CHAPTER XIII.

_SUGGESTIONS._

IF, in offering a few practical suggestions, we either repeat ourselves, or communicate common-place hints, those who may know already all we shall essay to tell them will please to pardon and pass on.

All the information essential under this head relates to collecting, examining, and preserving microscopic fungi.

Collecting does not differ, except in the objects themselves, from any other botanical collecting. Those who attempt it must be prepared to sacrifice their kid gloves and patent-leather boots, to put on waterproofs and perseverance, and come home sometimes disappointed. The requisites for good work are but few, and easily supplied. A strong knife, a pocket lens, and a box or leather bag, will be all that is really essential. But where shall we go—and when? Hedge-banks, the sides of ditches, borders of woods, anywhere, if the plants are to be found on which the fungi are parasitic. We flatter ourselves on being rather successful in collecting, and our favourite localities have always been the dampest places in woods, railway-banks, and waste places. It is a great mistake to endeavour to go over a large tract of ground. We have spent a whole day in a little chalkpit, which had fallen into disuse, and grown wild. Fifty yards into a wood is as much, as we attempt, when alone; and a spot six yards square has afforded us occupation for hours. It is better to examine a small space thoroughly than to scamper on, mile after mile, and find nothing.

When? is as much to be noted as where! All the year round we shall be sure of finding something of interest. As soon as the last patch of winter’s snow has melted from the ground, and green leaves begin to unfold themselves, the search may begin. Cluster-cups (_Æcidium_) will be the earliest forms encountered. On the leaves of _Lapsana communis_, and the pilewort, these will be found before the majority of plants have burst their buds. Henceforth, other forms will gradually appear, until May or June. One or two species of _Puccinia_ will be seen in April or May, but from that period until autumn, species of _Trichobasis_ will be common. In June and July the smuts belonging to the genus _Ustilago_ are most plentiful, and from August to October _Puccinia_ and its allied genera will have the ascendant; so that from March to October there is continually succeeding each other some species of parasitic fungus belonging to the Uredines. From October to March need be no more a season of repose from the search of these minute plants than from March to October. So long as the ground is not covered with snow there will always be something to find on dead leaves, rotten sticks, &c., when there is not a green leaf to be seen. But these belong to a section to which we have studiously avoided all reference in the foregoing pages.

General instructions will not always apply; but in most instances, the lowest and earliest leaves, in which vitality appears to decline, will be most likely to suffer from the attacks of fungi. This rule must not be too stringently applied; the species of _Æcidium_, for instance, will generally be found on vigorous green leaves.

Having found a plant infected with some rust or brand, and by means of a pocket lens assured yourself that it is such, although the power is insufficient to tell what it is, collect as many leaves as you are likely to require; place them flat one upon the other, to prevent their curling up at the edges, should the weather be hot, and yourself far from home, and lay them in your box; or if you should take in preference an old book with stiff covers, place them separately between the leaves of your book, and they will be in still better condition, if you desire to preserve them. Arrived at home with the results of your trip, proceed at once to lay them between folds of blotting-paper, submit them to a gentle pressure, and change the papers daily until your leaves are dry, not forgetting to keep a scrap of paper with each collection, stating date and locality, to which, after microscopical examination, the name may be added. When thoroughly dry, your leaves may be preserved for reference in old envelopes, with the particulars endorsed on the outside. Fungi on leaves will generally be examined to the greatest advantage in the fresh state, but if too much pressure is not employed in the drying, it will not be difficult even in that condition to make out their characteristic features. Care must be taken, by changing their position, that moulds of other kinds do not establish themselves upon the specimens in drying, or that when dried they do not fall a prey to _Eurotium herbariorum_.

If it is intended to add these leaves to your herbarium, or to form a special herbarium for them, they should be mounted on white paper, first by affixing one or two leaves by means of thin glue to a paper about four inches square, on which the name, date, and locality may be written, and attaching several of these _species_-papers to a larger or _genus_-paper, or by devoting each larger paper to a species, adding in future other varieties, and enclosing all the _species_-papers of the same genus within a folded sheet, on which the name of the genus is written.

We have adopted, for our own herbarium, the “foolscap” size. A sheet of paper receives within its fold the specimens of a single species; these are affixed to the right-hand page, when the sheet is open, and a small envelope is attached by its face to the same page at the bottom, in which loose specimens are kept for minute and special examination, or as duplicates. When the sheet is folded, the specific name is written at the right-hand lower corner, or, what is better, a strip containing that name and its number is cut from a copy of the “Index Fungorum,” kept for the purpose, and gummed in its place. The remainder of this page, which is of white cartridge paper, is occupied with memoranda referring to the species enclosed, sketches of the spores, synonyms, references to descriptions, &c. All the species-papers of each genus are placed together within a sheet of brown paper, half an inch larger in each direction, with the name of the genus written at the left-hand corner. A piece of millboard, the size of the covers when folded, separates each order.

When a leaf, or other portion of a plant, is to be examined under the microscope, with the view of determining the genus and species of its parasite, it may be fastened with small pins to a piece of sheet cork, two or three inches square, and about one-eighth of an inch in thickness, such as used for lining entomological cabinets, and so placed under a lens that it may easily be brought into focus, and both hands left at liberty; or a dissecting microscope may be used for the purpose. From one of the pustules the spores may be removed on the sharp point of a penknife, and placed in a drop of water on a glass slide. A thin glass cover is placed over the drop of water, and the slide is submitted to examination. For further satisfaction it will often be found necessary to make carefully a thin section of a pustule, and place this under the microscope, a more troublesome but also much more satisfactory method. Reference to the Appendix will soon determine the name and position of the fungus, provided it belongs to the section to which this volume is devoted.

If it is thought desirable to mount the spores as permanent objects, there is no obstacle to such a proceeding. The spores of the different species of _Aregma_, of _Triphragmium_, and many of the _Pucciniæ_, will be worth the trouble. We have tried several media, and only adopted Glycerine or Balsam; either of these, especially the former, if the greater difficulty of securely closing can be overcome, will answer the purpose.

It should be remarked that in the examination of moulds, such as those of the genus _Peronospora_, included in this work, if any fluid be added, the acrospores are immediately disconnected from the threads, and float in the medium; so that if their mode of attachment or arrangement would be studied, that must be achieved without the addition of any fluid whatever.

The best methods of observing germination, the production of zoospores, &c., have been detailed already.

Thus do we arrive at the close of the task which we had set ourselves to perform. This fragment of a history of microscopic fungi goes forth to plead for students, and prepare the path for somewhat more complete. Is it not a shame that more than two thousand species of plants (never mind how minute, how insignificant) should be known to exist, and constitute a flora, in a nation amongst the foremost in civilization, and yet be without a complete record? It is nevertheless true that hundreds of minute organisms, exquisite in form, marvellous in structure, mysterious in development, injurious to some, linked with the existence of all, are known to flourish in Britain without a history or description, in the language of, or produced in, the country they inhabit. It is also true that the descriptions, by which they should be known, of hundreds of the rest lie buried in a floating literature whence the youthful and ardent student needs, not only youth and ardour, but leisure and perseverance unlimited to unearth them. This, however, by the way; we may be too great dotards on our native land, and foolish in our desire to see her in advance, and not in the rear in scientific attainments, pursuits, and productions of other and, perhaps, less favoured nations.

Already we fear that some of our readers will have thought our story of rust, brand, and mildew interminable, and looked anxiously for the close. On the other hand, we would flatter ourselves into the belief that some have made a new acquaintance with these minute and mysterious forms, and would fain know more. The groups of fungi which we have endeavoured to illustrate have, with but few exceptions, one feature in common, _i.e._, that they are parasitic on living plants. These constitute but a small portion of the microscopical species found in this country. To the elegant forms of mould which inhabit decaying vegetable substances no allusion has been made. These constitute a fairy flora of forests and gardens with features as varied, and fruits as multiform, as those of the trees and flowers of the earth. The numerous, and often marvellous, phases of low life developed upon dead leaves and rotten sticks, would in description occupy a far greater space than we have devoted to our subject. Yet, for all these, we have not spared so much as a passing word. The treasures still left unopened are far richer than even those we have revealed. The gates of another world have been thrown open, but we have scarcely passed the threshold. A minutely and elaborately illuminated page of the book of Nature has been turned, and we have only perused a single line. We might traverse the primeval forests of the new world, and explore the unknown regions of the old, and not encounter so much to excite our admiration, or cause our wonder, as lies about our feet at home; marvels which we tread beneath our feet, or kick from our path, because they appear to be only rotten sticks, withered grass, and decaying leaves. All this may appear as the dream of an enthusiast, or the ravings of one on whom the moon has shone too often. When Columbus spoke of a new world beyond the seas, which he longed to seek and explore, some believed him duped, and others called him mad. We write of no chimerical El Dorado, we speak of no undiscovered world, and yet we seem to allude to wonders still unknown, because so few have had the courage to venture upon the journey for themselves.

In sober earnestness, however, let us commend this pursuit to all who possess a microscope and leisure to use it. It may be for a time the “pursuit of knowledge under difficulties,” on account of the condition of our literature on this special subject; but many workers will produce more readers, and good books will come when there are more to purchase and appreciate. It is not improbable that in more cases than have come under our own observation, microscopists wearied of diatoms and allied forms, or deeming themselves in possession of all that is novel or interesting in this direction, are seeking for a new field of labour, and a new subject to kindle up a new enthusiasm. To these we have advised, and to any more such we continue to advise, that fungi should have a fair trial. If variety is desired, here they will have at least 2,000 species for a knowledge of which the microscope is essential. If they thirst for discovery, let them be assured that here also the earnest worker is sure to meet with such a reward. Or if they would acquaint themselves with the manifestations of Divine power as developed in the most minute of created things, let them follow such observers as Tulasne and De Bary, and seek the “why and the wherefore” of the phenomena of mycetal life.

If there should still be any hesitation whether there is in this pursuit sufficient of the element of variety, for those who do not desire to pursue the subject into its deepest scientific recesses, to render it available for them, let them go to a good public library, such as that of the British Museum, and inquire for the large illustrated work by Corda, entitled “Icones Fungorum,” or the more recent volumes by Tulasne (Selecta Fungorum Carpologia), and examine the figures of microscopic fungi in either of those works, and decide for themselves.

APPENDIX A.

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CLASSIFICATION & DESCRIPTIONS OF FUNGI CONTAINED IN THIS VOLUME.

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=ÆCIDIACEI=.

Peridium elongated—

separating in threads _Rœstelia_.

rupturing irregularly _Peridermium_.

Peridium abbreviated, or _Æcidium_. semi-immersed

Peridium immersed _Endophyllum_.

RŒSTELIA, _Reb._

_Peridium_ elongated, at length opening by lateral fissures, or a terminal lacerated mouth. _Spermogonia_ on the opposite surface, on the same or on different leaves.

=Rœstelia cancellata=, Reb. PEAR-LEAF RŒSTELIA; spots yellow, then red, prominent; peridia split to the base into laciniæ, which remain united at the apex.—On Pear leaves. Not very common. Autumn. (Plate II. figs. 20, 21.)

=Rœstelia cornuta=, Tul. HORN-LIKE RŒSTELIA; spots rusty-brown; peridia cylindrical, slightly curved, yellowish-brown; spores greyish, at length brown.—On the under surface of the leaves of Mountain-Ash. Not common. August. (Plate II. figs. 18, 19.)

=Rœstelia lacerata=, Tul. LACERATED RŒSTELIA; peridia clustered in tufts, brown, elongated, splitting to the base in segments; spores light brown.—On the under surface of the leaves, and on the petioles and fruit of the Hawthorn. Not uncommon. May to July. (Plate II. figs. 22, 26.)

PERIDERMIUM, _Chev._

_Peridium_ elongated, at length bursting irregularly. _Spermogonia_ scattered, conspicuous.

=Peridermium Pini=, Chev.; peridia oblong, scattered, large; spores orange, abundant; spermogonia vernal or autumnal, or both; spermatia large, white.—On leaves and young branches of Scotch Fir. Common in Scotland, occasional in England. Summer. (Plate II. figs. 27, 28.)

=Peridermium elatinum=, Lk.; simple, immersed; peridia elliptic, pallid; sporidia orange.—On Silver Fir, altering both foliage and ramification. Not common.

ÆCIDIUM, _Pers._

_Peridium_ seldom elongated, opening by a terminal mouth, surrounded by a fringe of recurved teeth, or when short bursting irregularly. _Spores_ disposed in chains. _Spermogonia_ on the same or the opposite surface, clustered or scattered, central or intermixed.

SECT. I.—_Peridia scattered_ (_not collected in tufts or clusters_).

=Æcidium leucospermum=, DC. WHITE-SPORED CLUSTER-CUPS; spots yellowish; peridia scattered, often covering the whole under surface; spores white, ovate.—On both sides of the leaves of the wood-anemone. Common. June. (Plate I. figs. 4-6.)

=Æcidium quadrifidum=, DC. FOUR-LOBED CLUSTER-CUPS; spots brownish; peridia scattered, occupying almost the entire under surface; spores brown, subglobose.—On the under side of leaves of Anemone in gardens. (Lobes at the mouth of the peridium not constantly four.) April to May.

=Æcidium albescens=, Grev. MOSCHATEL CLUSTER-CUPS; leaf blistered, whitish, scattered; peridia white, split into a few large teeth; spores yellowish-white.—On leaves and petioles of _Adoxa moschatellina_. Not uncommon. April.

=Æcidium Epilobii=, DC. WILLOW-HERB CLUSTER-CUPS; spots obliterated; peridia scattered, at length oval, wider above; spores orange, at length brown.—On the under side of leaves of _Epilobium montanum_, _E. hirsutum_, and _E. palustre_, rarely on the upper. Common. June to August.

=Æcidium Thesii=, Desv. BASTARD-TOADFLAX CLUSTER-CUPS; spots obliterated; peridia scattered or biseriate; short, cylindrical, margin irregularly toothed, erect; spores yellowish, then dingy.—On _Thesium humifusum_. Downs near Winchester. July, 1864. Chipstead, Surrey, Oct. 14, 1864. (Plate III. figs. 50, 51.)

=Æcidium Soldanellæ=, Hornsch. SOLDANELLA CLUSTER-CUPS; spots obliterated; peridia solitary, scattered over the inferior surface; spores orange.—On the under surface of the leaves of _Soldanella alpina_.

=Æcidium Tragopogonis=, Pers. GOATSBEARD CLUSTER-CUPS; spots obliterated; peridia scattered, torn, wider above; spores orange, at length black.—On stems, leaves, and involucres of common Goatsbeard. Very common. May to June. (Plate I. figs. 1-3.)

=Æcidium Euphorbiæ=, Pers. SPURGE CLUSTER-CUPS; spots obliterated, leaf thickened; peridia scattered or crowded, distinct; spores orange.—On the under surface of the leaves of Spurge. Common. May to June.

SECT. II. _Peridia in tufts or clusters._

α. _Elongatæ._

=Æcidium Berberidis=, Pers. BERBERRY CLUSTER-CUPS; spots roundish, bright red; subiculum thickened; peridia in subrotund or oval patches, often elongated; spores orange.—On leaves, peduncles, and fruit of the common Berberry. Common. May to July. (Plate I. figs. 7-9.)

=Æcidium Thalictri=, Grev. MEADOW-RUE CLUSTER-CUPS; collected in roundish clusters; peridia oblong; spores bright orange.—On _Thalictrum alpinum_. Not uncommon in Scotland.

=Æcidium crassum=, Pers. BUCKTHORN CLUSTER-CUPS; spots yellow-brown, subiculum thickened; peridia crowded into a roundish heap, at first globose, yellow, at length open; spores orange.—On _Rhamnus catharticus_ and _R. frangula_. Common.

=Æcidium Periclymeni=, DC. HONEYSUCKLE CLUSTER-CUPS; spots variegated, yellow and brown, subiculum thickened; peridia sometimes elongated, in roundish or effused heaps; spores orange.—On the under surface of Honeysuckle leaves. Not common. June to August.

β. _Poculiformæ._

=Æcidium Calthæ.= Grev. MARSH-MARIGOLD CLUSTER-CUPS; aggregate; peridia somewhat campanulate, with numerous minute marginal teeth; spores bright orange, subglobose or oval.—On leaves and petioles of _Caltha palustris_. Margin of peridia pale and brittle. Rare. Spring.

=Æcidium Ranunculacearum=, DC. CROWFOOT CLUSTER-CUPS; spots obliterated, subiculum thickened; peridia in irregular heaps, densely crowded together; spores orange.—On leaves of various _Ranunculaceæ_; very common on _R. Ficaria_, not uncommon on _R. repens_, more rarely on _R. acris_ and _R. bulbosus_. Spring. (Plate II. figs. 12-14.)

=Æcidium Galii=, Pers. BEDSTRAW CLUSTER-CUPS; spots linear or oblong, obscurely brown; peridia scattered, rarely aggregate, dentate, whitish; spores white.—On the leaves of _Galium verum_ and _G. mollugo_. (Plate II. figs. 15-17.)

I am doubtful whether the _Æcidium_ on _Galium mollugo_ is really this species.—(_M. C. C._)

=Æcidium Bunii=, DC. PIG-NUT CLUSTER-CUPS; spots obliterated, subiculum thickened; peridia in irregular subrotund or oval heaps; spores orange.—On _Bunium bulbocastanum_ and _Pimpinella saxifraga_. Spring.

