Part 16
Numerical symbol Abbreviation Limit of outside formerly used. to be used. height, centimeters. 48º Fe 10 32º Tt 12.5 24º T 15 16º S 17.5 12º D 20 8º O 25 4º Q 30 fº F 40 fº F⁵ 50 fº F⁶ 60 fº F⁷ 70 fº etc. etc.
Any cataloguer desiring to use the term E (18º) may do so by calling the smaller S (16º). This causes no confusion, for either E or S is between 15 and 17½ cm. in height. Books from 20 to 40 cm. high may be called sm. Q, Q, and l. Q when of the square form, but O, l. O, and F, or sm. F, when of the ordinary form. Books smaller than 20 cm., and of the quarto form, are marked sq. D, etc. * * *
The plan of giving the height in centimeters has the advantage that, once stated, it will never be forgotten. By it the size is more easily {116} determined, more quickly recorded, much more definite in its description, and, most important of all, is understood by all users of catalogues after the first time, while the other systems are intelligible only to those familiar with books. The committee therefore recommends the plan of _indicating the size by giving the size_.
APPENDIX IV.
MR. EDMANDS ON ALPHABETICAL ORDER.
Mr. J. Edmands, in “Rules for alfabeting,” read at the meeting of the American Library Association in August, 1887, and published in the _Library journal_, 12: 326–341, discussed the subject carefully. A committee of the Association was directed to prepare a code of rules, to be reported in the _Library journal_; for their report see 14: 273–274. Their code coincides with mine (§§ 214–239), except (1) that they adopt my former order, “person, place, title, subject (except person and place), form,” and not the present rule (§ 214), “person, place, followed by subject (except person and place), form and title,” an arrangement which probably was not proposed to the committee; and (2) that when two or more names are spelled exactly alike except for the umlaut in names in which the German ä, ö, or ü may occur, the committee put all the names having the umlaut last, _e. g._, all the Müllers after the Mullers. I arrange by the forenames.
Mr. Edmands correctly states as the principle of alphabeting “_Something follows nothing_; or, conversely, _Nothing before something_; thus in
Art of living In clover Arthur Incas
the _art_, in the first case, and the _in_, in the second, ar followed by a space, i. e., by _nothing_, and so precede the single word in which the t and the n are followed by a letter; i. e., by _something_.”
His Rules agree with those stated or implied in § 214 and following sections, with three exceptions. The first is this:
“A word used independently as a subject heding should precede the same word used in connection with another. And if this word is coupled with another word to form a compound subject heding, it should follow the simple heding. And if this word used as a simple heding is also used a substantiv to form a different subject heding, and is also used adjectivly before a noun, the substantiv use should precede the adjectiv use. And so we hav this order:
Art Art and artists Art of conversation Art amateur
“The reasons for it ar clear and strong. A substantiv should precede an adjectiv, as being the more important word, and as being less closely connected with the following than an adjectiv. In uttering the frases Art applied to industry, Art of conversation, there is a perceptible suspension of the voice after the word Art, which does not occur in the case of Art journal, art amateur.”
The reason is not strong enough to justify interfering with the alphabetical order, which demands that amateur shall precede and. It is needless to compel the searcher to stop and think whether the word “art” in the phrase he is hunting for is a noun {117} or an adjective; indeed, it is not only a useless refinement, but positively dangerous, as likely occasionally to lead him to overlook an entry which is out of its alphabetical order.
The same objection applies to the practice of some cataloguers of putting the plural immediately after the singular, even when the alphabet demands that it should precede (as Charities, Charity), or when many entries might come between (as between Bank and Banks). This practice Mr. Edmands condemns.
The second exception is this:
“A single ful name should precede a double initial, i. e., a surname with one Christian name should stand before the same surname with two Christian names; thus,
John, _not_ J. M. J. M., John.
This plainly contradicts the principle “nothing before something.” A period is too trifling a matter to arrange by, and neglecting that
J followed by nothing J should precede J followed by o, John.
The third exception is this:
A book written by a single author should precede one written by him and another.
(See the argument in the note to § 240.)
