Part 2

A dictionary catalogue contains class-headings, inasmuch as it contains the headings of extensive subjects, but under them there is no class entry, only specific entry. The syndetic dictionary catalogue, however, recognizes their nature by its cross-references, which constitute it in a certain degree an alphabetico-classed (not a systematic) catalogue. Moreover, the dictionary catalogue, without ceasing to be one, might, if it were thought worth while (which it certainly is not), not merely give titles under specific headings but repeat them under certain classes or under all classes in ascending series, _e. g._, not merely have such headings as «Rose», «Geranium», «Fungi», «Liliaceæ», «Phænogamia», «Cryptogamia», but also under «Botany» include all the titles which appeared under «Rose», «Geranium», etc.; _provided_ the headings «Botany», «Cryptogamia», «Fungi», etc., were arranged alphabetically. The matter may be tabulated thus:

Alphabetical arrangement. Dictionary catalogue. Specific entry. (Common dict. catal.) Specific entry and class reference. (Bost. Pub. Lib., Boston Athenæum.) Specific and class entry. (No example.) Alphabetico-classed catalogue. Class entry with specific or class subentry. (Noyes.) Class entry with chiefly class subentry. (Abbot.) {12} Logical arrangement. Systematic catalogue. Class entry. (Undivided classed catal.) Class entry and subentry and finally specific subentry. (Subdivided classed catal.)

Alphabetical arrangement. +──────────────────────+──────────────────────+ │ Specific headings │ Classes in │ │ in alphabetical │ alphabetical │ │ order. │ order. │ │ │ │ │ A │ B │ Single │ │ │ Classes of subjects. +──────────────────────+──────────────────────+ subjects. │ │ │ │ D │ C │ │ │ │ │ Specific headings │ Classes in logical │ │ arranged logically │ order. │ │ in classes. │ │ +──────────────────────+──────────────────────+ Logical arrangement.

A, Specific dictionary.

B, Specific dict. by its cross-references and its form-entries. Alphabetico-classed catalogue.

C, Classed catalogue without subdivisions.

D, Classed catalogue with subdivisions.

A, B are alphabetical.

C, D are classed.

A, B, D contain specific subjects.

B, C, D contain classes.

The specific entries of A and the classes of B, though brought together in the same catalogues (the class-dictionary and the alphabetico-classed), simply stand side by side and do not unite, each preserving its own nature, because the principle which brings them together—the alphabet—is external, mechanical. But in D the specific entries and the classes become intimately united to form a homogeneous whole, because the principle which brings them together—the relations of the subjects to one another—is internal, chemical, so to speak.

_Collector._ See _Author_.

_Cross-reference._ See _Reference_.

_Dictionary catalogue_, so called because the headings (author, title, subject, and form) are arranged, like the words in a dictionary, in alphabetical order.

_Dictionary and other alphabetical catalogues._ These are differentiated not, as is often said, by the dictionary having specific entry, but (1) by its giving specific entries in all cases and (2) by its individual entry.

Even the classed catalogues often have specific entry. Whenever a book treats of the whole subject of a class, it is specifically entered under that class. A theological encyclopædia is specifically entered under «Theology», and theology is an unsubordinated class in many systems. The alphabetico-classed catalogues have specific entry in many more cases, because they have many more classes. Professor Abbot has such headings as «Ink», «Jute», «Lace», «Leather», «Life-savers», «Locks», «Mortars», «Perfumery», «Safes», «Salt», «Smoke», «Snow», «Varnish», «Vitriol». Mr. Noyes has scores of similar headings; but neither of them permits individual entry, which the dictionary-catalogue requires. The alphabetico-classed catalogue enters a life of Napoleon and a history of England under «Biography» and «History»; the dictionary enters them under «Napoleon» and «England». This is the invariable and chief distinction between the two.

_Editor._ See _Author_.

_Entry_, the registry of a book in the catalogue with the title and imprint.

_Author-entry_, such registry with the author’s name for a heading.