=Æcidium Valerianacearum=, Dub. VALERIAN CLUSTER-CUPS; hypogenous, rarely cauline, spots on a thickened subcircular or oblong base; peridia scattered, more or less crowded, cup-shaped, tawny, margin erect, denticulate; spores dirty-yellow.—On _Valeriana officinalis_ and _V. dioica_. North Britain.

=Æcidium Asperifolii=, Pers. BORAGE CLUSTER-CUPS; clusters subrotund, on a slightly thickened subiculum; peridia scattered; spores yellowish-white.—On leaves of various _Boragineæ_. Summer. The parts of the leaves on which it occurs are rendered concave on one side and convex on the other.

=Æcidium Grossulariæ=, DC. GOOSEBERRY CLUSTER-CUPS; spots yellow, bright red on the opposite side, with a yellow border; peridia crowded in roundish heaps, at length brown, and surrounded with a brown area; spores orange.—On leaves and fruit of Gooseberry and Currant. Common. May to June.

=Æcidium Urticæ=, DC. NETTLE CLUSTER-CUPS; spots obliterated, subiculum thickened; peridia disposed in elongated or subrotund heaps, at first subglobose, then gaping; spores orange.—On leaves and stems of Nettles, distorting them very much. Common. June. (Plate I. figs. 10, 11.)

=Æcidium Behenis=, DC. BLADDER-CAMPION CLUSTER-CUPS; spots yellow, brown on opposite side; peridia somewhat circinating, in subrotund heaps; spores brown.—On _Silene inflata_. Not common. Some of the peridia are short and open, others larger and closed.

=Æcidium Orobi=, DC. BITTER-VETCH CLUSTER-CUPS; spots yellow, effused; peridia scattered and disposed in small heaps; spores at length white.—On stems and leaves of _Orobus tuberosus_. Scotland.

γ. _Subimmersæ._

=Æcidium Compositarum=, Mart. COMPOSITE CLUSTER-CUPS; spots purplish, subrotund, confluent above; peridia crowded, in orbicular patches, or circinating, on the under surface; spores orange, oval.

Var. _a._ _Taraxaci_, Grev.; clusters small, scattered.—On leaves of the Dandelion. June to July.

Var. _b._ _Prenanthis_, Pers.; spots circular or irregular, purplish; subiculum incrassated.—On leaves of Hawkweed (_Hieracium paludosum_). Summer.

Var. _c._ _Tussilaginis_, Pers.; clusters round, on a thickened base; peridia circinating.—On the under surface of leaves of Coltsfoot and Butter-bur. Common. Autumn.

Var. _d._ _Jacobæa_, Grev.; pustular, soon becoming agglomerated, numerous, depressed; peridia splitting into short, brittle, yellowish-white teeth.—On leaves of _Senecio Jacobæa_ and _Sonchus arvensis_. June to August.

Var. _e._ _Lapsani_, Purt.; spots purplish, irregular, confluent, on both sides of the leaves; peridia amphigenous, in irregular patches or scattered, not prominent, teeth numerous, minute, reflexed; spores yellow, oval.—On both surfaces of the leaves of _Lapsana communis_. April. Not uncommon.

=Æcidium Saniculæ=, Carm. SANICLE CLUSTER-CUPS; spots purplish, slightly incrassated, small, scattered, roundish; peridia in small circulate clusters, hypogenous, and on the petioles, at first hemispherical, at length open, margin with from 4 to 6 spreading lobes; spores yellowish, elliptical.—On the under surface of the leaves and on the petioles of _Sanicula Europæa_. Not uncommon. May and June.

=Æcidium Violæ=, Schum. _Violet Cluster-Cups_; spots yellowish; peridia in irregular heaps, seriate and scattered; spores orange, at length brown.—On leaves, petioles, and sepals of Violets. Common. May and June.

=Æcidium Poterii=, Cooke. BURNET CLUSTER-CUPS; spots obliterated, clusters subrotund or elongated; peridia hypogenous and on the petioles, circinating or scattered, immersed, margin irregularly fringed with numerous minute teeth, soon falling away; spores yellowish, oval.—On the under surface of the leaflets and on the petioles of _Poterium Sanguisorba_. Rare. May and June. Dartford Brent, Kent.

=Æcidium Geranii=, DC. CRANESBILL CLUSTER-CUPS; spots yellow and purple; peridia in circinating clusters; spores yellow, at length brown.—On the under surface of leaves of _Geranium pratense_ and _G. dissectum_. Not common.

=Æcidium Menthæ=, DC. MINT CLUSTER-CUPS; spots obliterated; subiculum thickened; peridia scattered, emersed, or aggregate immersed; spores orange, elliptic.—On various Mints. Common.

=Æcidium Scrophulariæ=, DC. FIGWORT CLUSTER-CUPS; spots yellowish; peridia in roundish circinate clusters (rarely scattered) on the under surface; spores whitish, becoming tawny.—On the leaves of _Scrophularia aquatica_. Thame and Sydenham, Oxon.

=Æcidium Pedicularis=, Lobosch. RED-RATTLE CLUSTER-CUPS; spots obliterated, subiculum thickened; peridia thickly and irregularly clustered, subimmersed; spores dirty, pallid orange.—On petioles, leaves, and stems of _Pedicularis palustris_. Not common.

=Æcidium Primulæ=, DC. PRIMROSE CLUSTER-CUPS; spots obliterated; peridia solitary, scattered, and crowded, hypogenous; spores whitish-yellow.—On the under surface of leaves of Primroses. Not common. May.

=Æcidium rubellum=, Pers. DOCK CLUSTER-CUPS; spots purple; peridia circinating, centre free; spores yellowish-white.—On leaves of Dock and Sorrel. Not uncommon in moist localities. May and June.

=Æcidium Ari=, Berk. WAKE-ROBIN CLUSTER-CUPS; spots round, confluent; peridia circinating, not crowded, central ones abortive.—On leaves of _Arum maculatum_. Not common. June and July.

=Æcidium Dracontii=, Schwein. ARUM CLUSTER-CUPS; spots pallid, extensively scattered over the leaves, sometimes nearly covering them; peridia large, scattered, abundant, disposed without order on the spots; spores orange.—On _Arum triphyllum_, in gardens. Melbury, 1863 (_Rev. M. J. B._) A North American species.

=Æcidium Allii=, Grev. GARLIC CLUSTER-CUPS; spots pale; peridia circinating, not contiguous; spores yellowish.—On leaves of broad-leaved Garlic (_Allium ursinum_). June and July.

ENDOPHYLLUM, _Lév._

_Peridium_ enclosed within the substance of the leaf, bursting irregularly.

=Endophyllum Sempervivi=, Lév.; peridia immersed, elliptic or roundish; spores ochraceous, becoming brownish.—On leaves of Houseleek.

PUCCINIÆI.

_a._ _Spores stipitate._

Spores multiseptate— moniliform _Xenodochus_. cylindrical _Aregma_. biseptate _Triphragmium_. uniseptate _Puccinia_.

_b._ _Spores immersed in gelatine._

Stroma tremelloid and expanded _Gymnosporangium_. clavate or club-shaped _Podisoma_.

XENODOCHUS, Schl.

Spores multiseptate, moniliform, breaking up into many distinct articulations.—_Berk. Outl._, pp. 328.

=Xenodochus carbonarius=, Schl. BURNET CHAIN-BRAND; scattered, in small tufts, hypogenous; spores curved or straight, composed of from 5 to 15 articulations; obtuse at one extremity, slightly attenuate at the other.—On Burnet. Very rare. (Plate III. fig. 29.)

AREGMA, Fr.

Spores cylindrical, multiseptate, scarcely moniliform, borne on a long peduncle.—_Berk. Outl._, p. 329.

=Aregma mucronatum=, Fr. ROSE BRAND; hypogenous, scattered over the leaves in minute tufts; spores 5- to 7-septate, terminal joint mucronate; peduncles incrassated below, fusiform.—On leaves of various Roses. Autumn. Frequent. (Plate III. fig. 38.)

=Aregma acuminatum=, Fr. BURNET BRAND; hypogenous, scattered in minute tufts; spores multiseptate, terminal joint acuminate; peduncles equal.—On Burnet leaves. July. Common. (Plate III. fig. 32.)

=Aregma bulbosum=, Fr. BRAMBLE BRAND; hypogenous, with a dull red stain on the upper surface; spores in large tufts, 4-septate, terminal joint apiculate; peduncles incrassated, and bulbous at the base.—On Bramble leaves. Autumn. Very common. (Plate III. fig. 41.)

=Aregma gracile=, Berk. RASPBERRY BRAND; hypogenous, scattered, in small tufts; spores 7- to 9-septate, the terminal joint apiculate; peduncles slender.—On Raspberry leaves. Autumn. (Plate III. fig. 43.)

=Aregma obtusatum=, Fr. STRAWBERRY BRAND; hypogenous, scattered, in minute tufts; spores multiseptate, terminal joint obtuse; peduncles equal.—On leaves of barren Strawberry. Autumn. Common. (Plate III. fig. 35.)

TRIPHRAGMIUM, Lk.

Spores trilocular, septa mostly vertical and horizontal.—_Berk. Outl._, p. 332.

=Triphragmium Ulmariæ=, Lk. MEADOW-SWEET BRAND; spots obliterated; sori at first subrotund, covered with the epidermis; at length, when the cuticle has vanished, effuse; spores brown, subturbinate, divided by a vertical dissepiment, shortly pedicellate.—On leaves of Meadow-sweet, _Spiræa ulmaria_. Autumn. (Plate III. fig. 48.)

PUCCINIA, Pers.

Spores uniseptate, supported on a distinct peduncle.—_Berk. Outl._, p. 329.

=Puccinia graminis=, Pers. CORN MILDEW; spots pale, diffuse; sori linear, confluent, amphigenous; spores at length black, clavate, very slightly constricted.—On the leaves and culms of corn and grass. Autumn. Very common, and injurious to corn. (Plate IV. figs. 57-59.)

Var. _β. Arundinis_, Grev. Sori broad; spores more constricted and with longer peduncles.—On the leaves and sheaths of reeds. Very common.

=Puccinia striola=, Lk. SEDGE MILDEW; spots pallid; sori linear, crowded, distinct, subconvex; spores at length black, oblong and slightly constricted, or obovate, and not constricted.—On Sedges, Rushes, &c. Autumn. Common.

=Puccinia coronata=, Cd. CORONATED MILDEW; spots pallid; sori linear, short, crowded, not confluent, surrounded by the ruptured epidermis; spores shortly pedicellate, pallid; the apex surrounded by obtuse radiating teeth.—On various Grasses. Autumn. Not uncommon. (Plate IV. figs. 60-62.)

=Puccinia truncata=, B. and Br. IRIS BRAND; spots obliterated; sori oblong, brown, surrounded by the scarious epidermis; spores obovate-oblong, even, attenuated below, upper cell abruptly truncate.—On _Iris fœtidissima_. Autumn.

=Puccinia Asparagi=, DC. ASPARAGUS BRAND; spots none; sori reddish-brown, generally on the stems, scattered and crowded, surrounded by the ruptured epidermis; spores oblong, obtuse, constricted; peduncle white, long, thread-like.—On dead stems of _Asparagus_. Autumn.

=Puccinia Polygonorum=, Lk. POLYGONUM BRAND; spots yellowish; sori minute, crowded into orbicular patches; spores brown-black, obovate-oblong, frequently constricted, with the upper joint globose.—On the under surface of the leaves of various species of _Polygonum_. Autumn. Common.

=Puccinia vaginalium=, Lk. KNOTGRASS BRAND; spots none; sori hypogenous, subrotund or oblong, at first surrounded by the ruptured epidermis; spores brown, obtusely ovate; pedicels long, filiform.—On leaves and stems of Knotgrass, _Polygonum aviculare_. Autumn.

=Puccinia Thesii=, Chaill. BASTARD-TOADFLAX BRAND; cauline and amphigenous; sori blackish-brown, small, roundish, or oblong, convex, scattered or aggregate, surrounded by the ruptured epidermis; spores ovate, obtuse, scarcely constricted; pedicels elongated.—On _Thesium humifusum_, in company with _Æcidium Thesii_. Chipstead, Surrey, Oct. 14, 1864. (_A. Grugeon._)

=Puccinia Primulæ=, Grev. PRIMROSE BRAND; hypogenous, deep brown, solitary, scattered, or concentric and subconfluent spores obovate-oblong, slightly constricted.—On Primrose leaves. Not common.

=Puccinia Veronicarum=, DC. VERONICA BRAND; spots yellowish; sori subglobose, aggregate, or circinating, central one large; spores brown, obovate-oblong, more or less constricted.—On the under surface of the leaves of several species of _Veronica_. Not common.

=Puccinia Glechomatis=, DC. GROUND-IVY BRAND; spots brownish; sori subrotund, scattered, hypogenous; spots brown, rather short, subelliptic, scarcely at all constricted.—On leaves of Ground-Ivy, _Glechoma hederacea_. September and October. Not uncommon. (Plate IV. figs. 73, 74.)

=Puccinia Menthæ=, Pers. MINT BRAND; spots obliterated; sori varying in size, hypogenous, subrotund, scattered; spores at length black, subglobose, or angular; peduncles short.—On leaves of Mint, Wild Thyme, Marjoram, &c. Autumn. Common. (Plate IV. figs. 69, 70.)

=Puccinia Scorodoniæ=, Lk. WOOD-SAGE BRAND; spots obliterated; sori small, confluent in subrotund patches, hypogenous; spores cinnamon; peduncles very long.—On leaves of Wood-sage. Darenth Wood. Not common.

=Puccinia Scrophulariæ=, Lib. FIGWORT BRAND; spots pallid; sori subrotund, oblong, or linear and confluent, surrounded by the ruptured epidermis; spores very much crowded, subglobose or oval, brownish, plicate, but not truly septate; pedicels elongated.—On _Scrophularia aquatica_. Penzance. Very rare.

=Puccinia Betonicæ=, DC. BETONY BRAND; spots obliterated; sori hypogenous, subrotund, aggregate, surrounded by the ruptured epidermis; spores very pale-brown, short, obovate, elliptic; peduncles short.—On _Stachys Betonica_. Rare.

=Puccinia Vincæ=, Berk. PERIWINKLE BRAND; spots yellowish; sori hypogenous, scattered, subrotund, surrounded by the ruptured epidermis; spores brown, oblong, slightly constricted, lower cell rather attenuated; peduncle very short.—On leaves of _Vinca major_. (Plate VI. fig. 132.) Autumn. Not uncommon.

=Puccinia Campanulæ=, Carm. CAMPANULA BRAND; spots apparently none; sori large, irregular, crowded, for a long time covered with the epidermis, at length surrounded by it; spores oblong-ovate, or slightly constricted; peduncles very short.—On _Campanulæ_. Not common.

=Puccinia clandestina=, Carm. SCABIOUS BRAND; spots yellowish; sori very minute, distinct, but collected together in great numbers, dark brown; epidermis evanescent; spores oblong, very slightly constricted, pedunculate.—On _Scabiosa succisa_. Not common.

=Puccinia Compositarum=, Sch. COMPOSITÆ BRAND; spots obliterated or whitish; sori small, subrotund, generally hypogenous, encircled with the ruptured epidermis; spores brown, oval, scarcely constricted.—On the leaves of _Centaureæ_, &c. Autumn. Common. (Plate IV. figs. 67, 68.)

=Puccinia Syngenesiarum=, Lk. THISTLE BRAND; spots obliterated; sori minute, collected in oval blackish-brown, raised spots, covered with the epidermis; spores brown; peduncles very short.—On the leaves of Thistles. Autumn. Common. (Plate IV. figs. 63, 64.)

=Puccinia glomerata=, Grev. RAGWORT BRAND; spots pale; sori roundish, depressed, often confluent; spores oblong, very variable; peduncles short.—On leaves of Ragwort, _Senecio Jacobæa_. Not common.

=Puccinia variabilis=, Grev. VARIABLE BRAND; sori amphigenous, minute, roundish, surrounded by the ruptured epidermis, nearly black; spores variable, obtuse, cells often subdivided; peduncle very short.—On leaves of Dandelion. Summer and Autumn. Not uncommon. (Plate IV. figs. 82, 83.)

=Puccinia Valantiæ=, Pers. CROSSWORT BRAND; spots obliterated; sori small, subrotund, scattered or crowded; spores pale-brown, obovate, attenuated below, the upper segment globular, easily separating.—On _Galium cruciatum_. Autumn. Not common.

=Puccinia Galiorum=, Lk. BEDSTRAW BRAND; spots obliterated; sori hypogenous, partly covered with and surrounded by the ruptured epidermis, scattered; spores brown.—On the leaves of several species of _Galium_ and _Asperula odorata_. Not uncommon. (Plate VIII. figs. 172, 173.)

=Puccinia Umbelliferarum=, DC. PIG-NUT BRAND; spots obliterated; sori small and scattered, subrotund, surrounded by the remains of the ruptured epidermis; spores brown, broadly elliptic, much constricted; peduncle short.—On various _Umbelliferæ_. Common. (Plate IV. figs. 71, 72.)

=Puccinia Ægopodii=, Lk. GOUTWEED BRAND; spots brown; sori minute, subrotund and elongated, surrounded by the ruptured epidermis, often circinating, and forming roundish patches; spores brown; peduncles very short.—On _Ægopodium podagraria_.