The rules which agree are in substance as follows:
_New._ Titles with the initial word New used as a proper adjective followed by a common noun, and those in which it forms a part of a compound place name should be arranged in one series, alfabeting by the last part. (New Amsterdam, new boat, New Canaan, new life.) Single words beginning with «new», whether names of persons, places, or things, should be arranged in a following alfabetical series.
The _hyfen_ is best disregarded, words connected by it being arranged as two words.
If an _article_, which belongs before a word used as a heding, is inserted after it, it is not to be taken account of in alfabeting.
The _plural_ in s should follow the singular. The _possessive_ case singular should follow the singular and precede the plural in s. The sequence, however, may not in either case be immediate. Several entries may intervene. Plurals in ies of words ending in y should precede the singular, tho not necessarily in immediate connection.
_Common and proper nouns._ In the case of words used sometimes as common and sometimes as proper nouns, the true order is person, place, and thing.
_Surnames._ Whenever a single name. Charles, Henry, William, is used as the sole designation of a person, this should precede the same word used as a surname. If several ranks are represented by one name, precedence should be given to those bearing the highest rank in this order, pope, emperor, king, noble, saint. If these represent different nationalities they should be groupt in the alfabetical order of the countries; and numerically under each country, as John I., John II. {118}
Family names that hav the same sound, but a different spelling, must be separated, but the reader should be aided as much as we can by a free use of cross references.
In names beginning with La, Le, and De—not French names—written separately, it is better to disregard the separation, and arrange these words as if they were written solidly.
_Abbreviations._ Names beginning with M’, Me, St, and Ste should be arranged as if written out in ful, as Mac, Saint, and Sainte, for the reason that they ar uniformly so pronounct, and often so written. And for the same reason entries beginning with Dr., M., Mme., Mlle., Mr., and Mrs. should be treated as if they were written in ful, as Doctor, Monsieur, Madame, Mademoiselle, Mister, and Mistress.
_Forenames._ When Christian names ar given in ful, the arrangement should be in strict alfabetical order, following the surname. And use should be made of all the helps which the cataloger has given for distinguishing two or more persons whose names ar identical.
_Titles_, such as Gen., Don., Sir, ar to be allowed to stand, but not to affect the arrangement.
_Numerals_ occurring as hedings should be treated as if written out in letters. The novel “39 men for one woman” should be entered under t.
_Initials._ If the cataloger has simply followed the title-page and given only initials of Christian names, the only safe course is to treat every initial as a name; and, on the axiom “Nothing before something,” the initial should precede the ful name. Thus J. precedes James even tho, as may afterwards be learned, the J. stands for Jehoshaphat.
_Dash._ In order to save space in printing, and for distinctness to the eye, it is wel to use a dash to represent a word or group of words that might otherwise hav to be repeated; or to inset the words that come under the general heding. Care should be taken to make clear what the dash stands for, and to confine its use within proper bounds.
It may be used when we hav several books written by one person; but it should not be used to cover another person of the same surname.
It may be used to represent a word or group of words that indicate a definite subject, as heat, moral science, socialists and Fourierism, society for the diffusion of useful knowledge. But it should not be used to represent a part of a compound subject-heding, nor a part of a title; e. g., in the entries Historical portraits, Historical reading, the word Historical should be spelled out in each case.
{119}
APPENDIX V.
ABBREVIATIONS.
The list of abbreviations originally given on p. 57, § 116, was enlarged in the report of the committee on catalogue rules of the American Library Association (_Library journal_, 3: 16–19). It there included the abbreviations for the most usual forenames formed by the initial followed by a colon for men and by two periods for women (as J:=John, M..=Mary), devised by C: A. Cutter and first published in the _Library journal_, 1: 405 and 5: 176. It was republished, classified, but with many omissions and additions, by Melvil Dewey in _Library notes_, 1: 206–211, and also on a convenient card. It is here reprinted in full with his additions.
A list of abbreviations used in describing bindings, prepared by E. H. Woodruff, was published in the _Library journal_ for May, 1887.
FORENAMES.
Aaron Aar. Abraham Ab. Adam Ad. Adelbert Adlb. Adolf Adf. Adrian Adr. Aegidius Aeg. Albert Alb. Albrecht Albr. Alexander, Alexandre Alex. Alfonso Alf. Alfred Alfr. Alphonse Alph. Amadeus Amad. Ambrose, Ambrosius Amb. Anastasius Anast. Andreas, Andrew And. Anna A.. Anselm Ans. Anthony, Antoine, Anton Ant. Archibald Arch. Arnold Arn. Arthur Arth. August, Augustus A: Augusta A: a Augustin A: in Augustinus A: inus Aurelius Aur. Austin Aust.