_Title-entry_, registry under some word of the title.

_First-word-entry_, such entry made from the first word of the title not an article. {13}

_Important-word_ or _catch-word entry_, such entry made from some word of the title other than the first word and not indicative of the subject, but likely to be remembered and used by borrowers in asking for the book.

_Series entry_, entry of a number of separate works published under a collective title or half-title or title-page caption. Such are “The «English» citizen” series and “«American» statesmen.”

_Subject-word-entry_, such entry made under a word of the title which indicates the subject of the book.

_Subject-entry_, registry under the name selected by the cataloguer to indicate the subject.

A cataloguer who should put “The insect,” by Michelet, under «Entomology» would be making a _subject-entry_; Duncan’s “Introduction to entomology” entered under the same head would be at once a _subject-entry_ and a _subject-word-entry_.

_Form-entry_, registry under the name of the kind of literature to which the book belongs.

_Form_, applied to a variety of classification founded on the form of the book classified, which may be either _Practical_, as in «Almanacs», «Dictionaries», «Encyclopædias», «Gazetteers», «Indexes», «Tables» (the form in these being for the most part alphabetical), or _Literary_, as «Fiction», «Plays», «Comedies», «Farces», «Tragedies», «Poetry», «Letters», «Orations», «Sermons» (the latter with the subdivisions Charity, Election, Funeral, Installation, Ordination, Thanksgiving, etc.). There are certain headings which belong both to the Subject and the Form family. “«Encyclopædias»,” inasmuch as the books treat of all knowledge, is the most inclusive of all the subject-classes; inasmuch as (with few exceptions) they are in alphabetic form, it is a form-class.

_Heading_, the word by which the alphabetical place of an entry in the catalogue is determined, usually the name of the author, of the subject, or of the literary or practical form, or a word of the title.

_Imprint_, the indication of the place, date, and form of printing.

_Polygraphic_, written by several authors.

_Polytopical_, treating of several topics.

Will the convenience of this word excuse the twist given to the meaning of τόπος in its formation? Polygraphic might serve, as the French use polygraphe for a miscellaneous writer; but it will be well to have both words,—_polygraphic_ denoting (as now) collections of several works by one or many authors, _polytopical_ denoting works on many subjects.

_Reference_, partial registry of a book (omitting the imprint) under author, title, subject, or kind, referring to a more full entry under some other heading; occasionally used to denote merely entries without imprints, in which the reference is implied. The distinction of entry and reference is almost without meaning for Short, as a title-a-liner saves nothing by referring unless there are several references. {14}

_Analytical-reference_, or, simply, _an analytical_, the registry of some part of a book or of some work contained in a collection, referring to the heading under which the book or collection is entered.

_Cross-reference_, reference from one subject to another.

_Heading-reference_, from one form of a heading to another.

_First-word-reference_, _catch-word-reference_, _subject-word-reference_, same as first-word-entry, etc., omitting the imprint, and referring.

_Series-entry._ See _Entry_.

_Specific entry_, registering a book under a heading which expresses its special subject as distinguished from entering it in a class which includes that subject.

_E. g._, registering “The art of painting” under «Painting», or a description of the cactus under «Cactus». Putting them under «Fine arts» and «Botany» would be class-entry. “Specific entry,” by the way, has nothing to do with “species.”

_Subject_, the theme or themes of the book, whether stated in the title or not.

It is worth noting that subjects are of two sorts: (1) the individual, as «Goethe», «Shakespeare», «England», the «Middle Ages», the ship «Alexandra», the dog «Tray», the «French Revolution», all of which are concrete; and (2) general, as «Man», «History», «Horse», «Philosophy», which may be either concrete or abstract. Every general subject is a class more or less extensive. (See note on _Class_.) Some mistakes have also arisen from not noting that certain words, «Poetry», «Fiction», «Drama», etc., are subject-headings for the books written about Poetry, Fiction, etc., and form-headings for poems, novels, plays, etc.