=Puccinia Saniculæ=, Grev. SANICLE BRAND; orbicular, variable in size, blackish-brown, scattered, rather confluent; spores very obtuse; peduncles somewhat elongated.—On _Sanicula Europæa_. Not uncommon. Summer and Autumn.

=Puccinia bullaria=, Lk. HEMLOCK BRAND; spots obliterated; sori subrotund or oblong, covered with the epidermis; spores brown, peduncle short, nearly obsolete.—On dry stems of _Conium maculatum_ and other _Umbelliferæ_. August and Sept.

=Puccinia Smyrnii=, Cd. ALEXANDER’S BRAND; spots obliterated; sori hypogenous, large, solitary, scattered, brown; spores ovoid, obtuse, verrucose, slightly constricted, minutely pedicellate.—On _Smyrnium olusatrum_. (Plate III. figs. 55, 56.)

=Puccinia Anemones=, Pers. ANEMONE BRAND; spots obliterated; sori subrotund, surrounded by the ruptured epidermis, scattered, aggregate, and confluent; spores brown, very much constricted, consisting of two nearly globose portions, echinulate; peduncles very short.—On various species of _Anemone_. Very common on _Anemone nemorosa_. April and May. (Plate IV. figs. 64, 65.)

=Puccinia Calthæ=, Lk. MARSH-MARIGOLD BRAND; spots brownish; sori small, subrotund, convex, surrounded by the ruptured epidermis, scattered; spores obovate, attenuated below, slightly constricted; peduncle very short.—On leaves of Marsh Marigold. Spring. Rare.

=Puccinia Noli-tangeris=, Corda. BALSAM BRAND; spots irregular, confluent, brownish; sori gregarious, reddish-brown; spores oblong, obtuse or attenuated, distinctly apiculate, brown; peduncles rudimentary. On leaves of _Impatiens noli-tangere_. Gathered at Albury, Surrey, by the Rev. L. Jenyns.—(_M. J. B._)

=Puccinia Violarum=, Lk. VIOLET BRAND; spots yellowish; sori hypogenous, small, crowded, covered with the epidermis, then surrounded by it; spores brown, elliptic or broadly elliptic, slightly constricted.—On Violets. Autumn. Common.

=Puccinia Lychnidearum=, Lk. LYCHNIS BRAND; spots yellowish; sori subrotund or oblong, unequal, scattered, rarely confluent; spores white, at length brown, elongated, oblong, slightly constricted.—On leaves and stems of _Lychnidæ_, _Sagina procumbens_. Autumn. Common.

=Puccinia umbilici=, Guep. PENNY-WORT BRAND; seated on pallid spots; sori round, convex, compact, at length confluent in large orbicular patches; spores subglobose, not constricted, shortly pedicellate.—On _Cotyledon umbilicus_. Penzance, Guernsey, Corwen, N. Wales. _W. Pamplin._ (Plate IV. figs. 80, 81.)

=Puccinia Rhodiolæ=, B. and Br. STONECROP BRAND; spots orbicular, brown; sori minute, crowded; spores shortly pedicellate, articulations depressed, sometimes spuriously subdivided.—On leaves of _Sedum Rhodiola_. Summer. Not common.

=Puccinia Saxifragarum=, Schl. MOSCHATEL BRAND; spots obliterated; sori subrotund, scattered, crowded and confluent, when young surrounded by the epidermis; spores red-brown, rather short, oblong, slightly constricted.—On both surfaces of the leaves of _Adoxa moschatellina_. Not uncommon. Summer.

=Puccinia Chrysosplenii=, Grey. GOLDEN-SAXIFRAGE BRAND; sori of various sizes, few together and confluent, pale brown; spores long, somewhat waved, much attenuated at either extremity; peduncle elongated.—On the under surface of the leaves of _Chrysosplenium oppositifolium_. Rare.

=Puccinia Epilobii=, DC. WILLOW-HERB BRAND; spots pale; sori hypogenous, subrotund, crowded; epidermis evanescent; spores effuse, cinnamon, broadly elliptic, strongly constricted; peduncles very short.—On the leaves of _Epilobium palustre_. Not common.

=Puccinia pulverulenta=, Grev. GREAT WILLOW-HERB BRAND; sori hypogenous, dark brown, scattered or subconfluent, open concentric; spores minute, obovate, slightly constricted, lower cell rather attenuated; peduncle not very short.—On the leaves of _Epilobium montanum_ and _E. hirsutum_. August and September. Common. (Plate IV. figs. 78, 79.)

=Puccinia Circææ=, Pers. NIGHTSHADE BRAND; spots obliterated; sori minute, semiglobose, crowded into subrotund patches, occasionally confluent, generally covered with the epidermis; spores brown, oblong, often acute, sometimes obtuse; peduncles long, thick.—On the leaves of _Circæa lutetiana_ and _C. alpina_. Autumn. Not common.

=Puccinia Prunorum=, Lk. PLUM-TREE BRAND; spots obliterated; sori hypogenous, subrotund scattered, epidermis obliterated; spores brown, peduncles very short.—On the leaves of Plum-trees. September and October. Very common.

=Puccinia Fabæ=, Lk. BEAN BRAND; spots none; sori subrotund, or elongated, surrounded by the ruptured epidermis; spores at length black, ovato-globose; peduncle slender.—On Beans. August and September. Not uncommon.

=Puccinia Buxi=, DC. BOX BRAND; spots none; sori subrotund, convex, scattered; spores brown, oblong, rather strongly constricted, lower cell slightly attenuated; peduncle very long.—On both surfaces of Box-leaves. April and May. Not uncommon.

GYMNOSPORANGIUM, DC.

Peduncles extremely long, agglutinated by gelatine into a tremelloid expanded mass. Spores uniseptate.

=Gymnosporangium Juniperi=, Lk.; forming a soft gelatinous, irregular, orange mass; spores ovate or subelliptic, filled with subglobose granules.—On living twigs of _Juniperus communis_.

PODISOMA, _Lk._

Peduncles extremely long, agglutinated by gelatine into a common stem, spreading out above into a _clavariæform_ mass; spores mostly uniseptate.—_Berk. Outl._, p. 331.

=Podisoma Juniperi=, Fr.; orange, clavariæform, somewhat branched; stroma simple; spores very long, lanceolate, filled with elliptic granules.—On living branches of _Juniperus communis_. Not common.

=Podisoma foliicolum=, B.; epiphyllous, brown-black masses, subglobose, subelliptic, or irregular, consisting of radiating, crowded, very slender, agglutinated filaments, each bearing an elliptic or clavate, very obtuse spore, 3- to 5-septate.—On living leaves of _Juniperus communis_. Rare.

=Podisoma Sabinæ=, Fr.; red-brown, tuberculiform and clavate, simple; stroma obliterated; spores obovate, uniseptate.—On living branches of _Juniperus Sabinæ_. April. Not uncommon.

=CÆOMACEI=.

Simple and free. Without appendages, Springing from delicate threads. _Tilletia_. Produced in separate cells.— Deeply seated, pulverulent, } _Ustilago_ generally nearly black } Superficial, yellow or brown _Uredo_. Not enclosed in separate cells _Lecythea_. With appendages, Deciduous _Trichobasis_. Permanent _Uromyces_. Compound. Irregular _Polycystis_. Subglobose or shell-shaped _Tuburcinia_.

Spores of two orders— 1. Spherical } _Coleosporium_. 2. Cylindrical, septate } 1. Spherical } _Melampsora_. 2. Wedge-shaped, compact } 1. Concatenate, exposed } _Cystopus_. 2. Spherical, concealed }

TILLETIA, _Tul._

Spores spherical, reticulated, proceeding from delicate branched threads.

=Tilletia caries=, Tul. BUNT; included within the germen; spores spherical, rather large, black.—On wheat, filling the grains with dark-coloured spores, fetid when crushed. Autumn. Very common. (Plate V. figs. 84-91.)

USTILAGO, _Link._

Plant deeply seated. Spores simple, springing from delicate threads, or in closely-packed cells, ultimately breaking up into a powdery mass.—_Berk. Outl._, p. 335.

_Ustilago segetum_, Ditm. CORN SMUT; produced on the receptacle and rachis; epidermis soon ruptured; spores loose, minute, globose, black.—On the ears of corn and grasses. Autumn. Very common. (Plate V. figs. 98, 99.)

=Ustilago urceolorum=, Tul. SEDGE SMUT; produced on the glumes and utricles; epidermis soon bursting; spores in a compact mass, afterwards breaking up, globose, rather large, granulated.—Surrounding the seed of various _Carices_; as, _Carex prœcox_, _stellulata_, _recurva_, and _pseudo-cyperus_. Autumn. Not uncommon. (Plate VI. figs. 109-111.)

=Ustilago longissima=, Tul. ELONGATED SMUT; produced on the leaves in linear, long, parallel, dirty-olive patches; epidermis bursting longitudinally; spores globose, breaking up into minute granules, olive-black.—On leaves of _Poa aquatica_ and _fluitans_. Summer. Common. (Plate V. figs. 105-107.)

=Ustilago olivacea=, Tul. OLIVE SMUT; infesting the enlarged receptacle; epidermis soon bursting; spores olive-green, powdery, minute, mixed with filaments.—On _Carex riparia_. Not common. (Plate VI. figs. 126, 127.)

=Ustilago hypodytes=, Fr. GRASS-CULM SMUT; produced on the culms beneath the sheaths, afterwards exposed; spores minute, subglobose, brownish-black.—On the culms of various Grasses. Summer. Sometimes not uncommon. (Plate V. figs. 100, 101.)

=Ustilago Maydis=, Corda. MAIZE SMUT; produced on the stems, germens, &c.; epidermis at length bursting; spores spherical, minute, brownish-black, surface covered with echinulate warts.—On stems, &c., of _Zea mays_. (Plate V. fig. 108.)

=Ustilago Montagnei=, Tul. BEAKSEDGE SMUT; produced on the seeds; epidermis bursting; spores slightly angular, small, dark-coloured, intermixed sparingly with fragile filaments.—On seeds of _Rhyncospora alba_. Not common. (Plate V. figs. 96, 97.)

=Ustilago typhoides=, B. and Br. REED SMUT; prodded on the stems of reeds, forming thick bullate patches several inches long, occupying whole internodes, covered by their sheath; spores globose, rather large.—On stems of _Arundo phragmitis_. Autumn. Not uncommon. (Plate VI. figs. 128, 129.)

=Ustilago Salveii=, B. and Br. COCKSFOOT SMUT; produced on the leaves, forming elongated parallel sori on the upper surface; spores obovate, rather large, rough with minute granules.—On leaves of _Dactylis glomerata_ and other Grasses. Not common. (Plate VI. figs. 117-119.)

=Ustilago grammica=, B. and Br. BANDED SMUT; forming little transverse bands consisting of short parallel black lines, 1/12 of an inch or more in length; spores globose, very minute.—On stems of _Aira aquatica_ and _A. cæspitosa_. Uncommon. (Plate VI. figs. 120-122.)

=Ustilago vinosa=, Tul. OXYRIA SMUT; produced on the swollen receptacles; spores roundish, very small, and minutely papillose, separately pellucid, in clusters, violaceous.—On the receptacles of _Oxyria reniformis_. Uncommon.

=Ustilago utriculosa=, Tul. UTRICLE SMUT; produced in the germen and perigonium; epidermis soon ruptured; spores effuse, minute, globose, purple-black.—On _Polygonum hydropiper_ and other _Polygona_. Autumn. Not uncommon. (Plate VI. figs. 112-116.)

=Ustilago flosculorum=, Fr. FLORET SMUT; produced within the florets; spores minute, purplish-brown.—On the florets of _Scabiosa arvensis_. Not common. (Plate VI. figs. 123-125.)

=Ustilago receptaculorum=, Fr. GOATSBEARD SMUT; produced within the receptacles; spores ovate, minute, reticulated, violet-brown, nearly black, very profuse, filling the receptacle.—On the receptacles of Goatsbeard. June, July. Common. (Plate V. figs. 92-95.)

=Ustilago antherarum=, Fr. ANTHER SMUT; produced on the anthers and germens; spores subglobose, effuse, violet.—On the anthers of _Silene inflata_, &c. (Plate V. figs. 102-104.)

UREDO, _Lév._

_Stroma_ composed of little irregular cells forming a lentiform disk, whose surface is covered with many layers of cells, each of which encloses a spore; _spores_ simple, always without any appendage.—_Berk. Outl._, p. 331.

-------

* _Spores more or less yellow._

=Uredo Potentillarum=, DC. POTENTILLA UREDO; spots yellowish; sori subrotund and oval, bullate, aggregate, open, confluent; spores subglobose, subcoherent, orange.—On various _Rosaceæ_. Common.

=Uredo Saxifragarum=, DC. SAXIFRAGE UREDO; spots pallid; sori subrotund and oval, raised, scattered and aggregate on the under surface; epidermis ruptured, persistent; spores subglobose, yellow.—On various _Saxifrages_.

=Uredo Filicum=, Desm. FERN UREDO; spots yellowish; sori subrotund, bullate, scattered and aggregate on the under surface; epidermis at length bursting; spores subglobose, yellow.—On Ferns (_Cystopteris_, &c.) Not common.

=Uredo pustulata=, P. WILLOW-HERB UREDO; spots yellowish; sori subrotund, minute, closed, scattered and confluent on both surfaces; spores globose, yellow.—On _Epilobium palustre_.

=Uredo Hypericorum=, DC. ST. JOHN’S-WORT UREDO; spots yellowish; sori subrotund, small, bullate, distinct, scattered on the under surface; epidermis at length bursting; spores subglobose, cohering, orange.—On various _Hyperica_. August. Not uncommon. (Plate VIII. figs. 174, 175.)

=Uredo Caryophyllacearum=, Johnst. STITCHWORT UREDO; spots yellowish; sori subglobose, scattered and aggregate, minute, generally on the under surface; epidermis closed; spores oval, at length yellow.—On various _Caryophyllaceæ_. Autumn.

=Uredo Quercus=, Brond. OAK-LEAF UREDO; on the under surface; sori yellow, then orange, minute, ovate, and orbicular, slightly prominent, scattered, solitary or agglomerated into minute patches, surrounded by the ruptured epidermis; spores subglobose, pellucid, not cohering.—On Oak-leaves. September. Not common.

=Uredo porphyrogenita=, Kze. BIRD-CHERRY UREDO; spots purplish; sori subrotund, small, aggregate, hypogenous; epidermis at length ruptured; spores coherent, subglobose.—On leaves of _Prunus Padus_. Scotland, 1863. (_Rev. M. J. Berkeley._)

=Uredo Vacciniorum=, P. BILBERRY UREDO; spots yellow-brown; sori subrotund, minute, aggregate, and scattered, on the under surface of the leaves; epidermis seldom ruptured; spores ovoid, yellowish.—On _Vaccinium Myrtillus_ and _V. vitis-idæa_. Scotland.

=Uredo confluens=, DC. MERCURY UREDO; on the under surface, depressed, yellow, oblong, concentric, at length confluent; spores nearly oval.—On _Mercurialis perennis_ and _M. annua_. May, June. Common. (Plate VII. figs. 133, 134.)

=Uredo Alliorum=, DC. GARLIC UREDO; spots obliterated; sori linear, oblong, and oval, on both surfaces; spores ovoid or subglobose, yellow or whitish.—On various species of _Allium_. Common.

* * _Spores brown._

=Uredo Statices=, Desm. SEA-LAVENDER UREDO; sori few and scattered, orbicular or oval; spores sessile, globose, brown.—On various species of _Statice_.

=Uredo Circææ=, A. & S. NIGHTSHADE UREDO; sori minute, crowded, subrotund, slightly confluent, on the under surface; spores irregular, ovate, small, ochraceous.—On leaves of _Circæa lutetiana_. June, July. Common. (Plate VII. figs. 135, 136.)

=Uredo bifrons=, Grev. TWIN-FACED UREDO. On both surfaces of the leaves, often opposite, scattered, round, light brown, girt with the remains of the epidermis; spores globose.—On Sorrel leaves (_Rumex acetosa_ and _R. acetosella_). July, September. Common. (Plate VII. figs. 137-139)

LECYTHEA, _Lév._

_Stroma_ surrounded or sprinkled with elongated abortive spores. _Spores_ free, invested with their mother-cell, or concatenate.—_Berk. Outl._, p. 334.

* _Spores free._

=Lecythea Ruborum=, Lév. BRAMBLE RUST. Spots pale, brown or purple on the opposite side, sometimes depressed above; sori subrotund, aggregate; epidermis soon bursting; spores globose or subglobose, echinulate, bright ochraceous-yellow.—On the under surface of Bramble leaves. July and August. Very common. (Plate II. fig. 40.)

=Lecythea Rosæ=, Lév. ROSE RUST; spots yellow, small, scattered; spores sub-oval, sometimes minutely pedicellate, orange.—On Rose-leaves. July, September. Extremely common. (Plate II. fig. 37.)

=Lecythea Poterii=, Lév. BURNET RUST; spots obliterated, rufous on the opposite side; sori subrotund, scattered, minute on the under surface; epidermis bursting; spores subglobose, often pedicellate, intense orange; barren spores pale, cylindrical, and slightly curved.—On _Poterium Sanguisorba_. Summer. Common. (Plate III. fig. 31.)