Baldwin Bald. Balthasar Balt. Baptiste Bapt. Barbara Barb. Barnard Barn. Bartholomäus, Bartholomew Bart. Basilius Bas. Beatrice B.. Beatrix Bx. Belinda Bel. Benedict Bened. Benjamin B: Bernard Bern. Bernhard Bernh. Barthold Brth. Bertram Bert. Boniface Boni. Bruno Bru. Burchard Bch.
Cadwallader Cadwal. Caleb Clb. Calvin Calv. Camillus Cam. Camilla Cma. Carl, Carlo, Charles C: Caroline Caro. Casimir Cas. Caspar Cap. Catharine Cath. Charlotte C.. Christian Chr. Christlieb Chli. Christoph Cp. Clarence Clar. Claude Cl. {120} Claudius Cls. Clemens, Clement Clem. Conrad Conr. Constantin Const. Cordelia Cord. Cornelius Corn. Crispian, Crispin, Crispus Crsp.
Daniel Dan. David D: Deborah Deb. Detlev Dtl. Delia D. Diana Di. Dietrich Dt. Dominicus Dom. Donald Don. Dorothy Dor. Duncan Dunc.
Ebenezer Eb. Eberhard Ebh. Edgar Edg. Edmund Edm. Edouard, Eduard, Edward E: Edwin Edn. Egbert Egb. Ehrenfried Ehrfr. Elias El. Elijah Elij. Elizabeth E.. Emanuel Em. Ephraim Eph. Erdmann Erdm. Erhard Erh. Eric, Erich Er. Ernest, Ernst Ern. Eugen, Eugene Eug. Eusebius Eus. Eustace, Eustachius Eust. Evelina Evel. Ezechiel Ezech. Ezra Ez.
Fanny F.. Felix Fel. Ferdinand Fd. Fitz William Fitz W. Flavius Flav. Florence Flo. Francis Fs. Frances Fcs. Frank Fk. Franz Fz. Frederic, Friedrich F: Fürchtegott Fchtg.
Gabriel Gbr. Gamaliel Gam. Gasparo Gsp. Gaston Gast. Gebhard Gbh. Geoffrey Geof. Georg, George, Georges G: Gerald Ger. Gerhard Gh. Gershom Gersh. Gertrude Gert. Giacomo Giac. Giam Battista Gi. bat. Gian Giacomo Gi. Giac. Gian Pietro Gi. P: Gideon Gid. Gilbert Gilb. Giovanni Gi. Giuseppe Giu. Godfrey Godf. Gottfried Gf. Gotthard Gthd. Gotthelf Ghf. Gotthold Ghld. Gottlieb Gli. Gottlob Glo. Gottschalk Gk. Grace G.. Gregor, Gregory Greg. Guillaume Guil. Günther Gth. Gustav, Gustavus Gst.
Hannah Ha. Hans Hs. Harold Har. Harriet Ht. Hartmann Htm. Hartwig Htw. Hector Hect. Hedwig Hedw. Heinrich, Henri, Henry H: Helen H.. Herbert Herb. Herrmann Hm. Hezekiah Hzk. Hieronymus Hi. Hippolyte Hip. Horace Hor. Hubert Hub. Hugh Hu. {121} Hugo Hg. Humphrey Hum.
Ignatius, Ignaz Ign. Immanuel Im. Innocenz Inn. Isaac I: Isabella I.. Israel Isr.
Jacob Jac. Jakob Jak. James Ja. Jane J.. Jasper Jasp. Jedediah Jed. Jemima Jem. Jeremiah, Jeremias, Jeremy Jer. Joachim Joac. Joel Jl. John, Johann, Jean, _masc._ J: Johannes Js. Jonathan Jona. Joseph Jos. Josepha Josa. Josephine Jose. Joshua Josh. Jószef Jósz. Jules, Julius Jul. Julia Jla. Juliet Jlt. Justin, Justus Just.
