Part 4

_I. e._, «a» (not _ah_) for the sound of _a_ in _father_, «e» (not _a_) for the sound of _e_ in _heir_ or of _a_ in _hate_, «i» (not _e_) for the sound of _i_ in _mien_, «u» (not _oo_ nor _ou_) for the sound of _u_ in _true_ or of _oo_ in _moon_. This practice makes transliterations that are likely to be pronounced in the main correctly by anyone who knows any language but his own (who would naturally give foreign vowel sounds to foreign names), and will give transliterations agreeing at least in part with those of other nations. In some points, however, we must be careful not to be misled by the practice of foreigners, and when we take a name from Russian, for instance, through the French or German, must see to it that the necessities of their alphabet have not led them to use letters that do not suit our system. A Frenchman writes for Turgenief _Tourguénef_, and for Golovin {26} _Golovine_, and uses _ou_ for _u_, _ch_ for _sh_, _dj_ for _j_, _j_ for _zh_, _gu_ for _g_, and _qu_ for _k_. A German for Dershavin writes _Derschawin_, and, worse than that, is obliged to use the clumsy _dsch_ where an Englishman can use j, as _Dschellaleddin_ for Jalal-ad-Din, and uses _tsch_ for _ch_ or _tch_, _j_ for _y_ or _i_ (Turgenjew), _w_ for _v_ or _f_ in the ending of Russian names.

In _Arabic_ names I am advised by good scholars to uniformly write «a» where our ordinary Anglicized names have «e», except for Ebn and Ben, which become Ibn and Bin; also «i» for «ee», and «u» where «o» has been commonly used; in other words, to uniformly represent the vowel fatha by «a», kasra by «i», and dhamma by «u». Thus «Mohammed» becomes «Muhammad», «Abou ed-Deen» becomes «Abu ad-Din». Of course references must be made from the corrupt forms under which various Arabic authors have become known in the West, unless it is thought that the altered form has been so commonly used that it must be taken for the entry, as perhaps «Avicenna» from Ibn Sina, «Averroes» from Ibn Roshd.

In _Danish_ names if the type «å» is not to be had, use its older equivalent «aa»; in a manuscript catalogue the modern orthography, «å», should be employed. Whichever is chosen should be uniformly used, however the names may appear in the books. The diphthong «æ» should not be written «ae», nor should «ö» be written «oe»; «ö», not «œ», should be used for «ø».

In old _Dutch_ names write «y» for the modern «ij» and arrange so.

In _German_ names used as headings, use «ä», «ö», «ü», not «ae», «oe», «ue», and arrange accordingly.

For _ancient Greek_ names use the Latinized form, as «Democritus» not «Demokritos», «Longinus» not «Logginos». This holds good of translated works as well as of the originals. It will not do to enter an Italian version of the Odyssey under «Omero», or of the Euterpe under «Erodoto», or a French version of the Noctes Atticæ under «Aulu-Gelle». A college literary catalogue may safely use the more nearly transliterated forms which are coming into use, like «Aiskulos», «Homeros», but used in a town-library catalogue they would only puzzle and mislead its readers. For that I should prefer the English forms, as «Homer», «Horace».

For _modern Greek_ names Professor Abbot proposes the following plan: Works in Romaic to be entered in a supplement, the names not transliterated but printed in the Greek type. Translations of works of modern Greek authors to be put under their Greek names in the supplement, with references in the main catalogue under the forms (whatever they may be) which their names assume in the translation. Original works written in French, German, English, etc., by modern Greek authors may be treated in the same way if their authors have not become French, German, or English by residence and literary labors, in which case they should be entered under the French, German, or English forms which they have chosen for their names, with cross-references, if necessary, from the Greek supplement to these names. If, however, transliteration is attempted the following table of equivalents may be used:

αι æ αυ av ει ei ευ ev η i ηυ iv οι œ υ y υι yi β v γ gh γ before κ, γ, χ, ξ n δ dh κ after γ g ξ x ου u ρ r χ kh

When _Hindus_ themselves transliterate their names, use their form, whether or not according to our rules. (Appendix II.)

