Part 5

«Cambridge» (_Mass._), «First Church of». (Rule 2.)

«Chauncy Hall School», _Boston, Mass._ (Rule 2 _c_.)

«Chemins de Fer de Paris à Lyon et à la Méditerranée, Comp. des.» (Rule 2, _c_.)

«Christiania. Videnskabs-Selskab.» (Rule 1, exc. 1.)

«Clarke (W. B.), & Co.» (Rule 2, _c_.)

«Congrès International des Américanistes.» (Rule 1.)

«Firenze. Galleria Imperiale.» (Rule 2, _f_.)

«Freemasons» _in Iowa_. (§ 51^3.)

«Genootschap “Oefening kweekt Kunst,”» _Amsterdam_. (Rule 1, and ref. 4.)

«Geschichts- und Alterthumsforschende Gesellschaft des Osterlandes», _Altenburg_. (Rule 1.)

«Göttingen. K. Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften.» (Rule 1, exc. 1.)

«Great Britain.» _Parliament._ (§ 41.)

«Harvard College.» (Rule 1.)

«Harvard College.» _Lawrence Scientific School._ (Rule 1, 2, _e_.)

«Harvard College.» _Library._ (Rule 1, 2, _e_.) {33}

«Hermitage, Gallerie de l’», _St. Petersburg_. (Rule 2, _d_.)

«Houghton & Mifflin.» (Rule 2, _c_.)

«L’Internationale.» (Rule 1.)

«Intime Club», _Paris_. (Rule 1.)

«London. Merchants.» (§ 55.)

«Louvre, Gallerie du», _Paris_. (Rule 2, _d_.)

«Museum of Fine Arts», _Boston, Mass._ (Rule 2, _c_.)

«Madrid. R. Academia de la Historia.» (Rule 1, exc. 1.)

«National Gallery», _London_. (Rule 2, _f_.)

«3d National Quarantine and Sanitary Convention.» (§ 52^1.)

«New England Trust Co.», _Boston, Mass._ (Rule 2, _c_.)

«New York. Chamber of Commerce.» (Rule 1, exc. 3, Rule 2, _c_.)

«New York. First National Bank.» (Rule 2, _c_.)

«New York. Young Men’s Christian Association.» (Rule 2, _b_.)

«Or San Michele, Chiesa di», _Florence_. (Rule 1.)

«Paris. Bibliothèque Nationale.» (Rule 2, _d_, _f_.)

ΦΒΚ. _A of Harvard._ (Rule 2, _e_.)

«Prado, Museo del», _Madrid_. (Rule 2, _d_.)

«Pratt (Enoch) Free Library», _Balt., Md._ (Rule 2, _d_, _h_.)

«San Francisco. Mercantile Library Assoc.» (Rule 2, _b_.)

«Société de l’Agriculture de l’Orne», _Alençon_. (Rule 1.)

«Stationers’ Company», _London_. (Rule 1, exc. 2.)

«Templars, Knights.» (Rule 2, exc. 4.)

«Tübingen. Eberhard-Karls Universität.» (Rule 1, exc. 1.)

«L’Union Générale», _Paris_. (Rule 2, _c_.)

«United States. Library of Congress.» (§ 40.)

«Vatican Council.» (§ 53.)

«Verona, Congress of.» (§ 49.)

«Versailles, Treaty of.» _See ——._ (§ 50.)

«Wisconsin, State Historical Society of.» (Rule 1, exc. 5.)

The 6TH PLAN has the same rules as the 5TH, and _no_ exceptions. It may be preferred by those who think the advantage of having a single uniform rule greater than the inconvenience of unusual headings.

Perhaps from habit I prefer the 4TH PLAN. Of the other plans experience confirms me in the belief that the 5TH PLAN is the best. The A. L. A. adopted the 6TH PLAN. I have used it ever since in the _Library journal_, and I do not think it works well.

