistry_, 1909, I. p. 69.

{134b} Hales made use of a rough pneumatic trough, the invention of which is usually ascribed to Priestley (Thorpe's _History of Chemistry_, I. p. 79)

{135a} He speaks here merely of the apples used in a certain experiment, but it is clear that he applies the conclusion to other plants.

{135b} _Vegetable Staticks_, p. 313. It should be noted that Hales speaks of organic as well as inorganic substances.

{137a} The above account of Hales' connexion with the Royal Gardens at Kew is from the _Kew Bulletin_, 1891, p. 289.

{137b} I am indebted to Sir E. Thorpe for a definition of _statical_ "Statical (Med.) noting the physical phenomena presented by organised bodies in contradiction to the organic or vital." (Worcester's _Dictionary_. 1889.)

{138a} _Arbeiten_, I.

{138b} Borelli, _De Motu Animalium_, Pt. II. Ch. xiii. According to Sachs, _Ges. d. Botanik_, p. 582, Mariotte (1679) had suggested the same idea.

{138c} Nageli, _Starkekorner_, p. 279.

{139a} See his _Philosophical Experiments_, 1739.

{139b} _Geschichte d. Botanik_, p. 515 (free translation).

{140} An Address on the occasion of the opening of the Darwin Laboratories at Shrewsbury School, October 20, 1911.

{141a} In the _Life and Letters of Charles Darwin_, Vol. I., are given my father's autobiographical recollections. He wrote (pp. 31-32): "Nothing could have been worse for the development of my mind than Dr. Butler's school, as it was strictly classical, nothing else being taught, except a little ancient geography and history." This seems to be an exaggeration, as the following list shows. It is taken from Samuel Butler's _Life and Letters of Dr. Samuel Butler_, 1896, Vol I., p. 196. The "weekly course of instruction for the fifth and sixth forms, under Dr. Butler," is given, and the items which are not classical are as follows:--

_Monday_.--English History follows Grecian and Roman history. The rest of a very full day is classical.

_Tuesday_.--Half-holiday. All classical except that the Masters of accomplishments attend in the afternoon.

_Wednesday_.--All classical.

_Thursday_.--Half-holiday. All classical except a "Lecture in algebra" for the sixth and upper fifth forms.

_Friday_.--All classical.

_Saturday_.--All classical except "Lecture in Euclid to sixth and upper fifth."

{141b} Charles Darwin's home at Shrewsbury.

{152a} Reprinted, with corrections (by the kind permission of the Syndics of the University Press), from Vol. v. of Sir G. Darwin's _Scientific Papers_. The biographical sketch of my brother is reproduced in a somewhat abbreviated version and does not contain Prof. E. W. Brown's contribution.

{152b} The third of those who survived childhood.

{152c} At Maer, the Staffordshire home of his mother.

{153} _Life and Letters of Charles Darwin_, Vol. 1., p. 319.

{156} Guillim, John, _A Display of Heraldry_, 6th ed., folio 1724. Edmonson, J., _A Complete Body of Heraldry_, folio, 1780.

{157} Afterwards Savilian Professor of Astronomy at Oxford. Born 1808, died 1893.

{158a} The late Mr. Routh was the most celebrated mathematical "Coach" of his day.

{158b} Compare Charles Darwin's words: "George has not slaved himself, which makes his success the more satisfactory" (_More Letters of C. Darwin_, Vol. II., p. 287).

{159} Emma Darwin, _A Century of Family Letters_, 1915, Vol. II., p. 187.

{161} He was called in 1874 but did not practise.

{162} As a boy he had energetically collected Lepidoptera during the years 1858-61; the first vague indications of a leaning towards physical science may perhaps be found in his joining the Sicilian eclipse expedition, December, 1870--January, 1871. It appears from _Nature_, December 1, 1870, that George was told off to make sketches of the Corona.

{163a} _Macmillan's Magazine_, 1872, Vol. XXVI., pp. 410-416.

{163b} _Contemporary Review_, 1873, Vol. XXII., pp. 412-426.

{163c} Not published.

{163d} _Contemporary Review_, 1874, Vol. XXIV., pp. 894-904.

{164a} _Journal of the Statistical Society_, 1875, Vol. XXXVIII., pt. 2, pp. 153-182, also pp. 183-184, and pp. 344-348.

{164b} Probably he heard informally at the end of October what was not formally determined till November.

{165a} Emma Darwin, _A Century of Family Letters_, 1915, Vol. II., p. 233.

{165b} _Nature_, December 12, 1912.

{165c} It was in 1907 that the Syndics of the Cambridge University Press asked George to prepare a reprint of his scientific papers, which were published in five volumes. George was deeply gratified at an honour that placed him in the same class as Lord Kelvin, Stokes, Cayley, Adams, Clerk Maxwell, Lord Rayleigh, and other men of distinction.

{166} Thus in 1872 he was in Homburg, 1873 in Cannes, 1874 in Holland, Belgium, Switzerland and Malta, 1876 in Italy and Sicily.