In _Hungarian_ names write «ö», «ü», with the diæresis (not «oe», «ue»), and arrange like the English «o», «u».

In _Spanish_ names use the modern orthography «i» and «j» rather than the ancient «y» and «x».

In _Swedish_ names «ä», «å», «ö», should be so written (not «ae», «oe»), and arranged as the English «a», «o».

Ballhorn’s Grammatography (London, 1861) will be found very useful on such points. {27}

37. When an author living in a foreign country has transliterated his name according to the practice of that country and always uses it in that form, take that as the heading, referring from the form which the name would have under § 36; but if he has written much in his own language, use the English transliterated form.

_Ex._ «Bikelas», Demetrius, with reference from «Vikelas», Dmitri.

38. If a name which would properly be spelled by the English alphabet has been transliterated into a foreign alphabet, refer from the foreign form.

_Ex._ «Šifner.» See «Schiefner».

(b.) CORPORATE.

_General principle._

39. Bodies of men are to be considered as authors of works published in their name or by their authority.

The chief difficulty with regard to bodies of men is to determine (1) what their names are, and (2) whether the name or some other word shall be the heading. In regard to (2) the catalogues hitherto published may be regarded as a series of experiments. No satisfactory usage has as yet been established. Local names have always very strong claims to be headings; but to enter the publications of all bodies of men under the places with which the bodies are connected is to push a convenient practice so far that it becomes inconvenient and leads to many rules entirely out of harmony with the rest of the catalogue.

_Details._

40. Enter under places (countries, or parts of countries, cities, towns, ecclesiastical, military, or judicial districts) the works published officially by their rulers (kings,[18] governors, mayors, prelates, generals commanding, courts,[19] etc.). Refer from the name of the ruler.

[note] 18. Of course this does not affect works written privately by kings, etc., as K. James’s “Counterblast.”[/note]

[note] 19. The relation of courts to judicial districts is a little different from the others, but it is convenient to treat them alike. The opinion of a single judge should be entered under his name.

_Ex._ UNITED STATES. _Supreme Court._ Opinions of the judges in the case of Smith _vs._ Turner, etc.

TANEY, Roger Brooke. Decision in the Merryman case.[/note]

41. Similarly Congress, Parliament, and other governmental bodies are authors of their journals, acts, minutes, laws, etc.; and other departments of government of their reports, and of the works published by them or under their auspices.

These are to be entered under the name of the country, city, or town, and not in the main alphabet under the word «Congress», «Parliament», «City Council», or the like.

42. Laws on one or more particular subjects, whether digested or merely collected, must have author-entries both under the name of the country and under the name of the collector or digester.

_Ex._ Tilsley’s “Digest of the stamp acts” would appear both under «Great Britain» and «Tilsley». {28}

43. Calendars of documents, regesta, etc., are to be entered under their maker, with a series-entry under the department which orders the publication.

_Ex._ «Green», _Mrs._ M.. Anne Everett (Wood). Calendar of state papers, domestic, Charles II. The series-entry is under «Great Britain». _Master of the Rolls._

44. Works written officially are to be entered under the name of the department of government or society (see § 56) or ecclesiastical district with a reference from the name of the official, if it is thought worth making.

Some libraries may refer always; most will refer only when the report has exceptional importance (1) from its subject, (2) from the treatment of its subject, (3) from its literary merits, (4) from the fame of its author, or (5) from having been separately published. Horace Mann’s reports, for example, should be catalogued under «Massachusetts». _Board of Education_, to which heading a reference should be made from «Mann». Presidents’ messages should appear under «United States». _President._ Proclamations and all other official writings of kings should appear under the name of the country (division _King_ or _Crown_), arranged by reigns, as,

«Great Britain.» _Crown._ │ «United States.» _President._ _Charles_ I. │ _Buchanan._ _Charles_ II. │ _Lincoln._ _James_ II. │ _Johnson._ _William and Mary._ │ _Grant._

45. In the entry of Government publications, use for a subdivision the name of the office rather than the title of the officer, _i. e._, _Ministère de la Marine_, not _Ministre de la Marine_, _Registry of Deeds_, not _Register of Deeds_.[20] The individual name of the occupant of the office for the time being may be added in parenthesis to the name of the office;[21] and it should be so added when the publication has an individual character.