[note] 27. They are now arranged under Academies in a single alphabet of places, so that the latter—the most serious—objection does not apply.[/note]

[note] 28. That is learned academies like the French Academy, not high schools.[/note]

B. SUBSTITUTES.

Substitutes for the author’s name (to be chosen in the following order) are—

57. Part of the author’s name when only a part is known.

_Ex._ For a book “by J. B. Far...,” or “by L. M. P.,” or “by Ddg.,” or “by —lsd—,” the entry is to be made under «Far...», J. B., «P.», L. M., «Ddg.», «—lsd—». If the last initials are evidently, from the style of printing, those of a title, the entry will be under the initial preceding them; thus for books “by B. F., _D.D._,” or “by M. P. R., _Gent._,” or “by X. Y. Z., _D.D._,” the entry is to be made under «F.», B., _D.D._, and «R.», M. P., _Gent._, and «Z.», X. Y., _D.D._ In such case it is safest to have also a reference from the last initial to the one chosen, as «D.», X. Y. Z. D. _See_ «Z.», X. Y., _D.D._ It is often well to make a reference from the first word (title-reference). This mode of entry ensures the easy finding of a particular book and brings together all of an author’s works in which the same letters are used, and sometimes leads to the discovery of a real name.

Even mere printer’s marks, as *** or ..., or !!!, unaccompanied by any letters, though they can not be considered as names, may be used as headings for a reference {34} for the sake of bringing together all the works of an author using them; but each work should also have title entry if anonymous.

58. A pseudonym, that is, a false name; as, John «Phenix», Mark «Twain».

If the author’s real name is known, make the entry under that, with a reference from the pseudonym; but if the writer is much better known by the pseudonym, enter under that, with a reference from the real name. (See note under § 6.)

A phrase—“One who loves his country,” “A friend to peace”—or even a shorter appellation—“A lawyer”—is not a name. References might be made from these to the word under which the book is entered, but they would swell the catalogue and rarely be of use. Appellatives beginning with the definite article, like “The Prig,” “The Old Shekarry,” “The Duchess,” are not vague like “A lover of justice,” and when constantly used should be treated as names in the way either of entry or reference. Latin phrases, like “Amator patriæ,” should be treated as names and the entry made under the last word; as, «Patriæ», Amator. But it should not be made under patronymic adjectives, or certain words like junior, senior, evidently intended to qualify the name, not to be taken as the name; _i. e._, the heading for a book “by Phileleutherus Lipsiensis” would not be «Lipsiensis», Phileleutherus, but «Phileleutherus» _Lipsiensis_; Vanity Fair Album by Jehu Junior would go under «Jehu» _junior_, not «Junior», Jehu. In such cases a reference from the word which is not taken as the heading will be an additional safeguard.

Pseudonyms like Aunt Jane, Cousin Mary, Uncle John, should be entered under the second word, although it is evidently not a family name but a forename; it is all the name that we have.

The word Anonymus may be considered as a pseudonym when used as follows: “Anonymi introductio in,” etc.

A foreign article beginning a pseudonym used in an English work is considered as a part of the name; as, «El-Mukattem», _pseud._

59. Collector.

That is, the one who is responsible for the existence of a collection. A collection is made by putting together, with a collective title, three or more works by different authors, so as to make one work.

_Examples_: Johnson’s “Little classics,” Buchon’s “Collection des mémoires.”

_a._ This rule does not apply to the collector (editor) of a periodical. (§ 73.)

_b._ Several works published together without a collective title are to be put under that author’s name which appears first on the title-page, even though the collector’s name is also there; in other words, he is then to be considered merely as the editor. (See § 4.)

Thus, “The fraternitye of vacabondes, by J. Awdeley; A caueat for common cursetors, by T. Harman; A sermon in praise of thieves, by Parson Haben or Hyberdyne; those parts of The groundworke of conny-catching that differ from Harman’s Caueat; ed. by E. Viles and F. J. Furnivall,” should be entered not under «Viles», E., and «Furnivall», F. J., but under «Awdeley»; but if it had been entitled “Early tracts on vagabonds and beggars; edited by E. Viles and F. J. Furnivall,” it would properly be put under the editors.

_c._ If the collector’s name is known, the collection is to be put under it, whether it occurs on the title-page or not. If his name is not known, enter the collection like any anonymous work, under the first word of the collective title. In either case the separate works forming the collection must be entered under their respective authors. (See V. Analysis.) Title-references are also often necessary. (See II. Titles.) {35}

_d._ A collection known chiefly by its title may be put under that as well as under the collector.