=Lecythea Populina=, Lév. POPLAR RUST; hypogenous; sori yellow, roundish or oblong, surrounded by the ruptured epidermis; spores copious, elongated or ovate.—On Poplar and Birch leaves. Summer. Common.

=Lecythea Euphorbiæ=, Lév. SPURGE RUST; spots obliterated; sori subrotund, small, scattered, surrounded by the ruptured epidermis; barren spores pyriform or subglobose, pedicellate; fertile spores subglobose, orange.—On the under surface of the leaves of various species of _Euphorbia_, especially _E. helioscopia_ and _E. peplus_. August. Very common.

=Lecythea epitea=, Lév. TAWNY WILLOW RUST; sori roundish, scattered, at first tawny, at length growing pale, surrounded by the ruptured epidermis; spores subrotund and pyriform.—On the under surface of Willow-leaves.

=Lecythea mixta=, Lév. ORANGE WILLOW RUST; spots yellow; sori subrotund, aggregate, confluent, effuse, permanently surrounded by the ruptured epidermis; spores oblong and pyriform, orange.—On both surfaces of the leaves of Willows.

=Lecythea Saliceti=, Lév. COMMON WILLOW RUST; spots yellowish; sori subrotund, solitary, or in circles, surrounded by the ruptured epidermis; barren spores subglobose and pedicellate or pyriform; fertile spores subglobose, orange.—On the under surface of Willow-leaves. Autumn. Common.

=Lecythea Baryi=, Berk. DE BARY’S RUST; sori few; cystidia with an abrupt globose head; spores subglobose.—On leaves of _Brachypodium pennatum_. Very rare.

=Lecythea Valerianæ=, Berk. VALERIAN RUST; spots yellowish; sori subrotund, small, confluent, sometimes circinating; epidermis at length bursting; spores reddish-brown, subglobose or clavate, shortly pedicellate.—On _Valeriana officinalis_. August.

* * _Spores invested._

=Lecythea gyrosa=, Berk. RINGED RUST; spots obliterated; sori minute, confluent, and forming a small distinct ring; epidermis bursting; spores globose and elongato-pyriform, yellow or pale.—On the upper surface of Raspberry and Bramble leaves, forming a more or less perfect ring with the centre unoccupied. September. (Plate VIII. figs. 162-164.)

* * * _Spores concatenate._

=Lecythea Capræarum=, Berk. SALLOW RUST; spots obliterated, yellow on the opposite side; sori varied in form, here and there confluent, surrounded by the ruptured epidermis; barren spores subglobose and pyriform, pedicellate; fertile spores subglobose, dirty yellow.—On the under surface of the leaves of Sallows. June to August. Very common. (Plate VIII. figs. 160, 161.)

=Lecythea Lini=, Berk. FLAX RUST; spots yellowish; sori subrotund, scattered, surrounded by the ruptured epidermis; spores globose or pyriform, sometimes pedicellate.—On _Linum catharticum_. July. Not uncommon. (Plate VIII. figs. 165-167.)

TRICHOBASIS, _Lév._

_Spores_ free; attached at first to a short peduncle, which at length falls away.—_Berk. Outl._, pp. 332.

* _Spores yellow._

=Trichobasis rubigo-vera=, Lév. ROUND CORN RUST; spots yellow, heaps oval, scattered, generally on the upper surface; epidermis at length bursting longitudinally; spores subglobose, reddish-brown, easily dispersed.—On Grasses and Corn. Throughout the Summer. Very common. (Plate VII. figs. 140-142.)

=Trichobasis linearis=, Lév. LONG CORN RUST; spots yellow-brown. Sori elliptic, then elongated and linear; epidermis bursting; spores oblong or globose, yellow.—On leaves and sheaths of Corn and Grasses. Summer. Common. Plate VII. figs. 143, 144.)

=Trichobasis Glumarum=, Lév. GLUME RUST; sori minute, round, scarcely convex, subgregarious, often confluent. Spores globose or subovoid, orange, not pedicellate; epispore smooth.—On the glumes of Cereals. August.

=Trichobasis Symphyti=, Lév. COMFREY RUST; Sori minute, very numerous, scattered, roundish, then confluent; epidermis ruptured, scarcely conspicuous around the margin; spores subglobose, pallid orange.—On Comfrey.

=Trichobasis Pyrolæ=, B. WINTERGREEN RUST; spots yellowish-brown on the opposite side; sori globose, minute, scattered or aggregate, on the under surface; epidermis generally closed; spores subglobose, yellow.—On _Pyrola rotundifolia_, &c.

=Trichobasis Petroselini=, B. PARSLEY RUST; spots yellowish; sori subrotund and oval, confluent, on both surfaces; epidermis at length ruptured; spores globose or subglobose, occasionally obsoletely pedicellate, pale yellow.—On various _Umbelliferæ_.

=Trichobasis Senecionis=, B. GROUNDSEL RUST; spots obliterated; sori solitary or regularly crowded, subrotund and oval, on the under surface, surrounded by the ruptured epidermis; spores subglobose, orange.—On various species of Groundsel. July. Very common. Plate VII. figs. 145, 146.)

=Trichobasis Caricina=, B. SEDGE RUST; spots red; sori oval, minute, scattered, surrounded by the ruptured epidermis; spores subglobose, reddish, then brown.—On _Carex pendula_, _C. pseudo-cyperus_, &c. June to August. Common. (Plate VIII. figs. 170, 171.)

* * _Spores brown._

=Trichobasis oblongata=, B. LUZULA RUST; spots oblong, often confluent, yellow-brown; sori elliptic, on both surfaces; epidermis closed; spores brown, obtuse at either extremity.—On _Luzulæ_. May to July. (Plate VII. figs. 158, 159.)

=Trichobasis Scillarum=, B. HYACINTH RUST; spots oblong or subrotund, crowded into patches; epidermis bursting longitudinally; spores rubiginous, obovate, shortly pedunculate.—On the Wild Hyacinth, &c.

=Trichobasis Cichoracearum=, Lév. HAWKWEED RUST; on both sides of the leaf, dark, fuscous, minute, round, scattered: spores globose, rarely minutely pedicellate.—On Thistles and Hawkweed. July to September. Common.

=Trichobasis Artemisiæ=, B. MUGWORT RUST; spots obliterated, brownish on the opposite side; sori subglobose and oval, minute, scattered, on both surfaces; epidermis soon ruptured; spores subglobose, brownish.—On _Artemisia vulgaris_, &c. Not common.

=Trichobasis Labiatarum=, Lév. MINT RUST; spots yellowish and brown; sori subrotund, scattered, subaggregate, on the under surface; epidermis ruptured; spores subglobose, brown.—On various _Labiatæ_. August to September. Common.

=Trichobasis Lychnidearum=, Lév. CHICKWEED RUST; spots pallid yellowish; sori subrotund plane, scattered on the under surface, cinnamon, at length brownish; epidermis ruptured; spores globoso-ovoid, sessile, or shortly pedicellate.—On _Caryophyllaceæ_. Summer and Autumn.

=Trichobasis Umbellatarum=, Lév. HEMLOCK RUST; spots yellowish; sori subrotund and ovate, scattered, on the under surface, surrounded by the ruptured epidermis; spores ovate, oval, and oblong in the same heap, brown.—On _Conium maculatum_, _Apium graveolens_, and other _Umbelliferæ_. August and September.

=Trichobasis Heraclei=, B. HOGWEED RUST; on the under surface, scattered, sometimes subconfluent, roundish, light brown, girt by the remains of the epidermis; spores obovate, with a very short peduncle.—On _Heracleum spondylium_. June and July.

=Trichobasis Hydrocotyles=, Cooke. FLUKEWORT RUST; without definite spots; sori chiefly on the upper, sometimes on the under surface, scattered, variable, roundish, erumpent, surrounded by the ruptured epidermis; spores subglobose, at length brown; epispore rough with minute tubercles.—On _Hydrocotyle vulgaris_. Epping, July to September, 1863 and 1864. (Plate VIII. figs. 168, 169.)

=Trichobasis Betæ=, Lév. BEET-LEAF RUST; spots yellow; heaps subrotund and oval, scattered and concentric, on the upper surface; epidermis at length bursting; spores subglobose, shortly pedicellate, brown.—On the leaves of Beet. August and September. Common.

=Trichobasis Fabæ=, Lév. BEAN RUST; spots obliterated; sori subrotund and oval; bullate, scattered and aggregate, surrounded by the ruptured epidermis; spores ovoid, brown.—On Beans. August and September. Common.

=Trichobasis Galii=, Lév. BEDSTRAW RUST; spots yellowish; sori subrotund, aggregate, closed; spores globose, reddish.—On _Galium verum_, _saxatile_, &c. July and August.

=Trichobasis suaveolens=, Lév. THISTLE RUST; spots obliterated, yellow on the opposite side; sori subrotund, nearly plane, scattered, at length confluent, on the under surface, surrounded by the ruptured epidermis; spores globose, brown.—On leaves of Thistles, frequently covering the whole under surface. Summer. Common. (Plate VII. figs. 151-153.)

=Trichobasis Polygonorum=, B. KNOTGRASS RUST; spots red-yellow, widely effused; sori subrotund, scattered, sometimes forming a ring, epidermis at length bursting; spores somewhat obovate, brown.—On _Polygonum aviculare_, _amphibium_, and other species. July to September. Common.

=Trichobasis Vincæ=, B. PERIWINKLE RUST; spots yellowish; sori small, subrotund, and oval, on the under surface, surrounded by the ruptured epidermis; spores oval, rather ovoid, brown.—On leaves of _Vinca major_. May and June. (Plate VI. fig. 130, 131.)

=Trichobasis Geranii=, B. GERANIUM RUST; spots yellowish; sori subrotund, nearly plane, scattered or confluent; spores subglobose, brown.—On various species of Geranium.

=Trichobasis Violarum=, B. VIOLET RUST; spots yellowish; sori subrotund, scattered, generally on the under surface; epidermis ruptured, persistent; spores subglobose, brown.—On leaves and petioles of Violets. July. Not uncommon.

=Trichobasis Parnassiæ=, Cooke. GRASS OF PARNASSUS RUST; on both surfaces of the leaves; sori at first bullate, at length rupturing the epidermis, scattered, often confluent; spores globose or nearly so, rather large, tawny brown.—On _Parnassia palustris_. Irstead, Norfolk. September, 1864.

=Trichobasis Epilobii=, Berk. WILLOW-HERB RUST; spots yellowish; sori subrotund, scattered, surrounded by the ruptured epidermis, often on the under surface; spores subglobose, brown.—On _Epilobium montanum_, &c. June and July.

=Trichobasis Rhamni=, Cooke. BUCKTHORN RUST; seated on definite yellowish spots; sori occurring only on the under surface of the leaves, scattered or collected in clusters, very minute, roundish, or oblong; spores at length rusty brown, subglobose.—On _Rhamnus catharticus_. Selsdon, Surrey. September 16, 1864. (_A. Grugeon._)

UROMYCES, _Lév._

_Spores_ unilocular, attached permanently to a decided peduncle of greater or less length.—_Berk. Outl._, p. 333.

=Uromyces Alliorum=, DC. GARLIC RUST; spots obliterated, sori linear, oblong, or oval, amphigenous; spores subglobose, yellow.—On species of _Allium_.

=Uromyces Ulmariæ=, Lév. GOLDEN RUST; broad, pulverulent, on the under surface of leaves, nerves, and petioles; spores numerous, subglobose, bright reddish-orange.—On _Spiræa Ulmariæ_, Roses, &c. Common. (Plate VII. figs. 147, 148.)

=Uromyces appendiculata=, Lév. LONG-STEMMED RUST; spots yellowish-brown, sori subrotund and oval, confluent, nearly plane, on the under surface. Epidermis bursting, spores ovoid, brown, with a long peduncle.—On _Leguminosæ_ and other plants. August and September. (Plate VII. figs. 149, 150.)

=Uromyces apiculosa.=, Lév. SHORT-STEMMED RUST: spots yellow or brown, sori subrotund, scattered, surrounded by the ruptured epidermis; spores ovoid, brown, shortly pedunculate.—On dock and various other plants. August and September. Common. (Plate VII. figs. 154, 155.)

=Uromyces Limonii=, Lév. SEA-LAVENDER RUST; epiphyllous, sori bullate, scattered or disposed in rings; spores ovate.—On _Statice limonia_.

=Uromyces Ficariæ=, Lév. PILEWORT RUST; spots yellowish, sori scattered, aggregate, confluent, and expanded; epidermis ruptured; spores ovoid, brown.—On _Ranunculus Ficaria_. May and June. Common. (Plate VII. figs. 156, 157.)

=Uromyces Primulæ=, Lév. PRIMROSE RUST; spots yellowish, sori subrotund and oval, aggregate, on the under surface; epidermis at length bursting; spores ovoid, brown.—On Primroses.

=Uromyces intrusa=, Lév. LADY’S-MANTLE RUST; on the under surface, scattered, or partially aggregate, reddish-brown, rounded, somewhat prominent, minute, very unequal; spores roundish or oval.—On _Alchemilla vulgaris_.

=Uromyces Iridis=, Lév. IRIS RUST; on the under, rarely on the upper, surface; spots yellow, sori small, pale red-brown, oblong and linear, scattered or aggregate, scarcely convex; epidermis bullate, rarely bursting longitudinally; spores globose or broadly elliptic, pale brown, pellucid.—On _Iris fœtidissima_. August to September. Not uncommon.

POLYCYSTIS, _Lév._

_Spores_ irregular, consisting of several cells.—_Berk. Outl._, p. 334.

=Polycystis Colchici=, Tul. MEADOW-SAFFRON SMUT; sori elongated, bursting irregularly; spores smooth or slightly papillose.—On leaves of Meadow-Saffron. Not common.

=Polycystis Violæ=, B. and Br. VIOLET SMUT; sori scattered, elongated, on both surfaces of the leaves and petioles; spores more or less globose, consisting of several cells surrounded by a common irregular crust.—On leaves and petioles of Violets. August. Common. (Plate IX. figs. 185, 186.)

=Polycystis pompholygodes=, Lév. BUTTERCUP SMUT; sori varied in form, bullate, epidermis inflated, at first entire, then bursting irregularly, its remains surrounding the clusters; spores copious, subglobose, black, opaque or pellucid.—On _Ranunculus repens_ and other _Ranunculaceæ_. Summer. Very common. (Plate IX. figs. 183, 184.)

=Polycystis parallela=, B. and Br. RYE SMUT; sori very long, linear, epidermis bursting longitudinally, spores globose, with several projecting nodules, dark brown.—On culms and sheaths of Rye and on the leaves of Carices. (Plate IX. figs. 187, 188.)

TUBURCINIA, _Fr._

_Plant_ deeply seated; _spores_ multicellular, subglobose, or conchiform. _Berk. Outl._, p. 335.

=Tuburcinia scabies=, B. POTATO SMUT; spores globose composed of minute cells forming together a hollow globe with one or more lacunæ, generally attached laterally by a slender thread, olive. On Potatoes. Common. (Plate III. fig. 54.)

=Tuburcinia Trientalis=, B. and Br. TRIENTALIS SMUT; sori two lines broad, bullate, containing a black mass of rather irregular depressed subglobose spores, which are very opaque and distinctly cellular. Hyphasma white, branched, creeping, delicate.—On leaves of _Trientalis Europæa_. August and September. Scotland. (Plate III. figs. 52, 53.)

COLEOSPORIUM, _Lév._

_Spores_ cylindrical, septate, some separating at the joints, some of a different nature, persistent.—_Berk. Outl._, p. 333.

=Coleosporium Tussilaginis=, Lév. COLTSFOOT RUST; on the under surface, prominent, crowded, generally forming circles, becoming very confluent; spores numerous, sub-ovate, orange-yellow.—On _Tussilago Farfara_. Summer. Common. (Plate VIII. figs. 180, 181.)

=Coleosporium pingue=, Lév. TAWNY ROSE RUST; spots obliterated, sori effuse, on the nerves and petioles of the leaves; spores ovoid, yellowish-brown.—On Roses, &c.

=Coleosporium Petasitis=, Lév. BUTTERBUR RUST; on the under surface, minute, depressed, spreading, somewhat aggregate, subconfluent, irregular in form; spores oval, orange, or orange-red.—On _Tussilago Petasites_. Autumn. Common.

=Coleosporium Campanulæ=, Lév. CAMPANULA RUST; spots obliterated, brown on the opposite side, sori irregular, confluent, plane, on the under surface; spores subglobose, cohering, yellow, at length pale. On leaves of various Campanulæ. September and October.

=Coleosporium Sonchi-arvensis=, Lév. SOW-THISTLE RUST; on the under surface, depressed, irregular in form, scattered, partially confluent; spores ovate, reddish orange.—On _Sonchus oleraceus_ and _arvensis_. Summer. Common. (Plate VIII. figs. 178, 179.)

=Coleosporium Rhinanthacearum=, Lév. COW-WHEAT RUST; spots none or subferruginous; sori irregular, confluent, on the under, rarely on both surfaces; spores subglobose, compact, golden-yellow.—On _Euphrasia officinalis_, _Bartsia odontites_, _Melampyrum arvense_, &c. August and September. Common. (Plate VIII. figs. 170, 177.)