[note] 20. There are cases, however, where the title of the officer is the only name of the office, as «Illinois». _State Entomologist._[/note]

[note] 21. «Great Britain.» _Crown_, 1377–99 (Richard II). A roll, etc.[/note]

46. Messages of a superior executive officer (as President or Governor) transmitting to a legislative body or to some higher executive officer the report of some inferior officer should be entered as the report of the inferior officer, provided the message is merely introductory and contains no independent matter; provided, also, there are not three or more reports; if there are, the higher officer is to be regarded as the collecting editor (§ 59, _d_); in this case refer analytically to the superior officer’s official title from all the inferior officers whose reports are so transmitted.

47. “Articles to be inquired of” in ecclesiastical districts should go under the name of the district; but episcopal charges are not to go under the name of the bishopric unless they relate especially to its affairs, in which case they will have a subject-entry.

_Ex._ «York, Archdeaconry of.» Articles to be enquired of within the A. of Y. {29}

48. Reports made to a department, but not by an official, are to be entered under the department, with either an entry, reference, or analytical under the author as circumstances require.

«Gould’s» “Mollusca and shells” and «Cassin’s» “Mammalogy and ornithology of the United States Exploring Expedition under Wilkes” are of this nature; so is “Memorial ceremonies at the graves of our soldiers, collected under authority of Congress, by Frank «Moore».” (Compare § 43.)

49. Enter congresses of several nations under the name of the place of meeting (as that usually gives them their name), with references from the nations taking part in them and from any name by which they are popularly known.

_Ex._ The Congress of «London», of «Paris», of «Verona».

50. Enter treaties under the name of each of the contracting parties, with a reference from the name of the place, when the treaty is commonly called by that name, and from any other usual appellation.

_Ex._ Treaty of «Versailles», «Barrier» treaty, «Jay’s» treaty.

51. Enter the official publications of any political party[22] or religious denomination or order,[23] or military order, under the name of the party, or denomination, or order.[24]

[note] 22. Platforms, manifestoes, addresses, etc., under «Democratic Party», «Republican Party», etc.[/note]

[note] 23. Confessions of faith, creeds, catechisms, liturgies, breviaries, missals, hours, offices, prayer books, etc., under «Baptists», «Benedictines», «Catholic Church», «Church of England», etc.[/note]

[note] 24. That part of a body which belongs to any place should be entered under the name of the body, not the place; _e. g._, «Congregationalists in New England», «Congregationalists in Massachusetts», not «New England Congregationalists», «Massachusetts Congregationalists». But references must be made from the place (indeed in cases like Massachusetts Convention, Essex Conference, it may be doubted whether those well-known names should not be the headings). It is to be noticed this rule is just the reverse of the one given under Subjects, § 97. Single churches have usually been entered under the place, a practice which arose in American catalogues from our way of naming churches “The First Church in ——,” “The Second Church in ——,” etc., and applies very well to a majority of English churches, whose name generally includes the name of the parish. It is more in accordance with dictionary principles to limit the local entry of churches to First Church, etc., and those which have only the name of the town or parish, and to put all others (as «St. Sepulchre’s», «St. Mary Aldermansbury») under their names, as they read, and to treat convents and monasteries in the same way. (See § 56, Rule 2.) Of course the parishes of London (as Kensington, Marylebone, Southwark), like the parts of Boston (Dorchester, Roxbury, etc.), or of any other composite city, will be put under their own names, not under the name of the city.[/note]

52. Enter reports, journals, minutes, etc., of conventions, conferences, etc., under the names of the bodies holding the conferences, etc. When the body has no exact name[25] enter under the name of the place of meeting.[26]

[note] 25. Some conventions are held by bodies which have no existence beyond the convention. If, however, they have a definite name, use that; _ex._, 4th «National Quarantine {30} and Sanitary Convention». Often the name is given in different forms. Select that which appears to be the most authentic, and make references from the others.[/note]

[note] 26. In any case it is well to refer from the name of the place, and in the case of Presidential conventions it is indispensable.

