Part 2

FOOTNOTES:

[3] Compound words of this class form their plurals by a change in the first word.—H. H.

[4] ‘The Eng. form _alinement_ is preferable to _alignment_, a bad spelling of the French.’—_O.E.D._

[5] But the _k_ is retained in _The Oxford Almanack_, following the first publication in 1674.—H. H.

[6] ‘In derivatives formed from words ending in _c_, by adding a termination beginning with _e_, _i_, or _y_, the letter _k_ is inserted after the _c_, in order that the latter may not be inaccurately pronounced like _s_ before the following vowel.’—WEBSTER.

[7] In _The Oxford Dictionary_, Vol. I, p. 598, Sir James Murray says, ‘The spelling _ax_ is better on every ground ... than _axe_, which has of late become prevalent.’ (But as authors generally still call for the commoner spelling, compositors must follow it.—H. H.)

[8] The sign [¨] sometimes placed over the second of two vowels in an English word to indicate that they are to be pronounced separately, is so called by a compositor. By the way, this sign is now used only for learned or foreign words; not in _chaos_ or in _dais_, for instance. _Naïve_ and _naïveté_ still require it, however (see pp. 35, 37).—H. H.

[9] In 1896, Mr. W. E. Gladstone, not being aware of this rule, wished to include, in a list of errata for insertion in Vol. II of _Butler’s Works_, an alteration of the spelling, in Vol. I, of the word ‘forgo’. On receipt of his direction to make the alteration, I sent Mr. Gladstone a copy of _Skeat’s Dictionary_ to show that ‘forgo’, in the sense in which he was using the word, was right, and could not be _corrected_; but it was only after reference to Sir James Murray that Mr. Gladstone wrote to me, ‘Personally I am inclined to prefer forego, on its merits; but authority must carry the day. _I give in._’—H. H.

[10] ‘This is now usual. See _O.E.D._, s.v. Enq-.’—J. A. H. M.

[11] But Linnean Society.

[12] Compound words formed of two nouns connected by a preposition form their plurals by a change in the first word.—H. H.

[13] Sir James Murray thinks that where there is any ambiguity a hyphen may also be used, as ‘bad printers’-errors,’—H. H.

[14] ‘Etymology is in favour of _reflexion_, but usage seems to be overpoweringly in favour of the other spelling.’—H. B.

[15] The older form ‘rime’ is occasionally used by modern writers, and in such cases the copy should be followed.—H. H.

[16] ‘Shakspere is preferable, as—The New Shakspere Society.’—J. A. H. M. (But the Clarendon Press is already committed to the more extended spelling.—H. H.)

[17] The ‘sycomore’ of the Bible is a different tree—the fig-mulberry.—H. H.

[18] It is generally agreed that words ending in _ll_ should drop one _l_ before _less_ (as in _skilless_) and _ly_; but there is not the same agreement in dropping an _l_ before _ness_.—H. H.

[19] ‘But the bicycle-makers have apparently adopted the non-etymological _tyre_.’—J. A. H. M.

SOME WORDS ENDING IN -MENT

In words ending in -ment print the _e_ when it occurs in the preceding syllable, as—abridgement, acknowledgement, judgement, lodgement.[20] But omit the _e_ in development, envelopment, in accordance with the spelling of the verbal forms develop, envelop.

FOOTNOTES:

[20] ‘I protest against the unscholarly habit of omitting it from “abridg_e_ment”, “acknowledg_e_ment”, “judg_e_ment”, “lodg_e_ment”,—which is against all analogy, etymology, and orthoepy, since elsewhere _g_ is hard in English when not followed by _e_ or _i_. I think the University Press ought to set a scholarly example, instead of following the ignorant to do ill, for the sake of saving four _e_’s. The word “judgement” has been spelt in the Revised Version correctly.’—J. A. H. M.

HYPHENED AND NON-HYPHENED WORDS[21]

The hyphen need not, as a rule, be used to join an adverb to the adjective which it qualifies: as in—

a beautifully furnished house, a well calculated scheme.

When the word might not at once be recognized as an adverb, use the hyphen: as—

a well-known statesman, an ill-built house, a new-found country, the best-known proverb, a good-sized room.

When an adverb qualifies a predicate, the hyphen _should not_ be used: as—

this fact is well known.