The older collections, like «Graevius’s» Thesaurus antiquitatum Romanarum, «Gronovius’s» Thesaurus Graecarum antiquitatum, are known and referred to by their collectors’ names but of late years a swarm of series (American statesmen series, etc.) has arisen which are known wholly by their titles, under which they should be entered in full, with contents, to save the time of the searcher. The entry under the editor is necessary because he is really the author of the series, but it may be brief, with a reference for the “_Contents_” to the title-entry.

_e._ Societies like the Camden, Chetham, Hakluyt are collectors of the series of works published by them, of which a list should be given under their names.

But every such work filling one or more volumes should be entered separately under its author or title as if it were published independently, and should have the same subject-entry. (See § 125.) Works that fill part of a volume are to be entered analytically, (See § 126.) Of course any volume consisting of three or more treatises, put together with a collective title by the society, should be entered under it as collector, if no collector’s name is given.

For anonymous works, see Title-entry, § 68. For trials, see § 64.

C. REFERENCES.

60. Make references

(§ 3.) From joint authors (after the first) to the first.

(§ 5.) From the præses to the respondent or defendant of a thesis, or vice versâ.

(§ 6.) From pseudonyms, initials, and part of names.

(§§ 7, 8.) From important illustrators when not important enough for an entry.

(§ 12.) From commentators who are not entitled to an entry, if the commentary preponderates or for any reason is likely to be looked for under the commentator’s name. Where the line of omission shall be drawn depends on the fullness of the catalogue.

(§§ 13–16.) From the authors of continuations, indexes, and of introductions of some length, also in some cases, of epitomes, revisions, and excerpts.

(§ 18.) From the names of reporters, translators, and editors of anonymous works and of works not anonymous which are commonly known by the name of their editors or translators.

_Ex._ Some translations from the German by Mrs. Wister are wrongly lettered as if she were the author, and are therefore asked for by her name.

(§ 19 _a_.) From the foreign form of names of sovereigns, whenever they are likely to be looked for under that form.

(§ 19 _b_, _c_.) From the family name of persons canonized, and of friars who drop the family name on entering their order.

(§ 19 _e_.) From such parts of Oriental names as require it.

(§ 20.) From the names of English sees and deaneries. {36}

(§ 20 _c_.) From the maiden names or unused married names of wives to the one used in the catalogue, provided they have written under the earlier names or for any other reason are likely to be looked for under them.

(§ 21.) From the family names of British noblemen to the titles, or vice versâ, if the entry is made under the family name.

From the family names of foreign noblemen, when they are known by them wholly or in part.

From any other title by which a man may be better known than by his real name.

As, “«Claimant», The.” The Diary of the Shah of Persia, catalogued under «Nassr-ad-Din», requires a reference from «Shah».

(§ 22.) From the earlier forms of names that are changed.

(§ 23.) From the part of compound names which is not used for entry to the part which is, whenever it seems necessary.

(§ 24.) From the prefixes of foreign names when they have been commonly used in combination with the last part.

_Ex._ From «Vandyck» to «Dyck», A. van, from «Degerando» to «Gerando», and «De Candolle» to «Candolle».

(§ 25.) From the alternative part of Latin names.

(§§ 27–38.) From all forms of a name varying either by spelling, translation, or transliteration that do not come into immediate juxtaposition with the one chosen.

This should be done whether the rejected form occurs in the title of a book in the library or not. The object of a reference is to enable the reader to find the works of an author, not merely a particular book, and the reader may have seen the author referred to under the rejected form whether the library has a book with that form or not.

(§§ 40, 44, 48.) From the authors of official writings (with discretion).

(§ 49.) From nations taking part in a congress to the place of meeting.

(§ 52.) From the places where conventions are held to the names of the bodies holding them.

(§ 53.) From the name of an ecclesiastical body to the headings under which the councils of the body are entered.

(§ 56.) A list of references is given in the note.

(§ 57.) From part of the author’s name appearing on the title-page to the whole name if discovered.

From the last initial given on a title-page to the one chosen for the entry.

(§ 58.) From a pseudonym to the real name when discovered.

From some phraseological pseudonyms, especially if brief.

_Ex._ From «Lawyer», when an anonymous work is said to be “by a lawyer.” For Full only.

From editors and translators.