Put the convention of a county or other named district under the name of the district, with a reference from the town in which it is held, when it is named in the title-page.[/note]

53. Enter ecclesiastical councils, both general and special, under the name of the place of meeting. (The Vatican Council under «Vatican», not «Rome».) Refer from the name of the ecclesiastical body.

54. Enter reports of committees under the name of the body to which they belong; but reports of “a committee of citizens,” etc., not belonging to any named body should be put under the name of the writer, if known, if not, of the chairman, or if that is not given, of the first signer, or if not signed, under the name of the place.

55. Put the anonymous publications of any class (not organized) of citizens of a place under the place.

_Ex._ “Application to Parliament by the merchants of London” should go under «London. Merchants.»

56. Societies are authors of their journals, memoirs, proceedings, transactions, publications. (On publishing-societies, see B. Substitutes, § 59, _e_.)

The chief practices in regard to societies have been to enter them (1. British Museum) under a special heading—«Academies»—with a geographical arrangement; (2. Boston Public Library, printed catalogue) under the name of the place where they have their headquarters; (3. Harvard College Library and Bost. Pub. Lib., present system) under the name of the place, _if it enters into the legal name of the society_, otherwise under the first word of that name not an article; (4. Boston Athenæum) English societies under the first word of the society’s name not an article, foreign societies under the name of the place. Both 3 and 4 put under the place all purely local societies, those whose membership or objects are confined to the place. The 1st does not deserve a moment’s consideration; such a heading is out of place in an author-catalogue, and the geographical arrangement only serves to complicate matters and render it more difficult to find any particular academy.[27] The 2d is utterly unsuited to American and English societies. The 3d practice is simple; but it is difficult to see the advantage of the exception which it makes to its general rule of entry under the society’s name; the exception does not help the cataloguer, for it is just as hard to determine whether the place enters into the _legal_ name as it is to ascertain the name; it does not help the reader, for he has no means of knowing whether the place is part of the legal name or not. The 4th is simple and intelligible; it is usually easy for both cataloguer and reader to determine whether a society is English or foreign. I shall mention two other possible plans, well aware that there are strong objections to both.

5TH PLAN. _Rule_ 1. Enter academies,[28] associations, institutes, universities, societies, libraries, galleries, museums, colleges, and all similar bodies, and churches that {31} have an individual name, both English and foreign, according to their corporate name, neglecting an initial article when there is one.

_Exception_ 1. Enter the universities and the royal academies of Berlin, Göttingen, Leipzig, Lisbon, Madrid, Munich, St. Petersburg, Vienna, etc., and the “Institut” of Paris, under those cities. An exception is an evil. This one is adopted because the universities and academies are almost universally known by the names of the cities, and are hardly ever referred to by the name Königliche, Real, etc.

_Exception_ 2. Enter London guilds under the name of the trade; _e. g._, “«Stationers’ Company»,” not “Master and Keepers or Wardens and Commonalty of the Mystery and Art of Stationers of the City of London,” which is the corporate title. This exception is adopted because (1) it gives a heading easier to find, and (2) it would be difficult in many cases to ascertain the real names of the London companies.

_Exception_ 3. Enter bodies whose legal name begins with such words as Board, Corporation, Trustees under that part of the name by which they are usually known.

_E. g_. Trustees of the «Eastern Dispensary». Corporation of the «Chamber of Commerce» in the City of New York. Proprietors of the «Boston Athenæum». Contributors to the «Asylum for the Relief of Persons deprived of their Reason». Refer from the first word of the legal name.