_Subject-entry_, _Subject-word entry_. See _Entry_.

_Syndetic_, connective, applied to that kind of dictionary catalogue which binds its entries together by means of cross-references so as to form a whole, the references being made from the most comprehensive subject to those of the next lower degree of comprehensiveness, and from each of these to their subordinate subjects, and vice versa. These cross-references correspond to and are a good substitute for the arrangement in a systematic catalogue. References are also made in the syndetic catalogue to illustrative and coördinate subjects, and, if it is perfect, from specific to general subjects.

_Title_ in the broader sense includes heading, title proper, and imprint; in the narrower (in which it is hereafter used) it is the name of the book given by the author on the title-page, omitting the imprint, but including names of editors, translators, etc. The name of the book put on the leaf preceding the title page is called the _half-title_; and the same term is applied to lines indicating subdivisions of the book and following the title; the name given at the head of the first page of text is the _caption_. That given at the back of the book (the _binder’s title_) should never be used in a catalogue which makes the slightest pretensions to carefulness.

A title may be either the book’s name (as “&c.”) or its description (as “A collection of occasional sermons”), or it may state its subject (as “Synonyms of the New {15} Testament”), or it may be any two or all three of these combined (as description and subject, “Brief account of a journey through Europe;” name and description, “Happy thoughts;” name and subject, “Men’s wives;” all three, “Index of dates”).

Bibliographers have established a cult of the title-page; its slightest peculiarities are noted; it is followed religiously, with dots for omissions, brackets for insertions, and uprights to mark the end of lines; it is even imitated by the fac-simile type or photographic copying. These things may concern the cataloguer of the Lenox Library or the Prince collection. The ordinary librarian has in general nothing to do with them; but it does not follow that even he is to lose all respect for the title. It is the book’s name and should not be changed but by act of legislature. Our necessities oblige us to abbreviate it, but nothing obliges us to make additions to it or to change it without giving notice to the reader that we have done so. Moreover, it must influence the entry of a book more or less; it determines the title-entry entirely; it affects the author-entry (see § 3) and the subject-entry (see § 104). But to let it have more power than this is to pay it a superstitious veneration.

_Volume_, a book distinguished from other books or other volumes of the same work by having its own title, paging, and register.

This is the bibliographic use of the word, sanctioned by the British Museum rules. That is, it is in this sense only that it applies to all the copies of an edition as it comes from the printer. But there is also a bibliopegic and bibliopolic use, to denote a number of pages bound together, which pages may be several volumes in the other sense, or a part of a volume or parts of several volumes. To avoid confusion I use “volume” in the present treatise as defined in the Rules of the British Museum catalogue, and I recommend this as the sole use in library catalogues, except in such phrases as 2 v. bd. in 1. which means 2 volumes in the bibliographical sense united by binding so as to form one piece of matter.

* * * * *

In the present treatise I am regarding the dictionary catalogue as consisting of an author-catalogue, a subject-catalogue, a more or less complete title-catalogue, and a more or less complete form-catalogue, all interwoven in one alphabetical order. The greater part, however, of the rules here given would apply equally to these catalogues when kept separate.

These rules are written primarily for a printed catalogue; almost all of them would apply equally to a card catalogue.

ENTRY

I. AUTHOR-ENTRY

CATALOGUE

A. AUTHORS.

(a.) PERSONAL.

(i.) _Under whom as author._

Author, 1. Anonymous, 2. Joint authors, 3, 4. Theses, 5. Pseudonyms, 6. Illustrators, 7. Designer, Cartographer, Engraver, 8. Musical works, 9. Booksellers and auctioneers, 10, 11. Commentaries, 12. Continuations and indexes, 13. Epitomes, 14. Revisions, 15. Excerpts and chrestomathies, 16. Concordances, 17. Reporters, translators, and editors, 18.