Karl K: Kaspar Ksp. Katharine K.. Konrad Konr.
Laurence Laur. Lawrence Lawr. Lazarus Laz. Leberecht, Lebrecht Lbr. Lemuel Lem. Leonard Leon. Leonhard Lh. Leopold Lp. Lewis Lew. Louis, Ludwig L: Louise L.. Lobegott Lbg. Lorenz Lor. Lothar Lth. Louisa L.. Ludolf Ldf.
Malachi Mal. Marcus Mcs. Margaret Marg. Maria Mar. Marc, Mark M: Martin Mt. Mary M.. Mathäus, Matthew Mat. Matilda Mta. Maurice Maur. Max, Maximilian Mx. Mehitabel Mehit. Melchior Mlch. Michael Mich. Moriz Mor. Moses Mos.
Nancy N.. Napoleon Nap. Nathan Nat. Nathaniel Natl. Nehemiah Neh. Nepomuk Np. Nicodemus Nicod. Nicolas, Nicolaus, Nicole N: Noah No. Norman Norm.
Obadiah Ob. Octavius Oct. Octavia Octa. Oliver Ol. Olivia O.. Orlando Orl. Oscar Osc. Oswald Osw. Ottmar Ottm. Otto O:
Patrick Pat. Paul Pl. Pauline P.. Peter, Pierre P: Philip Ph. Phineas Phin. Priscilla Pris.
Rachel Ra. Raimund, Raymond Rmd. Raphael Rapl. Rebecca R.. Reginald Reg. Reinhard Rhd. Reinhold Rhld. Reuben Reub. {122} Richard R: Robert Rob. Rodolph Rod. Roger Rog. Roland Rol. Rudolf Rud. Rufus Ruf. Rupert, Ruprecht Rup.
Salomon Sal. Salvator Salv. Samuel S: Sarah S.. Severen Sev. Sebastian Seb. Siegfried Siegf. Sigismund Sgsm. Sigmund Sigm. Simeon, Simon Sim. Solomon Sol. Sophia So. Stanislas Stan. Stephen Ste. Susan Su.
Tabitha Tab. Temperance Temp. Thaddeus Thad. Theobald Thbd. Theodor Thdr. Theophilus Thph. Theresa T.. Thomas, Tomas, Tomaso T: Tiberius Tib. Timotheus, Timothy Tim. Titus Tit. Tobias, Tobiah Tob. Traugott Trg.
Ulrich U: Ursula U..
Valentine Val. Veit Vt. Victor Vet. Victoria V.. Vincentius Vinc. Virginia Virg. Volkmar Volkm.
Waldemar Wald. Walther, Walter Wa. Washington Wash. Wenzel Wz. Werner Wr. William, Willem, Wilhelm W: Wilhelmina W.. Winfred Winf. Winifred Winif. Woldemar Wold. Wolfgang Wolfg.
Xaver, Xavier X: Xenophon Xen. Xerxes Xerx.
Zacharias, Zachary Zach. Zebadiah, Zebedee Zeb. Zechariah Zech. Zenobia Z.. Zephaniah Zeph.
COLON ABBREVIATIONS FOR FORENAMES.
A: Augustus. A.. Anna. B: Benjamin. B.. Beatrice. C: Charles. C.. Charlotte. D: David. D.. Delia. E: Edward. E.. Elizabeth. F: Frederick. F.. Fanny. G: George. G.. Grace. H: Henry. H.. Helen. I: Isaac. I.. Isabella. J: John. J.. Jane. K: Karl. K.. Katharine. L: Louis. L.. Louise. M: Matthew. M.. Mary. N: Nicholas. N.. Nancy. O: Otto. O.. Olivia. P: Peter. P.. Pauline. R: Richard. R.. Rebecca. S: Samuel. S.. Sarah. {123} T: Thomas. T.. Theresa. U: Uriah. U.. Ursula. V: Victor. V.. Victoria. W: William. W.. Wilhelmina. X: Xavier. Z.. Zenobia. Z: Zenas.
Here C: is used both for Charles and Carlo, H: for Henry, Henri, and Heinrich, and so on. Mr. Dewey for greater distinctness advises the following:
Where : and .. is used in English names, use ; and ., for the German form, and ; and ,. for the French.
FOR HEADINGS.