_Exception_ 4. Enter orders of knighthood under the significant word of the English title; as, «Garter, Order of the»; «Malta, Knights of»; «Templars, Knights»; «Teutonic Order».

_Exception_ 5. Enter American State historical and agricultural societies under the name of the State.

_Rule_ 2. _a._ Enter churches which have no individual name and all purely local benevolent or moral or similar societies under the name of the place.

_b._ Young men’s Christian associations, mercantile library associations, and the like are to be considered local.

_c._ Business firms or corporations (except national banks numbered as First National Bank, etc.), libraries, galleries, museums, are not to be considered local, nor are private schools local, but go under their corporate name, or, if they are not corporate, under the name of the proprietor.

_d._ National libraries museums, and galleries and libraries, museums, and galleries instituted or supported by a city go under the name of the city provided they have not a name of their own. (_E. g._, the «Boston» _Public Library_ goes under «Boston»; but the «Reuben Hoar Library» of Littleton goes under «Hoar».) American public schools should in any case go under the name of the city. (Rule 2, _h_.)

_e._ If college societies limited to one college are considered local, they would be entered not under the name of the place but of the college; if they are treated by rule 1, as all general college societies must be, reference (6) must be made. College libraries go under the name of the college. The colleges of an English university and the schools of an American university go under the name of the university.

_Refer_ (1) from all the varying forms of the society’s name.

(2) from important words in the society’s name, when the first word is unlikely to be thought of.

(3) from the name of the city where the society is situated.

(4) from the motto in the names of Dutch societies.

(5) from the names of the royal societies of Berlin, etc.

(6) from colleges to college societies.

(7) from such words as «Gallery», «Museum», etc., to all the galleries, museums, etc., contained in the catalogue. {32}

_f_ Universities, galleries, etc., called merely Imperial, Royal, National and the like are not to be considered as having individual names, except the «National Gallery» of London.

_g_ Buildings are for the most part provided for in the above rules as museums, galleries, libraries, churches, etc. Any others should be entered under their names, with a reference from the city.

_h_ If a firm’s name is in the form «Raphael Friedlander und Sohn» it might be put as it reads, _i. e._, under R, or reversed, _i. e._, «Friedlander und Sohn, Raphael». I prefer the latter, because the consulter is much more likely to remember the family than the Christian name. Whether the Christian name is written at the end or thus, «Town (John) and Bowers (Henry)», all firms should be arranged after all the other entries of the first family name, _i. e._, «Friedlander und Sohn» after all the «Friedlanders». The same reason applies to other bodies whose legal name begins with a forename.

The plan might be tabulated thus:

_Under name._ _Under place._

Churches not numbered and not named Churches numbered or otherwise from the place. named from the place. Societies not local. Societies purely local. English and American academies. Academies and universities of the European Continent and of South America. Colleges, universities, libraries, National or municipal colleges, galleries, museums, having an libraries, galleries, museums, individual name. not having an individual name. Private schools. Public schools. Business firms and corporations. Municipal corporations. London guilds (name of trade). State historical societies and State agricultural societies (name of state).

_Ex._ «Amiens. Académie des Sciences, Agriculture, Commerce, Belles-Lettres, et Arts du Départment de la Somme.» (Rule 1, exc. 1.)

«Association Scientifique Algérienne», _Algiers_. (Rule 1.)

«Athenée de Vaucluse», _Avignon_. (Rule 1.)

«Barbers and Surgeons of London (Mystery and Commonalty of)», _afterwards_ «Royal College of Surgeons». _See_ «Royal College of Surgeons».

«Boston» (_Mass._) _Public Library_. (Rule 2, _d_.)

«Boston.» _Wells School_. (Rule 2, _d_.)

«Boston Athenæum.» (Rule 1, exc. 3, Rule 2, _c_.)

«Boston, First Church of.» (Rule 2, _d_.)

«British Museum.» (Rule 2, _d_.)