(ii.) _Under what part of the name._

Christian name, 19. Surname, 20. Title, 21. Changed names, 22. Compound names, 23. Prefixes, 24. Latin names, 25. Capes, lakes, etc., 26.

(iii.) _Under what form of the name._

Vernacular, 27. Several languages, 28. Masculine and feminine, 29. Various spellings, 30, 31. Forenames, 32. Places, 33–35. Transliteration, 36–38.

(b.) CORPORATE.

General principle, 39. Places, 40. Governmental bodies, 41. Laws, 42. Calendars, 43. Works written officially, 44–46. Articles to be inquired after, 47. Reports, 48. Congresses, 49. Treaties, 50. Parties, denominations, orders, 51. Their conventions, conferences, etc., 52. Ecclesiastical councils, 53. Reports of committees, 54. Classes of citizens, 55. Societies, 56.

B. SUBSTITUTES.

Parts of the author’s name, 57. Pseudonyms, 58. Collectors, 59.

C. REFERENCES, 60, 61.

D. ECONOMIES, 62–67.

A. AUTHORS

1. Make the author-entry under (A) the name of the author whether personal or corporate, or (B) some substitute for it.

In regard to the author-entry it must be remembered that the object is not merely to facilitate the finding of a given book by an author’s name. If this were all, it might have been better to make the entry under the professed name (pseudonym), or under the form of name mentioned in the title («Bulwer» in one book, «Lytton» in another, «Bulwer Lytton» in a third; «Sherlock», Th., in that divine’s earlier works; «Bangor», Th. [Sherlock], _Bp. of_, in later ones; «Salisbury», Th. [Sherlock], _Bp. of_, in the next issues; «London», Th. [Sherlock], _Bp. of_, in his last works; «Milnes», R. Monckton, for “Good night and good morning,” and the nine other works published before 1863, and «Houghton», Rich. M. M., _Baron_, for the 1870 edition of “Good night and good morning,” and for other books published since his ennoblement), or under the name of editor or translator when the author’s name is not given, as proposed by Mr. Crestadoro. This might have been best with object A; but we have also object D to provide for—the finding of all the books of a given author—and this can most conveniently be done if they are all collected in one place.

2. Anonymous books are to be entered under the name of the author whenever it is known.

If it is not known with certainty the entry may be made under the person to whom the work is attributed, with an explanatory note and a reference from the first word, or the book may be treated as anonymous and entered under the first word, with a note “Attributed to ——,” and a reference from the supposed author. The degree of doubt will determine which method is best. {17}

(a.) PERSONAL.

(i.) _Under whom as author._

3. Enter works written conjointly by several authors under the name of the one first mentioned on the title-page, with references from the others.

The writers of a correspondence and the participants in a debate are to be considered as joint authors.

_Ex._ «Schiller», J: Christoph F: v. Briefwechsel zwischen S. und «Cotta»; herausg. von Vollmar.

— Briefwechsel zw. S. und «Goethe». Stuttg., 1829. 6 v. S.

— Briefwechsel zw. S. und W: v. «Humboldt». Stuttg., 1830. S.

«Cotta.» Briefwechsel. _See_ «Schiller», J: C. F: v.

«Goethe», J: W. v. Briefwechsel. _See_ «Schiller», J: C. F: v.

«Humboldt», K: W:, _Freiherr_ v. Briefwechsel. _See_ «Schiller», J: C. F: v.

Many catalogues adopt the form of heading

«Schiller», J: Christoph F: v., _and_ «Humboldt», K: W:, _Freiherr_ v. Briefwechsel. Stuttg., 1830. S.

«Humboldt», K: W:, _Freiherr_ v. Briefwechsel. _See_ «Schiller», J: C. F: v., _and_ «Humboldt», K: W: v. But see § 240.

When countries are joint authors it is better to make full entries under each and arrange them as if the country under consideration were the only one. Each country puts its own name first in its own edition of a joint work; and the arrangement proposed avoids an additional complexity under countries, which are confusing enough at the best.