MELAMPSORA, _Cast_.

Spores of two orders, crowded into a dense compact mass, with or without a covering, wedge-shaped. _Berk. Outl._, p. 333.

=Melampsora Euphorbiæ=, Cast. Hypophyllous; sori of summer spores golden-yellow, scattered, distinct, sometimes cauline; spores small, subglobose; sori of perfect spores becoming black, small, roundish, spores prismatic, membrane thickened above, dark brown.—On leaves and stems of _Euphorbia helioscopia_, _E. exigua_, and other species of spurge. Common. (Plate IX. figs. 193, 194.)

=Melampsora Populina=, Lév. Hypophyllous, epiphyllous, or amphigenous, at first yellow or orange; summer spores obovate-oblong, attenuated or truncate, echinulate; paraphyses obovate, capitate or claviform, abundant in fully-ripened sori; sori of perfect spores at first tawny yellow, becoming black during the winter, swelling in the spring, and becoming of a cinnamon-colour, hypophyllous, roundish, or oblong; spores prism-shaped, 5-6 together, yellowish, smooth.—On leaves of _Populus nigra_. Common. Spores perfected in February. (Plate IX. figs. 195, 196.)

=Melampsora Tremulæ=, Tul. Hypophyllous; sori of summer spores punctiform, prominent, or papillæform, numerous; spores tawny-yellow, elliptical or obovate; paraphyses slender; sori of perfect spores scattered, at length blackish; spores elongated, compressed, attenuated downwards, yellowish.—On leaves of _Populus tremula_. Common. Spores perfected during the winter.

=Melampsora Betulina=, Desm. Hypophyllous; sori of summer spores bright yellow or orange, oblong, cylindrical, or obovate, truncate at the base, echinulate; paraphyses encircling or intermixed, obovate, smooth, hyaline; sori of perfect spores confluent, of an obscure brown in the winter, becoming of a bright orange when mature; spores elongated, attenuated below, polygonal, ochraceous.—On leaves of _Betula alba_. Common. Spores perfected in January and February. (Plate IX. figs. 189, 190.)

=Melampsora Salicina=, Lév. Epiphyllous or hypophyllous; sori, or heaps of summer spores, scattered, pale orange, bright orange, or cinereous; spores ovato-globose, paraphyses capitate, rarely obovate; sori of perfect spores epiphyllous, scattered or aggregate, at first yellowish-tawny, then brownish, at length nearly black, bullate; spores oblong, closely packed, and laterally compressed.—On _Salix viminalis_ and _S. capræa_. Common. Spores perfected in February. (Plate IX. figs. 191, 192.)

CYSTOPUS.

Receptacle consisting of thick branched threads; conidia concatenate, at length separating; oospores deeply seated on the mycelium.

=Cystopus candidus=, Lév. CRUCIFER WHITE RUST; conidia equal, globose; membrane equal, ochraceous; oospores subglobose, epispore yellowish-brown, with irregular obtuse warts; warts solid.—On Shepherd’s-purse, Cabbages, and other Cruciferæ. Summer. Very common. (Plate X. figs. 198-200, 205-207.)

=Cystopus cubicus=, Str. GOATSBEARD WHITE RUST; conidia unequal; terminal cell sterile, larger than the rest; membrane thickened, ochraceous, rarely yellowish; fertile cells shortly cylindrical; membrane hyaline; oospores globose; epispore brown, verrucose; warts hollow, round, or irregular.—On goatsbeard, salsify, and scorzonera. Summer and autumn. Common. (Plate X. figs. 201, 202, 210.)

=Cystopus Lepigoni=, De By. SANDWORT WHITE RUST; conidia unequal; terminal cell sterile, globose; membrane thickened; fertile cells subglobose or cylindrical; membrane hyaline; oospores globose; epispore brown, tubercles minute, irregular, very convex, often resembling spines.—On _Spergutaria rubra_. Swanscombe Marshes, September, 1864. (_R. G. Keeley._)

PERONOSPOREI, De By.

PERONOSPORA, _Casp._

Parasitic threads mostly inarticulate. Spores of two kinds:—1. Acrospores on the tips of the branchlets; 2. Oospores large, globose, on the creeping mycelium.

=Peronospora infestans=, Mont. POTATO MOULD; threads of mycelium slender, always destitute of suckers; fertile threads thin, gradually attenuated upwards, with one to five branches, one or more inflated vesicles near the apices of the branches; branches either simple or with short branchlets; acrospores ellipsoid or ovoid; apex furnished with a prominent papilla.—On leaves, stems, and tubers of the Potato, causing the potato-murrain. Very common since 1845. (Plate XIV. fig. 264.)

=Peronospora nivea=, Ung. (_P. macrospora_, B.). PARSNIP MOULD; threads of mycelium stout, often torulose; suckers numerous, vesicular, obovate; fertile threads fasciculate, dwarfish, tapering or subulate, or once or twice shortly bifurcate, rarely trifurcate, with one to four horizontal branches near the summit, once, twice, or three times bifurcate; acrospores subglobose or ovoid, with an obtuse papilla at the apex.—On various _Umbelliferæ_. Common and variable.

=Peronospora pygmæa=, Ung. (_P. curta_, Berk.). ANEMONE MOULD; threads of mycelium thickened, often constricted and varicose; suckers minute, obovate, or pear-shaped; fertile threads fasciculate (2-5 or more), simple above or divided at the apex into 2-4 short simple branches, or shortly twice dichotomous, or all simple, obtuse, surmounted by 2-4 short spicules; acrospores ovoid or ellipsoid, variable in size; apices broadly and obtusely papillate.—On Wood-anemone. Not uncommon. (Plate XV. fig. 267.)

=Peronospora gangliformis=, Berk. LETTUCE MOULD; threads of the mycelium stout, now and then torulose; suckers vesicular, obovate or clavate; fertile threads 2-6 times dichotomous, sometimes trichotomous; stems and primary branches slender, dilated or inflated above; the ultimate ramuli inflated at the apex into a turbinate or subglobose vesicle bearing from 2-8 subulate processes or spicules; acrospores minute, subglobose; apices with broad depressed papillæ, produced on the spicular processes, On Lettuces and other _Compositæ_. Frequent. (Plate XIV. fig. 265.)

=Peronospora parasitica=, Pers. CABBAGE MOULD; threads of the mycelium thickened and much branched; suckers numerous, branched; branches clavate, obtuse; fertile threads thick, soft, flexile, equal or unequal, 5-8 times dichotomous, rarely trichotomous; branches always repeatedly trifurcate; acrospores broadly elliptical, very obtuse at the apex, white.—On Cabbages, Shepherd’s-purse, and other Cruciferæ, sometimes in company with _Cystopus candidus_. Summer and autumn. Common. (Plate XIII. fig. 262.)

=Peronospora Viciæ=, Berk. PEA MOULD; fertile threads densely cæspitose, erect, equal, rarely unequal, 6-7-8 times dichotomous; ultimate ramuli shortly subulate, acute; acrospores ellipsoid, very obtuse at the apex, obtuse or slightly acute at the base; membrane with a violaceous tint.—On Tares, Peas, &c. Frequent. (Plate XV. fig. 266; Plate X. fig. 212.)

=Peronospora Arenariæ=, Berk. SANDWORT MOULD; fertile threads slender, 6-7 times equally, rarely unequally, dichotomous; branches spreading; ultimate ramuli slender, acute, subulate, nearly erect; acrospores broadly elliptical, oftentimes very obtuse, small; membrane scarcely violaceous.—On _Arenaria serpyllifolia_ and _A. trinervis_.—June. (Plate XVI. fig. 268; Plate X. fig. 211.)

=Peronospora effusa=, Grev. SPINACH MOULD; fertile threads fasciculate, short, thick, 2-6, rarely 7 times dichotomous above; acrospores broadly ellipsoid, sometimes very obtuse; membrane with a violaceous tint. On Spinach, Goosefoot, and some other allied plants. Spring and autumn. Not uncommon. (Plate X. figs. 214, 215.)

=Peronospora Urticæ=, Casp. NETTLE MOULD; fertile threads small, loosely 4-6 times dichotomous; branches flexuose, ultimate ramuli subulate, arcuate, often deflexed; acrospores large, broadly ovoid or subglobose, distinctly pedicellate; apices very obtuse; membrane violaceous.—On leaves of the common Nettle.

=Peronospora trifoliorum=, De By. CLOVER MOULD; fertile threads cæspitose, equally or unequally 6-7 times dichotomous, rarely trichotomous; ultimate branches subulate, acute, slightly curved; acrospores ellipsoid, very obtuse; membrane with a slightly violaceous tint; oospores large; epispore brown.—On Lucern (_Medicago sativa_). Highgate and Hampstead, 1864.

=Peronospora grisea=, Ung. VERONICA MOULD; fertile threads erect, fasciculate, grey, 5-7 times regularly dichotomous; branches gradually attenuated; primary oblique erect; others spreading, flexuose; ultimate mostly unequal, slightly arcuate; acrospores ellipsoid or ovoid, obtuse; membrane pale and dirty violet.—On leaves of _Veronica beccabunga_. May, 1846. (Plate X. fig. 213.)

=Peronospora arborescens=, Berk. POPPY MOULD; fertile threads slender, erect, 7-10 times dichotomous above; branches more or less flexuose, squarrose, spreading, gradually attenuated; ultimate ramuli shortly subulate, more or less arcuate; acrospores very small, subglobose; membrane scarcely violaceous.—On the Corn Poppy. June. Common.

=Peronospora Schleideniana=, De By. (_P. Destructor_, B.) ONION MOULD; fertile threads robust, erect, not septate, branched alternately; ultimate ramuli forked and uncinate or divaricate; acrospores seated on the tips of the ultimate ramuli, obovoid or nearly pear-shaped, attenuated at the base; membrane of a dirty violet-colour.—On the leaves of various species of _Allium_. Often plentiful. (Plate XIII. fig. 263.)

=Peronospora violacea=, Berk. SCABIOUS MOULD; fertile threads branched; acrospores sub-elliptical, violet-coloured. All that is known of this species is contained in the following note from the Rev. M. J. Berkeley:—“It grew on the petals of the common scabious. I have not found it again, and have either lost or mislaid my specimens. You may describe it as _læte violacea_; _floccis ramosis_; _sporis subellipticis_, _violaceis_. It is probably the _Farinaria_ on Scabious of Sowerby.” (M. J. B.)

=Peronospora sordida=, Berk. FIGWORT MOULD; forming broad, irregular, dirty, pallid spots on the under surface of the leaves; fertile threads loosely dichotomous above; tips forked, unequal; acrospores obovate, apiculate.—On leaves of _Scrophularia_. Jedburgh.

=Peronospora sparsa=, Berk. ROSE MOULD; fertile threads scattered, by no means torulose, ultimate branches scarcely uncinate, dichotomous, pallid grey; acrospores sub-elliptical.—On the under side of rose-leaves in conservatories.

=Peronospora obliqua=, Cooke. DOCK MOULD; threads of the mycelium slender; fertile threads fasciculate, erect, simple, rarely bifurcate, attenuated upwards; acrospores large, ellipsoid, attached obliquely near the base.—On the under surface of dock leaves. Winter and spring. Probably not uncommon. Brownish circular spots on the leaves indicate the presence of this mould, which is so minute that it might otherwise be overlooked. (Plate XVI. fig. 269.)

=Erysiphei=.

_Conceptacle with one sporangium._ Appendages floccose _Sphærotheca_.

_Conceptacle with many sporangia._ Appendages needle-shaped, rigid _Phyllactinia_. Appendages hooked _Uncinula_. Appendages dichotomous _Microsphæria_. Appendages floccose _Erysiphe_.

SPHÆROTHECA, _Lév._

Mycelium arachnoid; perithecia globose, containing a single globose sporangium; appendages numerous, floccose.—_Berk. Outl._, p. 404.

=Sphærotheca pannosa=, Lév. ROSE BLIGHT; mycelium thickened, woolly, felted, persistent; conceptacles minute, globose, scattered; appendages floccose, white; sporangium many-spored.—On the branches, calyces, petioles, and leaves of Roses. Very common. (Plate XI. figs. 217, 218.)

=Sphærotheca Castagnei=, Lév. HOP BLIGHT; on both surfaces; mycelium effuse, web-like, commonly evanescent; conceptacles minute, scattered, globose; appendages numerous, short, flexuose above; sporangium many-spored.—On the leaves of the Hop, Meadow-sweet, and various other plants. Common. (Plate XI. fig. 216.)

PHYLLACTINIA, _Lév._

Perithecia hemispherical, at length depressed, seated on a persistent or evanescent membranaceo-granular receptacle; appendages straight, rigid, acicular, at length bent back.—_Berk. Outl._, p. 404.

=Phyllactinia guttata=, Lév. HAZEL BLIGHT; amphigenous; mycelium web-like, often evanescent; conceptacles large, scattered, hemispherical, at length depressed; appendages hyaline, rigid, simple; sporangia 4-20, containing 2-4 spores.—On the leaves of Hawthorn, Hazel, Ash, Elm, Alder, Beech, Birch, Oak, Hornbeam, and various other plants. Common. (Plate XI. figs. 219, 220.)

UNCINULA, _Lév._

Mycelium floccose; perithecia globose; appendages rigid, simple, bifid or dichotomous, uncinate, at length bent upwards.—_Berk. Outl._, p. 404.

=Uncinula adunca=, Lév. WILLOW BLIGHT; mycelium variable; conceptacles scattered or gregarious, minute; appendages simple; sporangia 8-12, sub-pyriform, containing 4 spores.—On the leaves of Willows, Poplars, Birch, &c. Not uncommon. (Plate XI. figs. 221-224.)

=Uncinula bicornis=, Lév. MAPLE BLIGHT; amphigenous; mycelium web-like, effuse, evanescent, or like a membrane and persistent; conceptacles large, hemispherical, at length depressed; appendages simple, bifid or dichotomous, uncinate; sporangia 8, sub-pyriform, containing 8 spores.—On the leaves of Maples. Common. (Plate XI. figs. 225-228.)

MICROSPHÆRIA, _Lév._

_Mycelium_ arachnoid; appendages straight, dichotomous; branchlets swelling at the tip, or filiform.—_Berk. Outl._, p. 404.

=Microsphæria Hedwigii=, Lév. MEALY GUELDER-ROSE BLIGHT; hypophyllous; mycelium web-like, evanescent; conceptacles minute, globose, scattered; appendages few, very little longer than the diameter of the conceptacles; sporangia 4, ovate, containing 4 spores.—On leaves of mealy Guelder-rose. Near Greenhithe, Kent.

=Microsphæria penicillata=, Lév. GUELDER-ROSE BLIGHT; amphigenous; mycelium web-like, effuse, evanescent; conceptacles scattered, minute, globose; appendages 8-12, equal to the diameter of the conceptacle; sporangia 4, ovate, rostrate, containing 8 spores.—On leaves of Guelder-rose and Alder. Probably not uncommon. (Plate XI. fig. 234.)

=Microsphæria Mougeotii=, Lév. TEA-TREE BLIGHT; amphigenous; mycelium web-like, oftentimes persistent; conceptacles minute, scattered or gregarious, globose, at length depressed; appendages loosely dichotomous; sporangia 12-16, on a short pedicel, 2-spored.—On leaves of _Lycium barbarum_. Near Dartford, Kent. October, 1864.

=Microsphæria Berberidis=, Lév. BERBERRY BLIGHT; amphigenous; mycelium web-like, oftentimes persistent; conceptacles scattered or gregarious, globose, minute; appendages few (5-10); branchlets long, divaricate, obtuse at their apices; sporangia 6, ovate, containing 6-8 spores.—On leaves of the common Berberry. Autumn. Frequent. (Plate XI. figs. 229-232.)

=Microsphæria grossulariæ=, Lév. GOOSEBERRY BLIGHT; amphigenous; mycelium web-like, fugacious or persistent; conceptacles scattered or gregarious, globose, minute; appendages 10-15, vaguely dichotomous, ultimate branchlets bidentate; sporangia 4-8, ovate, containing 4-5 spores.—On Gooseberry-leaves. Autumn. Frequent.

ERYSIPHE, _Hedw._

Mycelium arachnoid; appendages floccose, simple or irregularly branched.—_Berk. Outl._, p. 404.

* _Sporangia 2-spored._

=Erysiphe Linkii=, Lév. MUGWORT BLIGHT; amphigenous; mycelium web-like; fugacious or persistent; conceptacles minute, globose, scattered, emersed; appendages white, interwoven with the mycelium; sporangia 8-20, pyriform, with elongated pedicels.—On leaves of Mugwort. Autumn. Frequent. (Plate XII. figs. 248, 249.)

=Erysiphe lamprocarpa=, Lév. COMPOSITE BLIGHT; amphigenous; mycelium web-like, fugacious or persistent; conceptacles minute, globose, scattered, or gregarious; appendages coloured, interwoven with the mycelium; sporangia 8-16, shortly pedicellate.—On leaves of Salsify, Scorzonera, Plantain, &c. Autumn. Not uncommon. (Plate XII. figs. 250, 251.)

** _Sporangia 3-8-spored._

=Erysiphe graminis=, D.C. GRASS BLIGHT; amphigenous or epiphyllous; mycelium effuse, floccose, persistent; conceptacles large, gregarious or disseminated, hemispherical, at length depressed and semi-immersed; appendages simple or interwoven with the mycelium; sporangia 20-24, ovate, pedicellate, with 8 spores.—On leaves of Grasses. Autumn. Frequent. (Plate XI. figs. 235, 236.)