Where either (1) a noun and adjective or participle, or (2) an adjective and a noun, in combination, are used as a compound adjective, the hyphen _should_ be used:

a poverty-stricken family, a blood-red hand, a nineteenth-century invention.

A compound noun which has _but one accent_, and from familiar use has become one word, requires no hyphen. Examples:

bláckbird býname býword háirbrush háirdresser háirpin hándbook hándkerchief mántelpiece nówadays schóolboy schóolgirl seáport téapot tórchlight upstáirs wátchcase whéelbarrow

The following should also be printed as one word:

aglow anybody anyhow anything anywhere bedroom childbed coeval coexist coextensive coheir cornfield downhill downstairs evermore everyday (_as adj._) everything everyway (_adverb_) everywhere eyewitness fairyland fatherland footsore footstep freshwater (_as adj._) godlike goodwill harebell hopscotch horseshoe indoor ladylike lambskin lifetime maybe meantime meanwhile midday motherland newfangled noonday offprint offsaddle offshoot onrush outdoor overleaf oversea percentage reappear reimburse reinstate reopen seaweed selfsame uphill wellnigh widespread wrongdoing zigzag

Compound words of _more than one accent_, as—ápple-trée, chérry-píe, grável-wálk, wíll-o’-the-wisp, as well as others which follow, require hyphens:

aide-de-camp air-man air-ship a-kimbo alms-house arm-chair battle-field bird-cage bi-weekly by-law by-way child-birth come-at-able common-sense (_as adj._) co-adjust co-declination co-operate co-ordinate court-plaster cousin-german death-bed death-rate ding-dong dumb-bell ear-rings farm-house farm-yard first-hand foot-note foot-stone foot-stool free-will get-at-able good-bye good-day good-humoured good-natured guide-book gutta-percha half-crown half-dozen half-hour half-way handy-man harvest-field head-dress head-foremost head-quarters hey-day high-flyer hill-side hill-top hoar-frost hob-a-nob hour-glass hymn-book ill-fated india-rubber jaw-bone key-note knick-knack life-like looking-glass man-of-war never-ending new-built new-comer new-mown note-book note-paper off-hand oft-times one-and-twenty one-eighth ore-weed out-and-out out-of-date out-of-door over-glad pre-eminent quarter-day race-course re-bound[22] (_as a book_) re-cover (_a chair_) re-enter re-form (_form again_) rolling-pin sea-breeze sea-shore second-hand small-pox son-in-law starting-point step-father such-like table-land text-book title-deeds title-page to-day top-mast topsy-turvy up-to-date[23] water-course week-day year-book

Half an inch, half a dozen, &c., require no hyphens. Print the following also without hyphens:

any one cast iron common sense (_adj. and noun together_) court martial dare say easy chair every one fellow men for ever good humour good nature good night head master[24] high priest high road ill health ill luck ill nature no one plum pudding post office revenue office some one union jack

FOOTNOTES:

[21] See _Oxford Dict._, Vol. I, page xiii, art. ‘Combinations’, where Sir James Murray writes: ‘In many combinations the hyphen becomes an expression of unification of sense. When this unification and specialization has proceeded so far that we no longer analyse the combination into its elements, but take it in as a whole, as in _blackberry_, _postman_, _newspaper_, pronouncing it in speech with a single accent, the hyphen is usually omitted, and the fully developed compound is written as a single word. But as this also is a question of degree, there are necessarily many compounds as to which usage has not yet determined whether they are to be written with the hyphen or as single words.’

And again, in _The Schoolmasters’ Year-book_ for 1903 Sir James Murray writes: ‘There is no rule, propriety, or consensus of usage in English for the use or absence of the hyphen, except in cases where grammar or sense is concerned; as in a day well remembered, but a well-remembered day, the sea of a deep green, a deep-green sea, a baby little expected, a little-expected baby, not a deep green sea, a little expected baby.... Avoid Headmaster, because this implies one stress, Héadmaster, and would analogically mean “master of heads”, like schoolmaster, ironmaster.... Of course the hyphen comes in at once in combinations and derivatives, as head-mastership.’

[22] ‘The hyphen is often used when a writer wishes to mark the fact that he is using not a well-known compound verb, but _re-_ as a living prefix attached to a simple verb (_re-pair_ = pair again); also usually before _e_ (_re-emerge_), and sometimes before other vowels (_re-assure_, usually _reassure_); also when the idea of repetition is to be emphasized, especially in such phrases as _make_ and _re-make_.’—_The Concise Oxford Dictionary_ (1911), p. 694.