Whether the joint authorship appears in the title or not should make no difference in the mode of entry; if one name appears on the title, that should be chosen for the entry; if none, take the most important.

4. When double headings are used distinguish between joint authors of one work and two authors of separate works joined in one volume. In the latter case, if there is no collective title, the heading should be the name of the first author alone and an analytical reference should be made from the second. (See § 58 _b._)

_Ex._ “The works of Shelley and Keats” would be entered in full under «Shelley» (both names being mentioned in the title, but Shelley alone in the heading), and analytically (§ 127) under «Keats». In such cases a double heading would often mislead.

5. For university theses or dissertations Dziatzko gives the following rules:

I. Until about 1750

_a_ Unless the respondent is known to be the “auctor” (“auctor et respondens,” “scriptor,” etc.) enter under the name of the præses, without reference.

_b_ If the respondent is “auctor” enter under him, with reference from the præses.

II. After 1750 enter under the respondent, unless it is known that the præses is the author, when his name will be the heading. In neither case refer from the other name.

For universities where the old custom was kept up beyond 1750, as the Swedish, Rule I applies till the change was made. {18}

Where there are two respondents, neither specified as author, enter under the first, without reference from the second.

6. Enter pseudonymous works generally under the author’s real name, when it is known, with a reference from the pseudonym; but make the entry under the pseudonym, with a reference from the real name, when the writer is better known by the false name.

In the first edition this rule was without limitation, and I added the following note “One is strongly tempted to deviate from this rule in the case of writers like George Eliot and George Sand, Gavarni and Grandville, who appear in literature only under their pseudonyms. It would apparently be much more convenient to enter their works under the name by which alone they are known and under which everybody but a professed cataloguer would assuredly look first. For an author-catalogue this might be the best plan, but in a dictionary catalogue we have to deal with such people not merely as writers of books, but as subjects of biographies or parties in trials, and in such cases it seems proper to use their legal names. Besides, if one attempts to exempt a few noted writers from the rule given above, where is the line to be drawn? No definite principle of exception can be laid down which will guide either the cataloguer or the reader; and probably the confusion would in the end produce greater inconvenience than the present rule. Moreover, the entries made by using the pseudonym as a heading would often have to be altered. For a long time it would have been proper to enter the works of Dickens under «Boz»; the Dutch annual bibliography uniformly uses Boz-Dickens as a heading. No one would think of looking under «Boz» now. Mark Twain is in a transition state. The public mind is divided between Twain and Clemens. The tendency is always toward the use of the real name; and that tendency will be much helped in the reading public if the real name is always preferred in catalogues. Some pseudonyms persistently adopted by authors have come to be considered as the only names, as «Voltaire» (see § 23), and the translation «Melanchthon». Perhaps George «Sand» and George «Eliot» will in time be adjudged to belong to the same company. It would be well if cataloguers could appoint some permanent committee with authority to decide this and similar points as from time to time they occur.”

I am now in favor of frequent entry under the pseudonym, with reference from the real name. I should recommend the pseudonym as heading in the case of any popular writer who has not written under his own name, provided he is known to the public chiefly by his pseudonym, and in the subject catalogue for any person who is so known. Examples are George «Eliot», George «Sand», «Gavarni», «Grandville», «Cagliostro», «Cham», Pierre «Loti», Daniel «Stern», in some doubtful cases a card catalogue might profitably make entry both under the real and the false name. This elastic practice will give a little more trouble to the cataloguer than a rigid rule of entry under the real name, but it will save trouble to those who use the catalogue, which is more important.

But entry should not be made under a pseudonym which is used only once or a few times; if the author writes also under his real name, if he is known to the contemporary public or in literary history under his real name, that is to be used for entry. It may sometimes happen that an author is well known under a pseudonym and afterwards is better known by his real name. In that case change the entries from the false to the real name. If any author uses two different pseudonyms enter under each the works written under it, with references both ways, and from the real name, until the real name becomes better known.