=Erysiphe Martii=, Lk. PEA BLIGHT; amphigenous; mycelium web-like, very often evanescent, globose; appendages short, interwoven with the mycelium; sporangia 4-8, globose, pedicellate, with 4-8 spores.—On leaves of Peas, Beans, _Umbelliferæ_, and other plants. Autumn. Very common. (Plate XI. figs. 237-239.)

=Erysiphe Montagnei=, Lév. BURDOCK BLIGHT; amphigenous or hypophyllous; mycelium web-like, evanescent; conceptacles minute, globose, gregarious or scattered; appendages distinct from the mycelium; sporangia 8, ovate, rostrate, with 2-3 spores.—On leaves of Burdock. Not uncommon.

=Erysiphe tortilis=, Lk. CORNEL BLIGHT; hypophyllous; mycelium web-like, effuse, evanescent; conceptacles minute, globose; appendages ten times as long, free from the mycelium, flexuose; sporangia 4, ovate, rostrate, with 4 spores.—On leaves of the common Dogwood. Autumn. Frequent. (Plate XII. figs. 245, 246.)

=Erysiphe communis=, Schl. BUTTERCUP BLIGHT; hypophyllous; mycelium effuse, web-like, evanescent or persistent; conceptacles minute, globose, scattered or gregarious; appendages short; sporangia 4-8, ovate, rostrate, with 4-8 spores.—On leaves of various _Ranunculaceæ_, _Leguminosæ_, and other plants. Autumn. Very common. (Plate XI. figs. 240-242.)

CHÆTOMIUM, _Kze._

Perithecium thin, brittle, mouthless; sporangia linear, containing dark lemon-shaped spores. _Berk. Outl._, p. 405.

=Chætomium elatum=, Kze. STRAW-BRISTLE MOULD; perithecium sub-ovate, base radiato-fibrose, hairs of the vertex very long, interwoven, branched; spores broadly elliptic, apiculate at either end.—On mouldering straw, reeds, matting, &c. Very common. (Plate XII. figs. 257-259.)

=Chætomium chartarum=, Ehb. PAPER-BRISTLE MOULD; perithecium subglobose, black, surrounded by a bright yellow spot; spores subglobose.—On paper. Stibbington, Hants. Rare. (Plate XII. figs. 252, 253.)

=Chætomium glabrum=, B. This species has never been described. It was recorded, by name only, in Berkeley’s Outlines, and, the specimens being mislaid, that gentleman is unable to describe it completely and correctly. “It grew abundantly on straw, and differed from _Chætomium elatum_ in being perfectly free from hairs.”—(_M. J. B._)—On damp straw.

ASCOTRICHA, _Berk._

Perithecium thin, free, mouthless, seated on loose, branched, conidiiferous threads; sporangia linear, containing dark elliptic spores.—_Berk. Outl._, p. 405.

=Ascotricha chartarum=, B. PAPER MILDEW; perithecium thin, olive-brown, seated on radiating flocci; sporangia linear, numerous; spores broadly elliptic, chocolate-coloured.—On white printed paper in a deal candle-box. King’s Cliffe. (Plate XII. figs. 254-256.)

EUROTIUM, _Link._

Perithecia reticulated, vesicular, coloured, attached to mucedinous threads; sporangia delicate.—_Berk. Outl._, p. 405.

=Eurotium herbariorum=, Lk. HERBARIUM MOULD; perithecium spherical, sub-depressed, yellow, seated upon radiating expanded, branched, intricate flocci.—On plants in herbaria, and various decaying substances. Very common. (Plate XII. figs. 260, 261.)

APPENDIX B.

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The following species, belonging to those sections of Microscopic Fungi which are included in this volume, have been found in Britain since the publication of the preceding Appendix:—

=Peridermium columnare=, Alb. and Schw. Simple, slender, naked, cylindrical, elongated, lacerated at the apex, white; sporidia orange.—On _Picea_. Watcombe, near Torquay. September, 1867. (_E. Parfitt._)

* * * * *

=Æcidium Orchidearum=, Fiedl. ORCHIS CLUSTER-CUP; spots large, pallid, orbicular or elongated; peridia circinating, semi-immersed; spores golden-yellow.—On _Orchis latifolia_. Dilham, Norfolk. June, 1866.

* * * * *

=Puccinia discoidearum=, Link. SOUTHERNWOOD BRAND; spots obliterated; sori subrotund, minute, surrounded by the ruptured epidermis; sporidia brown, oblong or ovoid, somewhat rhomboidal, with both cells attenuated, and triangular; peduncles elongated.—On _Artemisia maritima_. Swanscombe Marshes. 1865.

=Puccinia Virgaureæ=, Lib. GOLDEN-ROD BRAND; spots orbicular, pallid, then yellowish; sori blackish-brown, minute, punctiform, shining, clustered, nearly stellate, convex; sporidia oblong, subconstricted, yellowish-brown above, attenuated and yellowish-white below; peduncles short.—On leaves of _Solidago virgaurea_. Shere, Surrey. July and August, 1865. (_Dr. Capron._)

=Puccinia difformis=, Kunze. GOOSEGRASS BRAND; spots yellowish; sori variable, compact, often in rings; epidermis bullate; sporidia obovate, obtuse, on short pedicels, brown.—On leaves of _Galium aparine_. July, 1866. Shere and Darenth Usually occurring on or near spots previously occupied by _Æcidium_.

=Puccinia Apii=, Corda. CELERY BRAND; sori large, confluent, red-brown, powdery; spores oblong, constricted, brown; epispore smooth, thick; pedicels short, attenuated.—On leaves of Celery. Autumn, 1866, 1867.

=Puccinia Asari=, Kunze. ASARABACCA BRAND; spots obliterated; sori small, subglobose, crowded or circinating, ultimately confluent, surrounded by the ruptured epidermis, usually forming a large, roundish, convex, pulverulent mass; sporidia brown, elliptic, constricted.—On leaves of _Asarum Europæum_. Bettws-y-coed, N. Wales. July, 1866.

=Puccinia Mœhringiæ=, Fuckel. It is very doubtful whether this deserves to rank as a species distinct from _P. Lychnidearum_, Lk. I think not. The sporidia are rather shorter than in the last-named species, and the pedicels are very long; otherwise it does not appear to differ from the typical form.—On _Mœhringia trinervis_. Near Worcester. June, 1867. (_Dr. Holl._)

=Puccinia fallens=, Cooke. VETCH BRAND; sori few and small, scattered, intermixed with pustules of _Trichobasis_; sporidia obovate, on rather long pedicels, of a tawny colour, and slightly constricted at the septum; epispore smooth.—On leaves of _Vicia sepium_. Liverpool. Autumn, 1865. (_R. McLeod._)

* * * * *

=Uredo Orchidis=, Mart. ORCHIS UREDO; amphigenous; spots reddish-brown; sori subrotund, arranged in circles, often confluent; sporidia subglobose, golden-yellow.—On _Listera ovata_ and _Orchis latifolia_. Crosby, near Liverpool. May, June, 1865. (_R. G. McLeod._)

=Uredo Empetri=, D.C. CROWBERRY UREDO; hypogenous; spots obliterated; sori oval, scattered: the epidermis at first convex, afterwards ruptured and concave; sporidia ovoid or subglobose, bright yellow.—On _Empetrum nigrum_. Near Llanderfel, N. Wales. May, 1865.

=Uredo Euonymi=, Mart. SPINDLE UREDO; spots yellowish; sori roundish, circinating, often confluent; epidermis erumpent; sporidia ovoid and slightly coherent, tawny-yellow.—On leaves of _Euonymus Europæus_. Darenth Wood, Kent. August, 1864. Rare.

=Uredo Tropæoli=, Desmz. NASTURTIUM UREDO: hypogenous; spots pale-yellow; sori minute, roundish, scattered or confluent; sporidia ovoid or subglobose, orange.—On leaves of _Tropæolum aduncum_. Shere. October, 1865. (_Dr. Capron._)

* * * * *

=Trichobasis fallens=, Cooke. CLOVER RUST; spots obliterated; sori amphigenous, numerous, scattered, subrotund, brown, surrounded by the remains of the ruptured epidermis; spores sub-ovate; pedicels short, hyaline, evanescent; epispore verrucose. _Uredo fallens_, Desmz.—On leaves of Clover, &c. September. Not uncommon.

* * * * *

=Uromyces graminum=, Cooke. COCKSFOOT RUST; epiphyllous; sori oblong or confluent and linear, convex, black and shining, so as easily to be confounded on casual observation with _Dothidea graminis_, at length bursting longitudinally; sporidia subglobose or ovate, tawny, with hyaline pedicels of variable length.—On leaves of _Dactylis glomerata_. Shere. October, 1865. (_Dr. Capron._)

=Uromyces concentrica=, Lév. Described at p. 208 as _Trichobasis Scillarum_, B.; but it appears to be a good _Uromyces_, and has been placed in that genus by Lévielle.

=Uromyces sparsa=, Lév. SANDWORT RUST; spots pallid; sori subrotund and oval, amphigenous and cauline; epidermis erumpent; sporidia ovoid, brownish; peduncles thickened, short.—On _Spergularia rubra_. Swanscombe Marshes. June, 1865.

=Uromyces Polygoni=, Fuckel. KNOTGRASS RUST; cauline; sori elongated and confluent, convex, surrounded by the remains of the ruptured epidermis; sporidia subglobose or globose, smooth, yellowish-brown; pedicels very long, thickened, hyaline, persistent. _Capitularia Polygoni_, Rabh.—On the stems of _Polygonum aviculare_. October. Common.

* * * * *

=Cystopus spinulosus=, De Bary. THISTLE (WHITE) RUST; conidia in time much elongated; sori erumpent on both surfaces of the leaves, white; oospores globose; epispore brown; tubercles minute, solid, very prominent, often acute and spinulose.—On Thistles. Bungay, Suffolk. September, 1865.

* * * * *

=Peronospora candida=, Fuckel. PRIMROSE MOULD; densely cæspitose, white; threads erect, dichotomously branched; ultimate branchlets short, spreading; sporidia ovate.—On leaves of Primrose. Near Corwen, N. Wales. July, 1866.

The following genus is entirely new to Britain. Its position is next to _Microsphæria_ at page 219.

PODOSPHÆRA, _Kunze_.

Mycelium effuse, web-like, evanescent; conceptacles sphærical, containing one subglobose 8-spored sporangium; spores ovate; appendages few, dichotomous, thickened at their extremities, hyaline.

=Podosphæra Kunzei=, Lév. PLUM BLIGHT; amphigenous; conceptacles minute, scattered, globose; appendages three times the length of the diameter of the conceptacles.—On leaves of _Prunus domestica_. Shere, Surrey. Sept., 1865. (_Dr. Capron._)

=Podosphæra clandestina=, Lév. HAWTHORN BLIGHT; amphigenous; conceptacles minute, globose, scattered; appendages (8-10) equal in length to the diameter of the conceptacles; branches short and rounded at their extremities.—On leaves of the Hawthorn. Upper Holloway. October, 1864; Shere, Surrey, September, 1865. (_E. C._)

* * * * *

=Uncinula Wallrothii=, Lév. SLOE BLIGHT; amphigenous; mycelium web-like, evanescent; conceptacles minute, scattered; sporanges 12-16, pear-shaped, 6-spored; appendages numerous, twice the length of the diameter of the conceptacles.—On leaves of the Sloe, _Prunus spinosa_. Shere, Surrey. October, 1865. (_Dr. Capron._)

* * * * *

=Microsphæria comata=, Lév. SPINDLE BLIGHT; hypophyllous; mycelium web-like, fugacious; conceptacles scattered, minute, globose; sporanges 8, ovate, with a beak-like termination at their base, 4-spored; appendages few, six times the length of the diameter of the conceptacles.—On _Euonymus Europæus_. Shere, Surrey. August, 1865. (_Dr. Capron._)

* * * * *

=Erysiphe horridula,= Lév. BORAGE BLIGHT; amphigenous; mycelium web-like, sometimes persistent; conceptacles minute, globose, scattered or clustered; sporanges 20-24, oblong-ovate, attenuated downwards, containing 3-4 spores; appendages short, flexuose, and bent upwards.—On leaves of _Lycopsis arvensis_. Shere. October, 1865. (_Dr. Capron._)

* * * * *

=Chætomium murorum=, Corda. WALL BRISTLE-MOULD; gregarious, glaucous, then blackish; perithecium globose, brown; hairs circinate, erect, septate, pulverulent; spores oblong, yellowish. On plaster. Rare. (_M. J. B._)

ADDENDA.

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[The following species have been added to the British Flora since the publication of the Appendix.]

=Æcidium Parnassiæ=, Grav. PARNASSIA CLUSTER-CUPS; hypophyllous; spots pallid; peridia in subrotund patches, irregularly disposed, tawny-yellow, between urceolate and concave; the margin thick and nearly entire; spores pallid. _Duby. Bot. Gall._ ii. p. 904.—On leaves of _Parnassia palustris_, near Glasgow. (_Dr. Greville._) The original specimen is in the Edinburgh Herbarium.

=Æcidium Statices=, Desm. SEA-LAVENDER CLUSTER-CUPS; hypophyllous; spots subrotund, or confluent and irregular, purple; peridia in subrotund circinating clusters, sometimes irregularly disposed on the nerves and petioles; urceolate; margin lacerated, white; spores orange. _Desm. Exs._ No. 132. _Cooke, Exs._ No. 444.—On leaves and petioles of _Statices_. June, July. Fleetwood, 1859 (_Rev. A. Bloxam_). Walney Island, Lancashire, 1871 (_C. Bailey_). Near Basingstoke, 1871 (_R. S. Hill_). Near Chichester, 1872 (_F. V. Paxton_).

=Chætomium funicolum=, Cooke. TWINE BRISTLE-MOULD; perithecia scattered, sub-ovate, black; hairs of the vertex very long, dichotomous or simple, erect, slender, acute, black; sporidia lemon-shaped, dingy brown.—On twine suspended in a vessel containing water at the British Museum. (_W. Carruthers, F.R.S._) March, 1872. This species is most closely allied to _C. elatum_, but much smaller and neater. It is wholly black, and without the fibrous base of _C. elatum_. The hairs are more delicate, not having half the diameter, and the sporidia are scarcely more than half as long or broad. A species of _Polyactis_ afterwards made its appearance on the same mycelium on some portion of the twine left behind with a few immature perithecia.

EXPLANATION OF PLATES.

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Plate fig.

I. 1. Goatsbeard with its cluster-cups (_Æcidium Tragopogonis_).

〃 2. Fragment of same, slightly magnified.

〃 3. Section of cluster-cup, further magnified.

〃 4. Leaf of wood-anemone with its cluster-cups (_Æcidium leucospermum_).

〃 5. Portion of same, slightly magnified.

〃 6. Anemone cluster-cups, further magnified.

〃 7. Leaf of Berberry with cluster-cups (_Æcidium Berberidis_).

〃 8. Cluster of cups from the Berberry, as seen with a lens.

〃 9. Cluster-cups of Berberry, magnified.

〃 10. Nettle-stem distorted by growth of cluster-cups (_Æcidium Urticæ_).

〃 11. Nettle cluster-cups, magnified.

II. 12. Leaf of Pilewort with groups of cluster-cups (_Æcidium Ranunculacearum_).

〃 13. Group of cluster-cups from Pilewort, as seen with a lens.

〃 14. Section of Pilewort cluster-cups, magnified.

〃 15. Bedstraw cluster-cups (_Æcidium Galii_) on the Great Hedge Bedstraw.

〃 16. Tip of leaflet with cluster of cups, viewed through a lens.

〃 17. Bedstraw cluster-cup from same, magnified.

〃 18. Leaflets of Mountain-ash with horn-shaped cluster-cups (_Rœstelia cornuta_).

〃 19. Group of Mountain-ash cluster-cups, magnified.

〃 20. Pear-leaf with its cluster-cups (_Rœstelia cancellata_).

〃 21. Cluster-cup from the same, magnified.

〃 22. Leaves and fruit of Hawthorn with lacerated cluster-cups (_Rœstelia lacerata_).

〃 23. Elongated cells forming the walls of the cluster-cups, × 250.

〃 24. Single cell, more highly magnified, with its parallel striæ.

〃 25. Cluster-cups from fruit of Hawthorn, magnified.

〃 26. Section of same, further magnified.

〃 27. Fir-leaves bearing cluster-cups (_Peridermium Pini_).

〃 28. Isolated cup of same, magnified.

III. 29. Many-jointed fruit of Burnet chain-brand (_Xenodochus carbonarius_), magnified.

〃 30. Leaflets of Burnet with rust on the lower, and brand (_Aregma acuminatum_) on the upper leaflets.

〃 31. Spores of Burnet rust (_Lecythea Poterii_) × 230.

〃 32. Fruit of Burnet brand (_Aregma acuminatum_).

〃 33. Leaf of Barren Strawberry with rust and brand intermixed.

〃 34. Spores of Barren Strawberry rust × 230.

〃 35. Fruit of Strawberry brand (_Aregma obtusatum_) × 300.

〃 36. Leaflet of Rose with its rust and brand intermixed.