If it is thought worth while to give a complete view of the literary and artistic activity of every author so far as it is represented in the library, of course references from editors, translators, illustrators, cartographers, engravers, etc., must be made. But this completeness is not usually sought even in large libraries. Such references {37} are also undeniably a help in finding books. But they increase the bulk and the cost of a catalogue so much and are comparatively of so little use that ordinary libraries must content themselves with a selection, though the best-made selection is certain to occasion complaints that the really useful ones have been omitted and the least important made. The chief classes of necessary references of this sort are—

(1.) From the editors of periodicals to the title-entry, when the periodical is commonly called by the editor’s name, as Poggendorff’s Annalen, Silliman’s Journal.

(2.) From the names of editors and translators which are habitually mentioned in connection with a work, so that it is as likely to be looked for under the editor’s name as under the author’s name. When the form is a combination of author’s and editor’s name, as Heyne’s Virgil, Leverett’s Cicero, the reference, though convenient, is certainly not necessary, inasmuch as a person of ordinary intelligence could hardly fail, not finding what he wanted under one name, to try the other.

(3.) From the names of those who have made poetical versions, on the ground that their work is something more than mere translation.

(4.) From the translators of anonymous works, because the title of the original will generally be unknown to the searcher. This is less necessary for famous works; thus J. Scott’s version of the Arabian Nights would probably be looked for under «Arabian» nights rather than under «Scott»; but it makes assurance doubly sure.

(5.) From the names of translators, editors, etc., of Oriental works, because Occidental readers are much more likely to remember these names than those of the authors.

It may be thought that an excessive number of references is recommended, but it is plain that wherever there can be a reasonable doubt among cataloguers under what head a book ought to be entered, it should have at least a reference under each head. The object of an author-catalogue is to enable one to find the book; if that object is not attained the book might as well not be catalogued at all.

61. Make explanatory notes under such words as «Congress», «Parliament», «Academies», «Societies», and others in regard to whose entry there is a diverse usage, stating what is the rule of the catalogue.

D. ECONOMIES.

62. In the title-a-liners references are not an economy; they occupy as much room as an entry, and therefore the imprint may as well be given whenever the reference does not take the place of several titles.

63. Mr. Perkins would catalogue directories, state registers, and local gazetteers under the name of the place, omitting the author-entry This is for Short alone, and should never be done by Full or Medium.

64. Trials of crown, state, and criminal cases may be entered only under the name of the defendant, and trials of civil cases under the parties to the suit, treated like joint authors, and trials relating to vessels under the name of the vessel (subject-entries of course). But Full and perhaps Medium should make author-entries under the reporter. It may be doubted, however, whether a stenographic reporter is entitled to be considered an author any more than a type-setter.

Collected reports of trials will of course (§ 59) go under the collector: for subject-entry they come under the place over which the court has jurisdiction, and if they relate to a single crime (as murder), under that also. {38}

65. Often in analysis it may be worth while to make a subject-entry and not an author-entry, or vice versâ.

66. An economical device in some favor is to omit the entry under the author’s name when the library contains only one work by him.

By this practice many famous authors, of whom no small library is likely to contain more than one work (such as Boswell, Dante, Gibbon, Lamb, Macaulay, Milton, indeed almost any of the English poets), will not appear in the catalogue; while the man who has written both a First class reader and a Second class reader, or a Mental arithmetic and a Written arithmetic, or two Sunday-school books, must be included. It is not necessary to say more to show the absurdity of the rule. If some authors must be omitted, let it be those who the librarian knows are never called for, whether they have written one or fifty works.

67. Another objectionable economy is to put biographies under the name of the subject alone, omitting author-entry, so that there is no means of ascertaining whether the library possesses all the works of a given author.

II. TITLE-ENTRY.

CATALOGUE.

First-word entry. (Anonymous works, 68–72; Periodicals, 73, 74; Fiction, 75; What is a first word, 76–80.)

Changed titles, 81–83.

First-word reference. (Plays and poems, 84; other works, 85.)

Catch-word reference. (Anonymous works, 86 _a_; other works, 86 _b_.)

Subject-word entry. (Anonymous biographies, 87.)

Subject-word reference. (Anonymous works, 88 _a_; other works, 88 _b_.)

Title-reference to corporate entries, 89.

Title-reference from subtitles, 90.

Double title-pages, 91.

TITLE-ENTRY.

68. Make a first-word entry for all[29] anonymous works,[30] except anonymous biographies, which are to be entered under the name of the subject of the life.[31] (If the author’s name can be ascertained insert it within brackets.)