[23] As, up-to-date records; but print ‘the records are up to date’.—H. H.

[24] See note on page 25.

DOUBLING CONSONANTS WITH SUFFIXES

Words of one syllable, ending with one consonant preceded by one vowel, double that consonant on adding -ed or -ing: e.g.

drop dropped dropping fit fitted fitting stop stopped stopping

Words of more than one syllable, ending with one consonant preceded by one vowel, and accented on the last syllable, double that consonant on adding -ed or -ing: e.g.

allot allotted allotting commit committed committing infer inferred inferring trepan trepanned trepanning

But words of this class _not_ accented on the last syllable, _do not double the last consonant_[25] on adding -ed, -ing: e.g.

balloted, -ing banqueted, -ing bayoneted, -ing benefited, -ing biased, -ing billeted, -ing bishoped, -ing blanketed, -ing bonneted, -ing bracketed, -ing buffeted, -ing carpeted, -ing chirruped, -ing combated, -ing cricketing crocheted, -ing crotcheted, -ing, -y discomfited, -ing docketed, -ing faceted, -ing ferreted, -ing fidgeted, -ing, -y filleted, -ing filliped, -ing focused, -ing galloped, -ing gibbeted, -ing gossiped, -ing, -y initialed, -ing junketed, -ing marketed, -ing packeted, -ing paralleled, -ing pelleted, -ing picketed, -ing piloted, -ing profited, -ing rabbeted, -ing rabbiting rickety riveted, -ing russeted, -ing, -y scolloped, -ing tennising trinketed, -ing trousered, -ing trumpeted, -ing velvety visited, -ing wainscoted, -ing

In words ending in _-l_, the final consonant is generally doubled, whether accented on the last syllable or not: e. g.

annulled, -ing appalled, -ing apparelled, -ing barrelled bethralled, -ing caballed, -ing channelled, -ing compelled, -ing cudgelled, -ing dishevelled, -ing empanelled, -ing extolled, -ing forestalled, -ing grovelled, -ing impelled, -ing installed, -ing kennelled, -ing levelled, -ing libelled, -ing marshalled, -ing parcelled, -ing quarrelled, -ing revelled, -ing rivalled, -ing shovelled, -ing trammelled, -ing travelled, -ing tunnelled, -ing

FOOTNOTES:

[25] ‘We must, however, still except the words ending in _-el_, as levelled, -er, -ing; travelled, -er, -ing; and also worshipped, -er, -ing.’—J. A. H. M.

FORMATION OF PLURALS IN WORDS OF FOREIGN ORIGIN

Plurals of nouns taken into English from other languages sometimes follow the laws of inflexion of those languages. But often, in non-technical works, additional forms are used, constructed after the English manner. Print as below, in cases where the author does not object. In scientific works the scientific method must of course prevail:

SING. addendum PL. addenda[26] alkali alkalis alumnus alumni amanuensis amanuenses analysis analyses animalculum animalcula antithesis antitheses apex apices appendix appendices arcanum arcana automaton automata axis axes bandit banditti basis bases beau beaux bronchus bronchi calculus calculi calix calices chrysalis chrysalises coagulum coagula corrigendum corrigenda{26} cortex cortices crisis crises criterion criteria datum data desideratum desiderata dilettante dilettanti effluvium effluvia elenchus elenchi ellipsis ellipses ephemera ephemerae epithalamium epithalamia equinox equinoxes erratum errata focus focuses (_fam._) formula formulae fungus fungi genius geniuses[27] (_meaning a person or persons of genius_) genus genera helix helices hypothesis hypotheses ignis fatuus ignes fatui index indexes[28] iris irises lamina laminae larva larvae lemma lemmas[29] libretto libretti matrix matrices maximum maxima medium mediums (_fam._) memorandum memorandums[30] (_meaning a written note or notes_) metamorphosis metamorphoses miasma miasmata minimum minima nebula nebulae nucleus nuclei oasis oases papilla papillae parenthesis parentheses parhelion parhelia phenomenon phenomena radius radii radix radices sanatorium sanatoria scholium scholia spectrum spectra speculum specula stamen stamens stimulus stimuli stratum strata synopsis synopses terminus termini thesis theses virtuoso virtuosi volsella volsellae vortex vortexes (_fam._)

FOOTNOTES:

[26] See reference to these words for another purpose on p. 33.—H. H.