〃 37. Spores of Rose rust (_Lecythea Rosæ_) × 230.

〃 38. Fruit of Rose brand (_Aregma mucronatum_) × 300.

〃 39. Leaflet of Bramble, with its rust and brand intermixed.

〃 40. Spores of Bramble rust (_Lecythea Ruborum_) × 230.

〃 41. Fruit of Bramble brand (_Aregma bulbosum_) × 300.

〃 42. Leaflet of Raspberry with its brand.

〃 43. Fruit of Raspberry brand (_Aregma gracile_) × 230.

〃 44. Cluster of fruits of Rose brand (_Aregma mucronatum_) × 230.

〃 45. Fruit of Bramble brand (_Aregma bulbosum_) in active germination, with sporidia at the tips of the threads × 300.

〃 46. Fruit of Bramble brand (_Aregma bulbosum_) ruptured, with inner cell escaping × 250 (_F. Currey_).

〃 47. Portion of leaflet of Meadow-sweet with its brand.

〃 48. Spores of Meadow-sweet brand (_Triphragmium ulmariæ_) × 300.

〃 49. Spore of Meadow-sweet brand (_Triphragmium ulmariæ_) in germination, with sporidia borne on the germ-tubes × 300 (_Tulasne_).

〃 50. Sprig of _Thesium humifusum_ bearing Bastard-toadflax cluster-cups (_Æcidium Thesii_).

〃 51. Portion of leaf of same, with cluster-cups, enlarged.

〃 52. Leaflet of _Trientalis Europæa_ with its smut (_Tuburcinia Trientalis_).

〃 53. Spores of the same × 320.

〃 54. Spores of Potato smut (_Tuburcinia scabies_) × 320. (_Berkeley._)

〃 55. Leaflet of Alexanders (_Smyrnium olusatrum_) with its brand.

〃 56. Spores of Alexanders brand (_Puccinia Smyrnii_) × 320.

IV. 57. Wheat-straw attacked by mildew (_Puccinia graminis_).

〃 58. Cluster of spores of corn-mildew, magnified (_Bauer_).

〃 59. Single spore of corn-mildew (_Puccinia graminis_) × 300.

〃 60. Portion of blade of grass with coronated mildew (_Puccinia coronata_).

〃 61. Portion of same enlarged, showing the pustules, or sori.

〃 62. Spore of coronated mildew (_Puccinia coronata_) × highly.

〃 63. Portion of leaf of Spear-thistle with its brand (_Puccinia syngenesiarum_).

〃 64. Spores of Thistle brand (_Puccinia syngenesiarum_) × 320.

〃 65. Leaf of Wood-anemone with brand (_Puccinia anemones_).

〃 66. Spore of Anemone brand (_Puccinia anemones_) × 320.

〃 67. Leaf of _Centaurea nigra_ with brand.

〃 68. Spores of Composite-brand (_Puccinia compositarum_) × 320.

〃 69. Leaf of Mint with Mint brand (_Puccinia menthæ_).

〃 70. Spore of Mint brand (_Puccinia menthæ_) × 350.

〃 71. Portion of leaf of Earth-nut with brand (_Puccinia umbelliferarum_).

〃 72. Spore of Earth-nut brand (_Puccinia umbelliferarum_) × 320.

〃 73. Leaf of Ground-ivy with its brand (_Puccinia Glechomatis_).

〃 74. Spore of Ground-ivy brand (_Puccinia Glechomatis_) × 320.

〃 75. Pustule of brand surrounded by the ruptured epidermis, magnified.

〃 76. Portion of leaf and stem of Goatsbeard with brand.

〃 77. Spores of the same × 320.

〃 78. Portion of leaf of Willow-herb with its brand (_Puccinia pulverulenta_).

〃 79. Spores of Willow-herb brand (_Puccinia pulverulenta_) × 320.

〃 80. Leaf of Pennywort with brand (_Puccinia umbilici_).

〃 81. Spores of Pennywort-brand (_Puccinia umbilici_) × 320.

〃 82. Portion of leaf of Dandelion with its brand.

〃 83. Spores of Variable-brand (_Puccinia variabilis_) × 320.

V. 84. Grain of Wheat infected with Fœtid smut (_Tilletia caries_).

〃 85. Longitudinal section of the same.

〃 86. Spores of Fœtid smut (_Tilletia caries_) mixed with delicate branching threads × 320.

〃 87. Spores of Fœtid smut in germination × highly.

〃 88. Sporidia of the first order borne on the germinating tubes of the fœtid smut (_Tilletia caries_) × highly.

〃 89. Sporidia of the first order, showing their transverse connection, × highly.

〃 90. Sporidia of the first order, producing sporidia of the second order, × highly.

〃 91. Sporidium of the second order in active germination.

〃 92. Deformed flower-head of Goatsbeard infested with smut (_Ustilago receptaculorum_).

〃 93. Floret removed, sprinkled with spores of the smut, enlarged.

〃 94. Spores of Goatsbeard smut (_Ustilago receptaculorum_) × 460.

〃 95. The same in active germination × 460 (_Tulasne_).

〃 96. Beaksedge (_Rhyncospora alba_) with its smut (_Ustilago Montagnei_).

〃 97. Spores of _Ustilago Montagnei_ × 460.

〃 98. Ear of Barley infected with smut (_Ustilago segetum_).

〃 99. Spores of Corn-smut (_Ustilago segetum_) × 460.

〃 100. Grass with its smut (_Ustilago hypodytes_).

〃 101. Spores of Grass-smut (_Ustilago hypodytes_).

〃 102. Flowers of Bladder-campion with anther smut (_Ustilago antherarum_).

〃 103. Anther distorted by smut (_Ustilago antherarum_).

〃 104. Spores of Anther smut (_Ustilago antherarum_) × 460.

〃 105. Portion of leaf of water grass with Elongated smut (_Ustilago longissima_).

〃 106. Pustule of same, enlarged.

〃 107. Spores of Elongated smut (_Ustilago longissima_) × very highly.

〃 108. Spores of Maize smut (_Ustilago maydis_) × 460.

VI. 109. Sedge (_Carex recurva_) with Sedge smut (_Ustilago urceolorum_).

〃 110. Single fruit covered with the smut.

〃 111. Spores of Sedge smut (_Ustilago urceolorum_) × 460.

〃 112. Flower of _Polygonum persicaria_ distorted by Utricle smut (_Ustilago utriculosa_).

〃 113. Section of the same (_Tulasne_).

〃 114. Inflorescence of _Polygonum hydropiper_ with Utricle smut (_Ustilago utriculosa_).

〃 115. Section of infected flower of _Polygonum hydropiper_.

〃 116. Spores of Utricle smut (_Ustilago utriculosa_) × 460.

〃 117. Leaf of Cocksfoot, grass with smut (_Ustilago Salveii_).

〃 118. Portion of leaf, showing pustules, × slightly.

〃 119. Spores of Cocksfoot smut (_Ustilago Salveii_) × 320.

〃 120. Grass stem with Banded smut (_Ustilago grammica_).

〃 121. Portion of same, showing arrangement of the pustules, × slightly.

〃 122. Spores of banded smut (_Ustilago grammica_) × 320.

〃 123. Inflorescence of Scabious with Floret smut (_Ustilago flosculorum_).

〃 124. Floret occupied by the smut.

〃 125. Spores of Floret smut (_Ustilago flosculorum_) × 320.

〃 126. Sedge (_Carex riparia_) attacked by Olive smut (_Ustilago olivacea_).

〃 127. Spores of Olive smut (_Ustilago olivacea_) × 460.

〃 128. Reed stem with smut (_Ustilago typhoides_).

〃 129. Spores of Reed smut (_Ustilago typhoides_) × 320.

〃 130. Leaf of Periwinkle with its rust (_Trichobasis vincæ_).

〃 131. Spores of Periwinkle rust (_Trichobasis vincæ_) × 320.

〃 132. Spores of Periwinkle brand (_Puccinia vincæ_) × 320.

VII. 133. Leaf of Mercury with its rust (_Uredo confluens_).

〃 134. Spores of Mercury rust (_Uredo confluens_) × 320.

〃 135. Leaf of Enchanter’s Nightshade with its rust.

〃 136. Spores of Nightshade rust (_Uredo Circææ_) × 320.

〃 137. Leaf of Sorrel with Twin-faced rust (_Uredo bifrons_).

〃 138. Pustule of Twin-faced rust seated on a coloured spot × slightly.

〃 139. Spores of the same rust × 320.

〃 140. Leaf of Wheat with Corn rust (_Trichobasis rubigo-vera_).

〃 141. Pustules of the same rust × slightly.

〃 142. Spores of Round corn rust × 320.

〃 143. Tuft of spores of Elongated corn rust (_Trichobasis linearis_) magnified.

〃 144. Spores of Elongated corn rust (_Trichobasis linearis_) × 320.

〃 145. Leaf of Groundsel with its rust (_Trichobasis Senecionis_).

〃 146. Spores of Groundsel rust (_Trichobasis Senecionis_) × 320.

〃 147. Wild Rose with Golden rust (_Uromyces Ulmariæ_).

〃 148. Spores of Golden rust × 320.

〃 149. Leaf of Vetch with Long-stemmed rust (_Uromyces appendiculata_).

〃 150. Spores of the same × 460.

〃 151. Leaf of Common thistle with Sweet-smelling rust (_Trichobasis suaveolens_).

〃 152. Spores of Sweet rust (_Trichobasis suaveolens_) × 320.

〃 153. Spermogone of Sweet rust, from common thistle, × highly (_De Bary_).

〃 154. Clover leaf with Short-stemmed rust (_Uromyces apiculosa_).

〃 155. Spores of Short-stemmed rust × 320.

〃 156. Leaf of Pilewort with its rust (_Uromyces Ficariæ_).

〃 157. Spores of Pilewort rust (_Uromyces Ficariæ_) × 320.

〃 158. Portion of leaf of _Luzula_ with Oblong rust (_Trichobasis oblongata_).

〃 159. Spores of Oblong rust (_Trichobasis oblongata_) × 320.

VIII. 160. Leaf of Sallow with its rust (_Lecythea capræarum_).

〃 161. Spores of Sallow rust (_Lecythea capræarum_) × 320.

〃 162. Bramble leaf with Ringed rust (_Lecythea gyrosa_).

〃 163. Pustule of Ringed rust (_Lecythea gyrosa_) × slightly.

〃 164. Spores of Ringed rust (_Lecythea gyrosa_) × 320.

〃 165. Purging Flax with its rust (_Lecythea Lini_).

〃 166. Pustule of the same × slightly.

〃 167. Spores of Flax rust (_Lecythea Lini_) × 320.

〃 168. Leaf of Flukewort with its rust (_Trichobasis hydrocotyles_).

〃 169. Spores of _Trichobasis hydrocotyles_ × 320.

〃 170. Portion of leaf of Sedge with its rust (_Trichobasis caricina_).

〃 171. Spores of Sedge rust (_Trichobasis caricina_) × 320.

〃 172. Whorl of leaves of Hedge Bedstraw with Bedstraw brand (_Puccinia Galii_).

〃 173. Spores of Bedstraw brand (_Puccinia Galii_) × 320.

〃 174. Leaf of Tutsan with St. John’s-wort rust (_Uredo hypericorum_).

〃 175. Spores of St John’s-wort rust (_Uredo hypericorum_) × 320.

〃 176. Leaves of Cow-wheat with its rust (_Coleosporium rhinanthacearum_).

〃 177. Spores of Cow-wheat rust (_Coleosporium rhinanthacearum_) × 320.

〃 178. Portion of leaf of Sow-thistle with its rust (_Coleosporium sonchi-arvensis_).

〃 179. Spores of Sow-thistle rust × highly (_De Bary_).

〃 180. Portion of Coltsfoot leaf with its rust (_Coleosporium Tussilaginis_).

〃 181. Spores of Coltsfoot rust × highly.

〃 182. Group of spores of Coltsfoot rust _in situ_ × highly (_Tulasne_).

IX. 183. Leaf of Buttercup with Buttercup smut (_Polycystis pompholygodes_).

〃 184. Fruit of Buttercup smut (_Polycystis pompholygodes_) × 460.

〃 185. Violet leaf distorted by Violet smut (_Polycystis Violæ_).

〃 186. Fruit of Violet smut (_Polycystis Violæ_) × 460.

〃 187. Portion of Rye-leaf with Rye smut (_Polycystis parallela_).

〃 188. Fruit of Rye smut (_Polycystis parallela_) ×460.

〃 189. Dead Birch leaf with Birch wedge-rust (_Melampsora betulina_).

〃 190. Winter spores of (_Melampsora betulina_) × 460.

〃 191. Portion of Sallow leaf with Willow wedge-rust (_Melampsora salicina_).

〃 192. Winter spores of _Melampsora salicina_ × 460.

〃 193. Leaves of Spurge with Spurge wedge-rust (_Melampsora Euphorbiæ_).

〃 194. Winter spores of _Melampsora Euphorbiæ_ × highly.

〃 195. Portion of Poplar-leaf with Poplar wedge-rust (_Melampsora populina_).

〃 196. Winter spores of _Melampsora populina_ × 460.

〃 197. Winter spores of _Melampsora betulina_ in active germination—_a_ sporidia × 466 (_Tulasne_).

X. 198. Fruit of Shepherd’s-Purse with White rust (_Cystopus candidus_).

〃 199. Portion of Cabbage-leaf with White rust (_Cystopus candidus_).

〃 200. Conidia of White rust (_Cystopus candidus_) × 360.

〃 201. Portion of Goatsbeard-leaf with White rust (_Cystopus cubicus_).

〃 202. Conidia of Goatsbeard white rust (_Cystopus cubicus_) × 360.

〃 203. Portion of Mycelium producing the first of a chain of conidia × 400.

〃 204. Mycelium of White rust with sucker-like processes × 360.

〃 205. Mycelium of White rust with nascent oogonia × 360.

〃 206. Oogonium of Crucifer white rust (_Cystopus candidus_) × 400 (_De Bary_).

〃 207. The same, further advanced, ruptured, with zoospores, × 400.

〃 208. Free zoospores of White rust, with their ciliæ, × 400 (_De Bary_).

〃 209. Resting zoospores in germination × 400 (_De Bary_).

〃 210. Oogonium of Goatsbeard white rust (_Cystopus cubicus_) × 400 (_De Bary_).

〃 211. Oogonium of Sandwort mould (_Peronospora arenariæ_) × 400 (_De Bary_).

〃 212. Oogonium of Pea mould (_Peronospora viciæ_) × 400 (_De Bary_).

〃 213. Oogonium of Veronica mould (_Peronospora grisea_) × 400 (_De Bary_).

〃 214. Oogonium of Spinach mould (_Peronospora effusa_) × 400 (_De Bary_).

〃 215. Leaf of Goosefoot with mould (_Peronospora effusa_).

XI. 216. Conceptacle of Hop mildew (_Sphærotheca castagnei_) × 80.

〃 217. Conceptacle of Rose blight (_Sphærotheca pannosa_) × 80.

〃 218. Sporangium of _Sphærotheca pannosa_ × highly.

〃 219. Conceptacle of Hazel blight (_Phyllactinia guttata_) × 80.

〃 220. Sporangium of _Phyllactinia guttata_ × highly.

〃 221. Portion of leaf of Willow with Willow blight (_Uncinula adunca_).

〃 222. Conceptacle of Willow blight (_Uncinula adunca_) × 80.

〃 223. Tip of one of the appendages × highly.

〃 224. Sporangium of Willow blight (_Uncinula adunca_) × highly.

〃 225. Conceptacle of Maple blight (_Uncinula bicornis_) × 80.

〃 226. Tip of one of the appendages of _Uncinula bicornis_ × highly.

〃 227. Furcate tip of one of the appendages of the Maple blight (_Uncinula bicornis_) × highly.

〃 228. Sporangium of _Uncinula bicornis_ × highly.

〃 229. Leaf of Berberry with Berberry blight (_Microsphæria Berberidis_).

〃 230. Conceptacle of Berberry blight × 80.

〃 231. Tip of one of the appendages of Berberry blight (_Microsphæria Berberidis_) × highly.

〃 232. Sporangium of Berberry blight × highly.

〃 233. Tip of appendage of a continental species of blight (_Microsphæria Ehrenbergii_) × highly (_Léveillé_).

〃 234. Tip of appendage of Alder blight (_Microsphæria penicillata_) × highly.

〃 235. Portion of Grass leaf with blight (_Oidium monilioides_).

〃 236. Tuft of conidia of _Oidium monilioides_ × 120.

〃 237. Leaflet of Garden Pea with Pea blight (_Erysiphe Martii_).

〃 238. Conceptacle of Pea blight (_Erysiphe Martii_) × 80.

〃 239. Sporangium of _Erysiphe Martii_ × highly.

〃 240. Conceptacle of Buttercup blight (_Erysiphe communis_) × 80.

〃 241. Sporangium of _Erysiphe communis_ × highly.

〃 242. Sucker from the mycelium of _Erysiphe communis_, magnified.

XII. 243. Conceptacle of Mealy Guelder-rose blight (_Microsphæria Hedwigii_) × 80.

〃 244. Sporangium of same, containing spores, × highly.

〃 245. Conceptacle of Cornel blight (_Erysiphe tortilis_) × 80.