{167} The voting at University elections is in theory strictly confidential, but in practice this is unfortunately not always the case. George records in his diary the names of the five who voted for him and of the four who supported another candidate. None of the electors are now living. The election occurred in January, and in June he had the great pleasure and honour of being re-elected to a Trinity Fellowship. His daughter, Madame Raverat, writes: "Once, when I was walking with my father on the road to Madingley village, he told me how he had walked there on the first Sunday he ever was at Cambridge with two or three other freshmen; and how, when they were about opposite the old chalk pit, one of them betted him 20 pounds that he (my father) would never be a professor of Cambridge University: 'and' said my father, with great indignation, 'he never paid me.'"

{168} In the second part of the Preface to the fifth volume of _Sir G. H. Darwin's Scientific Papers_, 1916.

{171} _Emma Darwin_, _A Century of Family Letters_. Privately printed, 1904. Vol. II., p. 350.

{172a} _Emma Darwin_, _A Century of Family Letters_, 1915, Vol. II., p. 266.

{172b} At that time it was known simply as Newnham, but as this is the name of the College, and was also in use for a growing region of houses, the Darwins christened it Newnham Grange. The name Newnham is now officially applied to the region extending from Silver Street Bridge to the Barton Road.

{173a} The following account of Newnham Grange is taken from C. H. Cooper's _Memorials of Cambridge_, 1866, Vol. III., p. 262 (note): "The site of the hermitage was leased by the Corporation to Oliver Grene, 20 September, 31 Eliz. [1589]. It was in 1790 leased for a long term to Patrick Beales, from whom it came to his brother, S. P. Beales, Esq., who erected thereon a substantial mansion and mercantile premises now occupied by his son, Patrick Beales, Esq., alderman, who purchased the reversion from the Corporation in 1839." Silver Street was formerly known as Little Bridges Street, and the bridges which gave it this name were in charge of a hermit, hence the above reference to the hermitage.

{173b} This was to distinguish it from the "Big Island," both being leased from the town. Later George acquired in the same way the small oblong kitchen garden on the river bank, and bought the freehold of the Lammas land on the opposite bank of the river.

{177} _The Archer's Register_ for 1912-1913, by H. Walrond. London, _The Field Office_, 1913.

{178} As here given they are abbreviated.

{182a} See Prof Brown's Memoir, p. xlix.

{182b} _Nature_, 1912. See also Prof. Brown's Memoir, p. I.

{186} _Nature_, December 12, 1912.

{187} Compare Mr. Chesterton's _Twelve Types_, (1903), p. 190. He speaks of Scott's critic in the _Edinburgh Review_: "The only thing to be said about that critic is that he had never been a little boy. He foolishly imagined that Scott valued the plume and dagger of Marmion for Marmion's sake. Not being himself romantic, he could not understand that Scott valued the plume because it was a plume, and the dagger because it was a dagger."

{190} _Emma Darwin, A Century of Family Letters_, 1915, Vol., II., p. 146.

{192a} Sir George's medals are deposited in the Library of Trinity College, Cambridge.

{192b} Given by the Sovereign on the nomination of the Royal Society.

{193} Re-elected in 1912.

{194} The above list is principally taken from that compiled by Sir George for the Year-Book of the Royal Society, 1912, and may not be quite complete. It should be added that he especially valued the honour conferred on him in the publication of his collected papers by the Syndics of the University Press.

{195} _Dictionary of Music_, ed. I., s.v., March.

{198a} _Dictionary of Music_, s.v., March.

{198b} _Dictionary of Music_, s.v. Sergeant Trumpeter. When the office was revived in 1858 it was given to a clarinet player and then to a bassoonist. Before this date it was not even necessary to be a musician to hold the office. The salary is 100 pounds per annum.

{199} _The British Campaign in France and Flanders_, 1914, pp. 117 and 118.

{201} An Address given at Birkbeck College, London, on September 29th, 1913.

{210} See p. 50.

{212} A new method of estimating the aperture of stomata. B., Vol. 84, 1911.

{215a} _Phil. Trans._, B. vol 190, 1898.

{215b} See above, p. 136.

{219} Quoted by Professor A. C. Bradley in his _Oxford Lectures on Poetry_, 1909, p. 341.

{220a} _Descent of Man_, 1871, Vol. 1., p. 75.

{220b} Charles Darwin's _Journal of Researches_, etc., ed. 1860, p. 214.

{223} _Memories and Portraits_.

{226} _Crainquebille, Riquet_, etc., (n.d.)

{227} _Oxford Lectures on Poetry_, 1909, pp. 340, 341.

{229a} _David Copperfield_, Chap. xix.

{229b} "Its board and lodging to me, is smoke." _Pickwick_, Chap. xx.

{229c} In _Hard Times_, Chap. viii. I have ventured to omit the elaborate lisp with which Mr. "Thleary" speaks in the original.

{230a} See for instance the _Life and Letters of Charles Darwin_, Vol 1, p. 113.

{230b} C. T. Forster's _Life and letters of Ogier de Busbecq_, 1881.