[27] Genius, in the sense of a tutelary spirit, must of course have the plural genii.—H. H.

[28] In scholarly works, indices is often preferred, and in the mathematical sense must always be used.—H. H.

[29] But lemmata in botany or embryology.—H.H.

[30] But in a collective or special sense we must print memoranda.—H. H.

ERRATA, ERRATUM

Do not be guilty of the absurd mistake of printing ‘Errata’ as a heading for a single correction. When a list of errors has been dealt with, by printing cancel pages and otherwise, so that only one error remains, take care to alter the heading from ‘Errata’ to ‘Erratum’. The same remarks apply to Addenda and Addendum, Corrigenda and Corrigendum.

PLURALS OF NOUNS ENDING IN -O

The plurals of nouns ending in -o, owing to the absence of any settled system, are often confusing. _The Concise Oxford Dictionary_ says (p. vi): ‘It may perhaps be laid down that on the one hand words of which the plural is very commonly used, as _potato_, have almost invariably _-oes_, and on the other hand words still felt to be foreign or of abnormal form, as _soprano_, _chromo_, have almost invariably _-os_.’ The following is a short list, showing spellings preferred:

altos banjos buffaloes calicoes cantos cargoes centos chromos curios duodecimos electros echoes embargoes haloes heroes manifestoes mosquitoes mottoes negroes octavos porticoes potatoes provisos quartos ratios solos sopranos tiros tomatoes volcanoes

FOREIGN WORDS & PHRASES WHEN TO BE SET IN ROMAN AND WHEN IN ITALIC

Print the following anglicized words in roman type:

aide-de-camp al fresco alibi à propos aurora borealis beau idéal bézique bizarre bona fide bouquet bravos bric-à-brac bulletin café carte-de-visite chargé d’affaires chauffeur chiaroscuro cliché connoisseur cul-de-sac débris début dépôt[31] détour diarrhoea dilettante dramatis personae éclat employé[32] ennui entrée entrepôt etiquette[33] facsimile fête fleur-de-lis garage gratis habeas corpus hors-d’œuvre innuendo, -es levée littérateur litterati manœuvre menu morale naïve omnibus papier mâché per annum personnel post-mortem (_adj. and n._) poste restante précis prestige prima facie procès-verbal protégé provenance régime rendezvous[34] rôle sabotage savants seraglio sobriquet soirée versus via vice versa virtuoso viva voce Zollverein

The following to be printed in italic:

_ab extra_ _ab origine_ _ad nauseam_ _ad valorem_ _a fortiori_ _amende honorable_ _amour propre_ _ancien régime_ _anglice_ _a priori_ _au courant_ _au revoir_ _bête noire_ _billet doux_ _bonhomie_ _bon ton_ _bourgeoisie_ _carte blanche_ _casus belli_ _chef-d’œuvre_ _chevaux de frise_ _con amore_ _confrère_ _cortège_[35] _coup d’état_ _coup de grâce_ _coup de main_ _coup d’œil_ _débâcle_ _dénouement_ _de quoi vivre_ _déshabillé_ _édition de luxe_ _élan_ _élite_ _en bloc_ _en masse_ _en passant_ _en rapport_ _en route_ _entente cordiale_ _esprit de corps_ _ex cathedra_ _ex officio_ (adv. and adj.) _ex parte_ (adv. and adj.) _facile princeps_ _factum est_ _felo de se_ _garçon_ _grand monde_ _habitué_ _hors de combat_ _imprimis_ _in camera_ _in propria persona_ _jeu d’esprit_ _laisser-faire_ _lapsus linguae_ _lèse-majesté_ _mêlée_ _mise en scène_ _modus operandi_ _more suo_ _multum in parvo_ _naïveté_ _née_ _nemine contradicente_ _ne plus ultra_ _noblesse oblige_ _nolens volens_ _non est_ _par excellence_ _pari passu_ _per contra_ _pièce de résistance_ _plébiscite_ _pro forma_ _pro tempore_ _raison d’être_ _rapprochement_ _réchauffé_ _répertoire_ _résumé_ _sang-froid_ _sans cérémonie_ _sans-culotte_ _sine qua non_ _sotto voce_ _sub rosa_ _tabula rasa_ _tête à tête_ (adv.) _tête-à-tête_ (noun) _tour de force_ _vis-à-vis_

The modern practice is to omit accents from Latin words.