[note] 29. Of course there are exceptions to this rule. There are works which are always known by certain names, under which they should be entered, although the title-pages of different editions may not begin with this name, or may not even contain it. The most noteworthy example is «Bible», which is the best heading—in an English catalogue—for the Bible and for any of its parts in whatever language written and under whatever title published.

This is the British Museum rule. It is of a piece with putting all periodicals under the heading «Periodicals» and all publications of learned societies under the head «Academies». It would be much more in accordance with dictionary principles to put the separate books of the Bible each under its own name as given in the revised {39} English version («Matthew», Gospel of, not «Gospel» of Matthew), with all necessary references.

Under the present rule, references should be made to «Bible» from «Testament», «Old Testament», «New Testament», «Gospels», «Apocrypha», «Psalms», «Pentateuch», the names of the single books, and from such well-known names as «Breeches» Bible, «Speaker’s» commentary.

In cataloguing the anonymous books of the Middle Ages, “Incipit” or “Here begyns,” or “Book the first of,” and similar phrases are not to be considered as first words. Thus the history of the Seven Sages appears under the following variety of title:

1. Incipit historia septem sapientū Rome. [Cir. 1475.] 2. In hoc opusculo sunt subtilitates septē sapientū rome valde p_er_utiles. [Later.] 3. Historia septem sapientum Romæ. 1490. 4. Historia calumnie nouercalis que septem sapientū inscribitur. 1490. 5. Ludus septem sapientum. [Cir. 1560.]

And the titles of the versions are equally various:

1. Li romans des sept sages. 2. Li romans de Dolopathos. 3. Les sept sages de Rom̄e. 4. Les sept saiges de romme. 5. Los siete sabios de Roma. 6. Hieuach volget ein gar schöne Cronick vn̄ hystori auss denn Geschichten der Römern. 7. Die hystorie uan die seuen wise mannen van Romen. 8. Hystory of the seuen maysters of Rome. 9. The Hystorie of the seven wise maisters of Rome. 10. The sevin seages. 11. De siu sive mestere.

Of course it will not do to catalogue these severally under Incipit, Hoc, Historia, Ludus, Romans, Sept, Siete, Hienach, Hystorie, Hystory, Sevin, and Siu. In this and other prose and poetical romances of the Middle Ages the heading must be taken in general from the subject of the romance; the name appearing of course in the original language, with all necessary references from other forms. In the present case all the editions would be collected under «Septem» sapientes,[32] with references from Ludus, Sept sages, Siete sabios, Hienach, and Seven, provided the library has so many editions.

Somewhat similarly collections of papers known by the name of a principal contributor or a previous owner or of the house where they were found should be entered under such name, or, if they must be entered under the name of an editor, should have a reference from such name; _ex._, Dudley papers, Winthrop papers, etc.

A title like “The modern Plutarch” does not mean to imply that the work is written by «Plutarchus»; such a book would be treated as anonymous, unless it had an editor.[/note]

[note] 30. A catalogue of authors alone finds the entry of its anonymous books a source of incongruity. The dictionary catalogue has no such trouble. It does not attempt to enter them in the author-catalogue until the author’s name is known.[/note]

[note] 31. For a smaller catalogue this may read “except anonymous works relating to a person, city, or other subject distinctly mentioned in the title, which are to be put under the name of the person, city, or subject.” In the catalogue of a larger library where more exactness (“red tape,” “pedantry”) is indispensable, biography should be the only exception, the place of entry under subjects and under large cities being {40} too doubtful. And in planning a manuscript catalogue, it should be remembered that a small library may grow into a large one, and that if the catalogue is made in the best way at first there will be no need of alteration.

If a book’s title-page is lost, and it is impossible to ascertain what it was from other copies or other editions, or from catalogues or bibliographies, use the half-title or the running title, stating the fact; if it has neither, manufacture a title, within brackets. Such an entry will require many references.[/note]

[note] 32. Since this was in type I have come to the conclusion that all these should be entered under «Sandabad» (Lat. «Syntipas»), the reputed author of the original Indian romance. But the example will still serve to show the great variety in mediæval titles, and the inconvenience of following a strict first-word rule.[/note]

69. A single inscription by an unknown author needs no title-entry, but should have subject-entry under the subject of which it treats, or the name of the place where it is found, or both.