〃 246. Sporangium of same, containing spores, × highly.

〃 247. Tip of appendage of _Microsphæria Hedwigii_ × highly.

〃 248. Sporangium of Mugwort blight (_Erysiphe Linkii_), containing spores, × highly.

〃 249. Conceptacle of Mugwort blight (_Erysiphe Linkii_) × 80.

〃 250. Sporangium and spores of Plantain blight (_Erysiphe lamprocarpa_) × highly.

〃 251. Conceptacle of Plantain blight (_Erysiphe lamprocarpa_) × 80.

〃 252. Conceptacle of Paper bristle-mould (_Chætomium chartarum_) magnified.

〃 253. Sporidium of the same, further magnified.

〃 254. Conceptacle of Paper mildew (_Ascotricha chartarum_) magnified (_Berkeley_).

〃 255. Portion of thread of same with conidia, further magnified (_Berkeley_).

〃 256. Sporangium of same, containing spores (_Berkeley_).

〃 257. Piece of straw with Bristle mould (_Chætomium elatum_).

〃 258. Conceptacle of same, slightly magnified.

〃 259. Section of same, further magnified.

〃 260. Dead leaf over-run with Herbarium mildew (_Eurotium herbariorum_).

〃 261. Conceptacles of the same, seated on their mycelium, magnified.

XIII. 262. Fertile thread of Turnip mould (_Peronospora parasitica_).

〃 263. Fertile thread of Onion mould (_Peronospora Schleideniana_).

XIV. 264. Fertile thread of Potato mould (_Peronospora infestans_).

〃 265. Fertile thread of Lettuce mould (_Peronospora gangliformis_).

XV. 266. Fertile thread of Pea mould (_Peronospora Viciæ_).

〃 267. Fertile thread of Anemone mould (_Peronospora curta_).

XVI. 268. Fertile thread of Sandwort mould (_Peronospora arenariæ_).

〃 269. Fertile thread of Dock mould (_Peronospora obliqua_) × 320.

INDEX.

PAGE

Acrospores, 141 Æcidiacei, 189 _Æcidiolum exanthematum_, 22 _Æcidium_, 5 —— (Descriptions), 190 —— _Euphorbiæ_, 11 —— _Galii_, 15 —— _leucospermum_, 11 —— _quadrifidum_, 11 —— _Ranunculacearum_, 12 —— _Saniculæ_, 15 —— _Thesii_, 15 —— _Tragopogonis_, 5 Alternation of Generations, 38 Anemone brand, 60 —— cluster-cups, 10 Anther smut, 85 Antheridia, 129 Appendages or fulcra, 165 APPENDIX, 189 _Aregma bulbosum_, 69 —— (Descriptions), 195 —— _gracilis_, 71 —— _mucronatum_, 34 —— _obtusatum_, 73 _Artotrogus_, 151 Asci, 35 _Ascomyces Rumicis_, 161 _Ascotricha chartarum_, 175 —— (Descriptions), 221

Bean rust, 104 Bedstraw cluster-cups, 15 Beet rust, 104 Berberry cluster-cups, 16 Berberry mildew, 170 Birch rust, 118 —— wedge-rust, 118 Blackberry brand, 68 Bladder brand, 86 Blight, Berberry, 170 —— Burdock, 174 —— Crowfoot, 173 —— Dogwood, 174 —— Gooseberry, 171 —— Guelder-rose, 171 —— Hazel, 168 —— Hop, 169 —— Indian Cotton, 177 —— Maple, 167 —— Mealy Guelder-rose, 172 —— Mugwort, 174 —— Pea, 173 —— Plantain, 174 —— Rose, 166 —— Salsify, 174 —— Willow, 169 _Boletus cyanescens_, 106 _Botrytis devastatrix_, 153 —— _fallax_, 153 —— _infestans_, 153 Bramble brand, 68 Brand, Anemone, 60 —— Bladder, 86 —— Bramble, 68 —— Burnet chain, 73 —— Centaury, 63 —— Complex, 67 —— Dust, 76 —— Earth-nut, 64 —— Goatsbeard, 65 —— Ground-ivy, 59 —— Meadow-sweet, 67 —— Mint, 58 —— Pepper, 86 —— Periwinkle, 103 —— Raspberry, 71 —— Sanicle, 64 —— Strawberry, 72 —— Thistle, 62 Bristle-moulds, 175 Buckthorn cluster-cups, 16 Bunt, 86 Bunt, germination, 87 Burdock blight, 174 Burnet chain-brand, 73 Butter-bur rust, 122 Buttercup blight, 173 —— cluster-cups, 12

Cabbage rust, 136 Campanula rust, 123 Centaury brand, 63 _Chætomium_ (Descriptions), 221 —— _elatum_, 175 Classification, 189 Clover rust, 116 CLUSTER-CUPS, 2 Cluster-cup, Anemone, 10 —— Bedstraw, 15 —— Berberry, 16 —— Buckthorn, 16 —— Buttercup, 12 —— Fir-tree, 20 —— Goatsbeard, 3 —— Hawthorn, 17 —— Houseleek, 21 —— Mountain-Ash, 19 —— Nettle, 14 —— Pear-tree, 18 —— Sanicle, 14 —— Spurge, 11 —— Violet, 13 Cocksfoot smut, 83 _Coleosporium_, 119 —— _Campanulæ_, 122 —— (Descriptions), 212 —— _petasites_, 122 —— _tussilaginis_, 120 _Coleosporium sonchi-arvensis_, 122 —— _Rhinanthacearum_, 122 Collecting fungi, 179 Coltsfoot rust, 120 COMPLEX BRANDS, 67 Complex smuts, 90 Composite rust, 105 Conceptacles, 165 Conidia, 126 _Coniomycetes_, 5 Conjurer of Chalgrave’s fern, 61 Corn mildew, 48 —— mildew, germination, 55 —— rust, 49, 52, 95 —— smut, 79 Cornel blight, 174 Coronated mildew, 56 Cotton blight in India, 177 Cow-parsnip rust, 105 Cow-wheat rust, 122 Crowfoot blight, 173 Crucifer white rust, 136 _Cryptosporium Neesii_, 35 _Cystopus_, 124, 136 —— _candidus_, 136 —— _cubicus_, 136 —— (Descriptions), 214 —— _Lepigoni_, 136

Dandelion parasites, 61 De Bary’s experiments, 129 Descriptions, 189 DI-MORPHISM, 33 Diseases of wheat, 85 Dock mould, 160 Dogwood blight, 174 _Dothidea ribis_, 36 Dust-brand, 76

Earth-nut brand, 64 Elongated corn rust, 95 —— smut, 84 Enchanter’s Nightshade rust, 112 _Endophyllum_, 20 —— (Descriptions), 194 Endospore, 40 Epispore, 40 _Erineum acerinum_, 170 _Erysiphe communis_, 173 —— (Descriptions), 220 —— _lamprocarpa_, 174 —— _Linkii_, 174 —— _Martii_, 173 —— _Montagnei_, 174 —— _tortilis_, 174 _Eurotium_ (Descriptions), 222 —— _herbariorum_, 177 Examining fungi, 183

Fern rust, 112 Fungi, species of, 45

Generations, alternation of, 38 Genus and species, 58 Germination of mildew, 55 —— of pea rust, 40 Goatsbeard cluster-cups, 3 —— smut, 82 —— white rust, 136 Goat-willow rust, 116 Golden-rose rust, 113 Gonosphere, 130 Gooseberry blight, 171 Ground-ivy brand, 59 Groundsel rust, 97 Guelder-rose blight, 171 _Gymnosporangium_ (Descriptions), 201

Hawthorn cluster-cups, 17 Hazel blight, 168 Herbarium mould, 177 —— of fungi, 182 Hop disease, 167 Hyphomycetes, 139

Inoculation, 9 Iris rust, 115

_Lecythea_, 107 —— _capræarum_, 117 —— (Descriptions), 206 —— _Lini_, 108 —— _longicapsula_, 118 —— _Rosæ_, 34, 107 Lettuce mould, 156 Line-like rust, 95 Long-stemmed rust, 114 Luzula rust, 104

Maple blight, 169 Meadow-saffron smut, 92 Meadow-sweet brand, 67 Mealy Guelder-rose blight, 172 _Melampsora betulina_, 118 —— (Descriptions), 213 —— _salicina_, 117 Mercury rust, 110 Microscopic examination, 183 —— fungi collecting, 179 Microscopic preserving, 182 _Microsphæria Berberidis_, 170 —— (Descriptions), 219 —— _Ehrenbergii_, 171 —— _Hedwigii_, 172 Mildew and brand, 45 —— what is it?, 46 Mint brand, 58 —— rust, 102 Monthly calendar of fungi, 180 Moulds, 138 Mould, Dock, 160 —— Lettuce, 156 —— Onion, 155 —— Parsnip, 157 —— Potato, 144 —— Rose, 159 —— Spinach, 158 —— Tare, 156 Mountain-ash cluster-cups, 19 Mounting fungi, 184 Mugwort blight, 174 Mycelium, 23

Nettle cluster-cups, 14 Nightshade rust, 112 Number of species, 45

Oak-leaf rust, 111 _Oidium_, 34, 162 —— _leucoconium_, 167 —— _monilioides_, 162 —— _Tuckeri_, 164 Onion mould, 155 Oogonia, 129 Oospores, 131 Origin of mildew, 47

Parsnip mould, 157 Pea blight, 173 Pear tree cluster-cups, 18 Pea and bean rust, 114 Pearust, germination of, 40 Pennywort rust, 100 _Peridermium_, 20 —— (Descriptions), 189 _Peridium_, 4 _Perithecium_, 35 Periwinkle brand, 103 —— rust, 103 Persicaria rust, 104 _Peronospora_, 138 —— (Descriptions), 215 —— _destructor_, 156 —— _effusa_, 159 —— _gangliformis_, 156 —— _infestans_, 153 —— _macrospora_, 158 —— _nivea_, 157 —— _obliqua_, 160 —— _Schleideniana_, 155 —— _sparsa_, 159 —— _Trifoliorum_, 157 —— _Umbelliferarum_, 158 —— _Viciæ_, 156 Pepper brand, 86 _Phragmidium_, 71 _Phyllactinia_ (Descriptions), 218 —— _guttata_, 168 Pilewort rust, 115 _Podisoma_ (Descriptions), 201 _Polycystis_, 91 —— (Descriptions), 211 —— _pompholygodes_, 91 —— _Violæ_, 92 Potato disease, 144 —— mould, 142, 144 —— smut, 93 Preserving fungi, 182 _Puccinia_ (Descriptions), 196 —— _Anemones_, 60 —— _Compositarum_, 63 —— _coronata_, 57 —— _glechomatis_, 59 —— _graminis_, 25 —— _Menthæ_, 58 —— _Rosæ_, 34 —— _Saniculæ_, 64 —— _Syngenesiarum_, 62 —— _Umbelliferarum_, 64 —— _variabilis_, 62 —— _vincæ_, 103 Purslane white rust, 137

Raspberry brand, 71 Reed smut, 83 _Rœstelia_ (Descriptions), 189 —— _cancellata_, 19 —— _cornuta_, 19 —— _lacerata_, 19 Rose blight, 166 —— mould, 107 —— rust, 159 _Rusts_, 95, 110 Rust, Bean, 104 —— Beet, 104 —— Birch, 118 —— Butter-bur, 122 —— Cabbage, 124 —— Campanula, 123 —— Clover, 116 —— Coltsfoot, 120 —— Composite, 105 —— Corn, 49, 95 —— Cow-parsnip, 105 —— Cow-wheat, 122 —— Fern, 112 —— Flax, 109 —— Goatsbeard, 136 —— Goat-willow, 116 —— Golden-rose, 113 —— Grass of Parnassus, 106 —— Groundsel, 97 —— Iris, 115 —— Long-stemmed, 114 —— Luzula, 104 —— Mercury, 110 —— Mint, 102 —— Nightshade, 112 —— Oak-leaf, 111 —— Pea and Bean, 114 —— Pennywort, 100 —— Periwinkle, 103 —— Persicaria, 104 —— Pilewort, 115 —— Rose, 107 —— St.-John’s-wort, 113 —— Sandspurry, 136 —— Sedge, 104 —— Sorrel, 111 —— Sow-thistle, 122 —— Stinking, 87 —— Sweet-smelling, 99 —— Thistle, 99 —— Twin-faced, 111 —— Umbellifer, 105 —— Violet, 102 Rye smut, 92

Sandspurry white rust, 136 Sanicle brand, 64 —— cluster-cups, 14 Sedge rust, 104 —— smut, 84 Smuts, 76 Smut, Anther, 85 —— Cocksfoot, 83 —— Complex, 90 —— Corn, 79 —— Crowfoot, 91 —— Elongated, 84 —— Goatsbeard, 82 —— Grass, 79 —— Maize, 79 —— Meadow-saffron, 92 —— Potato, 93 —— Reed, 83 —— Rye, 92 —— Sedge, 84 —— Trientalis, 93 —— Violet, 92 St.-John’s-wort rust, 113 Sow-thistle rust, 122 Specific names, 57 Spermatia, 24 SPERMOGONES, 22, 98 _Sphærotheca_ (Descriptions), 218 —— _Castagnei_, 167 —— _pannosa_, 167 Spinach mould, 158 Sporangium, 165 Sporidia, 38 Spurge cluster-cups, 11 Sterigmata, 24 Stinking rust, 87 Strawberry brand, 72 Stylospores, 38, 42 Suckers, 125, 141 SUGGESTIONS, 179 Sweet-smelling rust, 99

Tare mould, 156 Thistle brand, 62 Thistle white rust, 137 _Tilletia caries_, 87 —— (Descriptions), 202 _Trichobasis Betæ_, 104 —— _caricina_, 104 —— _Cichoracearum_, 105 —— (Descriptions), 207 —— _Fabæ_, 104 —— _hydrocotyles_, 100 —— _Labiatarum_, 102 —— _linearis_, 95 —— _oblongata_, 105 —— _Parnassiæ_, 106 —— _Petroselini_, 105 —— _Polygonorum_, 104 —— _rubigo-vera_, 49, 95 —— _Senecionis_, 97 —— _suaveolens_, 99 —— _Umbellatarum_, 105 —— _Violarum_, 102 Trientalis smut, 93 _Triphragmium_ (Descriptions), 196 —— _Ulmariæ_, 67 _Tuburcinia_, 93 —— (Descriptions), 212 Tulasne on Fungi, 35 Twin-faced rust, 111

_Uncinula adunca_, 169 —— _bicornis_, 169 —— (Descriptions), 218 Uredines, 33 _Uredo Betulina_, 118 —— _bifrons_, 111 —— _Circææ_, 112 —— _confluens_, 110 —— (Descriptions), 204 —— _Filicum_, 112 —— _hydrocotyles_, 101 —— _Hypericorum_, 113 —— _Parnassiæ_, 106 —— _Quercus_, 111 —— _Rosæ_, 33 _Urocystis_, 91 _Uromyces apiculata_, 116 —— _appendiculata_, 40, 114 —— (Descriptions), 210 —— _Ficariæ_, 115 —— _Ulmariæ_, 114 _Ustilago antherarum_, 85 —— (Descriptions), 202 —— _longissima_, 84 —— _maydis_, 79 —— _olivacea_, 84 —— _receptaculorum_, 83 —— _Salveii_, 84 —— _segetum_, 79 —— _typhoides_, 79, 83

_Valsa suffusa_, 35 Vine disease, 164 Violet cluster-cups, 13 Violet smut, 92

Wedge-rust, Birch, 118 —— Willow, 117 Wheat diseases, 85 —— mildew, 53 White mildews or blights, 162 _White rusts_, 124 White rust, Cabbage, 129, 136 —— Crucifer, 136 —— Goatsbeard, 136 —— Purslane, 137 —— Sandspurry, 136 Willow blight, 169 —— wedge-rust, 117

_Xenodochus carbonarius_, 73 —— (Descriptions), 195

Zoospores, 126

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WYMAN AND SONS, PRINTERS, GREAT QUEEN STREET, LONDON, W.C.

● Transcriber’s Notes: ○ A link to the Index was added to the Table of Contents. ○ The Table of Contents entry for the first Appendix has no identifier. Clicking on the page number will take you to Appendix A. ○ The Table of Contents references Appendix II. This is should have been a reference Appendix B. Clicking on the page number for Appendix II will take you to Appendix B. ○ The image of SPERMOGONES (Fig 1.) on page 25 has been rotated to make the letter identifications more legible. ○ On page 40 there is a reference to fig. 150, but nothing in that figure is labeled 150. ○ On page 56, in the footnote, there is a reference to fig. 45 on Plate II. This was corrected to Plate III. ○ On page 67 there is a reference to fig. 47 on Plate II. This was corrected to Plate III. ○ On page 69 there are references to figs. 47 and 41 on Plate II. This was corrected to Plate III. ○ On page 79 there is a reference to figs. 123—125 on Plate IV. This was corrected to Plate VI. ○ On page 216 there is a reference to fig. 268 on Plate VII. This was corrected to Plate XVI. ○ Missing or obscured punctuation was silently corrected. ○ Typographical errors were silently corrected. ○ Inconsistent spelling and hyphenation were made consistent only when a predominant form was found in this book. ○ Text that was in italics is enclosed by underscores (_italics_); text that was bold by “equal” signs (=bold=).