For further directions as to the use of italic in foreign words and phrases see pp. 50-1.

FOOTNOTES:

[31] For this and nearly all similar words, the proper accents are to be used, whether the foreign words be anglicized or not.—H. H.

[32] Employee is more legitimate when it is used in contrast with the English word employer.—H. H.

[33] Omit the accent from étiquette.—H. H.

[34] Omit the hyphen from rendez-vous.—H. H.

[35] For a statement as to this and other French words now printed with a grave accent, see pp. 78-9.—H. H.

SPELLINGS OF FIFTEENTH TO SEVENTEENTH CENTURY WRITERS

When it is necessary to reproduce the spellings and printed forms of old writers the following rules should be observed:

Initial _u_ is printed _v_, as in vnderstande. Also in such combinations as wherevpon.

Medial _v_ is printed _u_, as in haue, euer.

Initial and medial _j_ are printed _i_, as in iealousie, iniurie.

In capitals the U is non-existent, and should always be printed with a V, initially and medially, as VNIVERSITY, FAVLCONRIE.

In y^e and y^t the second letter should be a superior, and without a full point.

PHONETIC SPELLINGS

Some newspapers print phonetic spellings, such as program, hight (to describe altitude), catalog, &c. But the practice has insufficient authority, and can be followed only by special direction.

A OR AN

a European a ewe a ewer a herb a herbal a heroic a hospital a humble a unanimous a uniform a union a unique a universal a university a useful a usurper an habitual[36] an heir an heirloom an historical{36} an honest an honour an hotel an hour

Print _a_, not _an_, before contractions beginning with a consonant: e.g. a L.C.C. case, a MS. version.

FOOTNOTES:

[36] This is in accordance with what seems to be the preponderance of modern usage. Originally the cover of _The Oxford Dictionary_ had ‘a historical’, and the whole question will be found fully treated in that work, arts. A, An, and H.—H. H.

O AND OH

When used in addressing persons or things the vocative ‘O’ is printed with a capital and without any point following it; e.g. ‘O mighty Caesar! dost thou lie so low’; ‘O world! thou wast the forest to this hart’; ‘O most bloody sight!’ Similarly, ‘O Lord’, ‘O God’, ‘O sir’. But when not used in the vocative, the spelling should be ‘Oh’, and separated from what follows by a punctuation mark; e.g. ‘Oh, pardon me, thou bleeding piece of earth’; ‘For if you should, oh! what would become of it?’

NOR AND OR

Print: (1) Neither one nor the other; neither Jew nor Greek; neither Peter nor James. (2) Either one or the other; either Jew or Greek; either Peter or James.

Never print: Neither one or the other; neither Peter or James;—but when the sentence is continued to a further comparison, _nor_ and _or_ must be printed (in the continuation) according to the sense.[37]

Likewise note that the verb should be in the singular, as ‘Neither Oxford nor Reading is stated to have been represented’.

FOOTNOTES:

[37] The necessity of giving strict attention to this rule was once exemplified in my experience, when the printing of a fine quarto was passing through my hands in 1882. The author desired to say in the preface, ‘The writer neither dares nor desires to claim for it the dignity or cumber it with the difficulty of an historical novel’ (_Lorna Doone_, by R. D. Blackmore, 4to, 1883). The printer’s reader inserted a letter _n_ before the _or_; the author deleted the _n_, and thought he had got rid of it; but at the last moment the press reader inserted it again; and the word was printed as _nor_, to the exasperation of the author, who did not mince his words when he found out what had happened.—H. H.

VOWEL-LIGATURES[38] (Æ AND Œ)

The combinations _ae_ and _oe_ should each be printed as two letters in Latin and Greek words, e.g. Aeneid, Aeschylus, Caesar, Oedipus; and in English, as mediaeval, phoenix. But in Old-English and in French words use the ligatures _æ_, _œ_, as Ælfred, Cædmon, manœuvre.

CONTRACTIONS

_NOTE.—Some abbreviations of Latin words such as_ ad loc., _&c., to be set in roman, are shown on page 51._

Names of the books of the Bible as abbreviated where necessary:

_Old Testament._